TISSUES

Crash course
CLASS IX
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 What can you expect from this session?

Chapter summary

5 Hacks to study the chapter easily

15 Subjective questions

15 MCQs Menti
 TISSUE

PLANT TISSUE ANIMAL TISSUE

 PLANT TISSUES

Protective
Meristematic Permanent
tissue
Apical

Leaf Root
Simple Complex epidermis epidermis
Cork
Intercalary
Parenchyma Xylem

Lateral Collenchyma Phloem

Sclerenchyma
 PLANT TISSUES
Meristematic tissue

TYPES LOCATION FUNCTION

APICAL Tip of shoot and root of Responsible for the extension

plants. of shoots and roots of the
plants

INTERCALARY The nodes and internodes Helps in vertical elongation of

of certain plants like the plant
bamboo

LATERAL Laterally in the stem and Plays an important role in the

roots. lateral growth of the stem
and roots of a plant
 PLANT TISSUES
Permanent tissue • Simple permanent tissue

TYPES LOCATION FUNCTION

PARENCHYMA Leaves and a few plant Provides structural support,

stems, helps in storage
leaves (chlorenchyma), can perform photosynthesis,
aquatic plants helps plant stay afloat
(aerenchyma)
COLLENCHYMA Plants such as climbers Provides flexibility and
mechanical support to
tendrils

SCLERENCHYMA Patches below epidermis Prevents tearing of the body

in monocot stems and when the plant bends
near vascular bundles in and mechanical strength to
both monocot and dicot the plant
stems.
 PLANT TISSUES
Permanent tissue • Complex permanent tissue

TYPES LOCATION FUNCTION

XYLEM Centre of vascular Acts as a conducting tissue

• Tracheid bundles in plants by transporting water and
• Vessel minerals throughout the plant
• Parenchyma body
• Fibre

PHLOEM Outer side of vascular Acts as a conducting tissue

• Sieve tube bundles in plants by transporting food from the
• Companion cell photosynthetic parts to all
• Parenchyma across the plant
• Fibre
 PLANT TISSUES
Protective tissue

TYPES LOCATION FUNCTION

LEAF EPIDERMIS Located on the outermost Prevents loss of water,

layer of the leaf mechanical damage, parasite
invasion, facilitates gaseous
exchange, have cuticle- waxy
coating
ROOT EPIDERMIS Located on the outermost Contains root hairs which
layer of the root increase surface area for
absorption

CORK Found in woody stems of Have suberin which reduces

plants loss of water, prevents
mechanical damage.
 PLANT TISSUES

Protective
Meristematic Permanent
tissue
Apical

Leaf Root
Simple Complex epidermis epidermis
Cork
Intercalary
Parenchyma Xylem

Lateral Collenchyma Phloem

Sclerenchyma
 TISSUE

PLANT TISSUES ANIMAL TISSUE

Protective
Meristematic Permanent
tissue
Apical
Leaf Root
Simple Complex epidermis epidermis Cork
Intercalary
Parenchyma Xylem

Lateral Collenchyma Phloem

Sclerenchyma
 ANIMAL TISSUE

Epithelial Muscular Connective Nervous

Striated

Unstriated

Cardiac

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Loose Dense Fluid

• Areolar • Bone • Blood
• Adipose • Cartilage
• Tendons
• Ligaments
 ANIMAL TISSUES
Epithelial tissue

TYPES LOCATION FUNCTION

SQUAMOUS Mouth, blood and lymph Protective layer for germs,

• Made up of thin, vessels. mechanical injury, drying up
flat cells with and allows diffusion to occur
prominent nuclei

CUBOIDAL Salivary glands, surface of Mainly helps in secretion and

• Made up of single ovaries. absorption
layer of cube like cells
with centrally placed
nucleus
COLUMNAR Pharynx, stomach, Helps substances to move,
• Made up of pillar like intestine and sweat increases absorptive and
cells with elongated glands secretory surface
nuclei present at the
base
 ANIMAL TISSUES
Muscular tissue
TYPES LOCATION FUNCTION

