MIAI Mineplow

This broad selection of photos show a mineplow mounted on the

front of an M1Al. Thanks to Paul Roberts for the use of his photos.

FRONT COVER
An early production M1Al. Note the absence D: : ~.£ -:;~",,:;7.g base for the
Commander's Independent Thennal Viewer.
BACK COVER TOP
An M1Al buttoned up and moving cross cowo::r:. :-..: -:i::-: strips on thefront
ofthe turret are for mounting the Mull iple In:eg' ~:.:.; :..o...x~ ::r.g;zgemen t System
(MILES). This system has allowed the usc ;' :':-:;'.i ~--!. ;':'ge vehicles to be
integrated into field maneuvers and U)ilrg.::r-.<? <::U:' ;:"<c; .
BACK COVER BOTTOM
A nice comparative photo of an MIA2 IIg.;',,;; :~.£ .'. ::..-'. .: :"'l :r.e photo above.

Abrams Main Battle Tank

M1Al and ;\IL-U

By
Glen Broman

Published by
Darlington Productions, Inc.
P.O, Box 5884
Darlington, Maryland 21034

Copyright 1996. All rights reserved. No portion of this publication

may be reproduced or reprinted without the written consent of
the publisher.
For more information on this and other Darlington
Productions publications, write to the address above.

Acknowledgements

Iwould like to acknowledge and thank Robert Horton and Major

David Dodge for their individ ual assistance. I would also like to
thank T ACOM, Armament and Chemical Acquisition and
Logistics Activity (ACALA), General Dynamics Land Systems
Division, and the Maintenance Operations and Proced ures Shop
ACALA.

2
 Abrams Main Battle Tank
MIAI and MIA2
From the 6th of June 1944 to the 7th of May
1945, American tankers fought the Germans
with a mixture of skill and courage. Skill was
necessary to get the M4 Sherman into a posi­
tion on the flanks or rear of the German tanks
to achieve a kill with the comparatively weak
main gun. Courage was necessary because
the 75mm and 88mm main guns of the Tiger
and Panther tanks would rip through the
armor of the Sherman at long range. The
generation of American tankers who sur­
vived these encounters determined thattheir
sons and grandsons would never again fight
a foe with a technological edge on the battle­
field. The fruit of their labor is the M1 series
of Main Battle Tanks (MBT), named after
General Creighton Abrams, commander of
the famous 37th Tank Battalion during WWll.
The M1 was built usi ng the princi pIes of
Pre-Planned Product Improvements (P3I).
The Block I improvements led to the M1A1,
the Block II became the M1A2. The turret
was designed to accept an increase from the
105mm main gun in the M1 to the 120mm in
the M1A1 and M1A2. Armor thickness in­
creased, a Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical
(NBC) overpressure system was added, as
well as improvements in fire control and
reliability. While the changes from the M1 to
the M1A1 were evolutionary, the changes
between theM1A1-and the M1A2arerevolu­
tionary.
Although the two tanks are extremely
similar, the M1A2 replaces the hard wiring
of the M1A1 with Vetronics; two redundant
electronic buses, one controls power and the
other data. The Inter-Vehicular Information
System (lVIS) of the M1A2 digitally links
unit vehicles together, passing tactical infor­
mation and providing a Position/Naviga­
tion (POS/NAV) system. The Army has
already embarked on the next round of im­
provements. The M1A2 System Enhance­
ment program (SEP) will take the Abrams
series into the next century.

The MIAl
The M1 A1 family consists of three variants.
The M1A1, the M1A1 Heavy Armor
(M1A1HA), and the M1A1 Heavy Armor-

TOP, RIGHT: The Chrysler-developed XMl was the

nation's first turbine-powered main battle tank.

RlGHT: Vulnerability testing of the XMl 's compart­

mentalized ammunition.

3
 bardment, I had thirty-two left. After twenty
minutes in action against the MIs, I had
none."

