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    shekhar5245singh
    35 views216 pages
    The document describes the basic components and structure of a computer system. It discusses: 1) The fundamental units of a computer including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output (I/O) units that are connected via a bus. 2) The different types of buses - data bus, address bus, and control bus - and their functions in transmitting data, addresses, and control signals between components. 3) Bus arbitration techniques for determining which device or module gains control of the bus when multiple devices request access simultaneously.

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    The document describes the basic components and structure of a computer system. It discusses: 1) The fundamental units of a computer including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output (I/O) units that are connected via a bus. 2) The different types of buses - data bus, address bus, and control bus - and their functions in transmitting data, addresses, and control signals between components. 3) Bus arbitration techniques for determining which device or module gains control of the bus when multiple devices request access simultaneously.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    35 views216 pages

    COA All Units

    Uploaded by

    shekhar5245singh
    The document describes the basic components and structure of a computer system. It discusses: 1) The fundamental units of a computer including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output (I/O) units that are connected via a bus. 2) The different types of buses - data bus, address bus, and control bus - and their functions in transmitting data, addresses, and control signals between components. 3) Bus arbitration techniques for determining which device or module gains control of the bus when multiple devices request access simultaneously.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 216

    COA Unt-1 Notes Minakeli

    Fuwnctiomal

    Fumdhomal umih
    vnits and

    Inbul wt
    utpuf
    ea
    Unut
    |
    thw imteonnactubru
    cotpeilu dhei lal syslen a

    Emtal Porocus ing Unit (CPUJ


    MemoryH
    Bus stuctue

    Proesso
    Memoy
    unit
    ALU
    CU
    Ragistis

    Bus in Comneeh ou

    Outpeur
    wnit
    Baaie aam
    A
    NDT
    Note Tueory abou dtuLe wmponavts an guven Fundarnoutal

    amd 1 Notü»(about bus)


    CoA Notes {Uriut
    6uses, bus Archi tect,tPes obust a bus cbetaluon

    Bus
    datitma
    Bus is a somnuni caiom ysim hat mlbs
    belween dleune modules oe Agmputu oe 0L
    pathusau mnuiing
    A bus Aa ommunicaluon
    ove deuices
    hat pa
    A bus ds a nous o eleivical lins fwire

    compuliysigmals/bib

    A sak of mutiple in.Ealn lme i Aable


    bus
    esausviung
    1 bmau0
    amLmitling Agnas
    (ProCEso,
    bus thal Aonnui mays% Aompull Apmponna
    H A alled a AYslinn bus
    mempiy, z/0)

    7w a bus luins mvbe lasfied


    jmo Xhree untion

    O Aata Bus
    Address
    Bus
    Bas
    Corttio
    dat belween
    Bub '
    -Qata iwsrovidus patho moving
    dola
    Cemponoui.
    -Bidirectional
    bus
    Width ed databus ji nmbu el hins un dnta
    ERoh Lm Aam LA omy ono bét al
    a. Jn
    Address Bus; ( Unilizuctiomal)
    ud to duigmale (knew) the z0nce
    Te addrs limas ase

    0r destivation d ta daa o ae dat bus


    wishes to ead on
    wlu a mmo
    p
    LOondy
    on Ho
    t
    he procesgor
    pul ta
    addkess lnmes
    addiuss of duired
    wnd

    posible
    Tha Loich e addaesS bua dlamins Ee maximum
    mwno Capau e hi Ayslem

    oniol Bus (Bidiuechional)

    -The aovdial
    lnus ane uaed o coiel H actssZo and uáe otRe

    data amd addkess ines


    Cowaol sinals deamsmit bot eommamd and murg inormatin

    the of
    dabaannd addss
    valisdity
    Timung Agnals= mdi ati
    rlomalon
    to be
    Command ugnals = speify oteutions peyoimad

    Limu indude,
    ypica owtsol
    Meupiy wne uuupt Kugues
    Kaad
    Memovy T upt Ack
    Tlo ORd tlock
    To Kaad etc
    Tvamaei Ack
    Bus Raguest
    BA Srramt
    CPU Memouy

    Comiol inus
    Bu Adduwss lints
    Aale lines

    Bus Jmnconnuon stheme

    ypesBuses
    Dedicatd
    Mulki ptoxed

    - Declicaload im s permanodtiy, asimed eithu to om


    bus
    funtuom
    o to a phiical Aubset e compucombonuis
    elucical
    Hu ue l separali
    - Example. of wndional cuslitaluon-
    addhess nd
    data mes
    tatnsmitzd
    data unlomation may be
    Adases aud conhel
    uplexed yalid
    Owe Hu smue t o lines using an Addseas

    For exonmbll He addies s placed


    data tonsu,
    beaennig la ne is activaud 4tAia peat
    0m hu

    The adudks is
    bus amd Addus

    he
    valid

    remeved eom
    o de bus
    sma
    ((tus
    bus

    nod u lonti odal tsa


    GR Lucdfr Subsequut
    korowon as time muh plari
    ng)
    Bus Arbi taauon
    -Move an oe meclule mau
    uoed ohol o e bus e.9

    CP md DMA COMioller o7 Loila duiedh * memDy


    0 modula may nted lo read
    the diia D to 7oUsor
    without Auolima ane AeLoizydA
    whiuw mutiple RLgueig arbitraio
    Aalled abitbetio
    he prous by hem sAalld
    thm
    ven
    Gnc gsan paou
    - Arbitratiom am be Cevtializedlbcaliged
    Dutibuted
    Decevtialized|

    lered to as
    4a Aikauzed sutumu.
    o
    a Amalo handhoaAL dwica,
    s sestonsible gor allocatiiy
    am o
    a bua 0omlhollei arbiter,
    J bus The dovice may be a gehauate moolule tato

    dn dutkibudod sthme ,Hire no nial aovluolorRadtRes,,


    and She modules
    alws Aovuol leqic
    eac mpolule coviiuu

    act togulhs Joshae te bus

    *o puspoie is o dusignat
    mhods eabitaaton
    with
    ne
    bott

    dewite, eith tls proc@ssor dr am o modul, aA masti

    Read or Lwnt)
    Te master may iniuai a dat toamsl(e
    oheehw eus as alave l hs
    wrtn s0me ptles dwice,

    padiwloh erchanmp
    limun Timung Rikis t Ts wa m Lou eens ae
    AOOrdunated on he bus
    Buses ude O Sypmchronous imms
    AsymthronUA limin
    Sumch ronDus limg
    -with symthronous Aumung occuhiunu Heeens on
    h bus s
    diiummad by a wlock
    Th buu mclude a k me wpon sniidh
    os and Is
    a clocK
    aMsmUs a equla sauenu e alternctive

    eua duratin. A Aimgl -0 tnamsmusion ds3glesed


    20 4 a lock yele or bus aele amd delumes
    à
    tme Mot
    Al eves stuts at Tha bgmnung aAbkyk
    plock.
    0
    AStntronous (iming

    wito asymdhonous ming, he occwne o neeven


    ma bus ollouos md debemds on he ocuALnce aa
    evous eemt.
    No tlock
    Bus Arbetaatdon Techniqras

    ko Pnv
    hugn prioy

    Dausy Bus Module Medule2


    Module3
    Gnamt

    BusReauust
    II
    Bus Bus

    PModule 1 Mocule Module


    a
    PoLL
    Polin Count Linu

    Bus RaauntH
    Bus Buy

    2 Modul 3
    Ldepeudent
    Mocule Maclusle

    Bua larlJ
    BusReuezi Bus
    Gami2- Bus
    BusRenet2
    BusRegut
    ot Seual Method:
    Daisy-chDun Methocd

    Te Lqut bus uage lan e placed by anmy mocule onnecled

    Te bus wvholler .qRamna u bus ouly o fhe wtmodule


    ovructd
    a modue
    mocuule gtaoknd-btu,
    loho has heen g5anted bus o,
    ke
    okeaA et hve not Saqested tu bus, will tosoasd

    ue
    e moclule who skauing

    bus, makes the buy ipnal


    o qamt wmts
    aet' amd use
    To

    e
    bub. Ata Maig bus, hmoedule urset busy o
    slnal.
    isadvantags Modules us xed Pnioxity

    Polling Method

    Polling
    tol lmu =h
    ax Numbe.e, comudkd moduls &
    Modulu squsts
    bus coniuall laues my one o
    s
    bus uAimg Bus Rugustlme
    on Hh AMes
    poll countlinu
    The moclule, Jor ohith pollng
    saunu is alocalad bu
    omd
    bus bus coniolu, Aan st busy siqnal use

    ioviy
    > It
    st by o
    ä time onsuming
    bus cotuolla
    methoel

    Non-preoproduchve Poltng> Bus wuull genated te


    polung geqemo ort nadisOn hirh mat 329uost teobu
    Tnda penduu Krquuar rbihnluiov Techniquu

    Intis mathad, evey moclul has mneclid to te


    avnd Bus
    bus toväolluy by sepanati Bus gsamt
    Raauunt

    Tdivicual modul nun ALqu to o bus Aonkoll


    Bus lemtolle
    wls ouen Bu Requust Jin. had,
    bap

    an gm ea bus &o te module


    o ehich has

    bus.

    ut u
    Saquuuidfor
    method wmeass

    3ete leaJormamee
    Bus nmd Memorylsamsfe
    taleomputu has maay Regusers
    A
    Tpical
    paitu mu
    ollgi

    be providtid tramsu nomalion om


    bus sIuucise
    Commom
    usig Mutiplure
    T'stt B
    vsing

    Multtplure; Numbu omuulti ploses =Siza o


    Bus Ayeimn udiug
    Austo
    For fous Aeapstes
    Exameple
    Sia muuHpLxe- Numbe o
    REgisteu
    4-lins
    Lomme

    Se MUUX MUX
    So MUX
    MUX MUX
    3 21
    DCBA
    Rasista
    B ugil A
    D ResistarC
    Ragisb,

    Funukon Table S So Rigister


    seleetad

    D
    Mevmoi Iana

    bstoreet
    kiadtaaeaaadaertnakcon

    om memey p
    MemoryRead T tramsd Amlo maliou
    alld ashad
    eouctiide ewironment
    eion
    Read: DRM[ARJ
    DR Data Ragist
    by
    Aelders Kgester
    locaton speuified
    mumeiy
    MUARJ AR
    new inomallon obe
    Memey wailh, Tlo tromsor en sAald a aalled
    AoRed nlo Ho memoy
    Loile epeauon

    keRWhuli M[ARJ< DA
    Kagistps
    - Riaistess e uAd t stiu dala tinporaiuy
    Ths Auaistis
    im tPU proms tuos aolus

    Conhal nd Stalis Keestes


    Wser Visible Kiget3)
    Lourliv
    neual Hur pese Pegist rogtam
    Oata Raoistu Trstuduom Kegistou

    Addsexs Ruaitbu -MAR


    Condition eodlas MDR

    se Visible Kagistës
    mathme
    -A uk Visibe ugstis may be aeunuRd by maams
    *h frouisor exeutos
    mguage Had
    CatigoieA -Geual Kumbose
    Jata Ragistz
    -
    Addsos Kayistau
    - Condliton Codes

    erenua!fusp0st Requsleus
    CM be uad by s
    progsamnn
    opeodo
    covdains Cheonnd sor omy ndue
    (e-q: Requiv
    Ambeused aoldhissng uutlions
    dis place ment).

    Aata Rigula Aata Rugiste my be sed py to Aold ts dola


    Addaus Kequsi
    Acdduuss Reaistes my be durotid oa piticulas addiussing

    MOdLs Examplus
    Seamwnt femti
    Tndeo Reista

    -Segum ounlaa helds tu addass e


    w
    stack Poimiu

    e base ohe sgn


    ADgmwviod addsessing

    Tuces Rgustis
    udd inde Xed .
    as d ser tndxed addsessing and may be

    Stack, foumiy poini t tu top e *hi Atack,, Tuus

    allbvws implitit
    TALA
    Atak
    Mstauuhoms need nef
    etesamol
    o
    addsesing that is push,top and othuu
    tovtain am expliut

    Conclilion todes (Hso lund to as Plags):


    condituom podes l tu buta set by he roUMor asduOaL

    Excmblo -pesitive or agative Aeiulk

    Zexo Ruult
    ueulow
    etc
    Ckol nd shtus Riautex

    ompleyd Ho amiol &a oheion .epro Uor.


