PLAGIARISM

AND HOW
TO AVOID IT

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

THIS PRESENTATION DRAWS ON A JSGS PROFESSIONAL

WORKSHOP SERIES, ENTITLED ‘AVOIDING PLAGIARISM:
CITING, PARAPHRASING AND SUMMARIZING’ (HEATHER
MCWHINNEY, 2016),

AND ‘PARAPHRASING VS PLAGIARISM’, BY TAMMY L.

WHITLOW, CALIFORNIA LUTHERAN

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 WORKSHOP LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this workshop, you should be able to:
o Know what plagiarism is and how to avoid it.
o Understand the importance of citing.
o Write an accurate and effective paraphrase.
o Use APA citation accurately.

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EXAMPLE OF PLAGIARISM

https://youtu.be/RCS2N4nUu84

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 A SECOND EXAMPLE OF PLAGIARISM
❑ In 2011, Dean Philip Baker of the University of Alberta resigned from the university after plagiarizing
large parts of an address to medical students.

❑ His speech included stories that were very similar to those told by Dr. Atul Gawande during a 2010
speech at Stanford University.

❑ Baker defended himself by saying that he was “inspired” my Gawande’s words and that they
“resonated with [his] own experiences.”

❑ His mistake was to use Gawande’s stories without attributing them to the real author.

Dehas, J. (2011, June 11). Dean accused of plagiarizing convocation speech.

Macleans. Retrieved from
http://www.macleans.ca/education/uniandcollege/dean-accused-of-plagiarizingconvocation-speech/

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ACTIVITY ONE: IDENTIFYING PLAGIARISM

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 DETECTING PLAGIARISM: TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
A student makes the following choices in citing sources. Has she plagiarized?
1. She copies a paragraph, replacing a few words with synonyms. She
acknowledges the source in this in-text citation: (Clark, 2016).
2. She composes a paragraph by combining her own sentences with those
from various sources. She acknowledges the sources in in-text citations
that look like this: (Clark, 2016).
3. She composes a paragraph, which contains one sentence with four
consecutive words from a source. She acknowledges the source in an in-
text citation that looks like this: (Clark, 2016, p. 95).

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 DETECTING PLAGIARISM: TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
4. She composes a paragraph, which contains one sentence with four consecutive words
from a source. She puts the words in quotation marks and acknowledges the source in
an in-text citation that looks like this: (Clark, 2016, p. 95).
5. She paraphrases another author’s paragraph by using a different sentence structure
and putting the ideas in her own words. She acknowledges the source in this in-text
citation: (Clark, 2016).
6. She includes in her paper four paragraphs copied from a paper that she submitted a
year earlier in another course.

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DEFINITIONS OF PLAGIARISM

Oxford Dictionary’s Definition of Plagiarism

“Plagiarism is presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your own, with or without their consent,
by incorporating it into your work without full acknowledgement”

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FORMS OF PLAGIARISM
1 Quoting someone else’s work, word for word, without acknowledgement.
2 Cutting and pasting text, diagrams or any other material from the Internet without
acknowledgement.
3 Paraphrasing someone else’s work by altering a few words or changing their order
or closely following the structure of their argument without acknowledgement.
4 Collaborating with others (unless expressly asked to do so such as in group work)
and not attributing the assistance received.
5 Inaccurately referencing, within the text and list of references, the source of a
quoted passage. This often occurs when students pretend to have read an original
source, when their knowledge is derived from a secondary source.
6 Failing to acknowledge assistance that leads to substantive changes in the content
or approach.
7 Using materials written by others such as professional essay writing services, or
friends, even with the consent of those who have written it.
8 Auto or self-plagiarising, that is submitting work that you have already submitted
(either in part or fully) for another assessment. However, it usually acceptable to
cite earlier work you have had published.
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HOW CAN YOU AVOID PLAGIARISM?

oUse judgment and discretion. You must include an in-text citation:

if you refer to another person’s ideas, research, theories or procedures.
if you use another person’s specific words. (You must put the words inside quotation marks or
in a block quotation and record the page number).
oIt is better to over cite than to under cite.
oIt is better to use quotation marks than to plagiarize.

