CE - ConventionalTest - (FLT 3) - P IISOLUTIONS 1637124304953

IES MASTER
Institute for Engineers (IES/GATE/PSUs)
Sl. No. 14 ABCDEF(M)

Civil Engineering
[FULL LENGTH TEST-3, PAPER-II]
14th November 2021
[SECTION – A]
1. (a) From the given velocity components:
u v
= 2x; = 2y
x y
R
Substituting these values in the three-dimensional continuity equation
u v w
E
+ + = 0, we obtain:
x y z
w
= –2  x + y 
T
z
which upon integration gives:
S
w = – 2 (x + y) z + integration constant. The constant of integration may be just a numerical constant

or a function which is independent of z. Omiting this constant, the third component of velocity may be
prescribed as:
A
w = – 2(x + y) z
(ii) For the flow to be irrotational, curl V = 0, i.e.,   × V  = 0

M
 i j k 
 
 × V  =    
 x y z 
 
 u v w 
S
 i j k 
 
  
Substituting for the velocity components,   × V  =  
IE
x y z 
 
 x 2 + z 2 + 5 
  y2 + z2 – 3  –2  x + y  z 
( 2 ) CE (FLT-03), ESE Conventional Test Series Paper-II, 14th November 2021
  2 
= i  –2  x + y  z –  y + z – 3  
2
 y z 
   2 
x + z + 5 
2
– j  –2  x + y  z –
 x z 
 2   2 
+k   y + z – 3  – x + z + 5 
2 2
  x y 
= i (–2z – 2z) – j (–2z – 2z) + k (0 – 0) = – 4 zi + 4 zj
Thus the curl of velocity vector is not zero, and hence the flow is not irrotational.
 2 2
1. (b) A= ×  4.0  = 12.566m
4
K 0 1 H1
From equation A = T ln H
R
r 2
Here Tr = 90 min = 1.50 h, H1 = 2.5 m, and H2 = 1.25 m
E
K0 1 2.5 –1
(i) Ks = = ln = 0.462 h
A 1.5 1.25
(ii) Q = Ks . A . H = 0.462 × 12.566 × 2.5 = 14.52 m 3/h
R 2 2
T
S
(iii) A2 = × 5 = 19.635m
4
Q = Ks × A2 × H2 = 0.462 × 19.635 × 2.25 = 20.415 m 3/h
A
1. (c) The ratio of the water available for use to the water applied is defined as irrigation efficiency.
Various types of irrigation efficiencies are:
M
(1) Water Conveyance Efficiency (c )

It is defined as the ratio of the quantity of water delivered to the fields or the irrigated land to the quantity
of water diverted into the canal system from the river or reservoir.
Thus, if W f is the quantity of water delivered to the field and W r is the quantity of water diverted into
S
the canal system from the river or reservoir then

Wf
c = W  100
IE
Note : The water conveyance efficiency accounts for the water losses which occurs in conveyance from
the point of diversion into the canal system to the fields.
(2) Water Application Efficiency (a )

It is defined as the ratio of the quantity of water stored in the root zone of the plants to the quantity
of water delivered to the field.
Thus if W s is the quantity of water stored in the root zone and W f is the quantity of water delivered
Ws
to the field then a = W  100
f
Note: The water application efficiency therefore accounts for the water losses which occur during the
application of irrigation water to the field. the common sources of loss of water during its application
to the field are surface runoff from the field and deep percolation.
Regd. office : F-126, (Lower Basement), Katwaria Sarai, New Delhi-110016 Phone : 011-26522064
Mob. : 8130909220, 9711853908 E-mail: info@iesmasterpublications.com, info@iesmaster.org
Web. : iesmasterpublications.com, iesmaster.org
CE (FLT-03), ESE Conventional Test Series Paper-II, 14th November 2021 (3)
Thus, if Rf is the quantity of water lost as surface runoff from the field and Df is the quantity of water
lost due to deep percolation to a level far below the root zone, then
W f = W s + Rf + Df
Wf  (R f  D f )
and a   100
Wf
e.g., In the case of sprinkler irrigation method the water application efficiency may be as high as 80%
while in the case of a surface irrigation method it may not exceed 60%.
(3) Water Use Efficiency (u )
It is defined as the quantity of water used beneficially including the water required for leaching to the
quantity of water delivered.
R
Thus, if W u is the quantity of water used beneficially and W f is the quantity of water delivered to the
Wu
E
field then u =  100
Wf
(4) Water storage Efficiency (s )

T
It is defined as the ratio of the quantity of water stored in the root zone during irrigation to the quantity
of water needed to bring the moisture content of the soil to the field capacity.
S
Thus, if W s is the quantity of water stored in the root zone during irrigation and W n is the quantity of
water needed to bring the moisture content of the soil to the field capacity (i.e., W n = Field capacity
A
– Available moisture in the soil prior to irrigation), then
Ws
s = W  100
M
Note : The presence of excess salts in the soil would require that water storage efficiency should be
high in order to keep the salts washed out of the soil.
(5) Water Distribution Efficiency (d )

S
It is determined from the following expression

 y
d  1    100
IE
 d
where, ‘y’ is the average numerical deviation in depth of water stored from the average depth of water
‘d’ stored in the root zone during irrigation.
 Water distribution efficiency evaluates the degree to which water is uniformly distributed throughout
the root zone during irrigation and hence it is also known as uniformity coefficient.
 Higher is the value of d , more uniformly is the water distributed in the root zone which in turn
will result in a better crop response.
(6) Consumptive use Efficiency (cu )
It is defined as the ratio of the normal consumptive use of water to the net amount of water depleted
from the root zone.
Thus, if W cu (or Cu or Etc ) is the normal consumptive use of water or evapotranspiration and W d is the
net amount of water depleted from the root zone then
Wcu
cu =  100
Wd
Note : The consumptive use efficiency, therefore, accounts for the loss of water by deep percolation
and any excessive evaporation following an irrigation.
1. (d) Plant inflow, Q0 = 8000 m3/day = 8 MLD
Recycle flow, QR = 6000 m3/day = 6 MLD
Mixed liquor suspended solids, X = 3500 mg/L
Solid loading rate = 200 Kg/m2/day
 Q0  QR  X
Surface area of SST = Solid loading rate
R
 8000  6000   103  3500  10 6
=
200
E
= 245 m2
d2