    Rists
    Not visible to fhe useg

    ase essential to instauuio exeuluo


    Fou Kuazsins

    O Promam Lunli
    Tnsbudim kagisteu

    Memo ata
    Addss Kugual(MAR)
    Memo kagsta (MDR)

    7osa Aounliu Antaiims the adduss ha unsuuhon To beertud

    omtams the umsucion most Miaastiar


    Instaudion Kaguste

    etentlytthed
    he address ela ocalom m emOmo
    MAR contams Aonitimi auoeo d
    MDR MBR( Momey Bulhe Kigou) thi wnd mDT
    A cala be ti to mimoy
    writfen

    BRwnty Read

    statusWed W,
    knousn as PS
    PsW,
    PSW'l7osam induslu
    a aet o
    Aeglas Knousn
    rocosors
    Many
    contain
    lalis momaiin
    h
    *hat
    amd
    inomaion
    othu Atatius inoumauon
    D
    -Comaduon cecle
    Ho hu esult
    slsa but
    Lomlard
    em Hho Reslt
    is gu
    Acd
    susulted
    m a caly nto
    Casyset
    CAS
    om ebeauo
    oa highu orce
    bit.
    R bovrow
    out
    Equal s a Jogical veonane s
    seut equal

    Overloo:
    usod to n oieati
    aithmefic uelpw

    Enable olisable Uaed to enable on disable intiupti


    TAtumupt
    ha is execuutng
    protussor
    indicatus
    whetis
    Subevisor
    Subevisor
    usMde ean be
    instuchons
    Cextain revile dgd mode,
    amd
    ereutd
    m
    only subeuised
    m supewisog
    accessed onlig
    antas am be
    CRAaM memouy
    mode
    Topic
    yowssor Urgani Katn

    Prowscor Lonlains ALU, CU md Rrgulns

    Tue kogic Unit) dou


    Hu acua
    R ALU(A»itmetic
    e he data
    omulain eking ol
    tw momut edata
    CU: Combo wt CU cortiols
    mtb omd outaf Hs poussor amd
    omd instaudhin

    Aoliols hn oheuaión ALU


    Ragilau : miimal inluna) munmey

    Unik
    Atemic dogie Reistos

    stalus Plags

    Sits
    Complwmmi k
    Athmetic omd Cowel
    unut
    Boolean LogiC

    pol Patis

    Inal utn oCPU


    now hn combonuds oH
    FsotRor Orgamigauon mamd
    taska
    rouso aeconnetk omo acLomplsh Hhein
    Protsser dou
    ho fellou8 ing hurgs
    - Fett Instauciom

    Lntubrct imiutiobn
    Fetch Iata
    Prous Nata
    unili Oat

    Feth Jstauulon
    Tho prowA8Y
    Reads m inshLLOLDM om
    mm.ou4
    is develecd dh detmne
    Inlobadt Instuituon Te insuuton
    oiat acH oms eqjuušed
    seaune
    o an intiulion maug
    Fetch dati Uhe exeuiuon eL Z
    am Tlo modula
    lala aom mmoy
    Readung ma4 ARajune

    rotos an u exevuuon eqm instudiou


    somu ëthmilie
    losical opeatiin

    on o
    peroming
    elata
    Requuie LOmt
    Wile Dato, The Aesut eam exeuilon may
    dala T6 MLmoy Tomnotule
    Gennal Rtaisis Orqanizaion;
    SevEM CPU Aai tor
    A bus ovgamZatuon or

    Tnput

    RL
    R2
    R3
    RH
    RS
    R6
    RT

    SELA
    t6 5 4 3 210
    SXI MuY
    4
    Sx1
    321
    Muw
    SE

    3X8
    Decode
    AL O
    sELD OPR

    SELA
    B 3
    SELB SELD
    3 5
    OPR
    outpau

    Coniol wend

    Kegistn Set wih Common ALU


    -Tu o each Ragute i Aonnetid to two muk blexes.
    S
    oucbut
    Do žh buses A amd B
    ome
    le selution Aines m eah multplexet seluuts RRaisles

    inpul foi to qutiulas eus

    Tu buses A omd B 0RM *h nls To a Aommon ALIJ.


    he ancthmefic
    Tue epesaluon Aeluitzd m Hh ALU ditemuns
    be
    iail au *o soemed

    Te
    Aoge microshealon

    susut iu anailable pu 0utpuil dala aud qos mto


    e
    npik etae
    uss Rugiilo o outpudt
    is selestd

    a decodas,

    T
    by

    dtodes activalai vne e o Seyustei


    Joad inudt,

    selution,
    Ragistey

    Benas SELB SELD


    Cooleg SELA
    Nome
    input nput|
    RI
    R2 K2-

    lo0
    R3
    KY
    R R3
    lo
    Ry
    KS RS
    T'oble o ofeodtPns peoune by
    ALU

    OPR
    Seled DbeAanom

    TrmsfesA
    O0000 Tntiment A Tuis Hable zptues
    60Ol0 Acdol A+3
    Oo0 Subtiat A-B 30m selectuo

    ODITO DewmutA Dpetm gmly9 11


    AND A 8
    olooD an nprusent
    0lol10 OR ABA, B five bib

    eol l00 xOR total 32 operatien


    A
    Complem
    Rig A
    6 lo o00 Shikt

    looD ship Lel A


    Toic
    Stack bagamizalo

    Stoves inomiln isLIFO


    esde (Làst In Pist Out

    teaddius ef He Aaule Aallud


    Ths segisti
    Hal helds

    Atauk eineu
    's valuu aluoays fointa
    žö e Zsp
    elumur

    ack lonnlen

    Teo epesaliovs oh Auuk Push

    Pop

    *7Lush to inut om elmut in Ha Auk

    ob t delltu am ehynil foem tkstaik


    is full
    1
    Alack u emsy
    ehun Slack
    setfo
    stais Fll 1 ohn
    bmly> se ti

    wends
    & Aeguua
    tack A be olution ememnety

    EXompls. 64- wod ftgisbn Atask

    163 Pull Pull


    full 2ot

    ful
    Empa Emba1Emb

    C
    SP
    B
    A Locaton 1 Loill alua4s
    Stores FIRST ebitnt

    localion .0 cuwauys ateieu AST elument


    dntal SP<O

    )
    EM PTY1
    FuLLo

    Full= hew Tu js insutud 'uoih


    push opexaluen
    Atack uoiTh popobea
    CEMPTY= 0) a ilim cam be deted hom

    ush opealuom feuulu


    SPSP+1 ncsemens Statk
    tack
    ack
    LOnu dem on Hs top
    MCSP] DR
    if (Rehhv SP=o) en FULL
    EMPTY FO
    MESP
    M[SP deneis emmey ond speu ted
    un he SP.
    byo adldress

    ha
    PALLUNy

    ust iun
    s
    omailable

    Zlosed m Alaek at
    addsess
    at
    |
    .
    addies o.

    Th Rst lem
    s Aloud in Hs slatk

    alatkul nat emst


    A hew lim s deldludom te
    Alaih

    o dala om #utop of
    DR M [SPJ Raacl
    Halk
    SP
    SP-I Qeeunnevt
    SP
    EmPTY-|| Aeck.
    Ydtu stack
    If (SP=o) thm emply
    fll
    Mauk is stack not

    FVLL0
    A DDRESSI NG MODES
    : Minakski

    issus How ista addres ol am etexandu she fred?

    Hew
    ouku
    #he

    H
    bet o am
    otexaud addrulses
    d
    instmution vr9tza To
    BheaLPM S
    ttd instuuutim.

    ta fe

    eatiom teld
    m instution
    ut
    Speu fies
    be exeuutd
    ofeatiuOM
    on sce data
    lha
    beerlormad
    This obeale
    ompu Bgais
    o mumei words

    iu Hua
    Atoced

    on he d adasesg
    modo ha spuchon
    exeuulon dtpeuds
    mode sheuifies a ulh o miubsetig
    beloiei
    The addaussing
    Ha addks jeld
    e tha iunsbutuen
    modi fyin elerenced
    Gbexonnd
    As adua

    Telhntguws
    Most Common addossing
    Addussing
    mmediate
    Diruct Addrussing

    Indirect addrussins
    ter Addressins
    Regis
    4ndiruct darening
    Register Rlatie Addressins
    splaumumt-- Base Register
    Addresng

    3ndexi7
    Stack addaussms
    0 Tmmecluala Addiuskirg

    An his addoc3817 modde,


    *he pemd value is #Ratt

    no memory suerene sth haw


    o
    e
    Holvantage
    wntution
    he ohexmd
    et is fLAuixed
    sbtai

    linitud ephaand maguiluoh


    Dis advanlage:

    stuuhion
    ohexond

    Addbussi ng ovdauns te
    Diect *ha addras eld
    Sn his addhusih meda,
    o He pexand
    attual eecthreaddress
    Sngtuuutir
    A meme
    EA= A

    om address ield
    A conlut o Opezama
    M he nluuluon

    AdvantagE
    oe memo som amd no heial
    Omlu
    seguizLs
    calulatiom
    Suimple
    dinitil addsus shae
    Suaduantage:
    rHu
    Snoduuct Addrussing:
    oadassenmoda,
    addres eld sles o ihi adciruss

    a wrd im ti mimou
    unstuuuhon memo
    A

    opezamd

    EA (A)
    heue
    ¥Poiathises iinung

    *
    Cmiml o
    EA= Acuay/eue
    acltlus e e localuou Aovlaining
    *a

    N,
    shace
    an addrns
    addsess spau of
    Adwantag kasge er a woel denath
    le

    nouo awailab

    Ren0
    nsfor addips oema
    monnoy
    gequus t0D
    sadwamlage.
    ge
    value
    Lopesmd )

    addrosi
    drrectaddresig.
    4) Raqistor Adldresin
    naE sinulas to direct
    sopes
    ts ö
    adldpus eld
    ielcd seles
    Kagu s
    addkessin hat fhe addspus
    Hhe
    addsuis.
    ham a man
    memai
    Ta 0ly dyamce
    Aatha Sstudeu
    eapMu

    EA R
    hscovllano a segii am instutom
    operan

    addussield R5is Jntinded


    5, imaud
    Aegis
    He valud ds tovtavned
    Ragisls
    Chexamd Ln K5
    aclavuss,
    Advanlagts:
    mly a smal! addrus eld on nstiuteu i ueeded
    nD T con mrg memeu Aesmus
    isadvatages
    uuithd ugivis addks pete
    vey
    Covdovmt
    Acdsi
    e o qistie llbe ebeSmd n KLgtsto

    (5 Registes Tndiect Addhusig


    similas to ncluecr addruusing
    But Mel, Hhe addue ield
    euuctton speufes
    ohose couiuls que
    he add oHe
    aAuga m the mmey
    peaond = EA (R)
    Advaniaa han a mnoyasdu4
    ewe bili elut a egua
    sats
    kangr addnus

    Sis odlearta Exba mmey Kiueme

    uvtiunton

    mome
    obexm

    Raguvn
    0isplacemoud

    Tuis addaunins
    Addsing
    mpde Dnm binns e lapabi lities
    ndiech addsusi
    e
    amd gistv
    dieet addusing
    EA = A+ (R)
    Three mot ommen uus oduplau mud addRAsAng

    Relative addseivg
    Base-Aister addiesing
    TndaxtnA

    Rrlative AddRussing
    PC-selaive addsessing
    he rogom Loutiu
    lsocallad
    n us mede 0nlnnt h he
    e
    nshuuion im
    ndu
    t
    added
    Hu addsis part et

    to oblauin
    ha hue addus
    925
    Examp lo ;aMm PC
    uRutu =24
    adoriss patin he
    is nad emm mtmer duniny
    Buldon at Localiom g25
    Aouwti on cemenad bu s u
    ebe hama th roAam
    oue 826
    addones computaion
    o elatve addaes
    Tha