STRIATED (Skeletal) Attached to skeleton • Helps in movement and

• Tubular, striated and multinucleated locomotion, stabilizes bones
• Fibres arranged in and joints, maintains
bundles posture
• Voluntary muscle
UNSTRIATED (Smooth) Walls of organs and blood Maintains contractibility of
• Non-striated, spindle-shaped and vessels excretory system, blood
uninucleated vessels, digestive system
• Arranged in the form
of sheets
• Involuntary muscle
CARDIAC Heart Helps in the pulsating action of
• Striated, branched and uninucleated heart and pumping of blood to
• Fibres arranged in the form of all parts of the body
network
• Involuntary muscle
 ANIMAL TISSUE

Epithelial Muscular Connective Nervous

Striated

Unstriated

Cardiac

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Loose Dense Fluid

• Areolar • Bone • Blood
• Adipose • Cartilage
• Tendons
• Ligaments
 ANIMAL TISSUES
Connective tissue
 ANIMAL TISSUES
Connective tissue
 ANIMAL TISSUE

Epithelial Muscular Connective Nervous

Striated

Unstriated

Cardiac

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Loose Dense Fluid

• Areolar • Bone • Blood
• Adipose • Cartilage
• Tendons
• Ligaments
 ANIMAL TISSUES
Nervous tissue

TYPES LOCATION FUNCTION

NEURON Located in the nervous Controls all daily life

system mainly the brain, processes like walking,
Dendron spinal cord and the nerves eating, thinking, memorising,
feeling and others
• Dendrites receive
Cell body information from other
neurons and pass it to the
Myelin sheath cell body which then
transmit the impulse to
the axon and finally to the
Axon axon terminal to the next
neuron. The myelin sheath
present on the axon acts
as an insulator.
Axon terminal
 ANIMAL TISSUE

Epithelial Muscular Connective Nervous

Striated

Unstriated

Cardiac

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Loose Dense Fluid

• Areolar • Bone • Blood
• Adipose • Cartilage
• Tendons
• Ligaments
 TISSUE

PLANT TISSUES ANIMAL TISSUE

Protective Epithelial Muscular Connective Nervous
Meristematic Permanent
tissue
Apical Striated
Leaf Root
Simple Complex epidermis epidermis Cork
Intercalary Unstriated
Parenchyma Xylem

Lateral Collenchyma Phloem Cardiac

Sclerenchyma

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Loose Dense Fluid

• Bone Blood
• Areolar •
• Cartilage
• Adipose
• Tendons
• Ligaments
 What can you expect from this session?

Chapter summary

5 Hacks to study the chapter easily

15 Subjective questions

15 MCQs Menti
 MAKE TABLES, SAVE TIME

TYPES LOCATION FUNCTION

PARENCHYMA Leaves and a few plant Provides structural support,

stems (chlorenchyma), can perform photosynthesis,
aquatic plants helps plant stay afloat
(aerenchyma)

COLLENCHYMA Plants such as climbers Provides flexibility and

mechanical support to
tendrils

SCLERENCHYMA Patches below epidermis Prevents tearing of the body

in monocot stems and when the plant bends
near vascular bundles in and mechanical strength to
both monocot and dicot the plant
stems.
 FLOW CHART TO REMEMBER BETTER

ANIMAL TISSUE

Epithelial Muscular Connective Nervous

Striated

Unstriated

Cardiac

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Loose Dense Fluid

• Bone Blood
• Areolar •
• Cartilage
• Adipose
• Tendons
• Ligaments
 CRAMMING? OR CO-RELATING?
Leaves and a few plant stems
PARENCHYMA (chlorenchyma),
aquatic plants (aerenchyma)
Provides structural
support,
can perform
photosynthesis, helps
plant stay afloat
 CLEAR AND CONCISE NOTES FOR THE WIN

Meristematic Tissue
• The tissues located in the growing parts of plants are known
as Meristematic Tissues.
• These tissues have a very thin cellulose wall and can divide
themselves and form new tissues.
• They are further divided into apical, lateral and intercalary.