4
= 245
d = 17.66 m
T
S
Provide diameter of SST = 17.66 m and depth = 3.5 m.
1. (e) (i) Concentration in meq/l can be calculated by the equation:
A
mg / l
meq/l = Equivalent weight
M
Concentration expressed as mg/l CaCO3 is expressed by the equation:
50
mg/l CaCO 3 = mg/l 
Equivalent weight
The result is tabulated below:

S
Component mg / l Equiv. wt. meq / l mg / l as CaCO3

IE
Calcium 70.0 20.0 3.5 175

Magnesium 50.0 12.2 4.1 204.9
Sodium 10.0 23.0 0.43 21.74
Bicarbonate 300.0 61.0 4.92 245.9
Sulphate 135.0 48.0 2.81 140.63
Chloride 7.0 35.5 0.197 9.86
(ii) Alkalinity = Bicarbonate alkalinity

= 245.9 mg/l as CaCO3 [as calculated in part (i) in the question]
Total hardness = Hardness due to calcium and magnesium in mg/l as CaCO3.
= 175 + 204.9 = 379.9 as mg/l as CaCO3.
Carbonate hardness = alkalinity = 245.9 mg/l as CaCO3.
 Non-carbonate Hardness
= Total hardness – carbonate hardness
= 379.9 – 245.9 = 134 mg/l as CaCO3.
1/6
2. (a) (i) Using Strickler’s formula : N =  k s 1/6 / 24 =  0.5 ×10 –3  / 24 = 0.0117
As side friction is neglected, Qs / Q = 1.00

From Meyer-Peter’s equation,
3/2
qs = 47500  b  N / N 3/2 – c 
where b =  w S D = 9.81 × (1/4000) × 2.5 = 6.13 × 10-3
R
N / N = 0.0117/0.02 = 0.585
c = 0.047 (  s –  w )d
E
= 0.047 (2.65 – 1.00)×9.81×0.3 × 10-3
= 2.28 × 10-4
or
T
qs = 47450 [6.13 × 10-3 (0.585)3/2–2.28 × 10-4]3/2
qs = 5.98 kN/m/hr
S
Total load, Qs = 5.98 × 50 = 299.00 kN/hr
2. (a) (ii) Selection of site of a cross-drainage work: The following points should be considered while selecting
A
the site of a cross-drainage work.
1. At the site, the drainage should cross the canal alignment at right angles. Such a site provides
good flow conditions and also the cost of the structure is usually a minimum.
M
2. The stream at the site should be stable and should have stable banks.
3. For economical design and construction of foundations, a firm and strong sub-stratum should exit
below the bed of the drainage at a reasonable depth.
4. The site should be such that long and high approaches of the canal are not required.
S
5. The length and height of the marginal banks and guide banks for the drainage should be small.
6. In the case of an aqueduct, sufficient headway should be available between the canal trough and
IE
the high flood level of the drainage.

7. The water table at the site should not be high, because it will create dewatering problems for
laying foundations.,
8. As far as possible, the site should be selected D/s of the confluence of two streams. Thereby
avoiding the necessity of construction of two cross-drainage works.
2. (b) 2 hUH
S4 curve ordinates
Ordinate (Col.  4 
of 4 h Sr curve ordinate Col.  6
S4 curve Col.  5 
Time UH addition (Col.  2 + 3) lagged by DRH of  2 / 4
(h)
3
(m /s)
3
(m /s) m3 /s 2h  2 / 4  = 0.5 cm m3 / s
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 0 0 0 0
2 8 8 0 8 16
4 20 0 20 8 12 24
6 43 8 51 20 31 62
R
8 80 20 100 51 49 98
10 110 51 161 100 61 122
E
12 130 100 230 161 69 138
14 146 161 307 230 77 154
16 150 230 380 307 73 146
18
20
142
130
307
380
449
510
T 380
449
69
61
138
122
S
22 112 449 561 510 51 102
24 90 510 600 561 39 78
A
26 70 561 631 600 31 62
28 52 600 652 631 21 42
M
30 38 631 669 652 17 34

32 27 652 679 669 10 20
34 20 669 689 679 10  20  15
36 15 679 694 689 5 10 10
S
38 10 689 699 694 5 10 6

40 5 694 699 699 0   0 3
IE
42 2 699 701 699  2 4 0

44 0 699 699 701  2  4 0
Final adjusted values are given inc ol. 7.
Unadjusted values are given in parentheses.
2. (c) (i)
Factor Remarks
Available land area Site should have a useful life greater than 1 yr (minimum value)
Haul distance Will have significant impact on operating costs
Soil conditions and topography Cover material must be available at or near the site.
Surface water hydrology Im pact drainage requirements.
Probably most important factors in establishment of landfill site,
Geo logic and hydrogeologic conditions
especially with respect to site preparation.
Climatologic conditions Provisions must be made for wet – weather operation
Local environmental conditions Noise, odor, dust, vector and aesthetic factor control requirements.
Ultimate use of site Affects long – term management for site
R
2. (c) (ii) Advantages and Disadvantages of Imhoff tanks
Advantages:
E
(1) They are quite economical in operation.
(2) They do not require skilled attention during operation.
(3)
(4)
There are no moving parts.
They require only preliminary treatment.
T
S
(5) There is no difficulty in sludge removal. Also the sludge volume and weight are less.
(6) The results obtained are good, with 60 to 70% removal of solids and 30 to 40% removal of BOD.
A
Disadvantages:
(1) Because of greater depth, cost of construction is higher
M
(2) Unsuitable for acidic influents

(3) They give oftensive odours, when improperly operated
(4) They have tendency to foam or boil, due to which the sludge particles may enter the sedimentation
zone thorugh the slot, thus affecting the quality of the effluent.
3. (a) (i) Horizontal component of the resultant hydrostatic force acting on a curved surface,
S
= hydrostatic force acting on area projected on a vertical plane.