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PLAGIARISM SPECIFICS

You don’t need an in-text citation or a page number from the source:
oIf you use a piece of information that is considered common knowledge.
oIf you use a specialized word or phrase that is standard in your field even if the source uses it.

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PLAGIARISM SPECIFICS (continued)

How many words can you use from a source without using quotation marks and including a
page number?
o The number of words differs from professor to professor.
o Most would say it’s fine to use two to three consecutive words from a source without putting
them in quotation marks.
o Check with your professor.
o Remember, it is better to over cite than to under cite.

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 PARAPHRASING
o Paraphrasing is the expression in your own words of the meaning of another person’s written
or spoken words.
o The source must be acknowledged in an in-text citation. Some professors require you to
include the page number from the original source.
o Some paraphrases contain four or more consecutive words from the original source. These
words should be enclosed in quotation marks and accompanied by an in-text citation that
includes a page number.

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 PROBLEMS WITH STUDENTS’ PARAPHRASES
o Problem 1: The paraphrase uses the same order and sentence structure of the original
piece, simply replacing the author’s words with synonyms. This is known as patchwork
plagiarism.
o Problem 2: The paraphrase uses the same order and sentence structure but inserts extra
words. It is thus longer than the original.
o Problem 3: The paraphrase includes ideas not expressed by the original author.

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IS THIS PARAPHRASE ACCEPTABLE?
Original
The widespread deterioration and some recent collapses of highway
bridges (Inaudi, 2009) have highlighted the importance of developing
effective bridge inspection and maintenance strategies, including
structural health monitoring and durability monitoring, which can help
identify structural and durability problems before they become critical.
Paraphrase
The widespread corrosion and several collapses of highway bridges
have illustrated the necessity of effective inspection and maintenance
practices such as structural health monitoring and durability monitoring,
both of which can help find problems before they become serious
(Cusson, Lounis, & Daigle, 2011, p. 524).
2

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IS THIS PARAPHRASE ACCEPTABLE?
Original
The widespread deterioration and some recent collapses of highway bridges
(Inaudi, 2009) have highlighted the importance of developing effective bridge
inspection and maintenance strategies, including structural health monitoring and
durability monitoring, which can help identify structural and durability problems
before they become critical (Cusson, Lounis, & Daigle, 2011, p. 524).
Paraphrase
Highway bridges are highly susceptible to structural problems, corrosion and even
collapse. Two inspection and maintenance methods that can help find weaknesses
at a relatively early stage are structural health monitoring and durability monitoring
(Cusson, Lounis, & Daigle, 2011, p. 524).
3

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 PARAPHRASING: TIPS FOR AVOIDING PLAGIARISM
1. Use a note-taking method to distinguish paraphrases, summaries and quotations; always
record the page number.
2. Study the original carefully; note the main idea.
3. Figure out how to change the order of ideas, structure and parts of speech.
4. Decide if any specialized terms should be retained.
5. Think of synonyms for non-specialized terms.
6. Write the paraphrase without looking at the original.
7. Insert quotation marks around any remaining phrases from the source.

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 READING TO PARAPHRASE
oA good paraphrase starts with careful reading of the original passage.
oMake sure you understand the main idea, point or argument of the passage.
oStudy the verbs and signal words to determine the relationships they express; think about
synonyms that you could use to express these same relationships.
oThe next two slides provide some relationship clues and synonyms for verbs and signal words.
These will help you improve your paraphrasing.

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CLUES TO PARAPHRASING: VERBS

COMMON VERBS RELATIONSHIP EXPRESSED

Is; is known as; is called; refers to; is Definition; explanation
named; denotes
Explain; elucidate; expound; explicate; Explanation; interpretation; analysis
clarify; construe; interpret; analyze
Cause; lead to; result in, trigger; produce; Cause or effect
affect; has an effect on; change; make;
induce; influence
Compare; contrast; differentiate; Compare and contrast
distinguish; differ from

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CLUES TO PARAPHRASING: SIGNAL WORDS

COMMON SIGNAL WORDS RELATIONSHIP EXPRESSED

Because; for; so; due to; since; as; To connect a result to a reason or a reason
therefore; as a result; consequently to a result
If, unless Under certain conditions
Although; however; but; yet; in spite (of); To express a seeming contradiction; partial
despite; notwithstanding contrast; adversarial relationship or
concession
While; whereas; in contrast; on the other To contrast; direct opposites
hand
To; in order to/that; so that To show a purpose
Similarly, Both ... and; neither ... Nor; To compare
Such as, including, for example, for To show examples
instance