• The types of meristematic tissues are:

Apical: Located at the stem and roots’ growing tip.
Lateral: Meant for girth and located under the tree bark.
Intercalary: Present at leaf internode or base
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 What can you expect from this session?

Chapter summary

5 Hacks to study the chapter easily

15 Subjective questions

15 MCQs Menti
 Define differentiation.
Question 1
 PERMANENT TISSUE

• Tissues formed by meristematic tissue

• Completely developed in size
• Lose their ability to divide
• Differentiation according to functions happen
 Marking Scheme

Answer Marks Allotted

The process of taking up permanent size, 1 mark
shape and function of cell is called
differentiation.
 Give the types of meristematic tissues.
Question 2
 MERISTEMATIC TISSUE

APICAL MERISTEM
• Location: Shoot and root apex
• Functions: Responsible for the extension of shoots and roots of the plants.

LATERAL MERISTEM
• Location: Present laterally in the stem and roots
• Functions: Plays an important role in the lateral growth of the stem and roots
of a plant.

INTERCALARY MERISTEM
• Location: Present in the nodes and internodes
• Functions: Helps in vertical elongation of the plant.
 Marking Scheme

Answer Marks Allotted

There are 3 types of meristematic tissue. 1 mark
(i) Intercalary tissue — nodes
(ii) Apical tissue — tips of shoot and roots
(iii) Lateral tissue — stem sides
 Why does the growth of plants occur only in certain specific regions?
Question 3
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE

A tissue that is responsible for the growth of plants

in specific regions is called a meristematic tissue.
It is also known as dividing tissue of the plant!
 Marking Scheme

Answer Marks Allotted

Growth of plants occurs only in certain specific 1 mark
region like tip of the shoot and lateral parts
because the meristematic tissue is located
only at these points.
 Mention the functions of cuboidal epithelium.
Question 4
 ANIMAL TISSUES
Epithelial tissue

TYPES LOCATION FUNCTION

CUBOIDAL Salivary glands, surface of Mainly helps in secretion and

• Made up of single ovaries. absorption
layer of cube like cells
with centrally placed
nucleus
 Marking Scheme

Answer Marks Allotted

Functions of cuboidal epithelium are: 2 marks
(i) Absorption
(ii) Excretion
(iii) Secretion
(iv) Mechanical support.
 How is ligament different from tendons?
Question 5
 ANIMAL TISSUES
Connective tissue • Dense connective tissue

TYPES LOCATION FUNCTION

TENDON Located all over the body Joins skeletal muscles to

• Sturdier than bones
ligaments

LIGAMENT Located all over the body Joins bones to bones

• More elastic than
tendons
 Marking Scheme

Answer Marks Allotted

• Ligaments are elastic connective tissue 2 marks
which attach bone to bone to keep them in
their place.

• Tendons are less elastic connective tissues

which attach muscles to a bone.
 Mention the functions of cartilage.
Question 6
 ANIMAL TISSUES
Connective tissue • Dense connective tissue

TYPES LOCATION FUNCTION

CARTILAGE Found in the nose, ear, Provides flexibility in joints,

• Made up of widely trachea and larynx smoothens the bone surface
spaced cells at joints.
• Presence pf sugar
and protein based
matrix
 Marking Scheme

Answer Marks Allotted

3 marks
• Cartilage is a specialized dense connective tissue made up of chondrocytes
and fibers embedded in the gel matrix.
• They are located in the ear pinna, nose tip, epiglottis, end of long bones, the
lower end of ribs, rings of the trachea, and intervertebral discs.