IE
=  w A yc
Water surface A
2 m dia
cylinder
Water surface
D O B
Fh1
Fv1 Fv2
Fh2
C
 Horizontal force exerted by water on the deeper side,
1
Fh1 =  w × (distance AOC × cylinder length) × distance AOC
2
1
= 9.81×  2 ×1.5  ×  2 
2
= 29.43 kN
The line of action of force Fh1 acts at a distance
1
= length AOC from point C
3
1
= × 2 = 0.667m from point C
3
R
= (1 – 0.667) = 0.333 m from point O
Horizontal force exerted by water on the shallow side,
E
1
Fh2 =  w ×  distance OC × cylinder length  × of distance OC
2
T 1
= 9.81× 1×1.5  × 1 = 7.36 kN
2
S
The line of action of force Fh2 acts at a distance
1
A
= length OC from point C
3
1
M
= ×1= 0.333 m from point C

3
= (1 – 0.333) = 0.667 m from point O
Net horizontal force,
Fh = 29.43 – 7.36 = 22.07 kN
S
The vertical component of the resultant hydrostatic force is the weight of water supported by the curved
surface.
IE
Upward force on ADC,
Fv1 =  w × volume of curved surface ADC which represents a semi-circle
1 2
= w × r l
2
1 2
= 9.81×  1 ×1.5 = 23.10kN
2
and this force acts at a distance
4r
= from point O
3
4 ×1
= = 0.424m from point O.
3
Upward force on BC,
Fv1 =  w × volume of curved surface BC which represents quadrant of a circle
1 2
=  w × r l
4
1 2
= 9.81×  1 ×1.5 = 11.55kN
4
and this force acts at a distance
4r
= from point O
3
4 ×1
= = 0.424 m from point O
3
R
Net upward force,
Fu = 23.10 + 11.55 = 34.65 kN
E
Resultant force F = Fh2 + Fv2
=  22.07  2 +  34.65  2 = 41.08 kN
T
If  is the inclination of the resultant force with the horizontal,
Fv 34.65
S
tan  = F = 22.07 = 1.57
h
  = tan-1 (1.57) = 57.50°

A
(b) The least weight of the cylinder should be equal to the net upward force of 34.65 kN so that it
is not lifted from the floor of the channel.
3. (a) (ii)
M
–3
75×10
Flow velocity, V =  = 2.388 m/s
2
×  0.20
4
Viscosity,  = 0.05 Poise = 0.05 × 0.1 = 0.005 Ns/m2
S
Vd
Reynolds number, Re =

IE
2.388 × 0.2 × 850

= = 81192
0.005
i.e., the flow is turbulent and the Blasius correlation can be used to obtain the friction coefficient.
0.3164 0.3164
= = 0.01874
4f = 0.25
 81192 0.25
R e 
Head lost due to friction,
2
4f lV
hf =
2gd
2
0.01874 × 500 ×  2.388 
=
2 × 9.81× 0.2
= 13.62 m of oil
(10) CE (FLT-03), ESE Conventional Test Series Paper-II, 14th November 2021
Power required to maintain flow,

P =  w Q h f =  gQh f
= (850 × 9.81) × (75 × 10-3) × 13.62

= 8517.78 Watt
3. (b) Here, h = 200 ; d = 1 m; u = 3 m/s ; Vs = 12 m/sec p = 1000 millibars.
Also Ts = 150 + 273 = 423°K
Ta = 25 + 273 = 298°K
Hence from equation (Holland’s equation )
Vs  d  –3  Ts – Ta  
h = 1.5 + 2.68 ×10 pd  
4   Ts  
R
12×1  –3  423 – 298  
= 1.5 + 2.68 ×10 ×1000 ×1 
3   423 
E
= 9.17 m
 H = h + h = 200 + 9.17 = 209.17 m
3. (c) Plunger diameter, D = 10cm.Stroke, S = 200mm. Crank radius, r =

T
Separation occurs at 7.898 N/mm2 below atmospheric pressure i.e. vacuum.
S
2
 100mm
S
 P = Hv g
7.848 × 104 = Hv × 103 × 9.81

A
 Hv = 8m (vacuum)
M
Had
ld=18m
Hd=14m
Had dd=30mm
B Hd
Hs
S
H0 Hs=4m
Has ls=6m
A ds=40mm
IE
Indicator Diagram
1. In order to avoid separation during section, the pressure inside cylinder is minimum at start of
suction i.e. at ‘A’ of indicator diagram.
 Hs+Has  Hv ...(i)
where Hs is suction head and Has is acceleration head during suction. Hence acceleration head
during suction is given by as,
ls A 2
Has = g a  r
s
 From equation (i)

Has  (Hv – Hs)
ls A 2
r  Hv  Hs 
g as
g as
2  Hv  Hs 
lsr A
2
 4  9.81
 8  4    
 10  6  0.1
 10.464
   10.464  3.235rad sec.

2N
 3.235
60
R
60  3.235
Ns 
2
E
Ns  30.9 rpm
2. During delivery stroke, the minimum pressure is at ‘B’ where separation can happen. So no.
separation,
Ho + Hd – Had  Ho – Hv T [Absolute pressure head]
S
ld  A  2
Hd  Hv  r  0
g  ad 
A
g  ad 
2  Hd  Hv   
r ld  A 
2
9.81  3 
M
 14  8    
0.1 18  10 
 10.791
 d  10.791 = 3.285
60  d 60  3.285
S
Nd    31.37 rpm
2 2 
Hence separation occur during suction and maximum allowed speed of pump is 30.9 rpm.
IE
[20 Marks]
4. (a) Consider 1 Km reach of canal
 Wetted surface area = Wetted perimeter × Length of canal = 22.4 × 1000 = 22400 sqm
(per Km)
(i) Annual Benefits

(a) Seepage
4 89600
Seepage loss in unlined canal = 4 cumecs /106 sqm = 6
 22400 = cumec/Km
10 106
0.01 224
Given, Seepage loss in lined channel = 0.01 cumec/106 sqm= 6 × 22400 = cumec/Km
10 10 6
89600  224 89376

Net saving = 6 = = 0.089376 cumecs/Km
10 10 6
 Annual revenue saved per Km of channel = Rs. 0.089376 × 4 × 105 = Rs. 35750
(b) Saving in maintenance
Annual maintenance cost of unlined channel = 12 paise per sqm.
Total wetted area per km length = 22400 sqm.
12
Annual maintenance charge for unlined channel per sq. km = Rs. 22400 × = Rs. 2688
100
Saving in annual maintenance because of lining = 40%
40
Hence, annual saving in maintenance charges = Rs. × 2688 = Rs. 1075.2
100
R
Total annual benefits per km = Rs. 35750 + 1075.2 = Rs. 36825.2
(ii) Annual costs
Area of lining per Km. of channel = wetted perimeter of lining × length of channel
E
= 22 × 1000 = 22000 sqm.
Cost of lining per km of channel (at Rs 20 per sqm) = 20 × 22000 = Rs. 44 × 10 4
Given, life of lining= 40 years.
Depreciation cost per year =

44  10 4
= 11000
T
S
40
Given, rate of interest, r = 5%
A
1 r 1 4 5
Avg. annual interest = C =  44  10  = Rs. 11000
2 100 2 100
Total annual cost = 11000 + 11000 = 22000
M
Annual benefit 36825.2

Hence, Benefit to cost ratio = = = 1.674
Annual cost 22000
Benefit to cost ratio > 1 Hence, lining is justified.
4. (b) (i) 1. Sluice Valve
S
Handle
IE
Thread
Spindle
Wedge
Sluice valve
 It is also known as gate valve or shut-off valve.