M1A2
The Ml A2 is externally similar to the MIA 1.
The identifying differences are the
Commander's Independent Thermal Viewer
(CITV) housing forward of the loader's hatch
and the simplified Commander's Weapon
Station (CWS). The Ml A2 is fitted with the
T-158 track.
The major differences between the Ml Al
and the MIA2 are internal. The technologi­
cal difference between the two tanks is like
the leap between the M60Al and the MI.
During a recent exercise at the National Train­
ing Center (NTC) the Ml A2 was found to be
several times more lethal on the battlefield
than the Ml AI. The new generation of tank­
ers who have been raised on computers and
Nintendo seem to have little problem adapt­
ing to the new systems and can operate the
Ml Abrams production line, Warren, Michigan . MIA2 at peak efficiency.
The Gunner's Control and Display Panel
Common (MIAIHC). The MIAIHA has Saudi Arabia . U.s. Army transition was (GCDP) links the gunner with the vehicle
depleted Uranium armor which improves completed prior to the start of Desert Storm data bus and provides a Multi-function Dis­
its ability to withstand kinetic energy pen­ and the USMC converted some of their units play (MFD) showing the status of the arma­
etration. The MIAIHC has the improved prior to the start of the ground war. ment system.
armor and a digital engine control system. The combat record of the MIAI has The Driver's Integrated Display com­
The MIAI is distinguishable from the Ml by been covered in great depth in the press and bines the functions of three analog panels of
its 120mm main gun, large bore evacuator, contemporary books by Steve Zaloga, Rick theMIAI and improvesthetypeand quality
longer turret, and, on most vehicles, a raised Atkinson, and Tom Clancy. A quote in Ar­ of information as well as providing diagnos­
circular platform forward of the loader's mor magazine from a captured Iraqi lieu­ tics.
hatch . tenant Colonel who was on the receiving end The CITY is key to the improved capa­
It is nearly impossible to distinguish of the MIAI best sums up its combat perfor­ bility of the Ml A2. The commander can scan
between the different variants of the MIAI mance. "When I went into Kuwait I had the battlefield independent of the gunner or
family. Most changes are internal. The thirty-nine tanks, after six weeks of air bom­ take control of the turret and engage targets
MIAI family has several different external
improvements, however, none of them can
be used to identify variants. The MIAI has
two different types of tracks. The T-156 solid
rubber chevron type and the T-158 with re­
placeable track pads. This type has been
referred to as "Bigfoot" track in the hobby
press, although I don't question their sources,
I have never heard a tanker refer to it as
anything other than T-158 track.
The MIA1 also has three different types
of wind sensor, two cylindrical types and the
"T" top. There are also two types of blow­
out panels, both types are illustrated in the
photos that follow. These different compo­
nents are not indicative of sub types of the
MIAI but seem to reflect when the tank
rolled off the production line.
The MIAI began replacing the MI in
Army units in Europe in the late 1980's.
Fielding of the MIA1 in the United States
began with the 3rd Armored Cavalry Regi­
ment and was not completed until Desert
Shield. ManyContinental United States (CO­
An M1Al with the tank commander's hatch in "protected open," and the loader covering his assigned sector. The
NUS)-based units deployed with MIs and crew has used the vehicle tarp to provide additional protection for their duffel bags and gear.
conducted their new equipment training in