Function -
1. The cartilage helps to prevent wear and tear of bone tips.
2. The cartilage acts as cushions in intervertebral discs against stresses.
3. It helps to provide a framework supporting soft tissue in the respiratory tract,
nose, and ears.
4. The cartilage provides support and flexibility to various body parts without
breaking.
5. Cartilage helps in shock-absorbing within joints and facilitates bone
movement.
 Write the various functions of epithelial tissue?
Question 7
 ANIMAL TISSUES
Epithelial tissue

TYPES FUNCTION

SQUAMOUS Protective layer for germs,

• Made up of thin, mechanical injury, drying up
flat cells with and allows diffusion to occur
prominent nuclei

CUBOIDAL Mainly helps in secretion and

• Made up of single absorption
layer of cube like cells
with centrally placed
nucleus
COLUMNAR Helps substances to move,
• Made up of pillar like increases absorptive and
cells with elongated secretory surface
nuclei present at the
base
 Marking Scheme

Answer Marks Allotted

1. They form the outer layer of skin. They protect 3 marks
underlying cells from drying, injury, chemical effects
etc.

2. Form lining of mouth and alimentary canal, protect

these organs.

3. Help in absorption of water and nutrients.

4. It forms barrier to keep different body system

separate.

5. Form lining of blood vessels, alveoli, kidney tubules.

6. They secrete a variety of substances such as sweat

saliva, enzymes etc.
 What are the three types of muscle fibres (muscle cells)?
Question 8
 ANIMAL TISSUES
Muscular tissue

TYPES LOCATION FUNCTION

STRIATED Skeleton Helps in movement and

• Voluntary muscle locomotion, stabilizes bones
and joints, maintains posture

UNSTRIATED Walls of organs and blood Maintains contractibility of

• Involuntary muscle vessels excretory system, blood
vessels, digestive system

CARDIAC Heart Helps in the pulsating action

• Involuntary muscle of heart and pumping of blood
to all parts of the body
 Marking Scheme

Answer Marks Allotted

5 marks
The three types of muscle fibres are: Striated muscles, smooth muscles
(unstriated muscle fibre), and cardiac muscles.

Striated muscles:
- They are voluntary muscles.
- The cells are long and cylindrical in shape and are arranged in bundles.
They have the following functions,
- Striated muscles control the ingestion process.
- Striated muscles are responsible for locomotion and voluntary
movement of the body parts such as breathing, blinking of eyes, etc.
- These muscles are associated with contraction, and due to rapid
contraction, they get tired easily.
 Marking Scheme

Answer Marks Allotted

Untriated muscles: 5 marks
- They are Spindle-shaped with pointed ends without the light or dark bands.
- They are Uninucleated.
Functions:
Produce peristaltic contractions in the wall of alimentary canal
- Form sphincter for opening and closing of apertures, tubes and cavities
- Involuntary muscles

Cardiac muscle
- Branched tissue, forms interconnecting network
- Unique junctions (Intercalated discs) present that hold adjacent cells
together.
Functions:
- Helps in pulsating movement of heart.
- Helps in pumping of blood from heart into blood vessels.
 Describe the structure of sclerenchyma. Write its major functions.
Question 9
 SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE

Sclerenchyma

Characteristics
• Long, narrow, and dead cells

• Thick lignified cell wall

• Have narrow lumen

Functions
- Prevents tearing of the body when the
plant bends.
- Provides mechanical strength to the
plant
- Forms the hard coat for the seeds and
in some fruits.
 Marking Scheme

Answer Marks Allotted

4 marks
Sclerenchyma:
1. Sclerenchyma is a type of simple permanent tissue that usually contains dead
cells.
2. The sclerenchymatous cells are long and narrow in shape.
3. The cell walls of the sclerenchyma are evenly thick at the corners and contain
lignin.
4. The cytoplasm is absent in sclerenchyma tissue.
5. Sclerenchymatous tissue is found in the veins of the leaves and roots, stems
around vascular bundles, and the hard covering of the seeds, etc.