 It is provided to regulate the flow of water through the pipe and is essential todivide the main
line into several sections.
 It is usually placed at the summits of the pressure conduits where the pressure is low.
 It is made up of iron with brass mounting, it is either solid wedge type or double disk type
2. Check Valve or Reflux Valve or Non-Returning Valve
Valve
Pivot
Projection
Reflux Valve
R
 It is possesses some automatic device which allows the water to flow in one direction only.
 It is made of brass or gun metal.
E
 This valve is provided in the pipe line which draws water from the pump.
 When the pump is operated, the valve is opened, but when the pump is suddenly stopped the
3. Relief Valve or Safety Valve T

valve is automatically closed and the water is prevented from returning to the pump.
S
Handle
A
Spring
M
Spindle
Valve
Main Pipe
S
Projection
IE
Relief Valve
 It is also known as pressure relief valve or cut-off valve or saftey valve.

 The power of the spring of the valve is so adjusted that the valve always remains in closed position
up to some permissible water pressure in the pipe line.
 When the pressure of the water suddenly exceeds the permissible pressure due to water hammer
phenomenon, then the valve is opened automatically and the excess pressure is released
instantaneousy. Thus the pipe line is protected from bursting.
4. (b) (ii) Flow rate q = 3.5 m3/s per metre width
q
 Flow velocity V =
y
3.5
= = 2.1875 m/s
1.6
Hydraulic mean depth,

by
ym =
b + 2y
For a wide channel, the breadth b of the stream is large in comparison width flow depth y.
by
 ym = = y = 1.6m
b
Gradually varied flow
Slope of the free water surface,
dy 1.7 – 1.5
= = 0.000667
dx 300
R
Average flow depth ( y )
E
y1 + y 2 1.7 +1.5
y = = = 1.6m
2 2
At the average flow depth
Velocity (V) =
3.5 T
= 2.1875m / sec
S
1.6
Hydraulic mean depth ym  y = 1.6 m

A
The rate of change of depth is given by,
dy S0 – S f
=
dx V2
M
1–
gy
0.001– S f 0.001– S f
0.000667 = 2
=
2.1875 0.6952
1–
9.81×1.6
S
 S f = 0.001 – 0.6952 × 0.000667

= 0.000536
Then from the Chezy’s correlation :
IE
V = C y mS f
or 2.1875 = C 1.6 × 0.000536 = 0.0293C
2.1875
 Chezy’s constant C = = 74.69
0.0293
4. (c) The volume of the digester is determined by the following empirical relationship:
 2 
VD =  V1   V1  V2   t
 3 
where
VD = volume of the digester, m 3
V1 = volume of raw sludge fed to the digester per day, m 3/d
V2 = volume of digested sludge removed per day, m 3/d
t = detention time (digestion time), d
(a) Compute the volume of raw sludge, V 1
(i) Determine the quantity of dry solids: Quantity of dry solids generated/d,
W s = rate of dry solids generation × wastewater flow
= 0.20 (kg/m 3) × 10000 (m 3/d)
= 2000 kg/d
(ii) Determine the volume of raw sludge, V 1: For 96% moisture content of raw sludge, the solid content
of sludge, Ps is 4%. Therefore, P s = 0.04 (in decimal). The volume of raw sludge,
Ws
V1 =   P  S (S1 = Specific gravity of sludge)
w s 1
R
2000
V1 = = 49.0 m 3/d
1000  1.02  0.04
E
(b) Compute the volume of digested sludge, V 2
Determine the quantity of fixed solids in fresh sludge
Fixed solids, kg/d = 25% of total solids (as VS content = 75%)
= 0.25 × 2000 kg
T
S
= 500 kg
Determine the quantity of volatile solids in fresh sludge
A
Volatile solids, kg/d = 75% of total solids
= 0.75 × 2000 kg
M
= 1500 kg
Determine the quantity of volatile solids destroyed
volatile solids destroyed, kg/d = 65% of volatile solids
= 0.65% × 1500 kg
S
= 975 kg
Determine the quantity of sludge solids in the digester
Sludge solids in digester = fixed solids + volatile solids after destruction
IE
= 500 + (1500 – 975) kg

= 1025 kg
Ws
volume of digested sludge, V 2 =   S  P (S2 = specific gravity of digested sludge)
w 2 s
1025
V2=
1000  1.04  0.08
 V2= 12.32 m 3/d
(c) Compute the volume of the digester, V D
Substituting the values in the following equation,
 2 
VD =  V1   V1  V2    t
 3 
we have, VD = [49.0 (m 3/d) – 0.66 (49.0 – 12.32) (m 3/d)] × 15 (d)

= 372.0 m3
Therefore, the net volume of the digester is 372.0 m 3.
[SECTION – B]
5. (a) 12 –5
kz = = 3.75 ×10 mm/s
4 4 4
–4
+ –5
+ –5
2×10 4.0 ×10 2.0 ×10
Taking the top of the gravel as datum:

Head of water due to artesian pressure = 15.5 m
R
Head of water due to groundwater = 3 × 4 + 1 = 13 m
Therefore, excess head causing flow = 15.5 – 13 = 2.5 m.
E
2.5 –5 –6 3
Flow = q = Aki = 3.75 × ×10 = 7.8 ×10 mm /s
12
This quantity of flow is the same through each layer
Excess head loss through fine silt: T
S
–6 –5 h
Flow = 7.8 ×10 = 2.0 ×10 ×
4
A
7.8 × 4 ×10 –6
Therefore h= –5
= 1.56m
2 ×10
M
Excess head loss through coarse silt:
7.8 ×10 –6 × 4
h= –5
= 0.78m
4 ×10
S
Excess head loss through fine sand:
7.8 ×10 –6 × 4
IE
h= –4
= 0.16m
2 ×10
Excess head at interface between fine and coarse silt

