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CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Drainage plays important role in our life, without drainage surface water

will damage our homes, structures and everything around us. Because of

drainage the distribution of surface water are properly distributed in order to

avoid problems that may affect a normal individual to a structure. Drainage has

many system that help different issues that correspond to the problem. It is also

vital keeping around us dry and avoiding excess water that can cause hazards

like floods, water pollutants and etc.

Poor drainage may lead to problem that will affect an organism and it

may cause many compounds to be inundated with water, raising safety and

health issues for residents of such compounds. It may lead to flood , water

pollution and it may serve as a breeding ground of mosquitoes, thus making the

residents prone to different illness related to mosquitoes.

Sustainable drainage system also referred to as SuDs can be a set of

water management practices targets to align modern system with natural water

processes. SuDs or Sustainable Drainage System are built to mimic natural

features like groundwater recharge and infiltration of water through the help of

soils in order to integrate urban system into natural drainage system. SuDs

become popular in recent decades and begin to aid or mitigate the effects of
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human development.

According to Smith (2016), Drainage systems are constructed to ensure

that waste water and sewage is transported neatly to disposal points, thereby

keeping the environment well drained and free of waste. Examples of elements

that make up a quality drainage system includes; closed ditches having pipe

drains, drainage pipes, channels and conduits. Sustainable Drainage Systems

are processes placed in area to manipulate the water quantity (flooding), water

quality (pollution) and amenity issues in the environment. Sustainable drainage

is a concept that includes continuing environmental and social aspect in

selection about drainage.

Batangas is a first-class Philippine province situated in the CALABARZON

region in the southwest of Luzon. Its capital is Batangas City, bordered to the

north by Cavite and Laguna provinces and to the east by Quezon.The island of

Mindoro is located across the Verde island passages to the south and the South

China Sea to the west. Poetically, the ancient name of Batangas is often

referred to as Kumintang. It as a gross surfacel area of 316,580 hectares,of

which 50% are less than 15 degrees. The ground is flat, while the other are

mountainous and hilly.

The San Andres Proper Barangay which is located in Bauan Batangas.

The barangay is located along the ocean and it is rich in seafood that mostly of

inhabitants rely on it. The location of the barangay are prone to flood that is

being experienced every raining season where it cause different hazards to the
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people in the barangay. The flood greatly affects the lives of everyone in the

barangay and one common cause of the flood is the poor drainage. The

drainage situations in the barangay are needed to be fixed in order to avoid

future problems.

Civil engineering is everything that has been built around us. All about

roads and railways, center of learning, workplace, medical institution, water and

power supply and much more. The kinds of things they take for granted but

would find life very hard to live without. Civil engineers plan, produce and

connect up the world around us. They assist our crossroads, towns and cities

work for the people that live there. ‘Civil engineer’ covers a huge range of jobs

and all types of engineering. Civil engineers come from all dissimilar

backgrounds but they all spend years training, mastering and getting

qualifications.

Therefore, the researchers would like to pursue that study regarding to

the sustainable drainage design in order to solve the poor drainage and give a

reference of design for the drainage in San Andres Proper Bauan Batangas.

The research will propose a design of sustainable drainage that lead to a better

perspective about the study for further improvement. The study may give

benefits in environment where it can minimize the pollution/flood for a better

environment. Through this study, new perspective to the enhancement of

drainage it can help to the citizen in San Andres Proper Bauan Batangas.
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Conceptual Framework

The researchers aimed to produce a research study about Sustainable

Drainage Design in San Andres proper Bauan Batangas. The study will present

the Input to the respondents and the process will be done by the researchers

and the output will produced also by the researchers.

The researchers provide a physical model and conceptual model of the

sustainable drainage design. The Input contains the profiles of respondents,

features of the design, perspective of the respondents on the characteristics of

the drainage design.

The process also includes Distribution of questionnaire, Data Gathering

Procedure through questionnaire, Data Interpretation and lastly Data Analysis to

determine what output will be produce. In the output, the researchers will

produce an improve prototype model of the sustainable drainage design and a

video of the model on how will it work. This Framework will serve to the

researchers to produce a study and accomplish what is needed. Also, this

portion shows the framework and procedures to arrive a good analysis in the

study.
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INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Profiles of
respondent

 Features that
is best  Distribution of
contributor to Questionnaire
make it viable
 Prototype of
 Data
the
 Perspective of Gathering
Sustainable
respondents Drainage
on the  Data Design
characteristics Interpretation
of drainage
design  Data Analysis

 Physical and
conceptual
model

Figure 1

Research Paradigm

Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to answer the question regarding to the sustainable

drainage design in San Andres Proper Bauan Batangas.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the profiles of the respondents in terms of;

a. Age; and

b. Sex?
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2. What features will be the best contributor to make it viable?

3. What is the respondents’ perspective on characteristics of the

Drainage design interms of;

3.1 physical model; and

3.2 conceptual model?

4. Are there significant differences among the respondents’ perspective

on the characteristics of the drainage design?

5. Based on the result, what output may be proposed?

Hypothesis

There are no significant differences among the respondents’ perspective

on the characteristics of the drainage design.

Scope, Delimitations, and Limitations of the Study

This study is focused on the sustainable drainage design in San Andres

Proper Bauan Batangas where the researchers would look for recommendation

and perspective that will help them to help the said area and provide an option

of design for them.

Moreover, the study will be limited only for residents in the San Andres

Proper Bauan Batangas. There will be a specified number of 30 respondents

Also, this study is limited in time that it started at August and should be passed

on time.
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However, this study was delimited to other barangay from Bauan. It did

not discuss other issues other than the poor drainage.

Significance of the study

These will be the beneficiaries of the findings on this study.

The Students. This study will provide the students information about the

design for sustainable drainage and provide them a knowledge regarding

The Residents. The outcome of this study will change their perspective

about sustainable drainage and have a knowledge about the study where they

can use.

Civil Engineers. This study will help the Engineers by providing them a

knowledge about sustainable drainage for their future construction and projects.

Future researchers. The result of this study will serve as a basis and

foundation for them to understand this type of research topic and to improve the

present study.

Definition of Terms

For the readers to establish a clearer view and better understanding of

the terms used in the study, the following are defined conceptually and

operationally.

Civil Engineering. It refers to engineering branch that deals with the

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planning or designing, construction, and maintenance of the physical and

naturally built environment and one of the oldest engineering (Shah 2014).

In this study, it refers to the branch of engineering that designs public

highways, bridges, etc.

Water pollution. It is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes,

rivers, oceans, aquifers, and groundwater). (Kelly, 2017)

In the study it is the contaminated water that can be get or experienced in

a poor drainage system.

