Plagiarism,

Paraphrase and
Citation
Dr. Khaldoon Naji (N.) Abbas

Mustansiriyah University
F. S.
2022-2023 1
 Plagiarism
Introduction
Many people think of plagiarism as copying another’s work, or borrowing someone else’s
original ideas. In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealing
someone else’s work and lying about it afterwards.

Students are often unsure of exactly what plagiarism is and how it affects them. Especially
these days with the ease of cutting and pasting from the Internet, student plagiarism
has become an issue of great concern in academic institutions and it is very important
to realize that any accusation of plagiarism will be serious and could be dealt with very
severely.

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 Plagiarism
Plagiarism essentially is the stealing of others’ words, thoughts and ideas and is
treated like a fraud. Ignorance or carelessness is no excuse. Be aware that it is not
acceptable academic practice under any circumstances to “lift” text and to present
it as your own. There are sophisticated Web sites and techniques specifically
aimed at tracking down all kinds of plagiarism.
Generally, all of the following are considered plagiarism:

1. Turning in Someone Else’s Work As your Own work .

2. Copying Words or Ideas From Someone Else Without Giving Credit.
3. Failing to Put a Quotation in Quotation Marks.
4. Giving Incorrect Information About the Source of a Quotation.
5. Changing Words But Copying the Sentence Structure of a Source without Giving Credit.

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 Plagiarism
Furthermore:
 Changing the words of an original source is not sufficient to prevent
plagiarism. If you have retained the essential idea of an original source, and
have not cited it, then no matter how drastically you may have altered its
context or presentation, you have still plagiarized .
 Most cases of plagiarism can be avoided, however, by citing sources. Simply
acknowledging that certain material has been borrowed, and providing your
audience with the information necessary to find that source, is usually enough
to prevent plagiarism.

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 Plagiarism
How does one cite correctly and avoid plagiarism?
1. Every single instance of using phrases and ideas that are not your own must be
acknowledged. You do this by giving the name of the person who first expressed every
concept or thought that you mention in your text.
2. When you quote someone’s words directly, you have to place these words in quotation
marks.
3. Longer quotations, which you should try to avoid or use sparingly, should be
“blocked” to make them stand out clearly. This means indenting and singlespacing the
entire quotation, also using a smaller typeface if you wish.

4. If you express another’s words or ideas by paraphrasing them, you have to use
your own words. It is not enough simply to change the word order or to substitute one
or two words only.
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 Plagiarism
5. You may also summarize more lengthy material in your own style and language.
Do not repeat the author’s own words without placing them in quotation marks.

6. When you use your own words to express the ideas of someone else, you must still
quote the source, even though you then do not have to use quotation marks.

7. It is important to keep a list of full details of all the references you might use as you go
along and not think that you will be able to do the citations at the last minute, as you are
bound to lose track of some of the things you have read.

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 Paraphrase
Paraphrase:

The meaning of PARAPHRASE is a restatement of a

text, passage, or work giving the meaning in another
form.
Or
Paraphrasing is a way to incorporate outside sources
into your writing. It involves restating a passage of text
from another source in your own words.

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 Citation
Academic Citation
According to the laws of many countries, the expression of original ideas is considered
intellectual property, and is protected by copyright laws, just like original inventions.
Almost all forms of expression fall under copyright protection as long as they are
recorded in some media (such as a book or a computer file).
All academic writing requires you to cite all the sources that you have read and consulted
in the preparation of your work.
Citation, also known as referencing, consists of quoting from or referring to other writers’
words and thoughts and the listing of their names, together with the titles and other
details of their publications so that these can be tracked down independently. The
citation has long been regarded as a hallmark of academic writing of all kinds.

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 Citation
Citation Styles:
There are a number of different programs, styles and conventions which are widely
understood and used and which encourage a clear and consistent pattern of citation.
For example …
EndNote or Mendeley : It is software for managing citations and references in academic
publications. Most College staffs use APA, Harvard, MLA, and Turabian styles

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 Citation
Morphological driven photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanostructures
KN Abbas, N Bidin - Applied Surface Science, 2017 - Elsevier

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 Citation
Morphological driven photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanostructures
KN Abbas, N Bidin - Applied Surface Science, 2017 - Elsevier

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Citation

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T ha n k s
Questions ?

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