TOPIC OUTLINE

•Research as a process

•Ethical Considerations

•Plagiarism and its types

•Paraphrasing

•Quoting

•Summarizing

•Referencing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the discussions, you will be able to:

1.Demonstrate your understanding of the research

process, ethical considerations, plagiarism, quoting,
paraphrasing, and summarizing through discussions

2.Distinguish various types of plagiarism

3.Analyze situations based on plagiarism, paraphrasing,

quoting and summarizing.

4.Evaluate situations and apply ethical considerations or

values on the problem
is a scientific process of collecting empirical
data that are intended for drawing a
conclusion. It consists of the following core
steps:
  a research topic

 Traditional researchers usually comply with the SMART

 requirement of choosing a research problem.

This means the topic should be


specific, measurable, attainable,
realistic, and time - bound
It should posses newness or novelty
and international character
especially if the research outputs
are intended for presentation in
international conference
Doing a research is like building a
house

Some essentials of research plan includes

specific research aim, background and
significance, related readings and
research design and methods
 Step 3

Collecting research data

conducting a scientific inquiry is data
collection
It can be carried out using an approach called
methodological triangulation. This technique
considers three usual activities; observation,
interview, & document analysis
 Step 4

Analyzing research data

necessary research data are intact
and ready for analysis

Here the researcher

carefully analyzes the
textual data by
determining significant
statements from the
texts
 Step 5

Presenting the findings

 Checking the accuracy and
completeness of the research data is
an essential task before writing and
revising the contents of the research
paper; otherwise, the presentation
of data would appear insufficient,
and yes, even questionable
Gone are the days when completed
researches are lodged on shelves
unread.
Modern – day research
scientist present their
research findings in research
conferences; others publish
them in reputable scientific
journals
 Defining

research

problem

Disseminating
Developing a
and
research
(utilizing) the
plan
findings

Presenting the Collecting

findings research data

Analyzing
research data
At the core of a research undertaking lie ethical
considerations

One of the very important considerations of

qualitative research is ensuring that the
informants are not harmed in any way
possible
 This is known as the ethics of non - maleficence

Researchers ought to be aware of the direct and

indirect consequences of the study particularly
on the participants
 1. Scientific soundness

Once crucial consideration in conducting a

qualitative research is the extent of tangible
benefits that the investigation could
produce.
 Scientific soundness

The research objectives can be so hard to

achieve when the researcher does not possess
sufficient background and skills required
 Scientific soundness

Hence, an inexperience person in research

is usually advised to seek clear guidance
and constant supervision from experts
 2. Consent

Seeking informed consent as a voluntary

agreement of the participants to be involved
in the study is prerequisite for almost all types
of research.
 2. Consent

Before the research starts, an informed consent

should be obtained from each participant
 2. Consent
Informed consent is used if the approval from adult
participants is sought while informed assent is
sought from participants who have not yet reached
the legal age or very young to give consent but old
enough to understand the risks and benefits
 2. Consent
The participants should be clarified about the
following:
•Purpose of the study
•Types of question
•Potential risks and benefits
•Method of anonymity
 3. Informant validation
A validation of qualitative data should be done with
the participants
Remember that it is so unethical to report a particular
statement which is not actually expressed by any of the
research informants
 4. Confidentiality

Retaining anonymity than revealing full identification

of the participants should be dealt with utmost care
 5. Exploitation

Being exploited in the conduct of a research is usually

attributed to the research participants
 5. Exploitation
This happens when the researcher gets along with
them just to gain favor.
Though it is always understandable that the researcher should satisfy
his intellectual and emotional responsibility to the participants being
studied, others are tempted to abuse the basic rights of the
participants
 6. Misrepresentation
Participants’ narratives as presented in the research
report should be assured

Statements that would seem faulty to largely provoke

mistrust on the part of the informants
 7. Identification of the participant by self or others

Researcher must mind the method of anonymizing the

identity of the participants

Whether the concerned are willing to divulge their identity or

not, the researcher should responsibly handle the data with
maximum care
 Plagiarism means using someone else’s words or ideas without
proper attribution. The most common types of plagiarism are:
PICTURE THIS
SCENARIO
 Halfway into your research project, you find that another group of
researchers – Jones et. al. – has elegantly described the stages
through which a disease advances.