Drainage System. The drainage system minimises the impact of flooding

by safely carrying stormwater away from built-up areas into rivers and creeks

(Melbourne 2017).

In this study drainage refers to the focused and the problem being

discussed in the study.

Sustainable Drainage. Sustainable Drainage system are an alternative

approach to conventional urban stormwater management that enhances the

natural process of water (Graham 2017).

In this study it is the solution that the researchers proposed and it is the

type of model that is produced.

Groundwater. Ground water is a water beneath Earth’s surface, often

pumped for drinking. (Kelly, 2017).

In this study the ground water is a component of the ground water

recharge which is a feature of the drainage design.

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Infiltration. It is the process by which water enters the soil (Kelly 2017).

In this study it is one of the feature of the drainage design.

Conceptual Model. It is a representation of a system that uses concepts

and ideas to form said representation (Morse, 2017)

In this study it is the input that serves as a blueprint to easy understand

the study.

Features. A feature is something that your product has or is type of

function offered by a software program or product that enables users to do

something with it.(Shewan 2020).

In this study it is being applied in the drainage design where it can be the

basis.

Physical Model. It is one close to a specific product and follow similar

equations to illustrate the behavior or the conceptual model (Ringach, 2017)

In this study it is the propose model of sustainable drainage design that is

being made by the researchers.

Perspective. It is the viewpoint in which something is understood by the

human mind and it is also the ability or skill to understand an object or

something that is being discussed (Culvert 2019).

In this study it is the ability of the respondents on how they see and

understand the physical and conceptual model.

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CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This chapter present the review of related literature, the review of related

studies, and synthesis. It forms information to help the researchers

conceptualize the concept of the study.

Related Literature

The researchers reviewed the following literature related to sustainable

drainage, groundwater, infiltration, vegetation and sedimentation.

Sustainable Drainage. According to Chunglim, Miklas, and Philip (2017),

sustainable drainage system mitigate water problems by storing or reusing the

surface water and by decreasing it's flow rates in to the watercourses. It can

help to enhance the biodiversity of the earth and amenity objectives by

incorporating the ecosystem approach and the ecosystem services concept.

In addition, according to Zhou (2014), sustainable drainage in many parts

of the world are widely recommended and applied because of the failure of the

installed drainage doing its purpose, although terminology varies in different

regions, but with similar design philosophies. Sustainable drainage is primarily

used to maintain good public health, to protect important water resources from

contamination, to avoid having health problem, and to conserve biodiversity and

natural resources for future needs of the society. Sustainable criteria for urban

drainage have become a major challenge for the engineers because the new

paradigm requires the use of various engineering and science disciplines to take

into account all parts of the urban water cycle in management to ensure
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economic, social, environmental and environmental sustainability.

Additionally, according to Armitage (2013), sustainable drainage attempts

to take care of the surface water drainage systems in all aspects with

sustainable development ideals. It aims to design a sustainable drainage which

improves the water quantity management, water quality treatment, improved

amenity, and biodiversity maintenance. In doing so, many of the stormwater's

negative impacts in the environment are mitigated and and some advantages

can actually be realized.

In addition, Smith (2016) stated that sustainable drainage systems are

supposed to regulate surface water runoff, close to where it falls and simulate

natural drainage as closely as possible. They provide opportunities and changes

to reduce the causes and impacts of flooding in the community, remove

pollutants from urban runoff at source, and combine water management with

recreation and wildlife. They also protect natural flow regimes in watercourses

and help to enhance the quality of water.

Groundwater. According to Sobol (2016), groundwater is considered an

important source of freshwater especially in semi-arid zones which is used for

several life purposes such us drinking, domestic, industrial, and irrigation uses.

Indiscriminate exploitation of this source causes environmental hazards

including decline of groundwater level and well interference.

Furthermore, according to Taiwo (2015), stated that groundwater is a

significant water resource for the provision of a good quality water that humans
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and animals can drink. If the groundwater is properly protected and well

managed, it will last long and also a good source of drinking water.

Additionally, according to Oskin (2015), groundwater is any water that

lies in a permeable rock beneath the land floor. While a number of the water that

falls as precipitation is transmitted into streams or lakes, and a few is used by

plant life that is stored in the soil or evaporates back into the atmosphere.

Infiltration. Accroding to Kelly (2017), infiltration rate in soil science is a

measure of how much soil will be able to absorb in rainfall or irrigation. It is

measured in inches per hour or milliliters per hour. The rate of the infiltration will

decrease as the soil becomes saturated. If the precipitation rate exceeds the

infiltration rate, runoff will usually occur unless there is some physical barrier

that will block the runoff. It is pretty much related to saturated hydraulic

conductivity of the soil that is near the surface. The rate of infiltration can be

measured by using infiltrometer on it.

Moreover, according to Horton (2017), infiltration capacity rapidly

declines during the early part of the early part of a storm and then tends towards

an approximately constant value after a couple of hours for the rest of the event.

Previously infiltrated water fills up the available storage spaces and reduces the

capillary action that forces of drawing water into the pores.

Additionally, according to Kell,( 2017), the process of infiltration can only

continue if there is room storage available for additional water at the soil

surface. The available volume for additional water in the soil depends on how
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porosity the soil is and the rate at which previously infiltrated water can move

away from the surface or land through the soil beneath the surface.

Vegetation. According to Rodrigues (2016), vegetation in all the parcels

was characterized floristically and structurally, with five habitats which is being

evaluated in each plant formation. Soil characteristics and parameters of the

vegetation were highly distinct among different habitats. Soil plays an important

role in habitat formation and heterogeneity and can cause changes in the

structure of vegetation depending on how fertile the soil and diversity of plants.

The distinction between Cerrado / savanna and forest is well established, but

the relationship between soil and vegetation from savannic or forest formations

needs to be better understood to avoid misunderstanding of the two, particularly

in tropical ecotonal areas.

Additionally, according to Janhall (2015), the vegetation affects air quality

depending on how the pollutants influence the deposition and dispersion it.

Many existing models and experiments of vegetation describe both processes,

on-site and in wind tunnels, focusing e.g. on urban street canyons and

crossings, or vegetation barriers adjacent to traffic sources. Vegetation is

important if it is to be used as an ecosystem utility to enhance air quality of a

certain community. The reduction in mixing of trafficked street canyons to add

large trees will increase the rate of local air pollution, whereas low vegetation

that is close to the source can improve the quality of air by increasing

deposition. Filtration vegetation barriers must be enough dense to offer large

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deposition of surface area and sufficiently porous to allow penetration, rather

than deflection of the air stream above the barrier.