= 2.5 – 1.56 = 0.94 m
Excess head at interface between fine sand and coarse silt
= 0.94 – 0.78 = 0.16 m
5. (b) Mass of soil = 683 g
Mass of wax = 690.6 – 683 = 7.6g
7.6
 Volume of wax = = 8.55ml
0.89
 Volume of soil = 350 – 8.6 = 341.4 ml
683 3
b = = 2 g/ml = 2.0Mg / m
341.4
3
 b = 2 × 9.81= 19.6 kN/m
2 3
d = = 1.71 Mg/m
1.17
 w Gs
Now = 1.71
1+ e
2.73 – 1.71
 e= = 0.596
1.71
Now,
 Gs + eSr 
R
b = 2.0 =  w
1+ e
 1.596 × 2.0 = 2.73 + 0.596 × Sr
E
 Sr = 77.0%
5. (c) Frequency distribution of spot speed data
Speed range mid speed Frequency

T Frequency Cumulative
S
(km/hr) (km/hr) f (%) frequency
A
10
0 – 10 5 10  100  1 1
1000
M
40
10 – 20 15 40  100  4 5
1000
50
20 – 30 25 50  100  5 10
1000
S
IE
Speed range mid speed Frequency Frequency Cumulative

(km/hr) (km/hr) f (%) frequency
50
30 – 40 35 50  1000  5 15
1000
(lower limit)
150
40 – 50 45 150  100  15 30
1000
250
50 – 60 55 250  100  25 55
1000
300
R
60 – 70 65 300  100  30 85
1000
(upper limit)
E
90
70 – 80 75 90  100  9 94
1000
80 – 90 85 40 T 40
1000
 100  4 98
S
(design speed)
20
A
90 – 100 95 20  100  2 100
1000
Total 1000 100

M
(i) Upper value of speed limit = 85th percentile speed

= 65 km/hr
Lower value of speed limit = 15th percentile speed
= 35 km/hr
S
(ii) Design speed for geometric design = 98th percentile speed

= 85 km/hr
IE
5. (d) Standard Degree of 1 in 12 turnout - curve = 4°

Degree of Main-Line curve
Degree of 1 in 12 turnout-curve in similar flexure = 4° + 2° = 6°
1750
Radius = = 291.67m
6
GV 2
Equilibrium cant required for a speed of 15 kmph =
127R
1750 ×15 2
= = 10.63;say 10 mm
127 × 291.67
Permitting a Cant-Deficiency of 75 mm for the turnout track, the maximum cant for Main-Line will be
75–10 = 65 mm.
Speed on the Main-Line curve, permitting a Cant-Deficiency of 75 mm for Main-Line
= 0.27  C0 + C d  R
1750
= 0.27  65 + 75  × = 94.5 kmph; say 90 kmph
2
5. (e) Height of collimation method The readings are entered as shown in Table. The third and sixth readings
are foresights and the fourth and seventh readings are backsights.
Staff Intermediate Height of Reduced

Backsight Foresight Remarks
station Sight collimation levels
A 0.685 98.175 97.490
R
B 1.315 96.860
BM
C –0.635 –1.825 99.365 100.000
100.000
E
D 1.205 98.160
E 2.631 1.235 100.761 98.130
F
G
1.355
–2.015
T 99.406
102.776
S
1. The benchmark of 100.000 is taken to a point where the staff isheld inverted. The point is,
therefore, above the line of collimation. The height of collimation = 100.000 + (–1.825) = 98.175.
A
2. RLs: point A: 98.175 – 0.685 = 97.49, point B 98.175 – 1.315 = 96.860.
3. Obtain the height of the second line of collimation from the benchmark and the reading – 0.635
M
as 100 + (0.635) = 99.365.

4. RLs: point D : 99.365 – 1.205 = 98.160, point E: 99.365 – 1.235 = 98.130.
5. The height of collimation for the third set-up can be calculated from the RL of E and the
backsight of 2.631 as 98.130 + 2.631 = 100.761.
6. RLs: point F: 100.761 – 1.355 = 99.406, point G: 100.761 – (–2.015) = 102.776.
S
7. Arithmetic check: Sum of backsights = 2.681, sum of foresights = – 2.605, difference = 5.286,
last RL – first RL = 102.776 – 97.490 = 5.286.
IE
6. (a) (i) The allowable load on the group is to be calculated for two conditions: (a) block failure and (b) individual
pile failure. The least of two gives the allowable load on the group.
(a) Block failure figure
Qg
R
E
Perimeter Pm
T
S
A
Figure: Block failure of a pile group in clay soil

M
Q gu = cNc A g + PgLc where Nc = 9,c = c = 70 / 2 = 35kN/m 2
Ag = 2.1 × 2.1 = 4.4 m 2, Pg = 4 × 2.1 = 8.4 m, L = 10 m

4340
Q gu = 35 × 9 × 4.4 + 8.4 ×10 × 35 = 4340 kN,Qa = 1740 kN
2.5
S
(b) Individual pile failure
Qu = Qb + Q f = qc A b + cA s  Assume  = 1.
IE
Now, qb = cNc = 35 × 9 = 315 kN/m2, Ab = 0.07 m2

As = 3.14 × 0.3 × 10 = 9.42 m 2
Substituting, Qu = 315×0.07 + 1 ×35 × 0.47 = 352 kN
3168
Q gu = nQu = 9 × 352 = 3168 kN, Qa = = 1267kN
2.5
The allowable load is 1267 kN
6. (a) (ii) The negative frictional load on the group is the maximum of
(b) Fng = nFn , and (b) Fng = sL nPg + Ln A g ,

s
(2s+d)
(2s + d) = (2 × 0.90 + 0.3) = 2.1 m
R
Fng = nFn
= 9 ×  × 0.30 × 3 × 30 = 763.41 kN
and Fng = Pblock × L × Cu +  Ablock × L
E
= 4 × 2.1 × 3 × 30 + 15 × (2.1)2 × 3
= 954.45 kN
Therefore, Negative skin friction load = 954.45 kN T
S
6. (b) Given:  3 = 1.2 kg/cm2 ;  d = 4.0 kg/cm 2
 1 = 3 +  d = 1.2 + 4 = 5.2 kg/cm2

A
1 = 3 tan2  + 2 tan 
M
2
Since c = 0, 1 = 3 tan 
 tan = 1 /3 = 5.2 / 1.2 = 2.082
  = 64.34 + 45 +  / 2 or  = 2  64.34 – 45   38.7

S
1 C1
IE
F
Failure Plane of
plane max. shear
e 
3
f 3 elop
nv
ree
ilu Failure
Fa plane 21
 B f A
(P) C Major principal plane
3=1.2

1
1=5.2
(i) Hence angle of shearing resistance = 38.7°
1 – 3 4 2
(ii) Shear stress  = FF1 = sin 2  = sin  2 × 64.34  = 1.56 kg/cm
2 2
1 + 3 1 – 3
Normal stress  = OF1 = + cos 2 
2 2
5.2 +1.2 5.2 – 1.2 2