Functions:
- Prevents tearing of the body when the plant bends.
- Provides mechanical strength to the plant
- Forms the hard coat for the seeds and in some fruits.
 How does cork act as a protective tissue?
Question 10
 PLANT TISSUES
Protective tissue

TYPES LOCATION FUNCTION

CORK Found in woody stems of Have suberin which reduces

plants loss of water, prevents
mechanical damage.
 Marking Scheme

Answer Marks Allotted

Role of cork 2 marks
• Cork provides protection to plant and it prevents loss of water
from plant body.
• Cork protects the plants from infection and mechanical injury.
• Cork is light in weight and it cannot catch fire.
• Because of this property, it is used as insulators. Cork is hard
in nature hence it is used to make sports goods.
 Blood is called the connective tissue. Give reason.
Question 11
 CONNECTIVE TISSUE
FUNCTIONS
• Bind or join the various tissues/organs
• Provides rigidity and protection
• Sometimes provide flexibility
 Marking Scheme

Answer Marks Allotted

- Blood is fluid connective tissues. 2 marks
- The main function of fluid connective tissue are
binding, protecting and connecting together different
organs of the body.
- Blood has these qualities that's why we called them
connective tissue.
 Explain the functions of a nervous tissue.
Question 12
 ANIMAL TISSUES
Nervous tissue

TYPES LOCATION FUNCTION

NEURON Located in the nervous Controls all daily life

system mainly the brain, processes like walking,
Dendron spinal cord and the nerves eating, thinking, memorising,
feeling and others
• Dendrites receive
Cell body information from other
neurons and pass it to the
Myelin sheath cell body which then
transmit the impulse to
the axon and finally to the
Axon axon terminal to the next
neuron. The myelin sheath
present on the axon acts
as an insulator.
Axon terminal
 Marking Scheme

Answer Marks Allotted

- Nervous or the nerve tissue is the main tissue of our nervous system. 4 marks
- It monitors and regulates the functions of the body.
- Nervous tissue consists of two cells: nerve cells or neurons and glial
cells, which helps transmit nerve impulses and also provides nutrients to
neurons.

Functions:
•Neurons generate and carry out nerve impulses. They produce electrical
signals that are transmitted across distances, they do so by secreting
chemical neurotransmitters.
•Responds to stimuli
•Carries out communication and integration
•Provides electrical insulations to nerve cells and removes debris
•Carries messages from other neurons to the cell body
 Draw and identify different elements of phloem.
Question 13
 Phloem is
composed of
various specialized
cells called sieve
elements, phloem
fibres, and phloem
parenchyma cells.
 Marking Scheme

Answer Marks Allotted

3 marks
Phloem is composed of various specialized cells
called sieve elements, phloem fibres, and phloem
parenchyma cells.
 Animals of colder regions and fishes of cold water have thicker layer of
subcutaneous fat. Describe why?
Question 14
 Adipose tissue

Fat acts as insulation of body for thermoregulation.

 Marking Scheme

Answer Marks Allotted

• Animals of colder regions and fishes of cold water have a 2 marks
thicker layer of subcutaneous fat because fats act as an
insulator and prevent the escape of heat from their body.

• This will help the animals in resisting low temperature in

cold climates.
 Match the column (A) with the column (B).

A B
(a) Fluid connective tissue (i) Subcutaneous layer
(b) Filling of space inside the organs (ii) Cartilage
(c) Striated muscle (iii) Skeletal muscle
Question 15

(d) Adipose tissue (iv) Areolar tissue

(e) Surface of joints (v) Blood
(f) Stratified squamous epithelium (vi) Skin
 A B
(a) Fluid connective tissue (i) Subcutaneous layer
(b) Filling of space inside the organs (ii) Cartilage
(c) Striated muscle (iii) Skeletal muscle
(d) Adipose tissue (iv) Areolar tissue
(e) Surface of joints (v) Blood
(f) Stratified squamous epithelium (vi) Skin
 Marking Scheme

Answer Marks Allotted

4 marks

A B
(a) Fluid connective tissue (v) Blood
(b) Filling of space inside the organs (iv) Areolar tissue
(c) Striated muscle (iii) Skeletal muscle
(d) Adipose tissue (i) Subcutaneous layer
(e) Surface of joints (ii) Cartilage
(f) Stratified squamous epithelium (vi) Skin
 What can you expect from this session?

Chapter summary

5 Hacks to study the chapter easily

15 Subjective questions

15 MCQs Menti
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