Moreover, according to Burkart (2016), the vegetation's shading effect

that acts as a shield decreases incident of shortwave radiation and leads to

lower surface temperatures on the ground and wall. Shading effectiveness

depends on the morphology (e.g. crown shape) and density of the plants. Plants

often have a refrigerating effect because of evapotranspiration. Instead of rasing

the reactive heat flux (i.e., air temperature), the transition of water from liquid to

gas converts solar energy into latent heat. Trees and shrubs could also serve as

windbreakers in addition to the mitigating purpose of urban vegetation,

increasing surface roughness and thus decreasing wind speed. Through

shading and evapotranspiration response, vegetation primarily affects the micro-

and meso-clima.

Sedimentation. According to Speight (2017), sedimentation occurs when

particles in suspension settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained and

come to rest against a barrier, which is typically the basement of a waterway.

Settling is due to the motion of the particles through the fluid in response to the

forces acting on them, which in an ecosystem, can be due to gravity. The

term sedimentation is usually used because it is the opposite of erosion or

abrasion, i.e., the terminal end of sediment transport. Settling occurs when

suspended particles fall through the liquid, whereas sedimentation is that the

termination of the settling process.

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Additionally, sedimentation can be generally classified into three different

types that are all applicable to organic chemicals. Type 1 sedimentation is

characterized by particles that settle discretely at a continuing settling

velocity and typically these particles settle as individual particles and don’t

flocculate or stick to others during settling. Type 2 sedimentation is distinguish

by particles that alter during sedimentation since the particle size is consistently

dynamic and thus their settling velocity continue in changing. Type 3

sedimentation (also referred to as zone sedimentation) involves particles that

are at a high concentration (e.g., > 1000 mg L− 1) such the particles tend to

settle as a mass and a definite clear zone and sludge zone are present.

Related Studies
This chapter provides an overview of previous research on knowledge

sharing and intranets. It introduces the framework for the case study that

comprises the main focus of the research described in this research.

According to Mak (2015) in his study entitled “Linking Sustainable

Drainage System (SuDS) Together with Ecosystem Services and Disservices:

New Connections in Urban Ecology”, he mentioned that Sustainable drainage

systems (SuDS) have the potential to alleviate these impacts and offer

additional benefits in terms of amenity and biodiversity. The current SuDS

solution, however, is site-specific and technologically based, thus failing to

produce expected benefits in terms of amenity and biodiversity.

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Additionally according to Charlesworth, Coupe, Newman, Mbanaso, and

Nnadi (2018) in their study entitled “End-of-life of a Sustainable Drainage

System: Assessment of Potential Risk of Water Pollution through Leaching

Materials”, Sustainable Drainage systems (SuDS) is created as a very effective

tool for controlling storm peak, pollution retention and biodegradation, water

quality improvement and groundwater recharge by the use of micro-scale

integrated management practices. One of the SuDS devices that is widely used

to infiltrate, store and treat surface runoff which enables it to recharge

groundwater is the pervious paving systems (PPS).

In addition, according to Meddah, Al-Jabri, Hago, and Al-Hina (2016) in

their study entitled “Development of pervious concrete using local materials for a

sustainable drainage solution”, they stated that sustainable drainage can drain

rainwater and flood more effective than a drainage and the pervious concrete is

a very suitable in reducing the chance of heavy floods because of it's high

porosity concrete that is used for several flatwork applications that allows water

from rainfall and other sources to pass through it. Moreover, according to

Mascaro (2015) in their study entitled “Optimization model for Design of

Vegetative Filter Strips for Stormwater Management and Sediment Control,

Vegetative filter strips (VFS) are an effective methodology used for hurricane

water control mainly for huge urban parking lots. An optimization model for the

design of vegetative filter strips that minimizes the quantity of land required for

storm water control using the VFS is developed on this study. The resulting

development model is basically based upon the kinematic wave equation for
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overland sheet float at the side of equations defining the cumulative infiltration

and infiltration rate. In addition to the storm water control function, Vegetative

clear out strips (VFS) are effective mechanisms for control of sediment glide and

soil erosion from agricultural and urban lands.

In addition, according to Larson (2020) in his study entitled “Treatment of

horizontal silage bunker runoff using biochar amended vegetative filter strips”,

Vegetated filter strips decreased subsurface effluent nutrient concentrations.

Vegetated filter out strip plots with a sandy loam soil, 1/2 of which can be

amended with biochar, have been investigated to evaluate the remedy of silage

bunker runoff over 20 utility events.

Moreover, according to Smyth (2015) in his study entitled “Vegetative

Filter Strips—A Best Management Practice for Controlling Nonpoint Source

Pollution1”, a vegetative clear out strip (VFS) is an area of plants designed to

cast off sediment and different pollution from floor water runoff through filtration,

deposition, infiltration, adsorption, absorption, decomposition, and/ or

volatilization. Filter strips have been originally used as agricultural remedy

practices however have currently evolved into an urban exercise as well.

According to Leimen (2016) in his study entitled “ The Response and

Effect of Emergent Coastal Vegetation to Sedimentation and Distribution of

Coastal Vegetation Communities along Environmental Gradients”, he mentioned

that vegetation has been shown to minimize wave energy, increase

sedimentation and decrease erosion in marsh ecosystem. Similarities and

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differences between plant species morphology can play an important role in

understanding vegetation, sedimentation , and wave energy mechanisms.

Diversity of species within plant ecosystems has been shown to minimize the

effectiveness of invasive species biological invasions as well as improve the

community’s ability to respond to environment changes such as flooding (period

of time vegetation is partially or wholly submerged by water).

Additionally, according to Axelsson (2018) in his study entitled “A Study

of African Savanna Vegetation Structure, Patterning, and Change”, he

mentioned that Vegetation is most apparent in chamber experiments where

plants are exposed to high levels of CO2. These experiments show variable

responses depending on the plant's functional nature, photosynthetic pathways,

as well as nutrient and climatic interactions.There is evidence that high CO2

results in increased productivity of woody species with strong reactions to

photosynthesis, stem production, root development and aerial expansion, which

are most prominent among younger trees.

Moreover, according to Strandberg (2017) in his study entitled “Modelling

regional climate-vegetation interactions in Europe A palaeo perspective”, he

mentioned that the changes in vegetation can influence climate in many

different ways. Such results can be classified into two main categories:

biogeochemical processes, and biogeophysical. Changes in vegetation change

the albedo of the earth's surface (capacity to reflect incoming solar radiation),

roughness and evapotranspiration (sum of evaporation and trans-spiration),

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which in turn affects the energy fluxes between the earth's surface and the

atmosphere and thus the environment. However, it is not evident in what way;

denser vegetation (e.g. forest rather than grassland) gives decreased albedo

resulting in higher temperatures but also increased evapotranspiration resulting

in lower temperatures.

