PRACTICAL RESEARCH REVIEWER
similar study with a similar
Intellectual Honesty
• Plagiarism
- Paraphrasing. Changing some of the
words, not giving consent to the
author.
- Act or instance of plagiarizing
- To steal and pass off the ideas or
words as one’s own.
- Using another’s production without
crediting the author
Types
• Secondary Source Plagiarism
(Inaccurate Citation)
- Uses secondary source, like a meta
study, but only cites the primary
source contains with the secondary
one.
- Provides false sense of the amount of
review that went into research
• Invalid Source (Misleading Citation,
Fabrication, Falsification)
- When researchers reference wither
an incorrect or nonexistent source.
Result of sloppy research rather an
intent to deceive.
- It can also be an attempt to increase
the list of reference and hide
inadequate research.
• Duplication (Self-Plagiarism, reuse)
- Happens when researcher uses work
from their own previous studies and
paper without attribution.
• Paraphrasing
- Taking another person’s writing and
changing the words, making it appear
that an idea or even a piece of
research is original when in truth it
came from an uncited outside source.
• Repetitive Research
- Repeating of ideas or text from a
methodology in a new study without
proper attribution. This often
happens when studies on a related
topic are repeated with similar
results, but the earlier research is not
added properly.
• Replication
- Submission of a paper to multiple
publications, resulting in the same
manuscript being published more
that once. This cam be on either
infraction; Particularly when
researcher claims that a paper is new
when it has been published
elsewhere. (Published 2 times)
• Misleading Attribution (Inaccurate
authorship)
- Inaccurate or insufficient list of
authors who contributed to a
manuscript. This happens when
authors are denied credit for partial
or significant contribution made to a
study or the opposite When authors
are cited but no contributions were
made
• Unethical Collaboration
- People who are working together to
violate a code of conduct. Using
written work, outcomes and ideas
that are the result of a collaboration,
without citing the collaborative
nature of the study.
• Verbatim plagiarism (Copy-paste,
Intellectual theft)
- Copying of other author’s word and
works without providing proper
attribution. First plagiarism may cite
the source they borrowed them, but
not indicate that it is a direct quote.
In the second, No attribution at all is
provided, essentially claiming the
 words of someone else to be their
own.
• Complete Plagiarism (Intellectual
Theft, Stealing)
- Researcher takes a study, manuscript
of a work from another researcher
and simply resubmit it as their own.
Importance of Research
Research is undertaken because of some
importance it has and does for individuals
and the society. Reasons for significance are
given as follows:
1. To gather relevant information
- Research provides you with the necessary
information related to your field of study or
work. For example, companies may do
research before manufacturing a product.
2. To improve standard of living
- Only through research can new inventions
and discoveries come into life. How would
life be without Graham Bell and his
telephone? Or what would have happened if
Martin Cooper did not give us the concept of
mobile phones?
3. To know the truth
- Research investigates and exposes what
wrong beliefs people hold. Listening to
different opinions and studying facts
available data will lead you to unravel truth.
4. To explore our history
- Research about our history enables us to
learn and understand the past and prepare for
a better life.
The characteristics, process and ethics of
research.
Characteristics of a good research
1. Empirical. Research is founded on actual
experience or observation by the research.
2. Analytical. Research uses established
analytical procedures in collecting data.
3. Systematic. Research is performed in a
logical manner without prejudice using
methods and procedure.
4. Cyclical- Research begins with a problem
and ends with a resolution
5. Original- Research output is a product of
novel ideas and shows uniqueness.
6. Replicability. Research design and
procedures are reiterated to allow the
researcher to reach at valid and conclusive
results.
Research Process
1. Identify the problem. The Problem-the
problem could be a real-world problem that
needs to be solved. It can also be a knowledge
gap that needs to be addressed.
2. Exploring existing knowledge. The Quest
for Knowledge-what has already been
discovered and learned about it? What are
other people’s take or understanding about
the topic? This may lead you to form an
“Educated guess or Hypothesis”.
3. Developing the research design. The Plan-
how will you conduct your study? This
includes sampling, data collection, and data
analysis methods and deciding on them.
4. Collecting Data. Also known as fieldwork,
you would need to go out to the real world
and visit the location, people, event, or
phenomenon.
5. Analyzing Data. The Interpretation-
Processing and analyzing all the data you
have gathered.
6. Forming Conclusions, Implications, and
recommendations. The bigger picture-in this
step, you would need to summarize and
synthesize all that you have learned. You may
point out several recommendations brought
about by your study.
7. Report findings. The report and
presentation- researcher is expected to
produce a final output, usually in the form of
a written research report.
Ethics
• Rules of behavior based on ideas about
what is morally good and bad.
Objectives of Research Ethics
• Protect human participants.
• Ensure that research is conducted in a
way that serves the interests of
individuals, groups and/or society as a
whole.
• Examine specific research activities and
projects for their ethical soundness,
looking at issues like the management
of risk, protection of confidentiality and
process of informed consent.
Honesty
- Strive for honesty in all scientific
communications. Honesty reports
data, results, methods and procedures
and publication status.
- DO NOT FABRICATE, FALSEFY,
OR MISINTERPRET DATA.
Objectively
- Strive to avoid bias in experimental
design, data analysis, data
interpretation, peer review, personal
decisions, grant writing, expert
testimony and other aspects of
research where objectively is
expected or required.
- AVOID OR MINIMIZE BIA OR
SELF-DECEPTION.
Integrity
- Keep your promises and agreements;
act with sincerity; strive for
consistency of thought and action.
Carefulness
- Avoid careless errors and
negligence. Carefully and critically
examine your own work. Keep good
records of research activities such as
data collection, research design, and
correspondence with agencies.
Openness
- Share data, results, ideas, tools,
resources. Be open to criticism and
new ideas.
Respect for intellectual property
- Honor patents, copyrights, and other
forms of intellectual property. Do not
use unpublished data, methods, or
results without permission.
- Give credit where credit is due. Give
proper acknowledgement or credit or
all contributions to research.
Confidentiality
- Protect confidential communication
and personal information of your
respondents, if any.
Components of Informed Consent
 - Disclosure
- Capacity
- Voluntariness
Competence
- Maintain and improve your own
professional competence and
expertise through lifelong education
and learning.
Legality
- Know and obey relevant laws and
institutional governmental policies.
Animal Care
- Show proper respect and care for
animals when using them in research.
Do not conduct unnecessary or
poorly designed animal experiments.
Human Subjects Protection
- When conducting research in human
subjects, minimize harms, and risks
and maximize benefits; Respect
human dignity, privacy, and
autonomy; take special precautions
with vulnerable populations; and
strive to distribute the benefits and
burdens or research fairly.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
CHARACTERISTICS
• NATURAL SETTING
• RESEARCHER AS KEY
INSTRUMENT
• MULTIPLE SOURCES OF DATA
• INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE
DATA ANALYSIS
• PARTICIPANTS’ MEANINGS
• EMERGENT DESIGN
• REFLEXIVITY
• HOLISTIC ACCOUNT
STREGHTS
Data can provide depth and detail
- Can yield explanations about a
phenomenon and reveal facts that are
not so evident
Can highlight complexities and subtleties
about the research participants, setting, and
phenomenon under study.
Flexibility
- The researcher can adapt the
direction, framework, and methods
of the study to unveil these better an
provide a more comprehensive view
of the situation or reality.
It values Research participants’ voices
- By using direct quotations and
providing detailed description of a
particular event issue, or
phenomenon. Through this, the
thoughts, the perspectives and,
 feelings of research participants are - Roles
highlighted. - Relationships
- Groups
- Organizations
Can adapt to various scenarios and situations - Settlements
and to the research participants’ needs. - Social Worlds
- Lifestyles/ Subcultures

