Department of Electrical Engineering

EE-232 Signals and Systems

Faculty Member: Sir Qazi Waqas Dated: 23rd November,2023

Section: B Semester: 5th Semester

EE-232 Signals and Systems

Lab 10: Implementation and Analysis of Amplitude Modulation Transmitter and

Receiver System

Open Ended Lab

PLO5/ PLO8/ PLO9/ CLO5

CLO3 CLO4

Modern Ethics and Individual

Tool Usage Safety and Team
Reg. No Work
Name

15 Marks 5 Marks 5 Marks

Muhammad Ahmad Nazir 370307

Zunaira Aziz 367583

Eaman Safdar 388110

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1. Administrivia

1.1. Open Ended Lab

An open-ended lab is where students are given the freedom to develop their own
solution, instead of merely following the already set guidelines from a lab manual or
elsewhere. The teacher gives the students an objective/purpose and not the procedure.
The students would then have to come up with their own solution to fulfill the purpose.

1.2. Learning Outcomes

By the end of this lab you will be able to:

 Understand the operations carried out in the Amplitude modulation and

understand their applications
 Apply the concepts on real world signals and systems

1.3. Deliverable
You are required to submit

 Code
 Observation and experiences
In the beginning of next lab.

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2. Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Amplitude modulation or AM as it is often called, is a form of modulation used for radio
transmissions for broadcasting and two way radio communication applications.
Although it is one of the earliest used forms of modulation, it is still used today, mainly
for long, medium and short wave broadcasting. Currently, this technique is used in many
areas of communication such as in portable two-way radios; citizens band radio, VHF
aircraft radio and in modems for computers. Amplitude modulation is also used to
mention the mediumwave AM radio broadcasting.

Figure 1: Amplitude Modulation

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According to the standard definition, “The amplitude of the carrier signal varies in
accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.” Which means,
the amplitude of the carrier signal containing no information varies as per the amplitude
of the signal containing information, at each instant. This can be well explained by the
figure 1.

The first figure shows the modulating wave, which is the message signal. The next one is
the carrier wave, which is a high frequency signal and contains no information. While
the last one is the resultant modulated wave. It can be observed that the positive and
negative peaks of the carrier wave, are interconnected with an imaginary line. This line
helps recreating the exact shape of the modulating signal. This imaginary line on the
carrier wave is called as Envelope. It is the same as that of the message signal.

The implementation of the AM transmitter and receiver system is fairly simple as seen in
the diagram shown below:

Figure 2: The block diagram of the AM Transmitter-Receiver.

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 LAB TASKS

1. Generate a message signal m(t) as a sum of two sinusoidal. Let it be your

message signal. Plot and analyze both the time domain and frequency domain
plots.
Code:

% Initial parameters
Fs = 1000;
T = 1/(1+Fs);
t = 0:T:1;

% Message signal generation

A = 2;
B = 3;

f1 = 100;
f2 = 200;

Message = A * sin(2 * pi* f1 * t) + B * sin(2 * pi* f2 * t);

% Plot the time domain representation

figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, Message);
title('Message Signal - Time Domain');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

% Plot the frequency domain representation

subplot(2,1,2);
Message_f = fft(Message);
frequencies = linspace(0, Fs, length(Message_f));
plot(frequencies, abs(Message_f));
title('Message Signal - Frequency Domain');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');

Screenshot:

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 Explanation:
This MATLAB code generates and plots a message signal in both the time and frequency
domains.

2. Generate a cosine of 1000Hz and call it you carrier signal. Plot and analyze both
the time domain and the frequency domain plots.
Code:
% Carrier Signal
C = 1;
carrier = C * cos(2 * pi * Fs * t);

% Plot the time domain representation

figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, carrier);
title('Carrier Signal - Time Domain');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

% Plot the frequency domain representation

subplot(2,1,2);
carrier_f = fft(carrier);
frequencies = linspace(0, Fs, length(carrier_f));
plot(frequencies, abs(carrier_f));
title('Carrier Signal - Frequency Domain');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');

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 Screenshot:

Explanation:
This MATLAB code generates and plots a message signal in both the time and frequency
domains.