= + cos  2 × 64.34  = 1.95 kg/cm
2 2
(iii) Angle made by the failure plane with the major principal plane  f = 64.34
 Angle made by the failure plane with the minor principal plane = 90 – 
= 90 – 64.34° = 25.66°
1 –  3 5.2 – 1.2 2
(iv) Maximum shear stress,  = = = 2 kg/cm
2 2
R
Angle made by the plane of maximum shear stress with the major principal plane
–1 CC1 –1 2
=  C1 B C= tan = tan = 45
E
BC 2
7 270
6. (c) (i) Correction for elevation =  1620  = 102 m
100
T
Corrected length = 1620 + 102 = 1722 m
300
S
(ii) Determination of standard atmospheric temperature of the given elevation
= 15° – 0.0065 × 270 = 13.245°C
A
(iii) Corrected for Temperature : -
T = rise in temperature = 32.9° – 13.245°C = 19.655°C

M
1722
Correction =  19.655 = 338.46 m
100
Corrected length = 1722 + 338.46 = 2060.46 m
(iv) Check : for both correction combine
S
2060.46  1620
Total correction in % =  100  27.189%
1620
IE
According to ICAO, this combine correction should not exceed 35%, hence OK
20
(v) Correction for Gradient =  2060.46 × 0.2 = 82.42 m
400
Corrected length = 2060.46 + 82.42 = 2142.88 m
Finaly after correction, nearly corrected length  2145 m
7. (a) (i) c = 0.5 kg/cm2 = 5t/m2
(a) Determination of submerged unit weight 
G–1 3
 =  w where e = w satG = 0.4 × 2.7 = 1.08 and  w = 1 t/m
1+ e
2.7 – 1 3
 = ×1= 0.817 t/m
1+1.08
(b) Determination of footing load
qnf = cNc = 5 × 6.9 = 34.5 t/m 2
qnf 34.5
 qs = + D = + 0.817 ×1.5
F 3
 12.726 kN/m2
 Qs = qs × Area = 12.726 × 2 × 2 = 50.9 t
(c) Determination of settlement: Consider level
Qs 1.5 m
Clayey layer
3.5 m
R
2×2m
1
1m
2:
A 2m
0.5 0.5 A
E
3m × 3m
Firm sand
AA at mid depth of clay.
T
0 =    2.5  = 0.817 × 2.5 = 2.043 t / m2
S
Area of spread at level AA = 3 × 3 = 9 m2
Q s 50.9
A
2
  = = = 5.656 t/m
A 9
Cc = 0.009 (wL – 10) = 0.009 (30 – 10)
M
= 0.18 ; e0 = e = 1.08
Cc  H 0 +  0.18 × 2 2.043 + 5.656
 H = 1+ e log10 0
=
1+1.08
log10
2.043
 0.1 m = 10cm
0
7. (a) (ii)  As water content at compaction in increased (from completely dry condition), the dry unit weight
S
obtained increases. This trend continues upto a limiting water content beyond which further
increase in water content results in a decrease in dry unit weight. This limiting water content is
known as the optimum moisture content.
IE
The phenomenon described is shown in the figure given below:

(Compactive effort)2 > (compactive effort)1
(wopt)2 < (wopt)1
Dry density
2
1
wopt 2 wopt 1
Moisture content
 Compaction at optimum moisture content produces the maximum dry unit weight possible for a given
amount of compactive effort. The optimum moisture content is different for different compactive efforts.
Typically, an increase in compactive effort reduces the optimum moisture content and produces an
increase in the maximum dry unit weight to which a soil can be compacted.
It is to be noted here that
 The typical inverted V shape of a compaction curve applies only to soil possessing some amount of
plasticity
 In case of pure sandy soils, the maximum dry unit weight is obtained either when the soil is completely
dry or at complete saturation condition.
7. (b) Intercept s = 3.055 – 1.905 = 1.15 m
As the staff is held normal to the line of sight,
Horizontal distance D = L cos 
where L is the inclined length
R
L = Ks + C, D = Ks + C  cos ,  = 6 36
D = 100 ×1.15 + 0.5  cos  636  = 114.73m
E
V, the difference in height from the instrument height at P, is given by L sin  :
T
V = Ks + C  sin  = 100 ×1.15 + 0.5  sin  636  = 13.275 m
RL of BM = 852.55 mm
S
RL of line of sight = 852.55 + 1.855 = 854.405m
RL of Q = 854.05 + 13.275 – 2.48 = 865.2 m
A
7. (c) Methods of tunnelling in Rock
 The method of attacking the faces of tunnel will depend upon size and shape of tunnel, available
M
equipment, the type of formation etc.

 The popular methods are
(a) Full face method
(b) Heading and bench method
S
(c) Drift method

1. Full face Method
IE
 Full face method means the whole section of the tunnel is attacked at the same time.
 It is suitable for tunnels of small cross-section area say upto 3 m diameter
 With the development of jumboo or drill carriage this method is frequently used for the larger
diameter tunnels.
Advantages
 As full section has to be attacked , the work is expedited.
 Mucking track could be laid progressively, along with the tunnelling.
 Tunnelling is continuous.
Disadvantages
 Full face attack requires heavy mechanical equipment.
 Method may not be 7possible for the unstable rocks.
 Limited for short spans.
2. Heading and Bench Method
 This method involves the driving of the top portion in advance of the bottom portion, as shown
in the fig below-
 It is used when tunnel section is very large and quality of the bed rock is not very satisfactory
or unstable (soft rock).
Heading face
Top heading 3 to 3.5 m
Bench
Bottom heading
Drill holes
R
E
Heading and Benching Method
Advantages


Simultaneous drilling and mucking is possible.
T
Requires less explosive power than in full face method.
S
3. Drift Method
 Rock tunnelling is sometime carried out first in smaller section of the proposed tunnel and then
it is widened.
A
 This method is called drift method.

 If also helps in ventilation of the tunnel.
M
Advantages
(i) Permits correction measures in case of presence of excessive waters.
(ii) Drift helps in providing ventilation of tunnels.
(iii) Quantity of explosive required is less
S
(iv) Installation of timber supports becomes easy.

