Lesson 1: Introduction to Chemistry

Importance of Chemistry
- Discovery/Innovation of Engineering Material
- Energy Sources
- Environmental Observation and Preservation
Chemistry
- Known as the Central Science
- The study of matter and its composition
Organic Chemistry – Compounds that contains organic elements, usually the study
of carbon compounds.
Inorganic Chemistry – Compounds that contains non-organic elements.
Physical Chemistry – Study of theoretical aspects of structures and changes in
matter
Analytical Chemistry – It is the study of what is present and how much is present
Biochemistry – It is the study of biologically important elements of chemistry
Brief History of Chemistry
Prehistoric Time [Bricks, Pottery, and Metals]
- Gold as one of the mostly used metals, as well as copper and silver
- Glass of various dyes also existed
400 BC [Aristotle’s 4 Elements and 4 Properties]
- Four Elements: Fire, Water, Earth, and Wind
- Four Properties: Hot, Cold, Wet, and Dry
- 5th Element Ether [For Aether – Greek Mythological origin]
Christian’s Era [Greek’s Chemeia, Egyptian’s Khemia, and Chinese’s Alchemy]
- Chemeia – from Chemi (Soil from Egypt) meaning “cast together”
- Khemia – Means “Dark Arts”
- Alchemy – From Arabian extension “Al” and Kem-mai meaning “Lost for
gold searching” In context, the term chemistry means “The art of Egypt”
Matter – Is anything that occupies a space and has mass
States of Matter
3 Main States
Solid – Particles that are tightly packed and have regular arrangement
Liquid – Particles are tending to hold and usually hold the shape of its container
Gas – Particles are dispersed and loosely packed
2 Particle Activity States
Plasma – Ionized gas whose energy is sufficient to release atoms
Bose-Einstein Condensate – Occurs at very low temperature in which particles
tend to stop at moving
Parts of Matter
Substance – Matter with definite composition and distinct properties
- Element – Simplest form of matter. Contains one kind of atom
- Compound – Pure substance that contains 2 or more elements combined
with definite proportion by mass
Particle – Matter of microscopic composition
- Atom – Building blocks of matter
- Molecule – Two or more atoms combined chemically
Classification of Matter
Pure substance – Matter with definite composition and distinct properties
Mixtures – Compositions of two or more pure substances
- Homogenous Mixtures – Composition is uniform throughout the substance.
Components are indistinguishable
- Heterogenous Mixtures – Composition varies and thus has particles that
retain their chemical properties
Suspensions – Solid material did not dissolve in liquid mixture
Colloid – Particles (between 1 to 1000 nm) did not dissolve in liquid mixture
Properties of Matter
Physical Property – Properties that are measurable without changing the identity
of the substance
Chemical Property – Properties that are measurable by the production of another
substance
Evidence of Chemical Reaction
- Change in color
- Change in temperature
- Change of composition
- Formation of gas/precipitate
Extensive Property – Properties that are dependent to the size of the sample
Intensive Property – Properties that are independent to the size of the sample
Mass vs Weight
- We define matter as anything that has mass and occupies space. Thus, we
can define mass as the quantity of matter in a particular sample.
- Weight, on the other hand, depends on the gravitational pull acted on
mass.
Distance vs Displacement
- Distance is the path travelled from point A to point B. It is the sum of the
lengths measured on each path
- Displacement, on the other hand, is the shortest distance from point A to
point B
Unit Analysis
- One of the requirements to understand any field of science is how units
work on each observation
- A unit of measurement is used to quantify a type of observation. Since
there are multiple units that can be used, an International Standard of Unit
(SI) is considered for uniformity.
- There are seven fundamental observations, each having its standard unit
 Measurement SI Unit
Mass Kilogram (kg)
Length Meter (m)
Time Second (s)
Temperature Kelvin (K)
Amount of Substance Mole (mol)
Electric Current Ampere (A)
Luminous Intensity Candela (cd)

Angular Units
- There are more than one angular unit. Thus, these units are usually
converted under one circular evolution (1 rev)

Angular Unit = 1 Revolution

Degree 360 °
Radians 2π Rad
Gradient 400 Grad
Mils 6400 Mils

Temperature Units
- Conversion of temperature units are interval – based and therefore
bounded on both positive and negative value
n℃ = 9/5 + 32 ℉
n℉ = 5/9 (n – 32 ) ℃
n℃ = (n + 273) K
n℉ = (n + 460) °R
Derived Units
- Some units, when combined, will produce new unit of measurements.
Having the knowledge of these units shall be useful in unit analysis, such ah
reduction into simpler unit.
 - Examples: Joules (J), Watts (W), Newton-meter (N-m), Square Meters (m2)
- MKS units – uses meter, kilogram, and second as units
- CGS – uses centimeter, grams, and seconds as units
Some units are a product of formulas in units
Density = Mass / Volume
Velocity = Displacement / Time
Speed = Distance / Time
Force = Mass x Acceleration
Work = Force x Distance
Multiple units
- Some measurements have different units. There is an existence of british
scale and other writing of metric scale.

Metric -> British Others

1 in = 2.54 cm 1 cu.cm = 1mL
1 m = 3.28 ft 1 cu.dm = 1L
1 mi = 1.609 km 1000 L = 1 cu.m
1 sTon = 907 kg 1 Tonne = 1000 kg
1 lTon = 1016 kg 1sTon = 2000 lbs
1 kg = 2.2 lbs 1 lTon = 2240 lbs