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ACTIVITY TWO: PRACTICE PARAPHRASING

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SUMMARIZING
Summarizing is similar to paraphrasing, but a summary captures the essentials of an
author’s ideas or argument. A successful summary does the following:
o Captures the main point or points of the original briefly and concisely.
o Omits details.
o Maintains objectivity and faithfully represents the ideas from the original.
o Uses a different order of ideas, sentence structure, and wording from the original.
o Includes the source near the beginning of the summary.

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 READING TO SUMMARIZE
o First, skim the document, jotting notes in your own words.
o If you make notes using the author’s words, put quotation marks around them and record the
page number.
o Focus on the parts of the document that are likely to reveal the author’s position and main
argument – the introduction, conclusion and topic sentences.
o Don’t look at the original document when you write the summary.

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 ASKING QUESTIONS WHEN SUMMARIZING
A good summary starts with careful reading. Read with these questions in mind:
1. What is the author’s purpose, main idea and argument?
2. What key question, issue or problem is the author addressing? Why is this important?
3. Is the author presenting a solution to this problem? If so, how does this solution work?

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ACTIVITY THREE: PRACTICE SUMMARIZING

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 INTEGRATING SUMMARIES INTO YOUR OWN WRITING
oAcademics mainly write summaries to integrate them into their own papers and books as
evidence and support for their claims.
oIt is important to distinguish your ideas from those of others.
oUse reporting verbs to signal to your readers that a summary, paraphrase or quotation comes
from another source.
oCommon reporting verbs are “argue,” “maintain,” “contend,” “claim” and “point out.”

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 A SUMMARY INTEGRATED INTO A PARTIAL PARAGRAPH
Despite the protests of the National Rifle Association and Republican politicians, many new gun
safety laws could be implemented. Walker (2013, para. 2) argues that two practical laws could
be introduced without compromising constitutional rights: first, background checks for all guns
bought, including those purchased at gun shows and through informal deals; second, the
prohibition of high-capacity magazine clips. In January 2016, President Obama announced
Executive Actions, which call for a strengthening of background checks (Shear, 2016, para. 1).
As part of these actions, Obama has asked Congress to approve the hiring of 200 new agents
to investigate gun sales and licenses. The president has also called for the elimination of high
capacity clips …

2, 3

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What is a reference?

• An acknowledgement of all sources of

information and ideas you have used in your
assignment.

• Recognises the work of others – work that you

have used in order to prepare your assignment.

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Why do we require
Avoid
students to reference? plagiaris
m

Acknow- Help
ledge others
sources find
used sources
Why
reference?

Referencing provides
weight to your work and Demon-
can protect you from strate Increase
your credibilit
accusations of bad understan y of work
d-ing
academic practice.
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Importance of referencing
Evidence of your research skills and that you have read around the
subject matter.

Reveals your ability to engage with the relevant literature.

Demonstrates your understanding of the concepts and issues

pertinent to the topic.

Gives supporting evidence for your ideas, arguments and opinions.

Shows your ability to critically analyse and evaluate the issues.

Allows others to identify the sources you have used.

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When do we reference?
To provide supporting evidence for the points you are making.

Whenever you use an idea from someone else’s work, regardless of

whether you have paraphrased, summarised or directly quoted their
work.

When using someone else’s words verbatim, remember to use quotation

marks as well as acknowledging the source.

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Which referencing style should I use?

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Which referencing style should I use?

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APA STYLE
The American Psychological Association (APA)
citation style is the most commonly used format for
manuscripts in the social sciences.

APA regulates:
• Stylistics
• In-text citations
• References

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POINT OF VIEW

First-person pronouns rather than third-person

•✓: “We conducted an experiment…”

•: “The authors conducted an experiment….”

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VOICE

Active voice when stressing the actions of the research

•✓: “We asked participants questions.”

•: “The participants have been asked questions by the
researchers.”
Passive voice when stressing the recipient or object of the
action

•✓: “The tests were inconclusive.”