I
from his position. The Commander's Inde­
pendent Display (CID) is the interface to all
of the vehicle subsystems and the Inter-ve­
hicular Information System (lVIS). The Ra­
dio Interface Unit passes the digital informa­
tion from the IV IS through the new
SINCGARS family of frequency-hopping
radios to other vehicles in the unit. Addi­
tional improvements include the POS IN A V
inertial guidance system, and im provements
in the hull, turret and fire control electronics.
The Digital Electronics Control Unit (DECU)
controls the AGT 1500 turbine engine and
provides status via the data bus.
The redesign and simplification of the
CWS was very popular with tankcommand­
ers. The MIA1 CWS provided the capability
to fire while buttoned up but it was difficult
to use. The Improved MIA2 CWS has better
vision and a simplified .50 caliber mount
which can only be fired with the T.C.'s hatch
open.
All of these improvements combine to
make the MIA2 one of the most lethal weap­
ons on the modern battlefield. Probably the
most difficult part of a crewman's transition
to the MIA2 involves memorizing all of the
new acronyms. Fielding of the MIA2 has
begun in the United States Army as well as
Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. The Army is
planning to field 1,079 MIA2sby2003.
Photograph ofan
MIA2. The MIA2
weights 68.7 tons
combat loaded.
Future
Developments
The planning for the next Abrams upgrade is
already underway. Altemativelycalled Tank
1080 or MIA3, it should begin production
around 2003-2004. Planned improvements
include upgrades in lethality, survivability,
and mobility. The current System Enhance­
ment Program (SEP) includes the installa­
tion of improved processors, an under-ar­
mor auxiliary power unit (APU), a mass
memory unit to handle manuals and digital
maps, "Force XXI" command and control
software, a global positioning sensor, and
other improvements.
Camouflage and Markings
The Ml Aland Ml A2 come in two basic
schemes, the U.S. equivalent of the standard
NATO three-color scheme and sand. The
NATO scheme consists of a pattern of Black
FS 37030, Green FS 34094, and Brown FS
30051. The Sand is FS 30277. The paint is a
Chemical Agent Resistant Coating (CARC)
and most tanks have a rough traction surface
coating applied on the upper surfaces. The
tanks are fac­ tory or depot painted us­
ing the same pattern with a two inch al­
lowable devia­ tion. Because the paint is
carcinogenic in its vapor form, crews are
not allowed to repaint their vehicles.
Markings are pretty sparse, gener­
ally consisting of a unit designation and a
bumper num­ ber, a Military Load Clas­
sification symbol, a name supplied by the
crew, and a tactical (rAC) sign or marking
such as the type used by Coalition forces in
Desert Storm.
There are fifty-eight tanks in a tank bat­
talion. The tanks are numbered with the
company letter followed by the platoon num­
ber and the vehicle number, i.e., A-31 would
be the Third Platoon Leader's vehicle of A
Company. The Platoon Leader is 1, his
wingman is 2, the Platoon Sergeant is 4 and
his wingman is 3. The Commander's tank is
66 and the Company Executive Officer (XO)
is650r 55, the Operations Officer's (5-3) tank
is usually HQ-65, but some carry the bumper
number HQ-63.
Tank names generally start with the
Company letter. Company A would have
names like Apache, Abused Kids, and Ani­
mal House. These names are usually found
on the bore evacuator but some units add
them to the front of the turret.
The only time you will see really color­
ful markings are on tanks competing in the
Canadian Army Trophy (CAT) tank gun­
nery competition. The infamous "Bill the
Cat" decal was a product of CAT com pet i­
tion marking.
Despite the Army's attempt at unifor­
mity, there is still some variation between
units on basic markings. Photographic evi­
dence is stiU the best method to determine
the type of markings a given unit used.
NOTE: The term left and right in the
photographs refers to the driver's left and
right when seated in the driver's hatch with
the main gun over the front deck.
5
 The leftfr . ' . . ,. Another loook at the compensating 'dl
shadows , the track adjust in /" I ,er and, in the
ont armor skirt open reveal ing the idler w heel, several roadwheel station s,andthesidesk Irt
' support arms. g mk on thIs MIAI.

th 'dthe n'ght Sl'de of an MIAI . ------ ­

r~;~m:d
On
eller, track ad" wllh the skirt
th~ ~lOn s~tion.
left is shown the l:tmg,arm,and the first and looking at
roadwheel arm. of the.adjusting lin:to el To the
prIOr to being bolt d'
t~ adjusting
IllustratIOns below how the Idler arm and
e mto place (the bolts have :een omItted link
forc/arity)

IDLER WHEEL .
REMOVED FOR
CLARITY

I
 Above and below are illustrations of the torsion bar
housing from both sides showing the number of bol ts
holding it in place.

Close-up ofan MIA2 roadwheel. The center dust cover is made of an incredibly hard, clear plastic. Lubricant is
applied by removing the center bolt ,

The bump stopoverroadwheel station 1 is welded to the

side of the hull while the bump stop at station number
two is bolted on. The bump stop prevents unrestricted
travel of the roadwheel .

On the left side ofan MIA1 with the skirt pulled back, you have a clear view of the return roller, the side skirt arm,
the housing cover for the torsion bQr and rotary shock absorber, and the bump stop.

7
 The distinctive T-156 track on an MIA1. The front Left drive sprocket of an M1 A2 showing off the T-158
portion of the fender is a rubber strip. track pads.