According to Zhao (2019) in his study entitled “Essays on Economics of

Groundwater Resource Management”, he mentioned that the depletion of

groundwater was a critical problem in dry regions such as California. It leads to

environmental problems such as land subsidence, seawater intrusion, water

quality degradation, etc., resulting in considerable economic losses.

Groundwater consumers themselves should take action to avoid the enormous

costs that may be generated in the near future. Adjudication is slow, and

expensive. The allocation of pumping rights and other management regulations

can take decades for the water users to negotiate. Investigating the aquifer's

hydrology is also costly in determining the basin's sustainable yield.

Additionally, according to Kurth (2014) in her study entitled “Investigation

of Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions with Distributed Temperature

Sensing (DTS)”, she mentioned that Groundwater-surface water interactions are

a crucial requirement for aquatic ecosystems as they regulate water

temperature, nutrient supply, dissolved oxygen, and hyporheic area water

quality. A lack of groundwater-surface water interactions will contribute to health

and functionality of the environment deteriorating.A variety of methods, including

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geochemical, hydrogeological, and physical approaches, are widely used to

investigate groundwater-surface water interactions. A combination of

approaches is used in the present study, with the main focus being on the water

temperature physical parameter.

Moreover, according to Nottmeier (2013) in her study entitled

“Groundwater Quality Assessment from Domestic Water Wells in the

Fayetteville Shale Gas Play Area in Central Arkansas”, she mentioned that

Groundwater field parameters were assessed, and groundwater samples from

over 100 domestic water wells were collected across the study area.

Groundwater samples were collected, chilled, transported, preserved and

transmitted under chain of custody to the analytical laboratory.

According to Tuffour (2015) in his study entitled “Physically based

Modeling of Water Infiltration with Soil Particle Phase”, he mentioned that

Infiltration is one of the variables that greatly influences the partitioning of

irrigation water (especially rainfall) into surface runoff and subsurface flow, and

continues to dominate soil physicists and agricultural engineers ' attention. It's

called a very complicated mechanism with a variety of contributing factors.Some

infiltration models were designed for clear water and due to slaking of

aggregates and clay dispersion, they have limited application to poorly

structured soils. To overcome this limitation a model of infiltration was

developed to describe the process of muddy water infiltration into a uniform soil

profile based on the Green-Ampt (G-A) flow theory.

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Additionally, according to Tiwari (2017) in his study entitled “Estimation

and inter-comparison of infiltration models”, he mentioned that Infiltration is the

term used for the process of entry of water into the soil. This is one of the

hydrological cycle's key components. Water content, field length, head of

suction, temperature, humidity, strength of rainfall and type of impurity play an

important role in influencing the infiltration. In comparing the computed and

observed infiltration rates, many researchers compared the accuracy of the

models. A particular model shows better predictions than others, under specific

conditions.

Furthermore, according to Vladut (2016), sedimentation by gravity is the

most common and extensively applied treatment process for the removal of

solids from water and wastewater. Nowadays, destruction and pollution of our

surroundings has produced a growing awareness worldwide of the necessity for

simpler wastewater treatment. In wastewater treatment or management,

sedimentation is apply to get rid of both organic solids and inorganic materials

or are deposited in water body or are brought into a form that’s submitted

(coagulation, precipitation). In this paper are presented the experimental results

obtained within the process of sedimentation of solid particles in suspension

located during a static system.

Synthesis

This part of the study will show the relation, either positive or negative

relations, between the studies and literate context made by the main objective of
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this research.

The studies of Sobol (2019) and Tawio (2015) is all about the

groundwater which is considered important water resources which use for the

different life purposes. Moreover, the study of Oskin (2015), Zhao (2019) and

the study of Kurth (2014) discuss that groundwater importance and its benefit

like the two studies that is first mentioned.

According to the studies of Chunglim, Miklas, and Philip (2017),

sustainable drainage system alleviate water problems by storing or reusing the

surface water and by decreasing it's flow rates in to watercourses. It can help to

enhance the biodiversity and amenity objectives by incorporating the ecosystem

approach and the ecosystem services concept which is supported by the study

of Zhou (2014) and Armitage (2013) that sustainable drainage can mitigate

negative environmental impact and advantages came to be realized. In addition

the study of Mak (2015) and Charlesworth (2018) discusses have emerged very

effective and highly attractive approach to mitigate negative environmental

impact that also supported the aforementioned studies.

Moreover, the studies of Axelsson (2018) he mentioned that Vegetation is

most apparent in chamber experiments where plants are exposed to high levels

of CO2. In the other hand, as mentioned by Liemen (2016) vegetation has been

shown to minimize wave energy, increase sedimentation and decrease erosion

in marsh ecosystems. Similarities and differences between plant species

morphology can play an important role in understanding vegetation,

 23
sedimentation, and wave energy mechanisms.

Furthermore, the study of Mascaro (2015) focused on the vegetative filter

strips (VFS) are an effective effective mechanisms for control of sediment glide

and soil erosion from agricultural and urban lands as well as the study of Smyth

(2016) where he stated that plants or vegetative filter strips can cast off

sediment and different pollution from floor water runoff that is also the same as

the first mentioned study. These two studies discuss alternative solution to

mitigate pollutants.

Accroding to Kelly (2017), infiltration rate in soil science is a measure of

the rate at which soil is able to absorb rainfall or irrigation. It is measured in

inches pr hour or milliliters per hour. The rate decreases as the soil becomes

saturated. As mentioned eloquently by Kelly (2017) the process of infiltration

can continue only if there is room available for additional water at the soil

surface. In the other hand Tuffour (2015) he mentioned that Infiltration is one of

the variables that greatly influences the partitioning of irrigation water (especially

rainfall) into surface runoff and subsurface flow, and continues to dominate soil

physicists and agricultural engineers.

In addition, according to Speight (2017), sedimentation occurs when

particles in suspension settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained and

come to rest against a barrier, which is typically the basement of a waterway.

Additionally, Vladut (2016), he mentioned that sedimentation by gravity is the

most common and extensively applied treatment process for the removal of
 24
solids from water and wastewater.

The studies presented above supports and contradict the main point and

purpose of the research. Emphasizing each study and searched literature’s

objective to be able to understand the author’s perspective. Despites its

similarities and differences with other studies, the present study is distinct from

the past studies.

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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the brief discussion of research design,

experimental procedures applied by the researchers, population and sampling,

research instrument and data gathering procedures as well as the statistical

treatment of data.