•: “We found the tests inconclusive.”
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LANGUAGE

Language in an APA paper should be:

• Clear: be specific in descriptions and explanations

• Concise: condense information when you can

• Plain: use simple, descriptive adjectives and minimize figurative

language

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TYPE OF APA PAPERS

Quantitative Articles:
• Report quantitative research, which uses empirical and
numerical information often analyzed through statistical
means.

• Includes:
• Title Page
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Method
• Results
• Discussion
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TYPE OF APA PAPERS

Qualitative Articles:
• Report qualitative research, which uses scientific practices to
learn more about human experiences that cannot be
numerically quantified.

• Includes:
• Title Page
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Method
• Findings/Results
• Discussion
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TYPE OF APA PAPERS

The Literature Review:

• Summarizes scientific literature on a particular research
topic

• While the APA Publication Manual does not require a

specific order for a literature review, a good literature review
typically contains the following components:
• Introduction
• Thesis statement
• Summary and synthesis of sources
• List of References

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GENERAL APA FORMAT

Your essay should:

• Be typed
• Double-spaced
• Have 1” margins
• Use 10-12pt. Standard font (ex. Times New Roman)
• Be printed on standard-sized paper (8.5”x 11”)

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GENERAL APA FORMAT

Every page of your essay should include:

• The page number in the upper right
• If it is a professional paper: A page header (shortened title,
all caps) in the upper left-hand corner.
• Student papers do not require running headers.

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GENERAL APA FORMAT
Your essay should
include four major References
sections:
Main Body

Abstract

Title page

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 Note re: Formatting

Note that APA 7 has slightly different formatting rules for

professional and student papers. Professional papers are
those intended for academic/commercial publication, while
student papers are those written for credit in a course.

Most of these differences extend to the title page and the

running header.

On the next few slides, we’ve noted these differences where

appropriate.

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 Title Page – Student Paper

Page header:
Student papers contain
no running head. Simply
insert a page number
flush right.

Title:
(in the upper half of the
page, centered)
name (no title or degree)
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 Title Page – Professional Paper

Page header:
(use Insert Page Header)
Type short form of title
flush left in all capitals +
page number flush right.

Title:
(in the upper half of the
page, centered)
name (no title or degree)
+ affiliation (university,
etc.)
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 Title Page – Professional Paper

Author Note:
this may contain the
following items, each on a
separate line:
- Links to ORCID iDs
- Any affiliation changes
- Any special disclosures or
acknowledgments
- Contact info for the
corresponding author
Omit any items that are
irrelevant.

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 Page header continues
Abstract Page
on all pages for
professional papers
only. Student papers
contain only the page
number.

Abstract: centered and

bolded at the top of
the page.

Write a 150- to 250-

word summary of your
paper in an accurate, and Follow the abstract with a
concise manner. short list of keywords.
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 Main Body (Text)

• Number the first text page as page number 3

• Center and bold the (full) title of the paper at the top of the
page

• Type the text double-spaced with all sections following

each other without a break

• Identify the sources you use in the paper with either

narrative citations or parenthetical, in-text citations

• Format tables and figures

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 Reference Page

• Center the title (References) at

the top of the page. Bold this
title.

• Double-space reference entries

• Flush left the first line of the

entry and indent subsequent
lines

• Order entries alphabetically by

the surname of the first author
of each work
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 References: Basics

• Invert authors’ names (last name first followed by initials)

• EX:“Smith, J.Q.”

• Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and
subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and
proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second
word in a hyphenated compound word.

• EX: The perfectly formatted paper: How the Purdue OWL

saved my essay.

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 References: Basics

• Capitalize all major words in journal titles

• Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals

• Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles

of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited
collections

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 Making the Reference List

APA is a complex system of citation. When compiling the reference list, the
strategy below might be useful:

1. Identify the type of source:

Is it a book? A journal article? A webpage?

2. Find a sample citation for this type of source

Check a textbook or the OWL APA Guide:
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa7_style/apa_f
ormatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html

3. “Mirror” the sample

4. Make sure that the entries are listed in alphabetical order and that the
subsequent lines are indented (Recall References: Basics)

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 In-text Citation: Basics

In-text citations help readers locate the cited source in the References section
of the paper. In-text citations follow either a parenthetical format or a
narrative format.