    Ts is
    hective
    mode
    4 memBR
    s 326+ 2Y = 350
    Loealens qonarel aom t addius

    *h nxt myaueuem mullens


    uled with bronchtype
    ctin
    weS
    aves addsus bi un Hiu imshuulion

    z tontuuto coumt + addsess in


    Efective addues
    Paogsamu
    instiuctiom
    Base Riguav AddoOARiNg $
    An hiu mocle ha eounl ea base Lgtiy is added t
    e addssaI e
    MBBLLLOM

    Js assww.el
    AD
    9 Ha eechve
    ibold he base
    addihew

    aclds auud
    A base kegitu
    res a diaplacemea
    Hhe addkus part oA MBuuusn
    &lative t his baseaddas
    BatKaquster +aclobwss in insbuchion
    =
    Addses covl
    EAtechive

    mode
    ed Addhessing

    n is
    Tndexing9 or Tndex

    a
    mocle ,u
    addss anž
    cprnlent

    eam
    am indix Reguxe
    o
    inutuuon
    is added

    obtaun Hu

    ectve addiuss
    CPU RRgater at ontaus
    feld e
    a sheial Ha ndtuhor unstiution
    The thclx augsla
    eld
    am indar value. The adduss
    addtK
    eshef
    a a olata
    fue
    Wnat
    u mey
    the
    clelines

    Each opeamd
    begimning
    in tte assayiu stoted
    n Hhe memeiy Slaive

    toi beginnung addsešs

    Efechive addus= conlato indey Ruqi t edds


    ) Stack Addsessiv
    A stack is a unea asAaK olocalions. list e
    ako to as a pusudeven
    A is nlosed
    stack
    kast- in- t-ut quon
    LIFO concaft* a orm implied addrusin
    The stack mede el addausna
    nst muude
    ueecd
    mne Relerence
    Te mahme msiucdièn
    ou he top stack
    beu

    EA=top
    Aduamtags
    a
    implLuty speaa

    N
    suk
    memey mte

    innild applicabiliG
    ui adwanlage

    Tnplicit mode
    Tmplied Mode
    an peuufed mnplicitlp
    .ohesmdls
    ueh as CMA (complnmuutF
    Tntiuuchion
    Exammple Accumulalon)
    mhukonsat osse useam
    Aquler Audeemee
    n daut all

    accumulalo ase mplied moda instuutios ae


    Kto address mtinuehoms
    M slaek rqaized
    Aomuly

    Modle iwstuchions
    wmplied
    AD 1ntmout os AuãboluLMud lode:

    The aulo muemuns modt i &milas iAeguler indiuet


    mode except tiat ts segste. cornt) s intitnanš

    atu
    ho executipn oHo instbuhen
    Efeche adas= conunt of 3gastes tadduAsin insbuthio

    No ncaemaut tha contuutel Regsliy R= K+I

    n Ts auto decument modu,


    ihe exeuuou oh insbucieu
    duwmenlod elore

    R-R-1
    addess= contont ef segsts
    + addseus jn jnsteus
    Efective

    adokus mans addess e-openmd


    Efechive
    Numexical Exampla o Addrsging Modes

    Address Momms
    PC 00 200Loadto Ac. 1
    Mode|
    Addhes 5o0
    RI 400 20
    202 Next Tnstuuttion
    XR
    Oo

    AC 399 450
    400 700

    S00 800

    600 goo

    To2 325

    g0o 300

    at
    Tne two word ionsthuthom

    200 md 201 ds aa
    Load to AC Modle Adldoussdo

    e
    addsess

    T 4st word eAo AnsEMLUTOM &peufios opesauon cods an


    moda, amd Mo
    scond wend Apeufies to addhess part

    Pe (Pezan Couvta) has *lu


    valus 2oo ethug His

    e dnstuc
    Te oriln e pootUs ARsler RI

    XR Js 400
    J 400 amd he cortim

    ndux kRgila

    AC (Acumulator) ALCves
    o epeud ata te snstudin
    exeuulad
    bl modu , we caluulati dhu
    For eath
    addsus
    possi

    amd ta shexamd a eutive


    must be loadel anlo AC

    ODireet mode elkctive


    addus JA u hast of instruchen

    effecive Addhus=500 emmd 3 Soo

    is tu patoh1%RuudiOU
    mediali mede, oherand

    operamd
    =500
    EA Atdp 201

    (Induuet Mocle
    Elfectie addius isAtoud at Hhe

    addus at o nniudiou 'so'


    > Soo Opexand- 300

    (
    E Pfectie Aeddjos

    comntof
    Pt +instuulo
    Rilative Mode EfPechive addess addns
    Pat
    EA=ad9+SDO0
    t02
    -pexamd 325
    Tndux Moth EA= Cotut o imder kigestn + instudiem
    addess
    PaAk
    ootsvo
    6o0
    eeamd J00
    Rgiuts Mode
    Thesis no ecive addu entenl e o kagusta, Rl
    will be loadid o AC

    Rigusta Tndunc mods


    Ri Loviluns ta eputive adehess.
    Kugsti

    EA 4o0 ema= too


    (3) Auto-noomovd Mods
    Seme as Ragistea indixet mocda , but
    e covttent o
    Ragasta
    s inutmeutid o *ts exeulen he e
    wwluuin
    Eh=400, tpesamd =Too RI=40

    G Auto-eemouled
    Sae
    Mod
    as Regast wndireckmode, but
    s Avrdunt

    e
    ts ecsLMUniad bulpe
    He exeuulbn
    kugu

    etpexand
    450
    eferive Addluns303
    ohesonna
    adduss
    Effechive
    Table Acldhussig Mocla
    500 300
    isect
    Tmmediate
    201 300
    Tndiact 325
    To2
    kolatve q00
    600
    Tndeed
    Adokessun7
    modt cive addses ermmd
    ugis tas

    Rugistes indiece 400 700


    Auta incawrment 4400 Fo0
    Aito-daciemani 399 450
    COA Unit-2 Note Minakeb

    Adderss
    -Hall Addess
    Pull Addus
    n-bit Bmary Pasalle Addew

    Addu (or Fast addu or aped addo).


    othy ovk-ahaad

    Halt Addo adus wo bil .


    Hal
    Hal
    addu sa ombualisnal
    ciruit
    adduL
    siruut of Ralk
    Tuuth Tabe Hal hddu
    Sum= AB
    pu
    nput TSMca
    A B Sum
    Qutbu-
    cass

    Full Addu hal adds 3 be


    ciuit
    Full addi
    Aa Combmalupna

    TuthTab B C Sum Cou


    Sum- A ABEC
    Cput = AB+BCtAC
    Mmaksw

    Adldilonm

    GCoo Cau npul


    As A A Ao
    +82 B2 Bj Bo
    Sunm
    Sa S2 S So
    Cy CC =9 cany output

    4-bt bmasy addu duagram


    Bo Ao Co
    E0

    FA FA FA FA

    Cu S3 CS C So

    A pauallek
    addes. consusi o4 tull
    addus n
    4-butbinaty
    wih parsy Aom me full adls.,
    Aastade, outhut add
    To he cany unput of tho next qull
    sonntd
    o duagsam eFul adds

    A Surm

    -D
    D
    Cau

    Lout + ABc + ABC+ABC


    ABC Propexties

    ABC+ +ABC + ART +ABC+ABC +ABC +=x{


    BcA+AJ + AC UE+8J+ AB [T+¢]
    BC.I+ +AB 1
    Cout e+Ac+ AB

    n- bit Bmay aalla Adder,


    An n-bet bimang paral0)
    add adds n-bit numbes
    An n-bit buvnas Odde uA n lladdus
    addu adds lwo 4bat binaa numeeu
    An 4-bit bmasy
    exomple
    A Ad
    A Ag A
    B BB B1 Bo
    Mnaks

    Casny Propegaluen P= Ai RB; Bel RHS dos


    Casy Genualun
    Gi- A B not Aontasn
    wC
    e output si =¢@c
    CitI =Gi + P;q
    addis wsig
    mLati n-bet rnk. sany look-ahad
    tues wo equatuons

    Examble
    adde;

    For
    4 bat
    4-bt i
    camy look- ahead

    emove he dspenconur e Ci+


    o h3.
    9m Ci ,
    we niad to
    To

    express Ci anlo A,Bi amd Co .


    Cl+1 Gi tPeC;
    Puut

    Co+Got PoCo
    C Co tRCo
    CI+lG +PhC
    Ca + RIGotPo Co

    2+162tC2
    C3 Gra tlG t P LGo tPoCoJJJ
    kovk altad Adde
    Cany
    n-bit parallu!
    addu-
    batk, ef AoMhiclid
    DAa ull addlu)
    -7hi Any output oni Atage(ei et ull addon
    *o next "hishu sdagel
    to Hhe Xasy nput
    is called hibple An
    Tuis Aah not be produced
    iu Aum amd AasR Aam
    Thueore,
    until Input Cany oCcus
    Thi
    This
    in addilion procos
    Tuu Lead t6 a lomu delay
    olulay

    dulay
    u kneeN as Ay
    propagatuón

    Addes
    sAy- Lookahtad lowea
    look at the
    Tuus mchod

    ole bis
    tlzes logic gatis
    and addend.
    to see
    To
    hghs a
    o%dos
    oaugerd
    is
    caty be
    qunuatid noT o
    uss wo umions
    La look- ahiad Lomupt

    Fropagali (Pe)
    OCaRAy
    (Gi)
    Casy Gjeneroti
    Full addlar, using
    uwo hal Qddvs:
    Sum= A P @cq
    At
    2
    G
    t3 C3t1 Ga t gC
    Cy Gas + B G2t P Ga1t R LGot PoCo]

    look-ahead HeLa Cass eyemsation


    4-but Catsy uiru

    Co
    Po
    LD
    A
    B
    P C2

    Ga

    Az

    D
    A
    Mmakslw

    4+bet cuy lookakoad addu irit:


    Co
    So
    Po

    S
    A

    D
    C Cy
    -S
    4-bt
    Cory Lookahtad
    Addes
    Block
    Dianam SI
    Ci

    So
    CoF0
    Mnoksui

    Siqmed Muli plicaluon'"(BoothsAlqovilhm)


    Flow a t

    Stost) NOTE
    iklialisalin
    MMultiblicamdL Loast

    8 udtiplier rumba, of bidk


    ds
    vo-0
    A O
    ho bits
    h

    10 o/
    A-A-M

    Sht Kughe
    A o
    Axithmehic

    n=h-1
    NO
    n=
    Yes
    NOTE

    (orsignbit) Rusul in AS
    MSB
    is 30
    aud
    Rultis positive STOP
    H maspdtuce
    tha produet
    bet 1
    IfMSB(orsign
    Kisult nlgeve s o
    tovnplmmuwt
    take
    get
    u magnitucli
    amd
    AqS
    plae neaaive
    Swd Booth MuT pli catiom Exampl