Research Design

The researchers used an descriptive comparative research design where

according to Villanueva (2013), descriptive comparative research design is a

design where the researcher consider two variables (not manipulated) and

establish a formal procedure to compare and conclude that one is better than

the other if significant difference exist. This design was used by the researchers

in order to know the compatibility of Sustainable Drainage Design in San Andres

Proper Bauan Batangas. The descriptive comparative research design is the

design that the researchers chose that is suitable since the researchers needs

to gather lot of data and examine the difference between the variables as the

subject and investigate a target group. By gathering data, descriptive

comparative research design will provide the researchers knowledge and to

know if it needs to have a further investigation.

Population and Sampling

The researchers are selecting 30 residents as respondent to answer the

said questionnaires. The bestowed selected respondents are the thirty residents
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in the barangay who are capable of answering the interview questions

accordingly. For the researchers to have valid information about the present

study, they are using random sampling.

According to Kendra (2019), random sampling can be costly and time-

consuming. However, this approach to gathering knowledge for analysis will

give the simplest likelihood of producing associate unbiased sample that's really

representative of a complete cluster as a full.

Research Instruments

The researchers make use of a questionnaire as the research instrument.

The researchers will prepare a questionnaire to gather the needed data and

information that will be the basis for us to know if there are more specific

problems about the topic.

Construction of Questionnaire. The researchers construct the

questionnaire with the knowledge that the researchers gain by reading news

and articles. The researchers used an experimental type of questions for the

respondents to freely respond and give their perspective and opinions about the

questions asked. Researchers based the questionnaire on the statement of the

problem that the researchers made for the researchers to fully express the

questions that they will use.

Validation of Questionnaire. After the research adviser, strand expert

and statistician validated it, the questionnaires will be given to the selected
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respondents. Once they are done answering, the questionnaires will be returned

and collected.

Scoring of responses. The questions that are included in the survey

questionnaire are devised based on the statement of the problems. The

researchers used Likert scale so that they can collect the data from the

respondents statistically.

Option Range Verbal interpretation

4 3.50-4.00 Strongly Agree

3 2.50-3.49 Agree

2 1.50-2.49 Disagree

1 1.00-1.49 Strongly Disagree

Data Gathering Procedures

The group of researchers followed certain procedures in gathering data

for this study. The steps are as follows:

The researchers select the most appropriated research instrument which

is questionnaire. They construct the sets of questionnaire that focusing in the

Sustainable drainage design in San Andres Proper Bauan Batangas. The said

questionnaire will be submitted for approval to the research professor. As the

 28
research instrument was constructed, the researchers look for the respondents.

The researchers distribute the questionnaire to the selected respondents. The

researchers collect the distributed questionnaires after having it answered by

the respondents. After gathering the complete number of questionnaire, the data

is carefully analyzed and noted that the data and the responses gathered will be

held confidentially.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The data gathered were tailed, tabulated, analyzed, and statistically

treated to facilitate the analysis and to arrive at certain conclusions in treating

the data gathered, the researchers used the following:

Frequency. It is the amount of times the event happen in an experiment

or study. These frequencies are often graphically represented in histograms.

Ranking. Statistics ranking is the data revision in which numerical or

ordinal values are restored by their rank when the data are classifed.

Weighted mean. It is a kind of mean. Instead of each data point giving

equally to the final mean, some data points give more “weight” than others.

Weighted means are natural in statistics, mostly when studying populations.

R-value. In statistics, the correlation coefficient r measures the strength

and direction of a linear relationship between two variables on a scatterplot. The

value of r is regularly between +1 and –1.

T-test. Statistical hypothesis test wherever a student’s t-distribution

 29
under the null hypothesis is equal to the statistics. If the value of a scaling term

was known in the test statistics, a t-test is most commonly used when the test

statistics would follow a normal distribution. The t-test is a parametric used to

determine whether a difference between the mean of two groups is significant.

 30
Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter interpreted, analyze and presented data about Sustainable

Drainage Design in San Andres Proper Bauan Batangas.

1. Profiles of Respondent

Characteristics of respondents are the most important to determine

whether they can give a response about the problem, in this study a set of

characteristics namely; age and sex of the 30 respondents have been

presented on this chapter.

1.1 Sex

To further enrich the understanding of the researchers about the product,

the table 1.1 shows the distribution of the respondents based on the sex.

Table 1.1

Frequency Distribution of the Respondents Based on the Sex

Sex Number of Respondents

Male 10
Female 20
Total 30

The sex of the residents who took part in this study is presented in table

has a frequency of 30. Out of 30 respondents, 10 of them were male while the

other 20 were female. Most of the respondents are female that participate in the
 31
survey. According to Bitrus (2014), the involvement of women in environmental

management and the problems make them actively participate in keeping the

drainage around them clean and free from waste and sand.

1.1 Age

To further enrich the understanding of the researchers about the product,

the table 3.2 shows the distribution of the respondents based on the age.

Table 1.2

Frequency Distribution of the Respondents Based on the Age

Age Number of Respondents

16-30 years old 16

31-45 years old 10
46 years old and above 4
Total 30

Table 1.2 shows the ages of the residents who took part this study. Out of

30 respondents, 16 of them have their age of 16-30 years old, while the 10 of

them have their age of 31-45 years old the other 14 respondents are 46 years

old and above. This shows that the most of the residents are between 16-30

years old. However, according to Horgan (2017 youth engagement will enhance

their civic involvement by giving them a voice in public affairs, policy making and

community connections. Young people can enhance research by providing

reliable knowledge informed by their perspectives and experiences and can, in

turn, also benefit from research that understands their lives (Kennan and Dolan,

2017).
 32
2. Features of Sustainable Drainage Design that is best contributor to

make it viable.

In order for the Sustainable Drainage Design to be developed, the

researchers considered the following features that will serve as best contributor

to make it viable.

Table 2.1

Mean Distribution of the Features of Sustainable Drainage Design

Statement
“The Sustainable Drainage Weighted Verbal Ranking
Design…” Mean Interpretation

1. It has a ground water 3.63 Strongly Agree 1

recharge that can help
maintain natural hydrology.

2. It has a water pollution 3.33 Agree 4

mitigation process
(sedimentation).
3. It has a sandy loam soil 3.47 Agree 2
being applied for infiltration of
water and to support the
drainage.
4. It has vegetation that also 3.3 Agree 5
helps to absorbed water
pollutants.
5. It has a grate that separate 3.4 Agree 3
water from water to avoid the
blockage f the water flow.
Composite Mean 3.43 Agree

Table 2.1 represents the features of sustainable drainage design where the

respondents are the resident in San Andres proper Bauan Batangas. It is

 33
evidently shown below that the respondents of the study strongly agree that the

ground water recharge can help maintain natural hydrology which gathered a

weighted mean of 3.63.