The illustrations above and to A close look at the drive sprocket on an M1A2 . Note the
the left show the lifting tool large holes, both for weight reduction and to help throw
used to remove the drive out mud and debris.
sprocket from the hub. Missing
on the drawing is the holding
pin and SIlfety chain for the
upperarm. Theblockthatslides
on the upper arm and holds the
ring (connected to the lifting
hook) should have a pin cen­
tered in the side section with a
small SIlfety chain.
The drawing to the left is
basically the SIlme except that it
does show the hub with the
sprocket removed.

A mud scraper services each drive sprocket.

I
 An MIA2 with the gun tube in over the rear deck in
travel lock.

A look at the component parts of the headlight and

guard.
RIGHT: The right front fender and headlightguard on
an MIA2. Note the difference fran the headlight guard
of the MIAI shown to below.

The right front headlight guard of an MI AI. The black

circle with the number "68" is the military load classi­
fication.

The front slope of an MIAI. Of note is the good side

view Of the headlight guard and the fairly rough weld
seam where it attaches to the hull. Also shown to
advantage here is the fender torsion baron the far fender
and directly below that on the front slope is theelectrical
conduit for the headlight wiring. It is relatively flat and
runs to just short of where the fran t slope and fender
angle meet.

9
 The driver's hatch ofan MIAIHA open and locked. Notice the very small and narrow notch in the center of the
front slope of the hatch opening . This photo also illustrates the back of the hatch.
The small cut-out in the base of the gun mantlet is the opening for the Gunner's Auxiliary Sight (GAS).

The driver's hatch lifting mechanism

A EOVE: This photo shows the front fuel

filler cap on the left side. You can also
clearly see the channel that the driver's
hatch seats down into when closed.
Also by looking closely in the lower­
center of the photo you can see the top end
of the electrical conduit from the hl!Jld­
light.
Detail of the center periscope windshield wipers.

The backside of the driver's hatch with the rear guard

removed (as well as the hatch stop guard in the center)
showing the electrical wiring for the wipers.

Standing on the right side of the tank with the driver's

hatch swung into the open position you can see the
periscopes and the covers along with the twin wipers on
the front block. To the left of the hatch in the photo is the
right fuel filler cap .
The weld seamson the turret sections, while small
are still visible.

10

I
 The driver's compartment of an M1A1HA. The large
cylinder is part of the back-up Nuclear/Biological/
Chemical (NBC) system. The cylinder itself is painted
a forest green, while the due/ing on top is a mustard
yellow.
The driver's instrument panel (DIP) is on the left
of the photo. This panel includes the RPM gauge,
speeedometer, fuel gauge, electrical system gauge, fire
extinguisher switch, and twelve maintenance system
light-emitting diodes .

A look at the entire DIP on this M1Al.

The right side driver's compartment ofan M1A2 . Note

the hatch lifting mechanism in the upper center of the
photos. Just forward of the mechanism is the control
box fur the driver's internal communication system.
Behind it is one ofthe fire bottles. Near the bottom
is the canvas bag for the night periscopes and on the side
wall is the gear selector.

Similar to the photo above, this is the driver 's compart­

ment of an M1A1HA with the seat in the reclined
position for driving.

11
 ABOVE LEFT: View ofthe MI A2 Driver's Integrated ThisMI has the retainer ring on theoutsideof the drive
Display (DID). This display combines the [unctions of sprocket. After a fair amaunt of experimentation and
the MIAI Driver Alert Panel, Driver's Master Panel, testing, it was decided that the "training wheels," as
and Driver's Instrument Panel into one display. they were called, could be eliminated.

LEFT: The driver's control column on an MIA2 . The

gear selector is in the center. The center pedal (very
bottom of photo) is the brake and the right pedal is the
parking brake. The tank is accelerated by twisting the
hand grip to the rear. The Dl D can just be seen on the
farleft.

An M1A1 with .50 caliber and loader's M240 machine gun mounted. Spare track blocks are mounted on the turret stowage box. This vehicle is equipped with T-158 tracks.

12
 Looking down on the back deck of an M1A2. From right to left are the air intake port, the pre-cleaner doors , engine access cover, and battery cover.

RIGHT: On the left side of the tank, the sponson covers are shown. These covers allow access to the crew heating
and conditioned air system as well as portions of the NBC system.

-----

._--------
With the cover completely removed you can see the maze of tubing, hoses, and boxes. The parts located to the right
are for the NBC system and can be seen connecting to the louvered plate just above the armored skirt. The precooler
box is immediately inside the louvered plate with the partide separator (rectangular box with numerous small The same as above except with the entire sponson cover
holes) located against the far wall. Other fixtures are for heating, conditioned air, and pressurization systems. lifted and the individual access panels removed.

