Assessment of Drainage System in Sitio San Juan, Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan

de Oro City

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Urban drainage management system is a critically important challenge in

ensuring the sustainable development of the City of Cagayan de Oro. According to
Butler on his article on 2016, he emphasized that water management faces major
challenges over the coming decades, with existing social, ecological, and technical
water subsystems subject to emerging global threats such as climate change,
urbanization, and depletion of resources. Current methods may be able to deal with
these threats individually; however, recent experiences have revealed serious
problems, and, without new ideas and approaches, levels of service will be challenged
significantly by future change.

Management of Urban drainage systems and challenges associated with it like

management of storm waters, surface run off and recurring issue of flooding has been
an issue in Sitio San Juan, Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City. Thus, this study
aims to assess the current state of drainage system in this area focusing on its
effectiveness and efficiency in managing storm waters and household excess waters.
By addressing this issue and identifying the key challenges and limits of existing
drainage system, we can propose practical solutions to improve the drainage
infrastructure. Thus, it will be beneficial to the local community of Sitio San Juan and
residents of Barangay Lapasan.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The rapid urbanization in Cagayan de Oro City has lead to frequent instances
of flooding. Sitio San Juan in Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro CityThe study
intends to assess the current state of Drainage System specifically in Barangay San
Juan 1, Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City. This study deals with the following questions:

1. What is the current state of Drainage system at Barangay San Juan 1, Lapasan,
Cagayan de Oro City in terms of its
A. Capacity
B. Functionality
C. Overall efficiency

2. What are the root causes or factors contributing to the inefficiency of drainage
system.
3. Propose practical innovations to:
A. Mitigate flood
B. Ensure proper water management

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The primary objective of this research is to provide a comprehensive

assessment of the drainage system in Sitio San Juan 1, Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan de
Oro City since the defective drainage system causes inconvenience to the people as it
leads to flooding due to stagnation of waters with rubbish causing unpleasant odors
which is a potential hazard for residents health. The following research objective
would facilitate the achievement of the following:

1. Assess the existing condition of Drainage System at Sitio San Juan including
its physical infrastructure, capacity and functionality.

2. Propose practical and modern approach to mitigate the flooding and to reduce
water run-off to aquatic environment

1.4 Significance of the Study

By carefully evaluating drainage systems and allowing target improvements to

drainage infrastructure, these assessments will help communities minimize drainage
issues and maintain the resilience of their water management systems. The outcome
of this study was expected to provide the following benefits:

Residents: The result of this study gave people of Sitio San Jaun a deeper
understanding that poor drainage systems can cause water to build up around houses
and other structures causing damage and affected people and families to suffer as it
might be essential to relocate, which would interrupt daily routines and require
temporary relocations, adding to the suffering already experienced by individuals
affected. Thus, the involvement of residents regarding the maintenance of drainage is
beneficial to all.

Local community: By identifying locations that are vulnerable to flooding due to

defective drainage after heavy rains, drainage system assessments enable targeted
measures to lower flood risks and protect the community. Improving drainage help
Sitio San Juan 1, Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro and the neighbor’s communities remains
resilient and stable by protecting economic activity and livelihoods from ineffective
drainage system.

Future Researchers: The result of this study gives idea and additional information
to future researchers regarding the topic under consideration. Thus, the acquired
informationmay be used as a reference data for their future studies.

.
1.5 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1.1 Represents the Conceptual Framework of the study, illustrating the
IPO Model or the Input, Process and Output Model in assesing the Drainage System
in Sitio San Juan, Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City. The process

Input Process Output

1. Topographic Map 1. Actual Field 1. Draiange Lay-out

2. Actual dimensions Survey Plan
of the Drainage System 2. Calculations using 2. Actual Drainage
3. Drainage Capacity Manning’s Equation Capacity

Figure 1.1 The Input-Process-Output of the study

1.6 Scope and Limitation of Study

The primary focus of this study is to assess the drainage system in Sitio San
Juan, Barangay Lapasan. Thus, the study is targeted at specific area.

1.7 Definition of Terms

In this investigation, certain terms are operationally defined to establish a

framework and enhance comprehension of the subject matter. The terminologies
employed in the study are defined as follows:

Drainage System. A system of pipelines, channels, and buildings controls the flow of
wastewater and stormwater in Sitio San Juan, Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro
City, to avoid flooding and water damage.

Water Subsystem. The quantity of water in Sitio San Juan, Barangay Lapasan,
Cagayan de Oro City, to be delivered varies depending on the way, and a water supply
path is made up of a collection of pipes that are different in length and diameter.

IPO Model. A widely used approach in systems analysis for describing the structure
of an information processing program or other process.

Google Earth. A geospatial mapping software that enables users to examine and
assess the surface of the Earth, display geographical information, and produce
intricate maps and three-dimensional models of diverse global locations.
Flood Mitigation. The methods and techniques used to lessen or prevent flooding,
such as enhancing the current drainage system, building flood control structures, and
implementing stormwater management techniques, were intended to lower the risk of
flooding in the research area.

Conduits. The pipes or channels in the drainage system that transport wastewater and
stormwater in Sitio San Juan, Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City.

Flow Capacity. The maximum amount of wastewater and stormwater that Barangay
Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City’s current drainage system, which runs from Purok
Piaping Puti to Purok Punta, can manage without overflowing or flooding,
guaranteeing the system's correct operation.

Flow Routing. The process of modeling water flow in a drainage system in order to
determine its capacity, possible flow patterns, and flow constraints.

Inflows. The total flow rate that comes into a junction from all outside sources,
including pipelines from adjacent drainage areas, stormwater inlets, and flows during
dry weather. Usually, it is expressed in cubic meters per second.

Initial Depth. The level of water at a particular junction or node when the simulation
or modeling scenario first starts. Usually, it is stated in either feet or meters.

Initial Flow. The amount of water flowing into a conduit at the start of a simulation
or modeling scenario, such as a pipe or channel. Usually, it is expressed in cubic
meters per second.

Ocular Survey. A visual inspection-based observational technique used without the

use of specialist tools or equipment. It entails visually inspecting a space or object in
order to collect data, identify particular traits, qualities, or problems, and make initial
observations.

Run-off Discharge. The drainage system's ability to manage these flows and avert
floods is determined by the amount of water that exits it in response to rainwater
events, wastewater discharge, and tidal backflow.

Status Report. A thorough paper outlining the conclusions, analysis, and outcomes of
a simulation study. It offers a thorough description of a simulation experiment meant
to imitate or replicate a system, procedure, or occurrence found in the actual world.

Stationing. The process of measuring and marking specific points along the drainage
network for reference and documentation.

Stormwater. The rainwater that flows over the ground surface during or after storms,
which needs to be effectively managed by the drainage system to avoid flood hazards
and reduce environmental impacts.

Sub-catchments. The portions of the research area that are divided or subdivided and
that affect the drainage system's overall runoff and water flow are important for
understanding how stormwater is distributed and managed across the study area.
Sustainable Drainage System. A comprehensive, eco-friendly strategy that aims to
reduce the risk of flooding and environmental harm by incorporating natural
processes, encouraging source control, and strengthening the ability to handle
stormwater runoff, high tide backflow, and wastewater discharge in an
environmentally sound way.

Topographic Map. A thorough depiction of the study area's terrain's shape and
height. Understanding the impact of the landscape's elevation gradients and drainage
patterns on stormwater flow inside the drainage system is made easier by analyzing
the topographic map.

Wastewater Discharge. The release or disposal of wastewater that comes from both
business and residential sources combined. This wastewater is made up of several
pollutants and toxins as well as a combination of organic and inorganic materials.