WEAKNESSES
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Hard to Generalize
Quantitative Research
- Since data are often collected from a
view individuals or cases, it is hard to - This type of methodology
generalize the findings of the investigates a social phenomenon
research or to say that the findings of using the tools of statistics and
the study are applicable to a larger mathematics.
population. - Uses quantifiable measurements
gathered through survey
Time Consuming questionnaires, polls, etc. through
- Going the field, collecting data by statistics to draw conclusions.
interviewing several participants, Qualitative Research
and observing them in their actual
setting can take time. - This type of methodology
- Processing and analyzing these data emphasizes looking into meanings,
can also prove to be challenging and perspectives, experiences, and
maybe hard to show in visual processes that are not easily
representations. quantifiable.
- Topics are often explored through
Researcher’s skills play a key role fieldwork, in-depth interviews, and
- the researcher’s skills play a role in observation.
the quality of the research output. If DIFFERENCE BETWEEN QUALI AND
the researcher is inexperienced in QUANTI
entering the field, building rapport
with research participants, and QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
asking good questions, then the data Reports statistical Reports rich
collection process may yield limited analysis on social narrative and
data. phenomenon and individual
other fields of interpretation into
POSSIBLE TOPICS FOR QUALITATIVE science the meanings,
RESEARCH perspectives,
experiences, and
- Practices processes that are
- Episodes
- Encounters
 not easily RESEARCH DESIGNS
quantifiable.
Data is gathered Data are explored Are types of inquiry within qualitative
through surveys through fieldwork, research method that provide specific
questionnaires, in-depth interview direction for procedures in a research study.
polls, etc. and observation. Is sometimes referred as research approach
Preference for Preference for
• ETHNOGRAPHY
random sampling expert informant
for obtaining samples - Is a research design to learn about a
meaningful samples culture form people who live in that
Researcher is Researcher is part culture
separate of the process - Derived from anthropology – is a
Positivism Interpretivism study of human races, origins,
societies, and culture
- PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
FORMULATING A RESEARCH -Intensive Interaction
Rules in choosing a topic -The researchers joins the group that
they are studying in their
1. Interest environment and participate.
2. Availability of the information -Emic (Insider)
3. Timeliness and relevance of the topic -Etic (Outsider)
4. Limitations on the subject
5. Personal Resources
Research title
1. Is the most important element that
defines the research problem.
2. It contains the least words to
describe the content and purpose.
• PHENOMENOLOGY
Components of a Research Title - Explores the world of the
1. Subject Matter – The topic that the participants by gaining thoughts to a
researchers will talk about particular phenomenon
2. Locale – The place where research - CONCEPTS ON
will happen PHENOMENOLOGICAL
3. Population – The people/ APPROACH
Participants involved in the study 1.Purpose – To gain thoughts about
4. Period – The duration on how long a phenomena.
the study will happen 2.Analysis – Analysis of lived
5. Purpose – The created/ Innovated experiences
intervention. 3.Outcome – Commonality of the
experience.
4.Method – Interviews, Fieldworks,
and observation.
 - Sample: Bullying and its causes. 2. Biography – Researchers narrate
the experiences of another person.