    Examble
    )*(3)=(-2 M=- =25oII)
    loo
    -M=lol1D
    7acig Table

    yo Atuou/Commnt
    A
    inilalizauon
    STEPO
    OolI
    A=A-M A= A+(-M)

    ooI1 100 ASR AS N= 3


    STEPO 3 110D
    n=n-
    ASR AC V%
    m= 2
    STEP A=A+M
    ASR ASV%

    STEP1
    I10
    o n=h-
    ASR
    n-h-l
    A 8,Vo

    Reuult
    A g
    11oIoll
    st but is ome,
    So uHuuult is nujalire,
    take
    aud place
    &'s wmplumunt
    to gt maruitiole

    negaure Ain

    Final uult: -21),


    11lo oll
    iscelunt
    +
    ooolo lol (2)
    Munaai
    Arvran Multplies

    Buinay Mult plicatuën JA don by doung adoli'Hions. fartial Predue


    tu eathr
    mut pli cand by
    by
    n Aummur u
    aut dalulatd multiplpna

    oo and pantill produes


    bit muliplier

    DLAL un Hx3 n bmary Array muth pue

    A A2A A3 Ho
    Given
    B2B2 m Bi
    Bo
    4t3-
    produl
    Numbes e bull

    Ao
    A A2 AI
    Ag
    X B,'B1 Bo
    Ao Bo
    Bo Ao ABo
    AoB
    X

    A3 B AB AB X

    H3 B AzB A BzAoB2
    P P
    Py

    A11 Az AoB AtBo

    AB
    FA PA
    FA

    AoB2

    FA
    FA -0

    Fo
    Munmakaw

    4x4 Bna Aray Muuktple

    ',
    A= A3 R2 A o
    XB- B, B, B1 Bo
    ABo
    Bo A1Bo
    Az X
    Ap Bo

    Aabt
    A1 Ato&

    X
    Ap2
    Aq B X

    P
    Ag

    's
    Ba
    Agb

    Ps
    A 1B3

    P
    Ao ba

    A
    FA
    FA FA
    A18/

    FA FA FA FA-
    Asy

    FA
    FA FA PA

    Po

    of 4X4 may Mulkipie


    cinuit Buugsam
    MinaksM

    Divisin
    ivision wwwwwgmd igps: Kustoin AlgoriAnm

    Floro ahart

    (STARTD

    nnoc bi
    MDivisor
    A6
    Dividend

    slit Lef A6

    A A-M

    O MSB

    RstoveHA

    GCoT-1

    n=n-1
    NO

    Yes

    Kemaundzi
    nA
    STOP
    Muakaw

    Examble Divicle
    1l
    by 3
    6) Divisor
    Dividund=
    =3
    ||

    (M)
    in M= ht|
    hti

    M 3 (o0ol Numbes
    bii un
    olbilk

    2
    M (I1o1
    Traing Table

    6 Actim /commeu
    M A
    loll Tutttal2ation
    O D000
    4 O0ol
    0000I oll?
    000ol
    A A-M>
    11 110
    ALnJ=l
    Restore A
    OToj
    ollo
    t
    1?
    000D
    o0010 T1o7 Shit A
    A A-M

    Ooolo I10o s,to RestoreA


    n=n-
    OO1ol100? SL AG
    olo 1o07 A A-M

    h h-
    SL A
    000lo 001? A=A-N1
    ooOlo
    Munals
    Flow hart o unsismed Ttege Divisi
    Non- Rostoninz Mathod

    Staxt

    h-umnbet.o bi
    M-divisor
    AO
    -Dividend

    MSB
    A

    ShittAagtAs
    A
    A-A-1 A AtM

    MSB A El

    MSB A
    AtM

    Ouatient im&
    Romaundu inA

    SToP
    M Aton commnt

    DODlI 000l0 Ool

    Now udient in & =ooI| 3


    Romaunda, mA O0olo
    2
    3 Sustie
    Divždema)/ 3
    (Divisor) 2Rnauntuu
    Mialsi
    Exomsle Divida by 3.
    () Dividemd==i Numbe s buls n:4
    (M) Divisor 3 Numbu cf is M= ntl=5
    Nuw M 1d
    I7aung ble
    Aclien Comment
    M A
    loll Tuitiatizaiom
    Oooll O0o00 SL A6
    0000 AA-M1
    oll?
    ol l'o
    11110 ollo hh-l
    3 O1lo SL AQ
    O0 I 107
    A A+M1

    SL A8
    I11 Do?
    A= AtM 11
    +00011
    To0olO it
    Tdiscard
    Gt1, n=n-i
    SL AG
    oo1?
    o0lol A= 9-M
    O0o10 001?
    oY)
    MSB
    MsB A= un Kuult;
    Quctient, =
    (oo1=3
    Kumauidur,inA=00o
    1o=2
    Minalei

    Dvioe by

    Dividened=
    M-Pivisor
    M I6l
    8 ung
    ¥
    =3 I
    Non

    6oi|
    Ratoring mcthod

    n=3
    0-Subt
    IAdd
    A Arion
    O000
    TuaizalTom
    1? SL AB
    +1I DI A=A-M1

    Shitlet
    A =A+M:
    o0
    tCasd
    0,00
    0
    Cassychb
    o1?
    f1o A-A-M1

    Remnada ustieut
    A

    tM4+00 1

    Runawndu=l duien= 2
    Floating Pint Rbrueundaliön
    a loatm t numbt
    m u fprm
    we cam Aprrsww
    BBase, Forbimaig B=2
    tsxE oord Lolth three telds
    in a bunay
    Tus numbea cm be stored

    sin plu oominus) S


    lcamd Mantissa
    signi
    Expoment E .
    orSimifitondl
    Biased Expone
    Matissa
    Sin
    Formal
    IEEE 7sy
    Precision (32bit)
    O Stle C64 bet)
    Rouble huuisiom
    bit| Bias
    Facton bel
    Exponent
    sipybet Biasec
    127 23 bi
    Smgle reciston
    o23 52 b
    Double aeecisiom

    hoiutnumbeus
    on natng
    Aepsaetinn

    o
    Tuooumions
    Nomalizaliin
    Biasi7
    o posA tive

    or negative
    numubes
    nunmbes
    omalizud unmber
    u one un ouieh a most slqniftcaria

    For base epLbentatim

    bbb--b X2tE
    MX aTExponan

    ohuu M Marilissa /fation sipificand


    Becausr dhs mot amitcamt bet s alusays one, t us umnecessan

    a numbe had is not norrmalized, hs nmber may be


    Given
    OTmalizod by shitng o
    socdix paint to tha sight el

    utmost1bit aud acyusty u exponerd accoreugly


    Biasin95 is n
    Expovrout
    sloned
    Repsuentalión bitsed

    Hhe numbus
    Sn siugle Pyeusiom Aase, 8 be feld ields
    o HaToug 255.
    valuts 0se in Ravee.
    Lolh a bias e 124 (l1),u ru exponet
    127 t6 t28
    case, 1 bih kieldl zields he humbe
    In double krcesiom
    ueexponut values ore
    o th7ough 2047 *hu
    ith a bias el lo23 (a),
    -lo23 o t l024t

    wh 8iasin7s so hat e
    bils in eshoneuts Cam be kalad
    a usGned oa nonnegative
    sbre
    iieges.

    L
    As
    stng exhonent

    wmsigned'nuimbee ofth
    M as tonplemout,
    elelbnanA
    ue Am
    Poedsion andd
    QULOS
    1234-125) motmgk
    AepRAsetauen
    doubl ÞAeULLon mb bmay hunnbe
    Fiost Convot 123-2s'
    Ans-0

    234-125
    hs umbel
    oollo Dolo 0ol
    move e decimal einkH

    (&Now Normalun
    to ts mest
    1
    Bgt 0o]X2"
    ool16loolo

    reisioms 82 bit
    Single
    based exponet
    C calwlati
    E= EtBias
    BiasedlExponent = tlo+124
    137
    l000 lool
    2
    ALm= nngatuve=
    Mantissa (23)
    Biased Exkoneut
    000000000o
    0001o0l 00 1lolool 000l

    ouble heigion
    G4 bela
    expontE=
    E +Bias

    alulati
    biased
    = l0t 023
    = l033
    10000 60l0|
    Mantissa (52)
    Exponont (E) --
    l001 00lolool oo0]
    o oDo0D- 0
    o 0D
    lo00006
    Kepasent 000loollolol' DOllo| umg Smgl
    dpuble pattiMpm
    PaecutonCmd

    iven mbu o0ol oollolol O0llo]

    Novmaluzed Numbe |0o||olol oo llo|X


    Biased Exborent(s ): E' E+12
    = 9+124
    136
    looolo0o
    Riased Exporaut(DP): E'= E+1n 23
    9+ 1o23 l032
    100o00ol000
    Snge ReceSAem

    o1000 1000 olo00000 000|


    Oollololool|ol

    Nouble aecuinon

    100 D000|000 loo||ojo(oo|| olo00-- -00


    uA Rahiuuut oolooD|loo|lol, uAg
    O000oo|
    sma keciston amd dloubl Preceston

    Normalig
    enumbe
    o0o 1loo |lol X2

    BHased ExþononAn sP E= EtBias -6t|2¥|


    121
    0llilool

    ed Expemet M r E'E+ B/as -6+ 1023

    OlIlllool

    single Retisuon

    lolo 00000000000
    olllool|o0o||0o

    louble keceson

    O1I1I|DolO00llollol o0o00-- o0d


    AdditioM and ubtzachbn
    Floalung-Poimt

    Four basic phases ehe algouithm adolitiin and

    eck, o os
    subbauion

    Augn algifcamds
    hu aizi fieands
    3 0Actd
    Auwbtact

    4.Nosmalize he Alsult

    int Numbes | amdaubtracien


    Floats Adldiion

    (XX BE* +Ys)X B'


    SEYE
    X+Y=
    X=XgX x BE-
    YYX B X-Y= (Xs Ys)xBY

    Example
    X=O3 X|o= 30
    Y=O2 x|o=2.00
    X+Y 3X102-3 +D2)X |o°= (oo3 +o.2)x jo

    23X ID3
    23D
    x-Y = o:3 X 1o-o2)X 1o= Co0302)xio3
    (-17)xioS
    tesame
    Fr oatims- þaiut
    newssasu
    o
    eMune
    addittom
    botw e
    and sustuauton,
    Spexamds hane
    hR radk'x peint
    is

    expomemP alue Tus mmay seaune Alhkng


    MOme epeamdi toaclieve algumnt*.

    pocduca prue oese


    ma
    A Lodiluons.
    oauinp.pouut
    Expoment Ovenloiw
    Expovnt Undu 4lew
    StÝmificand witlule
    oveulew
    Sqiftcama
    exceeds ho MAxjum
    Exponan Over Plouo A bosittve exponaut
    value: n A0mo Asuns,
    possible exponmt

    hus may be dusgnatid


    as +oa
    exboneut
    s an he
    less

    ezo A negatire
    -20o is
    us han-127)
    Eponent Vndu value (eg. and it
    erpomet to be Sopresernkid
    ossibla. uoo small
    munwmum
    Tuis meams u muwnmbu
    ib

    Simicamd
    dugit ma
    ndeo:
    low
    u
    m
    6
    hu

    kahtend
    eajuuid
    f
    pmws aluing
    Aljuificard.
    siqni ficmds
    šo

    Aoumdia
    e
    addilion o
    so ug e
    icanas
    luov Aquicamds
    el

    Te
    The addilien
    a Aay Out e most-
    Segwficnd
    ovesleo
    tm Ralinmeu
    h Ame btgn may
    bet.
    Tuis
    be ixed bt

    Agikcamd
    7/17/2019

    Phase : Zeio Ahetk:


    sapotd as te ult
    flow2Jpg

    eittus eprmd sO, ta ottu

    Sigificamd aleqMMNt manpula Ha

    .
    Phase

    wwbus o at ta wo expounls are equal.

    Augnmevt may
    be alhieved by alaUg esth Hhe Smallu
    or shilti
    nwmbu to Agt (inCeastng expovtnt)
    7
    he Aanqs umber
    nuntbe is picked fot Ahiltiis
    6leLmall

    Phase Next, tusa sigi ficamds


    ae added togetay.
    Addilion:
    akmg accoumt heiv sigms

    He
    Phase ha
    9 Noynalgation osum Thiu nosmalige
    digii
    rlulr.
    Augmificamd
    Novmaluzaioncnsis ss nonzo
    mDst the Aui ficamt dia?t
    ex þonen aud tuus
    Jatwntil
    Au Causs a date meut o Ho *ho sLuul
    Eneh Fnally,
    ause aM exbouwl UMdlleo
    ADuld
    must be
    Aoundas o aud apodud

    2/2
    L -ilnni sala comimailu/O/inboy2proiector=
    equsl slgnificdnds

    No
    Tncrement
    smaller
    exponent
    zo Yes
    gnifcand

    RETURN
    Shift
    Significarid Significand
    o
    right overflow

    Ves

    Shift
    No significamd
    Significand rieht
    0%
    Yes
    Increment
    eKponent
    Putother
    number ín z| RETERN
    7/17/2019
    Flow Ch for Floa Mulhpicaluon

    MULTIPIY

    No
    Add
    exponents

    Yes Yes

    Subtractbias

    RETURN
    Exponent < Yes Report
    overtlow
    Overtlow?