 You feel that you cannot possibly describe the stages better than
Jones et. al. and decide to use it word-for-word in your paper.
But can you do this?
Is it acceptable to use Jones et. al.’s work as is?

ABSOLUTELY NOT!

Attempting to use the ideas, words, or work done earlier by

someone else, without giving them due credit, is known as
“plagiarism.”

And plagiarism is considered extremely unethical.

SO DOES THIS MEAN YOU CAN NEVER CITE THE WORK OF OTHER RESEARCHERS?

HOW CAN YOU ETHICALLY CITE ANOTHER RESEARCHER’S WORK?

By clearly and completely acknowledging all the sources you have referred to
while conducting your research or writing your paper.
 TYPE OF PLAGIARISM DEFINITION SEVERITY
1. Global Plagiarism Presenting an entire text by SEVERE
someone else as your own work.
2. Paraphrasing Plagiarism Rephrasing someone else’s ideas SERIOUS
without citation.
3. Verbatim Plagiarism Directly copying a passage of text SERIOUS
without citation.
4. Mosaic Plagiarism Combining text and ideas from SERIOUS
different sources without citation.

5. Self-plagiarism Reusing passages and ideas from MODERATE

your own previously submitted
work.
6. Incorrect Citation Failing to give all the necessary Moderate
information in your source
citation.
 Global plagiarism means taking an entire work by someone else
and passing it off as your own. If you get someone else to write an
essay or assignment for you, or if you find a text online and submit
it as your own work, you are committing plagiarism.
 Because it involves deliberately and directly lying about the
authorship of a work, this is one of the most serious types of
plagiarism, and it can have severe consequences.
 Paraphrasing means rephrasing a piece of text in your own words.
Paraphrasing without citation is the most common type of plagiarism.
 Paraphrasing itself is not plagiarism so long as you properly cite your
sources. However, paraphrasing becomes plagiarism when you read a
source and then rewrite its key points as if they were your own ideas.
 Additionally, if you translate a piece of text from another language, you
need correctly cite the original source. A translation without a source is
still plagiarism, as you’re using someone else’s idea
 You commit verbatim plagiarism when you directly copy text from
a source and paste it into your own document without attribution. If
the structure and the majority of the words are the same as in the
original, then it is verbatim plagiarism, even if you delete or
change a couple of words here and there.
 If you want to use an author’s exact words, you need to quote the
original source by putting the copied text in quotation marks and
including an in-text citation.
 Mosaic plagiarism (also known as patchwork plagiarism or
incremental plagiarism) means copying phrases, passages and ideas
from different sources and putting them together to create a new
text. This includes slightly rephrasing passages while keeping
many of the same words and structure as the original.
 This type of plagiarism requires a little more effort and is more
insidious than just copying and pasting from a source,
but plagiarism checkers like Turnitin can still easily detect it.
 The key to avoiding plagiarism is citing your sources. You need to
correctly format your citations according to the rules of the citation
style you are following.
 If you don’t include all the necessary information or you put it in
the wrong place, you could be committing plagiarism. Most styles
require in-text citations plus a reference list or bibliography at the
end of your paper, where you give full details of every source you
cited.
 Example of a correct citation (APA Style)
Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) concluded that attitude can best be
described as a learned manner of reacting positively or negatively
regarding a certain behavior.
 Self-plagiarism means reusing work that you’ve previously
submitted. Even though it’s your own work, it’s considered
dishonest to present a paper or a piece of data as brand new when
you’ve already gotten credit for the work.
 There are a couple of different versions of self-plagiarism. The
more serious is to turn in a paper you already submitted for a grade
to another class. Unless you have explicit permission to do so, this
is always considered self-plagiarism.
 Self-plagiarism can also occur when you use ideas, phrases or data
from your previous assignments. As with paraphrasing, reworking
old ideas and passages is not inherently plagiarism, but you should
cite your previous work to make the origins clear.
 Your institution might have specific policies on self-plagiarism (for
example, about whether it’s acceptable to incorporate parts of
previous papers into your thesis or dissertation). Consult with your
instructors if you’re unsure.
A reviewer or journal editor easily detects plagiarism if they find that a
submitted manuscript contains:

“
Large amounts of text from the
quoted verbatim from the source document with very
Lardocument
source ge passages little modification
Reviewers get suspicious if:
▸the author’s writing style varies considerably between passages in the
submitted manuscript

▸the level of English used is very different in different parts of the manuscript

▸the reviewer is familiar with the work that has been plagiarized
▸ you could lose tenure/funding
▸ you could lose credibility in the academic community for the entire
body of your work.

REMEMBER:
Don’t take plagiarism lightly. If a journal detects any plagiarism in
your paper, regardless of your intent, you won’t be absolved.
Why do you think you should incorporate the ideas of others into
your writing?

Why is it important that you acknowledge these ideas?

 Share your thoughts in the discussion.

Make meaningful connections between other authors’ ideas
and your own.
Question and evaluate the ideas of other authors.
Provide credibility for your work and allow your lecturer to
track down the original sources.
Provide evidence that your ideas or argument are backed up or
supported.
Give credit to the original author
Quoting, paraphrasing and summarizing are three main
ways of integrating others’ ideas in your own academic
work.
• In-text (in-line) citation acknowledges your source in the main
body of your document e.g. (Hossain 209)

Reference is the details of a particular in-text citation e.g. Hossain, Zakir.

"Towards a lifelong learning society through reading promotion: Opportunities
and challenges for libraries and community learning centres in Viet Nam."
International Review of Education 62.2 (2016): 205-219.

Works Cited (Bibliography) is the list of references arranged

alphabetically.
Quoting is reproducing words from another source
using exactly the same wording, spelling, punctuation,
capitalization, paragraphing.
Paraphrasing is introducing from ideas another
source in your own.

Summarizing is a short and concise representation of

the key ideas of source material, in your own words.
 To integrate a quote correctly you should:
 Use a signal phrase such as “According to Smith (2008) …”,
“Smith (2008) reports …”
 Demonstrate the relevance of the quote to your writing by using an introductory phrase
or by providing commentary on the quote.
 Include quotation marks.
 Incorporate a short quote into a paragraph or *indent a longer quote.
 Include the number of the page or paragraph where you found the quote.
 Demonstrate any changes you have made to the quote, such as shortening it by omitting
sections.
 Cite and reference it.
When directly quoting a source, place the parenthetical
citation after the quote.

Example:
Sanders explains that economic woes are due to “the
mortgage crisis and poor risk assessment” (20).
 Scientists have warned that the use of nuclear weapons pose the
single biggest threat to the Earth's peace and environment.
According to Taparia,

The use of nuclear weapons in today’s society is strikingly alarming.

Though the United States is the only country to employ it in the past, they
are at the same time the country that condemns its use the most. While this
may seem hypocritical, is it the most proper action for the United States to
make as the global leader (19).

*indented a longer quote

Scientists have warned that the use of nuclear weapons pose the single biggest
threat to the Earth's peace and environment.
According to Taparia,

The use of nuclear weapons in today’s society is strikingly alarming. Though the
United States is the . . . the most proper action for the United States to make as
the global leader (19).

*using ellipses to short a longer quote

 Quoting is reproducing words from another source using exactly the same
wording, spelling, punctuation, capitalization and paragraphing.

 I should quote when I need to add emphasis or focus to an argument. T/F

 I should quote all the time – so that I can show that I have done my research
thoroughly. T/F
 Quotations should be used rarely and selectively. T/F
 I should quote to incorporate an idea that would lose its effectiveness if
paraphrased or summarized. T/F
 If I use a relevant well-placed quotation it will add value to my argument.
T/F
When paraphrasing, it is important to keep the original meaning and to present it
in a new form. Basically, you are simply writing something in your own words
that expresses the original idea.