A parenthetical citation includes both the author’s last name and year of
publication, separated by a comma, in parentheses at the end of the
sentence.

EX: Research suggests that the Purdue OWL is a good resource for students
(Atkins, 2018).

A narrative citation includes the author’s name directly in the sentence, with
the year of publication directly following the author’s last name.

EX: Atkins (2018) suggests that the Purdue OWL is a good resource for
students.
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 In-text Citation:
Page Numbers

If the source you’re citing includes page numbers, add that information to
your citation.

For a parenthetical citation, the page number follows the year of publication,
separated by a comma, and with a lowercase p and a period before the
number (p.)

EX: Research suggests that the Purdue OWL is a good resource for students
(Atkins, 2018, p. 12).

For a narrative citation, the page number comes at the end of the sentence,
once again preceded by a lowercase p and a period (p.)

EX: Atkins (2018) suggests that the Purdue OWL is a good resource for
students (p. 12).

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 In-Text Citation:
Quotations

When quoting:
Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase

If using the parenthetical citation, include the author, date of publication,

and page number at the end of the quotation.

EX: As scientific knowledge advances, “the application of CRISPR technology

to improve human health is being explored across public and private
sectors”(Hong, 2018, p. 503).

If using the narrative-style citation, include the author’s last name in the
signal phrase, with the page number at the end of the quote.

EX: Hong (2018) stated that “the application of CRISPR technology to

improve human health is being explored across public and private sectors”
(p. 503).
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 In-Text Citation:
Summary or Paraphrase

Follow the same guidelines for parenthetical and narrative citations when
summarizing or paraphrasing a longer chunk of text.

Parenthetical citation:

EX: In one study that consisted of 467 young adults, it was found that
social media use may not directly affect mental health; rather, it depends on how
young adults use social media (Berryman et al., 2018).

Narrative citation:

EX: Berryman et al. (2018) sampled 467 young adults about their social
media use and mental health and found that social media use may not
directly affect mental health; rather, it depends on how young adults use social
media.
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 In-Text Citation:
Signal Words

Introduce quotations with signal phrases, e.g.:

According to Reynolds (2019), “….” (p. 3).

Reynolds (2019) argued that“……” (p. 3).

Use signal verbs such as:

acknowledged, contended, maintained,

responded, reported, argued, concluded, etc.

Use the past tense or the present perfect tense of verbs in signal phrases when
they discuss past events.

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 In-Text Citation:
Two or More Works

When the parenthetical citation includes two or more works:

•Order them in the same way they appear in the reference list—the author’s
name, the year of publication—separated by a semi-colon.

EX: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet (Adams, 2018; Collins, 2017).

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 In-Text Citation:
Works with Two Authors

When citing a work with two authors:

•In the narrative citation, use “and” in between the authors’ names

EX: According to scientists Depietri and McPhearson (2018),

“Understanding the occurrence and impacts of historical climatic hazards is
critical to better interpret current hazard trends” (p. 96).

•In the parenthetical citation, use “&” between names

EX: When examining potential climate threats, “Understanding the

occurrence and impacts of historical climatic hazards is critical to better interpret
current hazard trends” (Depietri & McPhearson, 2018, p. 96).

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 In-Text Citation:
Works with 3+ Authors

When citing a work with three or more authors:

•list the name of the first author plus “et al.” in every citation.

EX: Lin et al. (2019) examined how weather conditions affect the
popularity of the bikesharing program in Beijing.

EX: One study looked at how weather conditions affected the popularity
of bikesharing programs, specifically the Beijing Public Bikesharing Program (Lin
et al., 2019).

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 In-Text Citation:
Unknown Author

When citing a work with an unknown author:

•Use the source’s full title in the narrative citation.
•Cite the first word of the title followed by the year of publication in the
parenthetical citation.

EX: According to “Here’s How Gardening Benefits Your Health” (2018)

EX: (“Here’s,” 2018)

Titles:
Articles and Chapters = “ ”
Books and Reports = italicize

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 In-Text Citation:
Group Authors

When citing a group author:

•Mention the organization the first time you cite the source in either the
narrative citation or the parenthetical citation.
•If you first mention the group in a narrative citation, list the abbreviation before
the year of publication in parentheses, separated by a comma.