    Yes
    Exponent Report
    umderflow
    underllovw2

    No

    Multiply
    signilicands

    Normalize

    Round RETURN
    Figure 9.23 Floating-Point Multiplication (Z-X x Y)

    Point Mlti|plicaiuen
    :
    et
    Ploalunp

    Tha ext, srek ATp is


    epezamd is ol3eao),

    om add thferm
    3uo
    exbonts.
    e expontAtm
    he Mum
    sepeutid asB0t
    exbon
    biased
    aru toed
    expoB bias muat be
    te bias, qus,the
    0ould hawe doubled
    Am' Tue Rult could be
    Bubhavidom ovelew,
    either anm exbonovt wndue exponont

    beRaborted
    ohich uoculd

    1/2
    illhle Hinbov2nroinctare1
    4 C ena rodut witn the 7ange, the
    Axt
    sshen sms
    a.ccown
    To multiply a griicamd, takin into

    APtstu js salulatad, *hu ssut A nrmalge


    d Aonded brotduet
    flow3.jp
    7/17/2019

    Flow chavf for Plocukivg Divisjon


    DIVIDE

    No
    Subtrac1
    exponents

    es Yes

    Add bias

    RETURN Yes Report


    Exponent
    averfloW
    Overtlow?

    Yes
    Exponent Report
    undertlow undertlow

    No

    Divide

    signiticands

    Normalize

    Round RETURN

    Yoit divisien
    Floatunp error is issued ol
    it dwisor 3Mo Qm
    or 30
    ult isut
    Test To intiniy
    3D, he uultis
    zevo

    if diw dend
    i ubtAactad om ho durdend
    n
    Next, e olivisor
    Tis kemoes
    erhomd
    bias, wuh must be
    added

    overew.
    back

    Cxponemt

    Test ase made o


    dwide
    exbonen
    umouleo
    *he suificamdls
    The nert sup is to
    amd TOUmd
    roundtr
    Followed bnbrmaliaatiom

    1/1
    JonnillJA Hibav2nroioctor-
    Kogic Micro oeaue

    7ADgic micooteratuons
    Apeuty bma eperatiom ao o
    shumK
    Coiideach butF
    am Tuse opeadions
    bls Atoaed Reeistes
    amd teat em as buay vauablos
    H Argule sepanalg

    For Examble

    -AND(A)
    OR (V)
    NOT
    NO
    NAND
    x-OR (
    X-NOR(O)

    R 1olo NOR toD


    R2 oo oo
    O00
    AND olo
    NAND-
    loo

    ORJolo
    X-DR 1olo

    NOT
    X-NOR
    Sht Mucro opesaon

    S Mico opeatuons
    ane usad seaial toaMko data

    pes eSukt operaions


    -
    shit lay
    kogical shit - shit k
    sitt
    suit
    Rigmt
    Crculass.
    04 Rotat
    0s
    -iroula
    cirulas
    Kigtht
    kit si

    Anithmutic Right
    sht
    Aaith mutic
    Ari tEomate Aut stt
    degicak si llt:

    Rupisi

    Aftatsl
    Lestb bb_beO

    kogital slut Risht:

    abes
    bbb Lost

    E xownple
    o bbe bsby
    L
    oooIDTIAP MutRizh
    Kolalt
    cisulas Shitnlso kncuon Qs bheatuon
    Ra too ends
    irulas sthe bi e to egislwr gncumo.

    othout doss aintoamaion.

    Gsula Riaht shitt


    creulas apt shit

    be bs bubebbr bo be |bs|bu ba bLE


    AH uulas cet suik
    A-fs ciaculasRiaars

    bo bs bu be bb bo b bobbaE|L

    Exomple Risht
    ooloT dvaulay
    I10010ll
    Circulau sh

    humoe
    Aithmeic shit a Alqmed bmau
    Pn Arithmaic Ait pem
    Aukt

    toha Jat
    igtta Alm
    keaves
    but uunthangsdl
    Arithmelic shlt

    Prt milic Kk Sh lost


    bb oo o|||
    bbebs bu ba ba
    Lost

    bsbb bolo1
    bbrb
    Aith metic hogic Vnit;

    CPU Codauns ALU, CU anmd Rigislas

    ALU s locial epeatioms


    amuol
    on antthmiie
    sponsi blu

    Basically
    ALD s a digial Aäruur dha perons asdthmdic

    deviston ama
    opexatinsike addikon, subtaauoM,
    amd eperausn ike AND, OR
    logical
    mulki plicouon,

    XOR, NOT. etc

    Tupes oALU> O ombinatuomal ALU

    Seautial ALU

    Combalioval ALU:

    Di
    So

    A hithnele
    Cireuit 2X
    B MUX Fi

    Cit

    Ei

    Ai UTuit
    Bi
    Asithmetic Kight skut:

    abe bsbu ba b
    Los
    RuhtF
    babbebsbyb b Aft Ahmelie
    Sh
    Lest

    IO0I6I
    Ciw

    Xo
    FA Do
    MUX

    A
    SI 4X PA
    MUX

    X2
    S4X1 FA
    So MUX

    S1 4X1 FA
    So MU

    4but tithmilie Ciruut eung obeuuons


    deeremml
    uncumont,
    k addilion,Aubhactioa,
    ett.
    ma hansu
    kasud ALU
    logic
    iruuit
    Sequutial

    k-iunput X K-inpust Y Comial

    Rult

    uuilt
    Raisis
    covtel
    ADD
    --ADD]
    AND OR
    Bi peranas
    Y Atnes dala or
    x omed # atthmdic logic
    To Ragstas Aleei tu abproþaiata daa Arud on
    Select JLontiol
    whuth speomed oe he
    heralion
    will be slou
    he 2uut
    of oheaion
    Pfuut
    Me exeliion be set suh
    seluch
    im
    tgstu as
    gs may
    may
    Lud,
    he exeuluon eeperaiue p negaclive
    Aptu

    werleo
    a clansuem
    pestive
    3tno Aiud,
    n0
    byzu0
    etc.
    erc
    O sage o auithmetic. legie siknit

    S2 S
    URitWomei
    iscuit

    FL
    4X
    SBsageo Ei Mx
    Ai oaic Ciruüb

    A-1 Shu
    shl
    Ait
    SqoC |npu|D=
    utpu b=
    AtB B
    AtY +Cin
    Ad
    O B D-AtB+I Add with casy
    D AtB Sufbirad Loith Bo TOW
    B D =At BtI Sbhact
    .O D A Tsams AAt|
    D Tntnut A
    D =A-1-DecUAlA Ahm Sl ( omd So=l Hom
    Ba B,B.)1111
    Y input is
    D =A Tkoms terA
    huth
    a a's cmplanmut

    Dool Itmak
    Ag Az A Ao A
    +1 7+2scomtl,
    uu staas o Logic ciuit:-
    A+(1)
    A-1

    4X)
    Bi Mur E
    Bi 2.

    Funclion Tabe
    S S So ogic epexaton(E)
    Ai AND Bi
    At OR Bi
    Ai xOR Bi

    T NOT Ai
    Minakali

    COA Wnut3 Notes IT Debatmend

    TAsthuiuon

    The eperalione rocutOT


    s deumived by
    os
    e antnution,
    it
    nstuciom
    Aompulu
    to as mauhune iniauutioni
    exeuu Baed em exeue
    tat proussos

    Teakd colution e diheent initutioms


    set
    oad tte oteAsor's instuchon

    sa benoy ceele al nstut u Compuli

    A Computu
    imsthutuom
    a
    to teerm speufc oherahon.

    Elemvnts
    oa Mathne indhucion;

    Code
    exaion
    Souste ebeRamd eesence
    bheamd zeente
    Ktsulu
    aalaente
    Next wa tutho epealion
    ohuuh Apeutes
    aA code
    HA Aoce knouon
    eferaion
    o be extormed
    on hueh Hi obeuo
    ohermdu
    Kitumte
    sekuwnie
    Souce efetmd to be feukouned
    ehuck will
    see
    A o
    aneproduud oherand
    Aha ansbuuin

    Kadulr efemd kalAa the siuut


    by

    vszuhgm obe exeuled


    to tho noxt
    lountr 6bits
    4bt 6 bala
    epcoel epetand auhaun|9pewnda

    4simpe nkulionfoimat
    16bik
    Soe0 nd ALuli Am be am eme ou anas
    mMam eR viua! mume
    fTOCa&Dr Aegisto

    Tumudliati covilaimed
    n instudin diuely)
    I0 dwice

    ae sepauetud by abbauviatuoma,alld
    mnumonia
    epcodes
    Buchas ADD SUB, LOAD, STOR ett

    An ingulom may Mame mamy


    elda A ayout a sumple

    etutim is knmen 0snstutuin toumal

    pes o Trstuttión
    aan be alasifiecd into threeRiagies
    a
    Most eemputa instucions

    Dala
    ransse wnstuuclions
    Manipulaton inshutions
    Porogom uontial wnstudin

    ala -hs ustudiimsAause Tamu o dla aomm oue loeaon


    To omptti withou Ahwmgng he bnmy imumation AOtE

    lata maipulalion wmsbuudioms u hDie Hat peom tthmetic,

    Aogic, amd Ayt ehexatons


    capabiltiak
    Poam Atiel m-uilon rovide dcésionmaking
    he prosam vhen exeuitd
    He path Yakn by
    mtl ahange
    Aompute
    AData Trams er
    me olata on me locaton o
    msluuduoms
    Wala troms ta daša tontint
    aMotha oithout ahomgng
    a o baung
    olta To amd orn
    Tuuse mulons
    UAeol

    To Reist
    mens
    EXample3
    : a Kause o ow kejster
    egistea
    Tö amothe
    mD momey
    zet om a proOser
    Meve desunaii
    Store

    ADad:
    tkamae
    a rama om
    mmouy 6 Registo

    bebueen
    uco qu uul
    ps a
    Suoas movmiluon
    Exchmg
    Aegis To
    omd memA
    lumuna!
    o proumor
    Aigist

    m
    uuput
    y omia
    outpedTomial
    outpud
    Taput trans Kegs
    povtess Sagalay
    Duutput tsom kom
    Kom pvuss
    T epe ack
    tooae Gaiu to
    Push: Rmkom obslatk oussRtgist
    dstnauiib
    Pop
    a
    hamadu

    Set

    Date Manpulation
    kom o's(gac) toto
    roP tamatuevOCvl (omea)
    to4
    To hodestination

    wosd1s

    eoum epeaiens
    n Hhe clata

    Malaudioms
    mami ulatin
    data miD three iypes
    diwicled
    Thusi amba
    O vthmoicamd bit mamipulaiuon
    sntauctinu

    Kogical

    niuoopeilugns
    Shtt
    Aitomutic stutioms
    Tuse mauvnors
    L ALd DD
    t m atthmtic epeatuovns

    Exaple
    Adel Aompull
    Aul suM e A0 epeLmalu
    tioo eheamds
    Subtaut Compit oeun
    Amputi he produtk euco oheauds
    Mulab
    Multby
    Diwide Conmpuda quotieut oTuo opeomds
    dise opermelA wtTh Cara
    tesum e{
    Add oilh CaBy eonupule
    tha d mu wtt borro
    Subtkactwih
    boovCw ompula
    Am Aa eq aeteand

    Negate (2s
    Comblemari)
    1i
    namnt Add
    Subteu1
    opesama
    fomehexomd
    letument

    kogical nstauuubn
    amd bat mamipuulahón mMuutiön
    Daical bits
    om Anuig
    bimay ohealuons
    etomn
    matuution D
    Kogical

    stosed
    om nistiu

    E Xommple
    AND Peaoms AND obeannols

    OR oheamds
    OR etoms
    Comploment takA tontblomunt
    e'NOT
    X-OR Peom AOR 00nds
    lea
    > Dua a bit gea selctd bi to 2210

    bits
    Aeluilud

    to sut a bet o seledud betu o1.


    bib> bua
    set 2eloctod

    Womploymun
    9 t mplumuaa bito loelid

    seleild bits
    aDndiion (set Anas)
    Tel abecified
    eamelu
    Cemuson e
    Test Tuso

    mako logioal
    Compane

    Enable anlabls ornteriupt


    At couinol lontto elc
    homdlung,tun
    Oiabe
    ntau
    ie wotd me
    wetd ane
    bels e
    o e
    he
    Xh bib
    shitt
    Anstauiuons;
    a e Jot n whueh
    shits eperetons ugnt
    mpied to
    slut Rnt
    omple keaical

    ioeioal

    A-itkrebic
    Arithmclic
    sup Kugtet

    ugt a
    Roat kgut
    Rotat kt"
    Proepom miol o rensa o Coniol msuuuo
    A raam oniol type a
    m
    4tuudioms , lehon exeutid, mag
    ta rar
    wnwme *he
    Na o adadses valu
    tAovliol sö be altesud

    umstuciovs 2peut mdulans qoaleig


    Aounia onnd caluse

    cowiol
    rogam

    pgsomm
    onthal ingtuudion
    Enomuple
    PC oth
    un bramthw)
    Uncondiliona bma Load
    specifted
    oddsus

    Tet Apeufed condulion ,eitarload fe


    ump(Cbndlilionl)> addseB, 1 do nothig
    oith speitied
    basad ov eonduoon

    flace auRe roram tonbol


    unmp To 3ubiouiiunt
    n knesn localuon,
    84 CAL wowmatuon
    Jumb
    0 speui fied
    addses.