Moreover, the sandy loam soil being applied for infiltration of water and to

support the drainage features is second to the ranking which has a weighted

mean of 3.47. The Grate feature is 3rd in ranking that gather a weighted mean

3.4 while the water pollution mitigation process feature gather a weighted mean

of 3.33 that rank in 4.

Lastly, the vegetation feature is last in ranking that gather a weighted mean

of 3.3. The composite mean is 3.43 that resulted an agree to all features of the

design.

According to Oskin (2015), groundwater is any water that lies in aquifers

below the land floor, While a number of the water that falls as precipitation is

channeled into streams or lakes, and a few is used by plant life or evaporates

back into the atmosphere, maximum of it seeps underground.

Moreover, according to Sobol (2016), groundwater is considered an

important source of freshwater especially in semi-arid zones which is used for

several life purposes such us drinking, domestic, industrial, and irrigation uses.

Indiscriminate exploitation of this source causes environmental hazards

including decline of groundwater level and well interference.

3. The respondent’s perspective on the characteristics of the sustainable

drainage design.

The researchers gathered data in order to identify the perspective of

 34
respondents on the characteristics of the sustainable drainage design in terms

of physical model and conceptual model.

3.1 Physical model

To further enrich the understanding of the researchers about the product,

the table 3.1 shows the perspective of respondent in physical model.

Table 3.1

Mean Distribution of the respondent’s perspective on the physical model

of sustainable drainage design

Statement Weighted Verbal Ranking

“The Sustainable Drainage Mean Interpretation
Design…”
1.The physical model is much 3.4 Agree 3
preferable.
2. It gives a good picture on 3.37 Agree 4
how it will work in reality.
3. The physical model portrays 3.43 Agree 2
a structure of the drainage
design in the infiltration
process.
4. The physical model shows a 3.47 Agree 1
smooth process of discharging
water.
5. It manages to catch the 3.47 Agree 1
interest of the respondents.
Composite Mean 3.43 Agree

Table 3.1 represents the perspective of respondent on the sustainable

drainage design in term of physical model where the respondents is the resident

in San Andres proper Bauan Batangas. It is evidently shown below that the

respondents of the study agree that the physical model manage to catch the
 35
interest of respondents and shows a smooth process of discharge of water

where its weighted mean is 3.47.

Additionally, the physical model portrays a structure of the drainage design

in the infiltration process got a weighted mean of 3.43 and it is rank in 2 while

the statement, the physical model is much preferable has a weighted mean of

3.4 that ranks in 3 and lastly, the statement, It gives a good picture on how it will

work in reality has a weighted mean of 3.37. The composite mean is 3.43 that

tells that the respondents agree to all statement.

According to Sparling (2016), a physical model represents a physical

construct whose characteristics resemble the physical characteristics of the

modeled system.

Moreover, according to Vargas (2017), Physical model portrays to the

structure of model that is established to identify the environmental and physical

characteristics of the pipes that are significantly associated the severity and type

of failures typically found with the event. A good structure model includes the

development of all the assets of the model that needs to upgrade and the parts

that will improve the model itself.

3.2 Conceptual model

To further enrich the understanding of the researchers about the product,

the table 3.2 shows the perspective of respondents in conceptual model.

 36
Table 3.2

Mean Distribution of the respondent’s perspective on the conceptual

model of sustainable drainage design

Statement Weighted Verbal Ranking

“The Sustainable Drainage Mean Interpretation
Design…”
1. It provides a document that 3.33 Agree 3
can be referred to in the future
and used when people work
together.
2. It improves a person’s 3.37 Agree 2
understanding of the subject
being modelled.
3. It communicates details 3.3 Agree 4
between people who need to
know them.
4. The details of the conceptual 3.57 Strongly Agree 1
model are precise and attractive.
5. It gives a point of reference for 3.37 Agree 2
people like designers to come up
with specific plans.
Composite Mean 3.39 Agree

Table 3.2 presents the perspectives of respondents on the sustainable

drainage design in term of conceptual model where the respondents is the

resident in San Andres proper Bauan Batangas. It is evidently shown below that

the respondents of the study strongly agree that the details of the conceptual

model are precise and attractive which gathered a weighted mean of 3.57.

On the other hand, the statement, it gives a point of reference for people like

designers to come up with specific plans and It improves a person’s

understanding of the subject being modeled has a weighted mean of 3.37 that
 37
both second in ranking. The statement of it provides a document that can be

referred to in the future and used when people work together has a weighted

mean of 3.33 which is third in ranking.

Lastly, the statement of it communicates details between people who need

to know them got a weighted mean of 3.33 that last in the ranking. It has a

composite mean of 3.39 that the respondents agree to all statement regarding

the conceptual model.

According to Parush (2015), the conceptual model should have a

meaningful configuration. A valid structure may not always be expressed by

merely connecting conceptual components. A peson should look at it and it's

supposed to make sense. A successful configuration is one that does well

reflect mental models or would easily induce a new mental model that can

promote comprehension, or workflow, or network and context constraints, or

market and brand considerations.

On the other hand, according to Wazlawick (2014), a good conceptual

model produces an organized structure that's suitable to get an already

normalized database. It integrates structural rules that prevent inconsistent

representation of information; it also simplifies the code that will be

generated because it minimizes and organizes accuracy checks, and the

code does not have to perform a variety of other verifications that are

guaranteed by the model itself.

 38

4. Significant Difference among the respondents’ perspective on the

characteristics of drainage design.

Table 4

The Significant Difference among the respondents’

perspective on the characteristics of drainage design

T-value T-critical Conclusion Interpretation

Significant 0.65 2.00 Failed to Not
Difference reject null Significant
hypothesis
α= 0.05, df = 57

By using the t-test, the researchers’ main variables involved are

physical model and conceptual model. To know what the difference of the

physical and conceptual model is we used the data from the respondents.

To get the difference of the two from the data of physical model subtract to

the data of conceptual model. To get the mean of each variable just add all

the data and divide by the number of data there are 5. And to calculate the t -

test, the researchers used excel to compute the gather data. The result of

null hypothesis testing is failed to reject: there is no significant differenc e

among respondents’ perspective on the characteristics of drainage in terms

of physical model and conceptual model. Alpha level: 0.05 n=5. Test

statistics: t-test: Two- sample assuming unequal variances

According to Hineman ( 2017), the differences between the conceptual

model and the physical model are primarily of scale and depth. The conceptual
 39
data model starts with the idea and uses that idea to suggest what a system is

and how that system might work by describing data and the relationships

between entities. The physical model, on the other hand, goes into much more

detail by showing how the data will be built, and diagrams the relationships

between the entities by converting the information into tables and columns. A

physical model may also be a model that is built to scale to represent the

conceptual data that is simply diagramed on paper to show the data and the

relationships.
 40

Physical Model of the Sustainable Drainage Design

 41

Conceptual Model of the Sustainable Drainage Design

 42
Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presented the summary, conclusions and recommendations

of the study that were gathered from the results of the careful and reliable

observations conducted by the researchers.