3. Now generate the signal that we will receive at the end of the transmitter
system. Plot and analyze both the time and the frequency plots. This signal is
the Amplitude modulated signal, carefully examine these plots. Try identifying
the how the amplitude of the amplitude modulated signal varies with time.
Code:

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 %Transmitted Signal

Transmitted_Signal = Message .* carrier;

% Plot the time domain representation

figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, Transmitted_Signal);
title('Transmitted_Signal - Time Domain');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

% Plot the frequency domain representation

subplot(2,1,2);
Transmitted_Signal_f = fft(Transmitted_Signal);
frequencies = linspace(0, Fs,
length(Transmitted_Signal_f));
plot(frequencies, abs(Transmitted_Signal_f));
title('Transmitted_Signal - Frequency Domain');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');

Screenshot:

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 Explanation:

In this task, we modulate the message signal with a carrier signal. The modulation is
performed by element-wise multiplication.

4. Assuming we have a noise less channel we receive the signal generated in the
previous part as the input to the receiver circuit. Generate the output signal by
implementing the system given in the block diagram. Plot and analyze the
output signal. A detailed answer is required focusing on what has actually
happened here.
Code:
%Output Signal

Output_Signal = Transmitted_Signal ./ carrier;

% Plot the time domain representation

figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, Output_Signal);
title('Output_Signal - Time Domain');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

% Plot the frequency domain representation

subplot(2,1,2);
Output_Signal_f = fft(Output_Signal);
frequencies = linspace(0, Fs,
length(Output_Signal_f));
plot(frequencies, abs(Output_Signal_f));
title('Output_Signal - Frequency Domain');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');

Screenshot:

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 Explanation:
In this task, we divide the transmitted signal by the carrier signal element-wise to obtain
the output signal.

5. If you would have noticed that the output signal in the previous part was
supposed to be the message signal, but it is quite different. Can you identify
what operation (in terms of filtering) we need to perform to retrieve our
original message signal? Explain how you arrived at your answer.
Explanation:
To retrieve the original message signal from the output signal, we need to perform a filtering
operation known as demodulation or detection. In the context of amplitude modulation (AM),
the common demodulation technique is envelope detection.

The steps involved in envelope detection are as follows:

Rectification: Convert the modulated signal to its absolute value, effectively removing the
negative half.

Low-pass filtering: Apply a low-pass filter to smooth the signal and retain the envelope.

6. Implement the Amplitude Modulation again with the given MATLAB built-in
functions and compare the results with yours.

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Code:
% Initial parameters
Fs = 3000;
Fc = 1000;
% Message signal generation
A = 2;
B = 3;
f1 = 100;
f2 = 200;

Message = A * sin(2 * pi* f1 * t) + B * sin(2 * pi* f2 * t);

% Plot the time domain representation

figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, Message);
title('Message Signal - Time Domain');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

% Plot the frequency domain representation

subplot(2,1,2);
message_f = fft(Message);
frequencies = linspace(0, Fs, length(message_f));
plot(frequencies, abs(message_f));
title('Message Signal - Frequency Domain');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');

% Carrier Signal
C = 1;
carrier = C * cos(2 * pi *Fc * t);

% Plot the time domain representation

figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, carrier);
title('Carrier Signal - Time Domain');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

% Plot the frequency domain representation

subplot(2,1,2);
carrier_f = fft(carrier);
frequencies = linspace(0, Fc, length(carrier_f));
plot(frequencies, abs(carrier_f));
title('Carrier Signal - Frequency Domain');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');

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 modulated_signal = ammod( Message , Fc , Fs );

% Plot the time domain representation

figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, modulated_signal);
title('modulated_signal - Time Domain');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

% Plot the frequency domain representation

subplot(2,1,2);
modulated_signal_f = fft(modulated_signal);
frequencies = linspace(0, Fs,
length(modulated_signal_f));
plot(frequencies, abs(modulated_signal_f));
title('modulated_signal - Frequency Domain');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');

Screenshot:

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Explanation:
This code essentially demonstrates the AM modulation process using Matlab in-built function
‘ammod’, taking a message signal and modulating it onto a carrier signal. The time and
frequency domain representations help visualize the modulated signal.

Conclusion:
In this Open Ended Lab, we were able to understand the operations carried out in
the Amplitude modulation and understand their applications in real-world. It was
a fun lab to do and we got to learn a lot.

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