    Koun Replace
    Mmlila Pt amd othes sugisloss

    om u knousn locations

    to PC to skip uxtnasudin
    Tncsemnnt
    Skit
    eifhu
    Test speu ked Andilions,
    Skip conlaona)> ovn tonduluon
    based
    Akab ps
    dlo noturg

    Halt Stop
    exeutgn
    at(hola) Stoomen exeution, stspeifted.
    ondilion ebratedg zasmuml exeuuon
    whun Comdition s
    Salusfied.

    No ebeaaJuen
    No ebeaton emDul rgsam exeuwie

    input md outpudl Jnstautenmi


    tmunal To a
    input
    Trams odat pom
    bul (Raad) desnatton
    soneboutfut
    Tvamse
    odat om Apifed
    Ouctput (uinik)
    munal to
    to To rouse
    Sturt 7lo Tramasa,nstuiiou
    mikae epeation

    T|o spim
    0
    nfoumalhon
    Trawse statius
    Tet lo dadination
    a pecified

    Awwesuon nsutuon
    velu b Loords
    Kamdat
    owet
    Exanmplu maluu in a sechion o
    lymslati
    Toamlatus
    bed gn tabl eeoispoolntu
    mumey
    Lomeli te oovenk of uwedl pom
    onet
    OnL oum o amothy
    Examle Conolitwa! Branh instutionu

    Brameh ero

    Bramh nat ziD


    Bvamt
    Bramh not Ay
    Bath pl
    mius
    Bramuh
    Branch 40veklo
    Branth Me oueo
    STOREDPROGRAM OR6ANIZATION OR
    Smak Actumulalo0 Orgauzalion
    oR
    fvoussor Orgamizaton voih Atumulalor

    ea@ze a
    Lcumulalor amd
    computu jnttis nuttd,

    p am instudiuom Ceee 4oumat etih T


    Prouor hasa Regiats eallid

    pde e
    Te t
    ei tel
    Acddses

    fad Apeufes ke opeton


    am adduss et opexmd
    opexand

    n
    bertomod
    Ra memoa
    ie mad ha Aeru

    FEAaTue ete atecomd oill be stored im he procossor Rs


    EXpl Memevr 9o96X16

    IS intauction
    pcoelo Addus
    instaucion eora

    IS
    Kema peRmd md daa
    Numba efbkin oddius= 12
    Nambui =&
    omeno Lptalens = Prowsor Rigsu
    4o96

    S
    he
    bls
    His
    6
    opeand ecdala

    nahad, porusor peyeiwmu Ha ekeation Abeute b


    Acuunualir or AC

    opcode o
    ha dots shaip b staad Bn Ha monuey
    loealie

    md connt Ac Rigista
    Snstauckom fovmat

    Most mMDnelds o instuduons asn

    ppexuon field
    wsh Apuitiel
    tu epeaLen tobe teroumad

    Adduss Rld wuth Lovtaius


    he locetuón o opexanndl
    i.e,

    Mods
    Ags
    feld
    mmou
    iohueh
    docaion

    speufies
    how opecamd us o be
    ound

    anl
    emally CPU o7gauzaiuons

    Sgle0 Actumulalor Orgamuzauen


    Gnomual Kagiuta Orgamizabou

    Sauk Orgamuzaien

    ho vummbo
    Ay unstuutiom
    sevaious kungh dupendurg om

    adaheses, at tovloins

    oaddsisses muhuulon eam be las fied

    On hs basis onumbel
    Three addhess (nstuuliomM
    Tuse addkausmsuiuen Lnstrunion formalu

    Ovn adohuss aautisn


    addsuss imtutiin
    Keso
    Three addsee înstuittóu
    had sthree adduuses to specifr
    This dosma ematiuctuon
    locatuim
    eistes e mennoy

    Desanation addsens Saunee Addses Soueaddus |lcde


    epcode

    EXmoks: ADD R1, R2, R3

    ADD RI, A,B

    Tro addrens instauckign

    Ths formathas onluy tuws addsuss t ape ufy aresis omemer


    Localuon

    Sourteacldes Mselo
    epceede Dextnation
    bpcede addus

    Exanuples MOV R, A
    ADD RI,8

    ansutuon
    One-addsoss
    3thas onlyone addkeus do Aheufy a islev
    ona mmo caxLD
    -Tu ues an wwm plied AccUMULATOR % AC Regis 10
    Ato om epemd seAult

    Mede
    ehtodsnddhesepea

    EXampl LOAD A

    ADD B
    exD Adduss Tnstucfion
    This ttauehon oma" dou ngt Aratam my adonIB eld
    A Statk based computu do not u adduesa feld m mestMucHon
    to eoum because Jpeomaa D
    e operaioi:
    two top dims o ostask
    opeuuom

    Gpced

    Exar ADD

    ex ÞRes&uOn
    to evalualein
    Note nauk base organiFocdion
    iast it s Lonveided o Post fx netabon or

    Raverse Poli sh Notuuin

    Exoymple o neuihon oumads To evalue


    am exbesiea

    bxovmble O Exiom X= A+B)* (C+D)


    Three ad.duen Forma Descuptio
    ADD RI, A,B RtM[AT+MB]
    ADD R2, C, D R2MC]tM[D]
    MUL X, R.Ro MXJ RI #R2
    He Ri, R2 al cgiutis
    M nemeu leeausy
    Too adds instauchens

    X=(At)«CtD)
    DescesUon
    MoV RI, A
    ADD RI, B RI-MAJ
    MOV R2, C RI-RI+M[CJ
    ADD R2,D R2-MC]
    MUL RI, R2 R2R2t MCDJ
    MOV X, RI
    RIRI R2 *
    MxJR
    0L adlS ungtuullon
    Descupuem
    LOAD AC MCAJ
    ADD AC AC+ MIBJ
    STORE T MTJ AC
    LOAD AC-M[CJ
    ADD ACAC +M[DJ
    MUL AC AC* MTJ
    STORE X MJAc
    Lohere Ptumuldor Kaqatas
    Ac
    to hold Hu
    MIT temeay mwey loeaiin

    wmt imtumnnediat Ruult


    loeuon
    KeRo adduUAs
    Tastaution,

    X=At8)*(C+b)
    Post x
    netluem X = ABtCD+ *
    beseipon
    PUSH A TOP= EeA
    PUSH B TOP B
    ADD TOP=AtB
    PUSH C ToP= C
    PUSH D TOP-D
    ADD ToP-(C+D)
    MUL TOP (AtE)*C+D)
    POP X MX= ToP

    Wauli a oggan to evaluae A-8)+C* (D¥E-F)


    G+H* k
    AB Thzee. addus metuhon:
    Desaisluom

    SUB RI, A,B RI-MAJ -M[ET


    MVL R2, D,E R2- MCDJ ¥ MLEJ
    SUB R2, R2,F R2 R2 -M[FJ
    MUL R2, R2,C R2-R2 *M[e
    ADD RI, RI, R2 RI RI +R2.
    MVL R3, H, R R3 M[HTt M[kT
    ADD
    DIV
    R3, R3
    A, KI, R3
    , R3R3+ M[bJ
    MXIA/R3
    uwo addhs instuutions
    Descitstuom
    MOV RI, A RIMAJ
    SUB RI,B RIRI-M[BT
    MOV R2, D R2 MUDJ
    MUL R2,E R2R2*M[EJ
    SUB R2, P R2-R2- MFJ
    MUL R2,C R2R2 *MEJ
    RI-RI+R2
    ADD R,R2
    MOV R3H R3MUHJ
    ADD R3, R3R3+M[GJ
    DIY RI,R3
    RIRIRg
    X, RI
    MUXJRI
    MOV

    addus instucion
    Dne
    Descptou
    A ACe MLAJ
    LOAD
    SUB B ACAAC-M[BJ
    STDRE T MCTJKAC
    LOAD D AC M[OJ
    E AC AC* MEJ
    MUL
    SUB AC AC-M[FJ
    MUL C ACAC * MMJ
    ADD T AcAC+ M[TJ
    STORE T MCTJ AC
    LDAD H ACMHJ
    MUL K AC-AC * MIK 7
    ADD AcAC+M[G
    STORE TI
    M[TIJkAc
    LOAD T AC-MCTJ
    DiV TI AC AC/ M[TIJ
    STORE X MX <AC
    Keso addhess bstuchon

    Postx Notacugn
    AB- CDE* P -*+ GHK*+/
    Desupto
    PUSH A TopA
    PUSH ToPB
    SUB ToPA-B)
    PUSH C Top
    PUSH D D
    Top
    PUSH E
    TopE
    MUL Topb¥E)
    PUSH F
    TopF
    SUB
    Top EA))
    MUL
    Top
    C (CD#E)-F)
    ADD Top-are)+ (C+{(DEE)-E)
    PUSH G Top-
    PUSH H Top-H
    PusH K

    MDL
    TopK
    ADD
    TopH*K)
    TepGi +(H*K)
    DV
    Top (CA-e)+Ca ((DHE)-F
    POP X (Gt(H#K))
    XTop
    Tcterial shaef
    Uuus;0 OAd oroao exfAessuoh AtB*C us
    Unituctien

    S Ce acldhUS

    Erpaesuompe

    ro m
    A tB ¥C

    uAug
    dudToe tcddss

    due acldseS
    instuo
    AC-M[8J J
    LOA D
    C ACRC*
    MUL Ac-Ac+m[AJ
    A AC
    ADD MDI
    STORE

    Tuco adduss fnstucion


    TounuL
    RI-M[8T
    RI, B
    Mov
    RIR MCJ
    RIRI *M[AT
    RI,T
    MUL
    ADD R, A
    D, RI
    M[JRI
    6FeRe
    MOV

    Ko addisS inshucion
    Pran uum
    ABC *+=
    A
    Top
    PusH A
    PySH B
    PUS H
    C ToP=
    B*C
    C

    MVL ToP
    ADD Top
    A+8*C
    A +B*C
    POP D MCDJ
    Neu lobC

    How uCuld you nd thu nunnbe bbuh ?

    usii a
    auptem hos memmou o 4o26 words 16 buk peR LOorb

    Size oT-
    Rugsv Numbu bl Numbes of localions
    Couml PC 12 =4016
    Paogsamm
    AR 12
    Adldkas Ruis Number o bls to
    Tasauilion kgab IR 16
    idmufy4o96
    Data Raga DR 16 LoCaduons |2
    Accumulalo AC 16

    e bi wm adds bus |2
    Numbu ud = 16
    dala
    Number

    A tomputis usei a mm0y e 256 K wonds 32 ber eath


    H
    bimy unstuuhvm Aode i stud ina one w0Ad ef mivney

    The instsuchon has 4ow tou


    Annduedton bit
    An ehexatuon tode
    and
    A giste tar &pufy 64 seszsteu
    An addus fat