Summary

The study aimed to answer the question regarding to the sustainable

drainage design in San Andres Proper Bauan Batangas.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the profiles of the respondents in terms of;

a. Age; and

b. Sex?

2. What features will be the best contributor to make it viable?

3. What is the respondents’ perspective on characteristics of the drainage

design in terms of;

3.1 physical model; and

3.2 conceptual model?

4. Are there significant differences among the respondents’ perspective

on the characteristics of the drainage design?

5. Based on the result, what recommendation may be proposed?

The study utilized the experimental method/design in the research in

order to gather data more conveniently. It is a procedure involved in the control

 43
and manipulation of conditions for the purpose of studying the possible effects

of the product. The researchers use questionnaire as the main data gathering

instrument. Meanwhile, the respondents of the study were 50 respondents from

the residents of San Andres Proper Bauan Batangas. To interpret the data

collected, weighted mean and T-test were the statistical treatment used.

Findings

After performing the experimental study, the following findings are made:

Profile of the respondents

1.1 Age. Based on the findings, most of the respondents that answered the

questionnaire are 16 respondents with the age of 16-30 years old, 10

respondents ranging 31-45 years old and 4 respondents that are 46 years old

and above with a total of 30 respondents.

1.2 Sex. Based on the data gathered, when it comes to sex, most of the

respondents that answered the questionnaire are 20 female while the male

respondents are 10.

2. Features of the prototype that will make it viable

Based on the findings, the respondents strongly agree that the

sustainable drainage design has a ground water recharge that can help

maintain natural hydrology. Also the respondents agree that the design has a

sandy loam soil being applied for infiltration of water and to support the

drainage, It has a grate that seperate water from water to avoid the blockage of

the water flow, water pollution mitigation process, and a vegetation that also

helps to absorbed water pollutants.

 44
3. Respondent's perspective on the characteristics of the drainage design

3.1 Physical Model. According to the data gathered, the respondents

strongly agree that the characteristics of the drainage design’s physical model is

that, the physical model shows a smooth process of discharging water and

manages to catch the interest of the respondents with a weighted mean of 3.47.

The physical model also portrays a structure of the drainage design in the

infiltration, it is also preferable, and gives a good picture on how it will work in

reality with a weighted mean of 3.43, 3.4, and 3.37.

3.2 Conceptual Model. Based on the findings, the respondents strongly

agree that the conceptual models of the drainage design are precise and

attractive with a weighted mean of 3.57. The respondents also agree that the

conceptual model gives a point of reference for people like designers to come

up with specific plans, improves a person’s understanding of the subject being

modeled, provides a document that can be referred to in the future and used

when people work together, and it communicates details between people who

need to know them that has a weighted mean of 3.37, 3.33, and 3.3.

4. Significant difference among the respondents’ perspective on the

characteristics of the drainage design

Based on the findings, there is no significant difference among

respondents perspective on the characteristics of drainage in terms of

physical model and conceptual model.

 45
Conclusion

On the basis of the findings of the study, the following conclusions were

generated from the result of the study:

1. Most of the respondents involved in the study are in ages 16-30

years old and most of them are female as they have enough information

and background about the present drainage in San Andres Proper Bauan

Batangas.

2. The ground water recharge feature is the best contributor to make

it viable and the other feature is also considered to contribute to the

drainage design to work as a sustainable drainage.

3. Respondent’s perspective on the characteristics of the drainage

design provide an idea and response that the physical model shows a

smooth process of discharging water and manages to catch the interest

of the respondents while the conceptual model is precise and attractive

as also provided and stated by the respondents.

4. There is no significant difference among the respondent’s

perspective among the characteristics of drainage design.

5. The proposed prototype of the researchers would help improve the

idea of people in drainage to function properly according to its purpose.

Recommendation

In the light of findings and conclusion of the study, the following

recommendations were hereby endorsed.

 46
1. The Sustainable Drainage Design must be apply in the future for

the citizen of the barangay to lessen the experience of poor drainage.

2. The concept of how it will work must be applied or must be

enhanced in the future to those who wants to apply this is real life.

3. The ground water recharge system must be the main feature that

will be applied in the sustainable drainage design.

4. Every features of the drainage design must be constructed with

each other to achieve a sustainable drainage design.

5. For the future researchers who want a further study about the

drainage design, they must focus on other eco-friendly features that can

lead to a better version of the researcher’s drainage design and to have a

new enhanced drainage design.

 47
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 51
APPENDIX A
LETTER FOR THE STRAND EXPERT

To the Strand Expert,

Good day! We are from Grade 12- Magnesium and currently enrolled in
Practical Research 2. May we ask your validation/approval regarding our
research topic. The following are the thesis title and statement of the problem:

SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE DESIGN IN SAN ANDRES PROPER BAUAN

BATANGAS
Statement of the Problem
The study aimed to determine the Design for sustainable drainage in San
Andres Proper Bauan Batangas.
Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What are the profiles of the respondents in terms of;
a. Age; and
b. Sex?
2. What features will be the best contributor to make it viable?
3. What is the respondents’ perspective on characteristics of the drainage
design in terms of;
2.1 physical model; and
2.2 conceptual model?
4. Are there significant differences among the respondents’ perspective on
the characteristics of the drainage design?

5. Based on the result, what output may be proposed?

Your signature at the bottom will prove your approval to our topic. Thank
you and God bless!

_______________________
Signature of Strand Expert
 52

APPENDIX B
LETTER FOR THE STATISTICIAN
To the Statistician,
Good day! We are from Grade 12- Magnesium and currently enrolled in
Practical Research 2. May we ask your validation/approval regarding our
research topic. The following are the thesis title and statement of the problem:
SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE DESIGN IN SAN ANDRES PROPER BAUAN

BATANGAS

Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to determine the Design for sustainable drainage in San
Andres Proper Bauan Batangas.
Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What are the profiles of the respondents in terms of;
1.1 Age; and
1.2 Sex?
2. What features will be the best contributor to make it viable?
3. What is the respondents’ perspective on characteristics of the drainage
design in terms of;
2.1 physical model; and
2.2 conceptual model?
4. Are there significant differences among the respondents’ perspective on
the characteristics of the drainage design?