EX: “The data collected by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA, 2019)
confirmed…”

•If you first mention the group in a parenthetical citation, list the abbreviation in
square brackets, followed by a comma and the year of publication.

EX: (Food and Drug Administration [FDA], 2019).

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 In-Text Citation:
Same Last Name/Author

When citing authors with the same last names:

•Use first initials with the last names.

EX: (B. Davis, 2018; Y. Davis, 2020)

When citing two or more works by the same author and published in
the same year:
•Use lower-case letters (a, b, c) after the year of publication to order the
references.

EX: Chen’s (2018a) study of bird migration…

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 In-Text Citation:
Personal Communication

When citing personal communication (interviews, letters, e-mails, etc.):

•Include the communicator’s name, the fact that it was personal communication,
and the date of the communication.
•Narrative citation:

EX: B. E. Anderson (personal communication, January 8, 2020) also

claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style.

•Parenthetical citation:

EX: One teacher mentioned that many of her students had difficulties
with APA style (Anderson, personal communication, January 8, 2020).

•Do not include personal communication in the reference list.

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 In-Text Citation:
No Page Numbers

When citing a text with no page numbers: parenthetical citation

•Use any of the following four methods
•List the heading or section name
EX: One scientist noted that “A cup full of kale can help your body out
in a number of ways” (London, 2019, Health benefits of kale section).
•List an abbreviated heading or section name in quotation marks (if the heading
is too long)
EX: One scientist noted that “A cup full of kale can help your body out in a
number of ways” (London, 2019, “Health benefits” section).
•List the paragraph number
EX: One scientist noted that “A cup full of kale can help your body out in a
number of ways” (London, 2019, para. 2).
•List the heading or section name and the paragraph number
EX: One scientist noted that “A cup full of kale can help your body out in a
number of ways” (London, 2019, Health benefits of kale section, para. 2).
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 In-Text Citation:
No Page Numbers

When citing a text with no page numbers: narrative citation

•Use any of the following four methods
•List the heading or section name
EX: Scientist Jaclyn London (2019, Health benefits of kale section) noted
that “A cup full of kale can help your body out in a number of ways.”
•List an abbreviated heading or section name in quotation marks (if the heading
is too long)
EX: Scientist Jaclyn London (2019, “Health benefits” section) noted that “A
cup full of kale can help your body out in a number of ways.”
•List the paragraph number
EX: Scientist Jaclyn London (2019, para. 2) noted that “A cup full of kale can
help your body out in a number of ways.”
•List the heading or section name and the paragraph number
EX: Scientist Jaclyn London (2019, Health benefits of kale section, para. 2)
noted that “A cup full of kale can help your body out in a number of ways.”
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 Headings

APA uses a system of five heading levels (taken directly from the APA
Publication Manual, 7th edition):

APA Headings
Level Format
1 Centered, Bold, Title Case Headings
Text begins a new paragraph
2 Flush Left, Bold, Title Case Heading
Text begins as a new paragraph
3 Flush Left, Bold Italic, Title Case Heading
Text begins as a new paragraph
4 Indented, Bold, Title Case Heading, Ending with a Period. Text
begins on the same line and continues as a regular paragraph.
5 Indented, Bold Italic, Title Case Heading, Ending with a Period. Text
begins on the same line and continues as a regular paragraph.

CRICOS code 00025B

 Headings

Here is an example of the five-level heading system:

CRICOS code 00025B

 Tables

Label tables with an Arabic numeral and provide a brief but clear title. The label
and title appear on separate lines above the table, flush-left and single-spaced.

Cite a source in a note below the table.

Table 1
Top 3 NBA Season Leaders 2019

Team Points Per Game

Milwaukee Bucks 119.8
Houston Rockets 119.1
Dallas Mavericks 116.8

Note: This data was collected on December 31st, 2019. Retrieved from
https://stats.nba.com/teams/
CRICOS code 00025B
 Figures

Label figures with an Arabic numeral and provide a brief but clear title. The label and title
appear on separate lines above the figure, flush-left and single-spaced.
You might provide an additional title centered above the figure.

Cite the source in a note below the figure.

Figure 1.
US Primary Energy Consumption by Energy Source, 2018

CRICOS code 00025B