Disadvantages
IE
(i) Driving the main bore is delayed until the drift portion is completed.
(ii) Cost of drilling and mucking in small drift is higher.
(iii) Not suitable for large tunnels and difficult rocks.
Drift may be defined as
(a) Centre drift (b) Side drift
(c) Top drift (d) Bottom drift
Top Drift Side Drift Centre Drift Bottom Drift

Drift Method
Driving tunnels in Soft ground
The material which can be excavated with tools like picks, shovel, are etc. and no heavy or costly
equipments are required is termed as soft ground.
R
Method of soft ground tunneling
There are varieties of methods of tunnelling through soft ground and can be classified as follows.
E
(A) Method requiring use of timber
(i) Fore poling method (ii) Needle Beam method
(iii)
(iv)
Belgian method
American method
T
(v) English method
S
(vi) Army method
(vii) German method
A
(B) Other methods (Not requiring timber)
(i) Linear plate method.
M
(ii) Shield method

(iii) Compressed air tunnelling method
7. (d) Breakwaters :
 A breakwater is a structure which reflects and dissipates the force of wind generated waves.
S
 A breakwaters is a structure constructed to form an artificial harbour with the purpose of protecting
an area from the effect of sea waves so that ships can safely be moored in that area.
 A breakwaters, which substitute a quay wall and which can be used as a platform for loading and
IE
unloading cargo in calm water is known as a mole.

 The height of breakwaters depends upon its purpose, extent of enclosed water area and the
nature of existing shipping work.
 Generally, breakwaters height is kept equivalent to 1.2 to 1.25 times of the height of the wave
expected above the high water level.
 The breakwaters should be so designed that waves do not break on the wall.
Types of Breakwaters
Breakwaters are of three types
1. Vertical sided 2. Rubble mound 3. Composite
Forces Acting on a Breakwater :
A breakwater has to resist the forces set up by waves impinging upon it. The forces include the
following:
1. Hydrostatic pressure due to the rise in the level of wave on the sea sides of the wall up to the
crest of the wave. It can cause shearing of bed-joints and overturning of structure
2. Hydrostatic pressure due to fall in the level on the seaside of the wall upto the trough of the wave.
3. Uplift pressure due to difference in level of water on two sides of wall. It can cause overturning
4. Hydrostatic pressure caused by braking waves.
5. Complex forces developed by the onrush and down-rush of waves on a sloping surface.
Vertical Sided Breakwater :
Mean high water
 A vertical sided breakwater is a wall built with stone masonry, spring tide
concrete blocks or caissons.
 It can also be constructed with two walls of sheet piles and
the area between the walls filled with concrete subsequently. Mean low water
spring tide
R
 Vertical sided breakwaters are preferably found on rock so
that scour is avoided.
The top width is made at least equal to the height of the
E

maximum wave.
Rubble Mound Breakwater :

 The mount consists of three parts :
T
These are the most common types of breakwaters. They are constructed with stone rubble.
S
1. The armour (or cover)
2. The first under-layer
A
3. The second under-layer (or core)
 The stability of the section depends upon the weight and shape of the armour block, the interlock between
individual blocks and the slopes to which they are laid. Heavy blocks are the best. Weights of individual stones
M
in the armour can be as high as 5T to 10T.

 The under-layer is made up of stones weighing roughly one-tenth the weight of the stones in the armour. The
core is composed of small stones having individual weights, 1/200 to 1/6000 of the armour stones.
 The slope on the seaward side is in the range of 1 in 1.25 to 1 in 2. The slope on the protected basin side
S
is around 1 in 1.5.
 Very good interlock can be obtained by tetrapods, quadripods, hexapods etc., which are placed “pell-mell”.
Tetrapods have been used for the protection of the sea wall at marine Drive in Bombay.
IE

 It is preferred in places where durable rock is available in plenty at economical cost.
Tetrapod used for Armour Breakwater
Note: Mound type break water results in less damage (due to gradual failure) than wall type breakwater.
8. (a) (i) Quick Sand Condition

 In case of upward seepage flow, if the upward seepage force becomes equal to the buoyant
weight of soil, the effective stress in soil becomes zero.
 In such a case, contact force between grains becomes zero and a soil such as sand looses all
its shearing strength.
 This condition is called quick sand condition or boiling of sand because surface of sand looks
as if it is boiling.
 It is to be noted that quick sand is not a sand; it is a hydraulic condition
 Quick sand condition occurs in sand but not in clay because it has cohesion (c) due to which
some shear strength is still present even when effective stress becomes zero.
 In practice, quick sand condition occurs when excavation is being made below water table and
water is being pumped out from excavation pit to keep area free from water.
R
 Quick sand condition generally does not occur in coarse sand because in equation Q = K.i.A,
for i to be more, Q has to be much more because K is large for coarse sand. This large seepage
E
discharge (Q) is generally not available in the field condition.
The factors affecting field compaction of soil are:
(a) Water content
(b)
(c)
Method of compaction
Type of soil
T
S
(d) Thickness of the lift (layer)
(e) Type of roller
A
(f) Number of passes of the roller

(g) Intensity of pressure on the coil
M
8. (a) (ii) Data Given:

Average unconfined strength, qu = 15 kN/m2
S
Basement
Df
IE
 qu  15 2
 c =  2   2  7.5 kN/m
 
Safe bearing pressure on the soil = 140 kN/m2
FOS against shear Failure = 3
Let the depth of raft foundation be Df
We have for clay,  = 0 and for such a condition, net ultimate bearing capacity as per skempton
qnu = cNc ... (i)
As per skempton the value of Nc is given by
 0.2Df   B  0.2 D f   14 
Nc = 5.0 1  B  1  0.2 L  = 5.0 1  14  1  0.2 21
     
= 5.67 (1 + 0.0143 Df ) ... (ii)
The building has a provision for basement, therefore
P  qnu 
 2 =  FOS  Df  ... (iii)
B  
Thus,
qnu
  Df = 140
FOS
cNc
  Df = 140
FOS
R
7.5
 [5.67 (1 + 0.0143 Df )] + 19 Df = 140
3
E
 D f = 6.55 m ... (iv)
Thus the bottom of the raft should be placed at a depth of 6.55 from the ground surface.
8. (b) Advantages of tidal basins:
(i) T
Vessels can come in an berth or leave at all times. Thus, there is speedy and unrestricted arrival
and departure of ships.
S
(ii) Costly arrangements like lock gates for the closing of the entrances are not required.
Disadvantages of tidal basins:
A
(i) If the range of tide is more, the operations of loading and unloading are seriously affected.
(ii) The fluctuations of water level will cause the rubbing of sides of ships against the berths.
M
The wet docks are useful under the following situations:

(i) In some harbours, there may be heavy silting. The wet dock area is kept free by keeping out the
turbid water and supplying to it only clear water.
(ii) Where there is considerable difference of leve in tides, the ships can enter the wet dock even
though the harbour itself may not be navigable.
S
8. (c) Raster data This is a series of cells or dots or pixels that represent an image (see figure) Refer data
is obtained when you scan a paper image, blueprint, or photograph. The raster data is a series of cells
IE
to which values are assigned. This column-row format is used to represent geographic data and other
images. Quality of raster data depends upon the cell size. Small size cells increase the reliability
because there are more values to represent the image details. Raster models are simple to create and
use.
Vector data This consists of points, lines and polylines, and arcs. This is similar to traditional approach
of representing objects in a map. They form a group of mathematical equations that generate points,
lines, a series of lines or arcs. Points are represented by coordinates.
Lines are represented by a series of points having coordinates related by an equation. Polylines are
a series of interconnected lines which can be used to create an object. Arcs are smilar to lines and
can be created by a set of points with coordinate pairs. Each one of these basic entities can be given
a name or label.
Columns
1 2 3 4 5 6 y
1 Cell/Pixel Area
2
3 V Value in cell Point
Rows
4
Vertices nodes
5
Line
6 Resolution
x
(a) Raster data layer (b) Vector data
Area
Line
R
Line
(i) Vector (ii) Raster
E
(c) Raster and Vector
Figure: Data models
the interrelationships.
T
These basic entities can be used to create an area or a volume or any other object by describing
In representing real-world objects usiing vector data, the scale of the map is very important. A road
S
may be represented as a polyline or an arc in a certain scale map. For a different scale and
purpose, the same road may have to be represented as a set of parallel lines. Depending upon the
scale, many objects like buildings may be represented as points.
A
8. (d) Given that

Chainage of intersection point = 15000 m
M
 = 100°
Vmax = 80 kmph
Centrifugal ratio (P/W) = 1/4
Rate of change of acceleration C = 0.3 m/sec3
S
2
WV
(i) P =
gR
IE
2
1 V
 
4 gR
 4V 2 
 R =  
 g 
2
4  (0.278  80)
 R =
9.81
 R  201.68 m
2
V /R
(ii) C =
t
V2
 0.3 =
R  L/V
 V3 
 L =  
 R  0.3  
3
(0.278  80)
L =
0.3  201.68
l
So, L = 181.81 m
(iii)
T1 Ls/2 Ls/2 T2
R
L2S 181.81 2
Ls/2 Ls/2
Shift, S =  = 6.83 m
24 R 24  201.68
E
 ls 
Length of tangent = (R  s) tan 
2 2
 100  181.81
= (201.68  6.83) tan 
 2 
T
  2 = 339.398 m
Chainage of tangent point T1 = Chainge of intersection – length of tangent

O
S
= 15000 – 339.39
= 14660.61 m
A
R   201.68  100

Length of curve from T1 to T2 =  = 351.998 m  352 m
180 180
M
Chainge of tangent point T2 = 14660.61 + 352 = 15012.61m
Chainage of first junction of transition curve and circular curve

= 14660.61 + 181.81/2
S
= 14751.52 m
Chainage of 2nd Junction of transition curve and circular curve
IE
181.81
= 15012.61 m –
2
= 14921.71 m

CE - ConventionalTest - (FLT 3) - P IISOLUTIONS 1637124304953

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CE - ConventionalTest - (FLT 3) - P IISOLUTIONS 1637124304953

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

IES MASTER

Institute for Engineers (IES/GATE/PSUs)

Sl. No. 14 ABCDEF(M)

w = – 2 (x + y) z + integration constant. The constant of integration may be just a numerical constant

(ii) For the flow to be irrotational, curl V = 0, i.e.,   × V  = 0

Here Tr = 90 min = 1.50 h, H1 = 2.5 m, and H2 = 1.25 m

(1) Water Conveyance Efficiency (c )

the canal system from the river or reservoir then

(2) Water Application Efficiency (a )

(3) Water Use Efficiency (u )

(4) Water storage Efficiency (s )

(5) Water Distribution Efficiency (d )

It is determined from the following expression

(6) Consumptive use Efficiency (cu )

Concentration expressed as mg/l CaCO3 is expressed by the equation:

The result is tabulated below:

Component mg / l Equiv. wt. meq / l mg / l as CaCO3

Calcium 70.0 20.0 3.5 175

(ii) Alkalinity = Bicarbonate alkalinity

As side friction is neglected, Qs / Q = 1.00

where b =  w S D = 9.81 × (1/4000) × 2.5 = 6.13 × 10-3

the high flood level of the drainage.

30 38 631 669 652 17 34

38 10 689 699 694 5 10 6

42 2 699 701 699  2 4 0

(2) Unsuitable for acidic influents

= hydrostatic force acting on area projected on a vertical plane.

= ×1= 0.333 m from point C

Upward force on ADC,

Fv1 =  w × volume of curved surface ADC which represents a semi-circle

Fv1 =  w × volume of curved surface BC which represents quadrant of a circle

=  22.07  2 +  34.65  2 = 41.08 kN

  = tan-1 (1.57) = 57.50°

2.388 × 0.2 × 850

Power required to maintain flow,

= (850 × 9.81) × (75 × 10-3) × 13.62

3. (c) Plunger diameter, D = 10cm.Stroke, S = 200mm. Crank radius, r =

7.848 × 104 = Hv × 103 × 9.81

 From equation (i)

   10.464  3.235rad sec.

(i) Annual Benefits

89600  224 89376

Depreciation cost per year =

Annual benefit 36825.2

 It is also known as gate valve or shut-off valve.

3. Relief Valve or Safety Valve T

 It is also known as pressure relief valve or cut-off valve or saftey valve.

Hydraulic mean depth,

Hydraulic mean depth ym  y = 1.6 m

 S f = 0.001 – 0.6952 × 0.000667

or 2.1875 = C 1.6 × 0.000536 = 0.0293C

= 500 + (1500 – 975) kg

we have, VD = [49.0 (m 3/d) – 0.66 (49.0 – 12.32) (m 3/d)] × 15 (d)

Taking the top of the gravel as datum:

Excess head loss through coarse silt:

Excess head loss through fine sand:

Excess head at interface between fine and coarse silt

 Volume of soil = 350 – 8.6 = 341.4 ml

 1.596 × 2.0 = 2.73 + 0.596 × Sr

Speed range mid speed Frequency

Speed range mid speed Frequency Frequency Cumulative

Total 1000 100

(i) Upper value of speed limit = 85th percentile speed