5. Based on the result, what output may be proposed?

Statistical Treatment:
Your signature at the bottom will prove your approval to our topic. Thank
you and God bless!

_______________________
Signature of Statistician
 53
APPENDIX C
LETTER FOR THE RESPONDENTS

February 5, 2020
Dear Respondents:
Good day!
We are students from University of Batangas Senior High School Department.
As a requirement in our subject, Practical Research 1, we are currently
conducting a study entitled “Sustainable Drainage Design in San Andres
Proper Bauan Batangas”.
In relation to this, we would like to sincerely request you to become one of our
respondents who will contribute valuable knowledge regarding the
aforementioned study. We are hoping that you will take time in answering the
questions honestly.
Rest assured that the information you will provide will be treated with utmost
confidentiality and will be used for academic purpose only. Thank you so much
for your support and cooperation.

Researchers:
Alfaro, Reigs Regal Selwyn C.
Festijo, Lois Ann P.
Mendoza, Jeazereth
Moresca, Lianne Francine A.
Plaza, Rein Rose M.
Sario, Al Andrei G.

Noted by:
Ms. Christine Joyce Enteria Robin Tumambing Mr. Revin Ramirez
Professor Strand Expert Statistician
Inquiries, Immersion and Investigation
 54
APPENDIX D
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Sustainable Drainage Design in San Andres Proper Bauan Batangas

Name (Optional): _____________________________ Date:

_______________

I. PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENT

Gender: Male Female

Age: 16-30 years old

31-45 years old
46 years old and above

GENERAL DIRECTION: Please put a check mark () in the column that
corresponds to your response based on the scale below.
Options Verbal Interpretation

4 Strongly Agree
3 Agree
2 Strongly Disagree
1 Disagree

II. FEATURES OF THE SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE

Enlisted below are statements that describe the features of the sustainable
drainage.

STATEMENTS 4 3 2 1
It has ground water recharge that can help maintain
natural hydrology.
It has a water pollution mitigation process (sedimentation).
It has a sandy loam soil being applied for infiltration of
water and to support the drainage.
It has vegetation that also helps to absorbed water
pollutants.
It has a grate that separate waste from surface water to
avoid the blockage of the water flow.
 55

III. CHARACTERISTICS OF DRAINAGE DESIGN

Enlisted below are statements regarding to the characteristics of the drainage

design’s physical model.

PHYSICAL MODEL 4 3 2 1
The physical model is much preferable.
It gives a good picture on how it will work in reality.
The physical model portrays a structure of the drainage
design in the infiltration process.
The physical model shows a smooth process of
discharging water.
It manages to catch the interest of the respondents.

Enlisted below are statements regarding to the characteristics of the drainage

design’s conceptual model.

CONCEPTUAL MODEL 4 3 2 1
It provides a document that can be referred to in the future
and used when people work together.
It improves a person's understanding of the subject being
modeled.
It communicates details between people who need to know
them.
The details of the conceptual model are precise and
attractive.
It gives a point of reference for people like designers to
come up with specific plans.
 56
APPENDIX E
STATISTICAL COMPUTATION OF DATA
 57

CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL PROFILE
Name : Moresca, Lianne Francine A.
Address : Danglayan, San Pascual Batangas
Contact Number : 09751388493
Email Address : liannemoresca@gmail.com
Personal Information
Age : 17
Birth Date : May 09, 2002
Birth Place : St. Patricks Hospital
Gender : Female
Nationality : Filipino
Father : Alvin O. Moresca
Mother : Ethel A. Moresca
Education
Primary : UP. Ed. Montessori
S.Y. 2013-2014

Secondary : Batangas State University

S.Y. 2017-2018
 58

CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL PROFILE
Name : Festijo, Lois Ann P.
Address : 98 P. Burgos St. Poblacion, Lobo,
Batangas
Contact Number : 09565993990
Email Address : loisannfestijo0330@gmail.com
Personal Information
Age : 17
Birth Date : March 30, 2002
Birth Place : Fabrica, Lobo, Batangas (Lobo Municipal Hospital)
Gender : Female
Nationality : Filipino
Father : Pablo C. Festijo
Mother : Minerva P. Festijo
Education
Primary : Lobo Elementary School
S.Y. 2013-2014
Secondary : Lord Immanuel Institute Foundation, Inc.
S.Y. 2017-2018
 59

CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL PROFILE
Name : Mendoza, Jeazereth Zyrel P.
Address : Sta. Clara Batangas City
Contact Number : 09167473473
Email Address : jeazereth.mendoza@yahoo.com
Personal Information
Age : 17
Birth Date : February 13, 2002
Birth Place : Sta. Clara Batangas City
Gender : Female
Nationality : Filipino
Father : Ruel S. Mendoza
Mother : Ameriza P. Mendoza
Education
Primary : Sta. Clara Elementary School
S.Y. 2013-2014
Secondary : Batangas National High School
S.Y. 2017-2018
 60

CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL PROFILE
Name : Sario, Al Andrei G.
Address : Villa Marie Sto. Domingo Bauan
Batangas
Contact Number : 09664065730
Email Address : alandreisario03@gmail.com
Personal Information
Age : 17
Birth Date : July 02, 2002
Birth Place : Bauan General Hospital
Gender : Male
Nationality : Filipino
Father : Alfie T. Sario
Mother : Maryben G. Sario
Education
Primary : San Andres Elementary School
S.Y. 2013-2014
Secondary : Bauan Technical High School
S.Y. 2017-2018
 61

CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL PROFILE
Name : Alfaro, Reigs Regal Selwyn C.
Address : Pamiga Agoncillo Batangas
Contact Number : 09101298431
Email Address : jazzwyn31@gmail.com
Personal Information
Age : 18
Birth Date : May 21, 2001
Birth Place : Paranaque City
Gender : Male
Nationality : Filipino
Father : Regal M. Alfaro
Mother : Cecilia C. Alfaro
Education
Primary : Agoncillo College Inc.
S.Y. 2013-2014
Secondary : St. Marys Educational Institute
S.Y. 2017-2018
 62

CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL PROFILE
Name : Plaza, Rein Rose M.
Address : Banay-Banay 1st San Jose,
Batangas
Contact Number : 09998703683
Email Address : reinroseplaza07@gmail.com
Personal Information
Age : 17
Birth Date : July 07,2002
Birth Place : San Jose Batangas
Gender : Female
Nationality : Filipino
Father : Rennie M. Plaza
Mother : Rowena M. Plaza
Education
Primary : Padre Imo Luna Memorial Elementary School
S.Y. 2013-2014
Secondary : Taysan National Highschool
S.Y. 2017-2018