• CASE STUDY • GROUNDED STUDY

- Presents a detailed analysis of a - An approach utilized to develop
specific case over a defined analysis theories.
of a specific case over a defined time
frame.
- Case study focuses on:
1.The problem
2.The context of the problem
3.The lesson learned
- The report includes lessons learned
or patterns found that connect with
theories

• NARRATIVE RESEARCH
- Description of life experiences of an
individual told to the researcher.

- Forms of Narrative Analysis

1.Autobiography- Written account
of the individual who is the subject
of the study.
 CHAPTER 1 AND ITS PARTS
The Problem and its Background
Introduction
- Topic or subject matter
- Importance of the topic
- Reasons for choosing the topic
- Purpose of the study
- Background of the study
Statement of the Problem
1. The general statement of the
problem/Purpose statement
2. Specific sub-problems or sub-
questions (research questions)
• They organize, give direction and
coherence to the research.
• They delimit the project, showing its
boundaries
• They keep the researcher focused.
• They provide a framework
• They point to the methods and data that
will be needed.
- What led the investigator to launch
the study
- Describe as clearly as possible the
problem intended to be addressed
- An overview of factors which have
led to the problem
Scope and Delimitation
The start and end of your research
• Scope
- the coverage of the research to
be explored which includes
the facts and theories about
the subject
- Information/subject matter to
be analyzed
• Delimitation
- limits the scope and outlines
the boundaries of the study.
- Research Participants
- Research Site
- Time frame of the research
- Methodological Limitations
Significance of the study
the purpose that the research will serve to
society, the country, the government, the
institution or agency concerned, the
curriculum planners and developers, and the
research community.
- Rationale, Timeliness and/or
relevance of the study.
- Possible solutions
- Who are to be benefited, How they
are going to be benefited
Definition of terms
- alphabetical list of important terms or
acronyms that you define, particularly
ambiguous terms or those used in a
special way.
Technical
- Definitions that are used in specific
ways in different disciplines
Operational
- Specific meaning of a word or phrase
given to it by the group of people who
used the word in their specific context