    DHouo mamy bel eter in tho eferaon 2ode, tho segist

    Code aud adduuss pau? Fh numbs obel


    Aau e imstuchon yorvmat
    md sintlicale

    dn eatn at nbus/ bub


    au tae im the olaa amd addus
    Houo many blb

    mwmo
    Avns
    Numbsehwsids wm nemo 256k 266x lo24 2*2"
    Sire he wna 3 bit

    Size e unblaucuo=
    32 beccaust 4ubrutim As
    wesd of momet
    Atord in Brne

    Noof Induwdion bit1


    e
    Nmber eislai =64 2= 6
    6H aLgjsteus
    =|8
    sb M
    bua to idntity
    addsess
    umbea

    bostuucom omat
    Gue
    Tnduuhiom
    bit

    Ibat
    ||32 hu

    epcode Reeistes

    6bi
    Ads
    18bi

    bui in epcode
    = 32 (It6t13)
    Numbeus

    07 Nuymbs,o
    bels m kcodu
    6
    Wtumber o bs
    0gistes=

    Numbes bf ba inadiRnb 18
    i) Formaloimstruclim
    6 Addaers
    Addses
    tmdise chem|opco

    Numbu ets im addsess


    infput = 12

    Nuubey eball
    in dati ipat32
    Out
    QuuA
    QULs for 256 ns tuctios and 1024 Lood mumY ud

    e ouumber e bus saquuned in eath peefivstution

    baurstuctian
    kefec@nsea

    As Four
    ree addes imstunchem

    opede A A2LA3
    Rus
    A solhnee
    permnal!
    A1H, Ag
    Nexd mthuttion elunte
    Ay
    Numb epossib
    Nwbes bes wm
    wmstuciow=
    oteda=
    S
    8

    Huoel e docaiomS = [024


    Nwmber ef bels iu adduess= 10 :lo24
    FouYdses instnuh on

    1o Adduus 1oaddus1o A lbe


    8bit epteels

    Nunbu e bei vn instuciom= y3


    Lnstmuhon

    epcode oheand) Jeteanda

    ifoeamds ae tred im qster


    nstuurb
    ,an t is Ralld ugukla

    SoeREnce

    cpamds
    Saente
    aua
    instumetien.
    iored in , dtom tw aallel
    a memta,

    o asthutuon isstored
    4 128 Loovd
    cA G-bt xed ongth
    out ho numbu. hJs in otcodaand
    ono hen nd n1 acldriss instiuhon
    total nmbei e ossible epeatubs

    ovmal
    amtl a addkus unstucuonomat

    A Ona addus instuln tomar.


    m menmDy=128
    Number
    locatuevu
    12g localuon =n
    buts in addhusto dentifa
    Nunbea

    a 128

    n
    ht eb=t
    bils en adduus
    Nwvebe of
    Tbit
    16-7bets
    addnes
    &plede
    PLe
    bils

    uber dn ebcode
    bels =9 29S12
    Nembaes eossible oh
    eiatioru=
    COMMON BUS SYSTEN S2
    Bus

    S
    So
    | Memmry Unit|
    4096 [6

    Read

    AR
    LD INC CLR AR Acldiegs
    Rsistus

    A
    LD INC CLR PPom Counta
    DR A Data
    INC
    DR
    LD CLR
    Kagesle

    Ac Acunulao

    edde TR Istuehen
    Raaistiv
    LD NC CLR
    TR Temporay
    Ragis
    INPR_
    INPR Inbu

    IR
    LD OUTR
    Outf
    TR Rgiata

    LD INe CLR LDLooad


    INC Tnumn
    OUEK -clok CLR daa
    LD

    16 bat Common bus


    Snstuthon yele:
    w,ollowed by
    An uniuuion cuele
    conaists ean wMaluilóm
    ollowed by
    mo oherandselees, chak(if merups
    stoes, zollowed
    bey am intenupt
    epenamd
    a%0 enablad).

    tlu ollooing sthaes12ubyels


    A instution cyl
    incluses

    Fetch
    Execule
    Tntup
    RLad Ha nert imstutuon ponm memo nmlo prouA8or
    Feteh:
    de ohcoole amd peom e
    incdicated eheration

    2Keude Trtupaet

    mlunups
    ane enabled amd m nlouuse Aas h
    ocuDud,
    ()JDDLp PrOCessto,amd
    Beruiee

    nvolved
    whun insliuctaddusg
    (Indisect(
    pnly
    addittomal)

    Aa am nmiuiuon
    etlhed, Fet
    t exonmuned
    snvolved
    myincluxct
    or Sndnect
    addaunsing
    Tntwvup|
    4 imvolved,
    e
    P

    seausedopemds YExeui
    wimg indnect
    Aetuhed Instuctiontyele
    addissiny. folbvoing exeuiibn, involved
    eindirectaddkening
    om ntesspt ma
    be prottAed
    hetore ho t dnstauncien dptea
    Tgbauchion Aye Stal duagam,
    inelieclior ncdiuchom
    Epexl pexannd
    Sfoxe
    tnstsudior Ath
    addtths
    multple
    felch wuJtipe RRLults
    opepmdu

    anstuhom
    opesoncl Data heiand TlrouLTAlmy
    ensudiom addaess benlion addaus
    adlanes Operation chak
    Caleulalion Calculalion
    Calulakom docoduing

    insauciom omplöra,,
    Rn
    axtimtauuionm vesfordadla
    fekch

    exact sequune o eedh dusing am instuuchioneyele olpendls


    on a

    Tnstkutuon Sub-uyele's ila Jlouo

    Fetch cels ning etch eyele, am m huon s Kead pom


    tawodse LQum.ter Aonlins
    wm PC {Progtann

    o be ed,This addeR i
    he addAs et etinstaulon
    Moved-o MAR, ad placed
    on hs addhes bus.
    a memo lad ma Ke zlault 4
    The tonol nit ALqeM
    ho data bus omd. Aopiedto MBR amdl moed to
    placod om
    IK And tRon PC J inaLmond
    Jata
    bus

    Memoy

    CU
    RMBR
    Coinl
    addaos
    Bus
    aita louo eth ayle

    4ndustct Cyee
    TR t cordaims am
    A eth agel, somhel
    usimg
    umt
    undeRt addsig,
    Ahaks
    se aw induuct ayal
    epeamo specetie

    4odoumod
    TsAht mot N bels of MBR, Leluth oniums
    e adieAS RLente

    mseszol to the MAR 22ad, 0 qet


    oL Hhe desured

    Then coviuel wnit Segpesis


    a mime
    ha MBK
    adbS eheand wmlo

    MAR Mem
    Debeflo
    Coel
    inclsact umut

    MBR D
    Grdbuut eyele,
    PC must be
    Ha ousunt conent el

    a inlvost
    at h
    has Oeuwred,
    toDsei
    An BUme nesmal attivily a
    Awed so
    the iniupt.

    Taus Ma Lvrient e PC au ankzd


    F M8R to be waitlen

    mo ihe mimoly Te sheual memnoy docation 8czewedo ts


    u us loaded smo MAR om heaovüol wnit
    TL PC is Joadad wh fhe addes e a
    nlomupt A0ultme
    he nent eoill
    besin by dcthwg
    sa suutr, anstucom yple

    appropoial instiud
    bus

    MAR
    Memo
    PC
    Comel
    Lnut

    MBR

    Covhel
    addns bus
    bals

    Jala Plouo, minupt scl


    Flow ohod o unstutkon Aycli each ans biuduon eleConiit
    basic tompua,
    psosanen
    mimou
    -Felch hemstuillon zom
    indiectadiuis,
    a- Decode ha instuton Hhe memeu
    -Kead Ke ehuhive
    addhuus on
    4-Exeut He aMstkutten
    do stip 1 tfeh,de tods a
    A4,
    exeuutte
    Ma contol gou
    next mstuciom
    bauk

    isenLounud
    umloss a HaLT nshuchon
    Tuisvocs
    Aminus
    Stat
    SC0

    AR PC

    TRMtARJ, PC< PC+| 12


    Codle
    in IR (12-14)
    Decode eperation
    AR TRo-),T IR(I5)

    (Ragisis or 10)=1

    0Regsti) bndiacb=1L
    o (disL

    AR MIAR Nothua
    Exeulr Exetu
    Input-oupud Regsty Ralounte
    insuuutiom Tnstauchen

    SC&O SC-D exeudo MMemo


    Rokence
    InstuchHO
    SC<O
    Tht lorkast sepruta imiial corigwaluom o inskuuionLjale
    amd
    amalshou houo Mt onlkol delemines a|instuion tPe
    alt he detodiva.

    gpes instRutions:

    pcode Trom 000 to Ilo e D=0


    5 14 13 12 1
    opode Addors8

    Snstuuhon
    Dy=|,
    Reoustus Relerunte
    opcoda II| Le I=0
    5 14
    Roesy 6peLatemM

    snstsuhon ecccde III =I, I=1


    Le D4=
    Input-ouwput

    Kaqutts RdeineTnstuuctons

    CLA ACO ui AcC

    () EEndca
    EO clea E

    ) CLE

    CMA
    CME
    cIR
    E-E
    AC

    AC Bh AC
    AcCIs)-E
    E
    AC

    AC(o)
    Compbmut AC
    Complemunt
    akulat B
    E
    Agt
    CIL Shl AC
    AC
    ACCo)E
    EAC0
    INC AC-AC+I n uemet AC

    9
    SPA

    SNA

    SZA
    ActIs)==o
    PC-PC+1
    (Ac(is)==
    PcPC+I
    eC=O) Hw
    ) )tRw

    tRaw
    Skip

    8kip

    sk
    positive

    ngative

    aDc Ac Ad
    PCPC+1

    SZE (E==0) Av
    PCE PC+I

    (2) HLT S-oSis a stautF Halt wmpuli


    stoP foP)

    Memo Runte Tnstudioma

    epexion Decoelu

    OAND Do ACkAeAMRJ
    DoTy DR M[ARJ
    DoTs HC AC A DR, SCFOb

    D T4 DR MCARJ
    ADD DI
    DI Ts ACAC +OA
    ECout, SCEO

    D2 DyTy DRMARJ
    LDA
    D 75 AC DR, SC-O
    Load to AC
    ( STA

    tovre. Ac
    D3 MARTAC ,SCEo

    PCAR , SC0
    BUN
    Brancv
    ww.covduaonaly

    BSA Ds D5T4 MIARTPC, RRARtI


    DE 15 PC-AR, SC<O
    Bvom ml
    Sane Rutusn adois

    TSA D6 Del4 DRM[ARJ


    D TS DR-DR+I
    Lnemu Od D T6 M[AKJ DR,

    kip 3u F (DR=0)Ewv
    SC<o
    PCERI

    Sen m
    exeuuli
    (Toto T)*O
    Note ot we need ALznals

    mstutlon ISz
    Ra Aomgest
    Tnput 0utput Tastuutuons

    INP AcCo-7) INPR, FGIE0 putchaau


    OUT OUTR ACCo-7 FGOO Qutput choRatla
    skib on npus
    SKI f(FGL=)ttow
    PCPC+I flag
    Skip on output
    SkO F(F60 =)Hm a
    PCPCt unlinuptmablo
    IDN IEN=1 ON

    TOF LENEOp idupt euble

    inpud outpul lonliqunatuin

    Serial Conpedei
    ivpud-output
    Conmumi cahen Kauat amd
    TeAmunalX
    ivfato

    FnO
    Raceiver
    Pintis
    fau OUTR

    Ac
    TromsmUl
    Kyboand
    ntuface INPR
    INPR &bot input Rugut
    Ac Accumulaton
    F61T bat colial u op.
    ia available
    Thiu laay
    And, Hhis Mag
    sef to 1 w hew
    sclaz lo
    new

    iovmution
    30 ohun intosmluon ds
    atcapted by ttatombilis

    QU TR output Riqualu (sbib)