13
 Close-up ofthe louvered port for the NBC overpressure
system. The round opening to the extreme left is the
crew compartment heater exhaust.

Viewed as if standing on the turret looking towards the

back ofthe tank you see the battery compartment on the
left side with the starter assemblies and wiring harness
to the inside.

An interesting illustration showing the sling device used to lift the grill and engine
deck from three poin ts.

The right side of an MIAI. On this side there is a single rectangular sponson box (Note drain plug in left
illustration). The sponson boxes used for tool stowage. Located behind it are two ammunition blow-out panels,

14
 ~o
With the step plate removed, this is the same view of the engine as to the left, shown from opposite sides.

Looking down through the access engine panel located

directly behind the turret ring.

The illustrations above and below show more of the general arrangement of the ACT 1500C Turbine engine of the
Ml series MBT.

A close-up of the right side grille door mounting.

15
The left rear ofan MIAI showing the grille door mounting hardware. The bustle rack A similar view of the rear, thistimeofan MIA2 painted in an overall sand. The right
is also mounted on this vehicle as opposed to the M1A2 shown to the right. side grille door is painted flat black. Note the shipping tie-down locations are marked.

The right taillight assembly and protective housing.

Note that only the right side has an external wiring Detail of the towing pintle on an MIAI . Note the discoloration of the exhaust grille in the center.
harness and protective guard as shown above. The
details of the tamight are illustrated below.
The black "MOP II" on the sand background is
called the bumper number. This particular MIAI was
used to train Logistics Assistance Representatives on
maintenance procedures at Rock Island Arsenal.

Tow pintle detail.

RIGHT: Theanglebnacket,hinge,and hinge pin for the

rearmost side skirt and track fender.

16
RIGHT AND FAR RIGHT: Grenade launchers are
located on either side ofthe turret aimed in a frontal arc.
The slender box on the right side of the turret just
forward of the launcher (right photo) amtains reloads.
Note the tent-like protective channels for the electrical
cables leading to the launchers.

Antenna mount on the left rear of the turret.

LEFT AND BELOW LEFT: This photo shows the

mantlet, the flash suppressor for the M240 coaxial
machine gun, and the mounting brackets far gunnery
training devices on an M1A2.
The lower photo is similar except from the oppo­
site side and of an M1A1.

A front on look at the mantlet and access panel on an

M1 A1. Note the small notch in the mantlet where the
gun tube meets, this notch is not present on M1A2
vehicles.

17

The Muzzle Reference Sensor (MRS) and the main gun
thermal shroud. The MRS determines the amount of
change in the gun tube resulting from uneven heating
and cooling. The thermal shroud reduces uneven
heating and cooling.
The main gun bore evacuator, which causes the propel­
lant gas to exit the gun tube instead of entering the
turret through the breech.
RIGHT: An erect MIAI wind sensor. TIlis is one of
three different types used on the MIAI and MIA2 .
Note the prominent blow-out panels on the turret top.
BELOW: The rear of an MIA2 without a bustle rack
and a different style wind sensor.

This is an MIAIHA right front turret. The welded

numbers are 71S9-U. The "U" denotes the depleted
uranium heavy armor. This is the only difference
between the MIAIHA and the MIAI, The unit J
commanded in Germany stenciled "Heavy Metal" on
the sides of the engine compartment to make the identi­
fication easier until the entire unit was equipped with
MIAIHA's.

I
...J­ }
. ----­ -..-~--­

This photo illustrates the "T" fixture that secures the

front end of the tow cable on the right turret side.

Left side of the MI Al turret with bustle rack. Note

folded wind sensor. Also channel fixture for holding the
end of the tow cable in place.

18

I
 .r
__
- _ - I

The M1Al turret looking forward. The M1A2 turret looking forward. The CITV and loader's hatch are closed.

Front view of an M1Al with the commander's hatch in the protected open position. An M1A2 looking towards the rear. Notice the different layout of the blow-out
This allows the commander additional visibil ity while still providing protect ion from pane/so
enemy fire.