Underline key points in the original source.

List the main ideas or concepts.
Come up with alternative phrases and synonyms
to describe the ideas.
Rewrite and reorder these ideas in your own words.
Use a signal phrase where necessary to embed the author’s name, eg Smith
(1996) states….. As indicated by Townsend and Parks (2013)….
Cite and reference.
Original text
Giraffes like Acacia leaves and hay and they can
consume 75 pounds of food a day.

Paraphrase
A giraffe can eat up to 75 pounds of Acacia leaves and hay everyday.
Original text
Emery (2008) notes that librarians who participate in social media are likely to know what their
colleagues in other institutions are working on and can easily identify services and applications that
can be localized more readily to their own work environment. In other words, experiences
acquired from colleagues at an international level, can be shared at the local level which then feeds
into service development at a local level.

Paraphrase
According to a claim by Emery (27), librarians who follow professional groups and pages on
social media are most likely to identify what their colleagues in other institutions are focusing
on which can be localized more readily to their own work without reinventing the wheel. In
other words, experiences can be shared at the local level that gained from colleagues at an
international level, which then feeds into service development at a local level and vice-versa
(Zakir 19).
 Paraphrasing is introducing ideas from another source in your
own words.

1. I should paraphrase if I want to change the organization of another

author’s words or ideas for emphasis. T/F
2. I should paraphrase to change the original meaning of another author’s
words, ideas and thoughts. T/F
3. I should paraphrase to simplify and clarify the original material. T/F
4. I should paraphrase to back up, support or prove my ideas. T/F
5. I should paraphrase to make it clear I understand the author’s point of
view. T/F
Summarising is a short and concise representation of the key
ideas of source material, in your own words.

A summary is shorter than the original text and provides an

overview of the subject matter.

 To summarise correctly, you will include only the key ideas

and omit the details.

Summaries need to be referenced, just like paraphrases and

quotations.
 Identify the key ideas in the original source.
 Write down the key ideas in your own words or use quote marks if
replicating original text for emphasis.
 Do not add your own reflections on the original text, summarise only.
 Remind the reader that someone else has written the original piece of
writing throughout your summary: Smith (2009) states…, She
further indicates…
 Cite and reference the original source.
Ishould summarise when I want to change the meaning of the
original text. T/F

I should summarise when I want to condense large amounts of

information accurately into the smallest number of words
possible. T/F

Ishould summarise when I want to present the key ideas of the

original source in brief. T/F
The original passage:
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in
the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly
quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials
while taking notes. Lester, James
D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.

A legitimate paraphrase:
In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable
level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material
recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).

An acceptable summary:
Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of
quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47).
• Ideally, no more than 25 percent of your paper should be
direct quotations..

• Paraphrase as much as you can..

• Use direct quotations when citing a statistic or original theory..

• Use author's words if they capture a point exactly..

 The American Psychological Association (APA) citation style is the
most commonly used format for manuscripts in the social sciences.

 APA regulates:
• Stylistics
• In-text citations
• References
 https://www.editage.com/insights/plagiarism-in-academic- publishing
 https://www.scribbr.com/plagiarism/types-of-plagiarism/
 https://www.slideshare.net/DonaMarieFernandez1/research-process-88307115?qid=ab306bfe-
d904-4c8c-9e79-bc8fd97c5a0c&v=&b=&from_search=12

 OWL. “Purdue online writing lab.” [Paraphrase: Write It in Your Own Words: Some examples
to compare]. Retrieved on Jul 23, 2017 from
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/1/

 Stephen, Jason. “Academic Integrity.” [week 3: Achieving with integrity: using the works of
others]. MOOC offered by University of Auckland. Retrieved on Jul 23, 2017 from
https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/academic- integrity/10/todo/8323