    FaO is 1bitConhel lep 4PG0is 1 hm


    AC To OUTR
    tnatesnd rom
    novmaluon
    And hun F60 clearn o2mb
    Tnstuchien cottes

    by ls eqiuTos,
    *The or9ani zalhon ea compuls cam be dalumed internal
    u use.
    e iminq annd cotel stute
    a
    md ha set
    Aystem
    ss dekued by
    insfauuhiens
    o AqOnte
    Tue lunal rgawzauon
    t
    sf

    feloom
    oligital

    en dala dloied n ili Regs


    epeLauons
    micro

    .
    a sequDvra e
    is a bna cecle at Apeuftes

    A anstudon
    Lonpuilis
    ia compulE
    w.coohotuons so Aleved
    an meme: (cal
    arl

    togethn
    wih te olala
    code
    hn
    Tun

    .
    nstuclon DADL
    Aoihol
    Conc
    om memey
    memBy
    es. Tho
    Thi
    ab
    T
    SToredoam
    Compulu
    Mads enth instuetiom
    insthution

    tode of unshuction
    To
    ond mceods has
    execuli

    als
    ousn
    ivinpets ta bimauy Evey aompulis

    a keqyuwneemic0ofetions
    Mang
    uviqui anskudion Bet
    dhat nbtuck e
    uo u
    compula
    ts

    tode sapnubobib
    3t is wualy
    dinded
    Jnstkudlon
    Tm a speutic
    operaton

    s am mutu uaoup 6
    acde pasi ubtoack
    subtaack
    code eheluon Auchas add,
    9pexatuin
    Aat dune epeáions

    o
    u
    bih

    im
    Corbtnment

    nn
    en inaennenl

    dupend
    eft

    on Fi number
    T numbes bulb opcocde will
    m conbilu
    2 umbet eopeliom
    ohealons
    Comtol Unit: Coruol
    tohal spnals provide
    Aonkol wnit gmuals avtol Anals m
    wnbulb o to muti plaxers in
    twmmon
    amd mieropeAauovns o
    bua, lonhol unpuls
    he aluumulatoy
    PoocesorKeauslers,

    Tnskutiom Rugster (IR)

    54 i 12 1l-o

    inpuls

    3X8 Detoder

    654 3210 Do
    D4 Cpniel
    Loic
    contel

    Gnatis
    outhuds

    IS 14 4Xl6
    13
    Decode

    Lncummmf 4bit (Sc


    aNR) Seqnl
    Clea(cLR Cnunul
    Clock
    compula

    Blockdua gAom
    o onkol tunitobasic

    tonol umuta
    Componuds ok
    0- Two datodus 3 Comhol koac galu
    0mi
    (2 Sequomu coum
    -hn instauduon e ead om mennon is placed m he IR egute
    Sn toel wrut ttu IR is diwided unto three ba
    ILit (Tndinch bi)
    Ha epesneriom Lode. bit l12-14)

    bet ot 11
    a 3X8 deuocler as 0utpuls
    Thaoealuon code bi aL docecled by
    Do to D

    Bat 15 ttamaevud doo upflop


    I
    Bs a h
    T
    outpuse
    A-br
    o tsough 11

    Sequu
    applied

    oumn pan coumt


    Runlis ast dceded. una
    to

    16
    covtuol

    im biuay
    logie

    timining Ainals
    o qalu

    o AD 15.
    TOto TI5
    Te

    S am nembucl Aleased.
    ppumtu
    LDuuu
    SC Cm be
    be animbuo
    Hhu sequnta
    tb provice.
    Tle Aaquenu ha counM ds muUrkad
    Mact ed Ste time, ds oleaud to po
    inauok, ta Lourtu
    iming Agals, Dnte to be To
    uuns signal

    Caumg
    Ho next athive

    A Anemnkid t provide
    shue SC
    Aomicdea sas md Ty m seauana
    Exomepl
    nbe TO, TI, T2, T3
    Agnaks
    SA
    to v
    a dstocda outbut
    At ie um T4,
    cleakad

    D3 s autive. Tu d expaeJged umubeli caly

    D3Ty SC<0
    Mic so epeAaion

    An exeuuion e aA0auDntO
    Tu exeubon e am inlauduon nvolues
    Anled Ayalai,
    Aubsteps, qerialy etcn, imclbud
    induud,
    Cosit e
    Conist e detcth,

    For exommbh,
    m exeuúon may
    md intabupt Aycles:
    Edch Ayl:
    is in

    exeuuls al ojentuoru
    a UU o moe
    undunut
    du madi. up

    alud miroeperations.
    umveuves
    mso betwee
    a
    pa a
    bus pa
    bul al
    mico speatiom
    qmually
    and a extaal
    ma aM exteinal

    A Avk bteen a Kopsug


    eAui
    Aegusles,
    uma.
    ALU efeaton
    Aimaple

    ropam exeuuon
    Lnsteuthon

    insbzuion Cyae
    suion instuchion ele
    pe yele

    TrdluectExeuleTniovapt
    Fet
    T
    mcro
    ucro
    beatn
    epenuon peration
    between operlon (nmatro opealube) nb
    DuA nat as oento
    ma&o-opeaibn.
    An opeatuon ia
    Pn efekatim
    hs pavt ewnstrudben Hu speufic

    bmaytede
    at tille hu rombulusTa pedovm

    Tusk aoperation

    Th oviuol unit geceives


    s mmstkuion kom 9movmeydmcl
    a
    nti pAelk
    e opexatom codle
    to
    betsH hen
    initialii
    issLeLs

    micro otetons
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    Rend

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    D Modu
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    leri

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    hext umsbunon ext ivstuuion

    Proamnd T0 TeuptDriven T[0


    ntexupt Biven T[o

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    om H device
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    device
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    eun a
    ,t
    anlinface datomines e dewiw is aady
    an mloupt kequet
    i daa
    oto conp
    30mD qunuatis

    he naupt Anal See CPU monetouly


    uom diucivg
    7o aBWICe
    stops fha ak oe
    tegm. , bsamthe

    was actually peoming


    T4olatid T{0 vs. Memouy Mabped T/D

    ohm Aue Maunweme ancl o hase a ABmnon bus,

    so mols
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    a possible

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    ne
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    "Thuss

    owsser uses mvSead deites


    umstutuons

    amd Tnput outpul

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    and wae
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    Maim Moduk
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    o
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    D amothea
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    oaitung

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    Šaltiss eT|o dwie *am pogamrd
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    mmesy omd rjo deices ommoy Omd I0 dwi

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    eite
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    Memey
    es kiient
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    Aomnec tu mlerupf sowrce
    he CPU.
    conisol line Hhat
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    ho addess brameh
    *delminu
    roremn

    Sumpla unbupt Protuse Seftuone


    Haacls anR

    Device Coliolles
    r Dthe
    ale8
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    IŠSues inlsaust ProcoAR
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    ument instauuhon

    Procassos sizsnals atknooledRmt Kosttre pmsAoi


    nlomlpt yowmaon

    frocessr pualas PSW amd PC old Psw


    Ratere
    Omto ti covltol staak
    PC
    ame
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    CPU

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    he
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    o 19nond
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    n
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    CP toame
    CPU Aam
    dalb

    be betea udizd o pmexeuli


    rll not Aae
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    Rata

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    to

    unl tb CPU. CPU


    leaves he Conal iystmm
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    dala

    tount.
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    hom
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    DMA E0 --6Mentoug
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    Sunal Bus

    DMA Memo
    DMA

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    DMA-O
    Prothso DMA Memnou

    Block Dioaisom DMA


    Addiesbus
    Addiess apska
    Data bus BUA BueA

    Addsa Reqistey

    Kuaiuei
    DMA Select wocd Count

    Roquses
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    8R
    Bus

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    Bus Grsant.

    Tupe Mlupt
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    DMA
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    Beque cPU t deame to tovdtuc e 4m bu

    Ha
    u nonm
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    DMA CoMtellu.

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    and KLL
    CPD dusabes bus qanty takis couel o buses

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    modu
    Cele stialing

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    k
    Tran
    stiaking

    saluiry
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    ta DMA

    o
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    word and ziuuns


    Hhe tovituel doOsa PDcLe
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    neF

    Note hid n 1mubt: Xo


    is" nol

    a and
    Aorlext do A0methonj ese Tt oveall ct
    one bus Ayle,.
    pauseso Nevete lehs,
    Kaftay., procese
    o to exeute
    mou dlutty. Nevekteles,
    Mmo
    acient
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    dsien a
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    proqsAmmod TJO

    3Tsamspanand DMA Ayles


    DMA s allevsed Ataal onyhose
    in mmpauont DMA,
    usi Aa Ayslu
    beis
    hun ha CPO snod ba ouwtrg
    to ave Covihol eAyua
    CPUcos
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    om CPU onmce
    0my advese
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    Tp Cutput shannts

    viriuly Aiewes
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    wonha! eve
    1t tas tonmplele
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    CPU som all Ilo
    CPo
    devica 4tH
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    oexeue he A7
    PolsOY

    An To pwwsser has o
    e
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    AmweaAM
    T[ô instUhous_

    cay he o0k data


    Malko
    ha
    ouct
    dluwice
    npul-output

    Th au Zieo types o0aL Ahamnel


    Seluto
    ahamn
    Multiplares

    Soletor ahannnal

    Adldyess dala to/trem


    mam imoiy selcror
    hamne

    Coiol Apnals eelul mDeluka


    CPU
    bHrom Coniollu

    sead
    Inudupud
    olwis
    A suleckoy abomntl Cam multrple hugh sheed dwic.
    Ony one dvi is selhelia
    banelle.
    at a ne doLommunicateou '.

    o ds
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    put mede

    A multbplexei ahamnul

    dala
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    Tolfoem
    maim
    ww.et Multrplexe
    ohamnel
    -O
    Contel mgmals
    to/faom CP

    nodule
    Conol

    wrh a nwnmbe odovices

    . hamdle. T/o
    llamne sau
    multplexeg a Aken Au,
    at e
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    is ustd
    muktjpaxi
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    Ahree devites
    Examp lesc
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    bylus
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    X1,
    Y5
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    h GR
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    as BI XI YIB2 X2 y2 83X3 y3 64X4yy-


    oufas
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    Snthn nous
    Asynuhpnos

    Symthronous: Renutess in dto anluatAnau a Comm0M Aluk


    unita
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    Loft
    Lot

    Aaid to be AuMchron0Lus

    nt
    m h
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    Aiguals
    D ndicat
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    al Hl aortuol Alsials
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    SouTce Destinaha
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    Unit
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    vali data

    Source
    iooud

    uit 48st placos todati


    om s
    a
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    ADLa
    olut, He
    br D

    enuu Hot ta data sifle


    dala -

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    acivaes
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    An dosti naton
    niteatid
    tu kpune i provide

    s Boba pulse, mlemmimg

    to AQuu Unut Hat imualisnalom


    whehe HoXo duti
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    mput-
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    Aata Bus Destination


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    Enable
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    faom
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    lins
    ar u kelah th s cleck

    Advaiage-
    low Jogic aud
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    sun af the smL Aloc


    om Hu bus
    Must
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    atn

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    os
    0s
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    A coek a 0gular &aguentu oaterllg


    equal duation
    .

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    Stalus Algmal
    tius
    ws adOKAS
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    Enable

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    AiLinA
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    addnus eable supa

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    tuaddaus amd placs he data on i daa
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    Asmehonous Bus

    No Aleck
    Omd oubends
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    O ho ochenie trevio! enent

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    stalus lin Stalus Agnals

    Addos Lmes.
    tobla Aedies

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    valid daa
    Jnts

    Acknouslaa

    en he busA
    addaus amd laius Anals
    TLa Duxorplacu a RAad
    the ocserJiSuAs
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    deLocuns ,mmeuy places to
    Aa addes
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    stab?
    ,
    akseaak acknolecaes

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    ter Morexibka
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    stalus
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    neldses
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    at valid data

    Acknouwledae-

    addness wMa Stutus inals om he hus


    -Tus poewsor
    ns at Aa omeinu
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    He dataAuies and
    luines ana

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    d momoy
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    The mas hon Aigual
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    Sesial Communi cauon
    0
    Seral Tami missionm

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    oeuss by Toamsmiing
    dat Sads Reuive

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    de era bus
    Stopbuls
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    in boh s oinectións

    simuttounoua
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