The commander's weapon station (CW5) and loader's hatch on the M1Al. The
M1Al CW5 was universally disliked by tank commanders. The M1A2 CW5 is far
simpler, but the .50 caliber cannot be fired from inside the tank.

RIGHT ABOVE: A good look at the gunner's primary sight ballistic shield cover
on an M1A2 . Thearmored doors are in the open position. Tankers refer to this as the
"doghouse. "

RIGHT: This lightly armored cover on an M1A2 houses the connections for the
external auxiliary power unit (APU) that will be mounted in the turret bustle rack.

19
 Front view of the MIA2 CWS.

,
Close-up of the mount for the M2 .50 caliber machine
gun on the Ml A2 C WS . The ammuntion box fits in the
tray at left. The two handles are locks for the machine
gun mount, which has full 360 ' rotation.

LEFr AND LEFr BELOW: The loader's hatch and

machine gun mount. Note the protective coverings for BELOW: MIAIHA showing offa different style of
the wires and cables behind the hatch. turret blow-out panels.

BELOW AND BELOW RIGIIT: TheCWS on anMIAIHA. The pins visible in the left photo hold the machine
gun in place on the mount.

20
A panoramic view of the forward section of an MIA2. In the left center (with the cable and plug hanging down)
is the SINCCARS radio. Above that is the Commander's Independent Viewer. In the upper right is the
Commander's Integrated Display (CID). Below the CID panel with the grid displayed is the Cunner's Control
and Display Panel (CCDP) .
RIGHT: Another view of the looder's position, show­
ing the loader's shoulder guard. The base of the CITV
is in the upper center.

The gunner's position on an MIA2 . The sight on the

left is the Cunner's Auxiliary Sight (CAS), the Cunner's MIA2 loader's position. The loader's panel is to the
Primary Sight (CPS) is in the center, and the CCDP is left. The box to the right shows the main gun status
to the right. The pad in the centerprotects the gunner's (safe/armed) and has switches for turret power and
chest. blowers.

RIGHT: MIA2 tank commander's position with the

TC shoulder and knee guards erected.

21
 The M1A2 TC position with the guards lowered. The
sight in the foreground is the Gunner's Primary Sight
Extension (GPSE). This aIlows the TC to see exactly
what the gunner is seeing. In the center of the photo is
the Commander's Control Handle Assembly (CCHA),
unofficially caIled the TC override or "joystick." The
CCHA has a palm switch, trigger, Field of View (FOV)
and target designate buttons, and a range/stadia reticle
switch.

Right side of the main gun showing the mount for the •
coaxial M240 machine gun . The L-shaped handle
below the GPS is the emergency firing device ("master
blaster"). The handle is painted red.

LEFT: The breech ofthe M256120mm main gun in the

M1A2. The loading ammunition tray is in the firing
position, it will deflect the stub base from the cartridge
down into a basket on the floor when the main gun is
fired.

The left side of the main gun of an M1A2 . The vertical

box (behind the loader's shoulder guard) is the ammu­
nition box for the coaxial machine gun . . The oval
"windows" allow the loader to check remaining ammo
at a glance. .

The MIA2loader's position with the hatch closed. The

hatch has a mounting bracket for a periscope which
gives the loader some visibility when buttoned up. The
upright metal plate in the center of the photo is the
loader 's knee switch which operates the ready ammuni­
tion rack armored door. The switch is in the stowed
position. The small box above the loader's control panel
is a fire sensor. The cover below the control panel
protects the radio and intercom system control panel
(called the "1780").

22
 LEFT: The TC's position in an M1A1 showing the
semi-ready ammunition rack door. Later models of the
MlAl and MlAlHA had a two round rack added to
this side to increase the number ofrounds from 40 t042.
This rack is standard on A2 'so The commander's
curtain assembly is normally mounted here.

Right side of the MlAl breech and gunner's position.

The firing solenoid for the coaxial machine gun is in the
center of the picture.

LEFT: Thegunner'spositiononanMlA1. Thesquare

box is the Computer Control Panel (CCP). The caver is
closed and the gunner's chest protector is stowed.

M1Alloader's position showing the Turret Networks

Box (TNB) on the lower right.

LEFT: MlAlloader's position. The smaIl box in the

center is part of the intercom and radio system. The
crew plug their Combat Vehicle Crewman (CVC) hel­
mets into these. Crews call them ''lack boxes. "

23