‫دولة ليبيا‬

‫كلية التقنية الهندسية جنزور‬

‫قسم الهندسة الكيميائية والبيئية‬
‫شعبة الهندسة الكيميائية‬
‫المادة ‪ -:‬وحدات تشغيلية الجزء العملي‬
‫اسم التجربة ‪ -:‬التحليل الحجمي ( الغربلة) ‪Screen Analysis‬‬

‫رقم القيد‬ ‫اعداد الطلبة‬

‫‪5116021‬‬ ‫أكرم جمال عمر أحمد‬
‫‪5116017‬‬ ‫عبد الوهاب عمر الشيخي‬
‫‪116366‬‬ ‫يحي عبدالعزيز الباروني‬

‫اشراف ‪ /‬م‪ .‬طارق محمد ابو خشيم‬

‫خريف ‪2021‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
Table content
Abstract...................................................................................................................................................3
Introduction.............................................................................................................................................4
Objectives................................................................................................................................................4
1 Stratification & Probability...................................................................................................................5
1.1 Stratification......................................................................................................................................5
1.2 Probability.........................................................................................................................................5
2. Screen equipment...............................................................................................................................6
2.1 Industrial Vibrating Screen................................................................................................................6
2.2 Tyler Sieving.......................................................................................................................................7
2.3 STATIONARY SCREENS AND GRIZZLIES...............................................................................................8
2.4 GYRATING SCREENS...........................................................................................................................9
2.5 CENTRIFUGAL SIFTER.......................................................................................................................10
3. COMPARISON OF IDEAL AND ACTUAL SCREENS................................................................................10
4. CAPACITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF SCREENS.....................................................................................11
5. Effect of mesh size on capacity of screens.........................................................................................13
6. Capacities of actual screens...............................................................................................................13
7. There are two main aspects of the sifting process:...........................................................................14
7.1 Batch-type sifting.............................................................................................................................14
7.2 Continuous sifting...........................................................................................................................14
8. Factors affecting the screening process.............................................................................................14
Calculations...........................................................................................................................................15
practical side..........................................................................................................................................17
RESULTS.................................................................................................................................................18
Result discussion...................................................................................................................................19
CONCLOSION.........................................................................................................................................20
Recommendations.................................................................................................................................21
References.............................................................................................................................................22

Abstract

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SCREENING Analysis is a method of separating particles according to size alone. In industrial
screening the solids are dropped on, or thrown against, a screening surface. The undersize, or
fines, pass through the screen openings; oversize, or tails, do not. A single screen can make but a
single separation into two fractions. These are called upsized fractions, because although either
the upper or lower limit of the particle, sizes they contain is known, the other limit is unknown.
Material passed through a series of screens of different sizes is separated into sized fractions, i.e.,
fractions in which both the maximum and minimum particle sizes are known. Screening is
occasionally done wet but much more commonly dry. Industrial screens are made from woven
wire, silk or plastic' cloth, metal bars, perforated or slotted metal plates, or wires that are wedge
shaped in cross sections Various metals are used, with steel and stainless steel the most common.
Standard screens range in mesh size from 4 in. to 400-mesh, and woven metal screens with
openings as small as 1 um are commercially available Screens finer than about 150-mesh are not
commonly used, however, because with very fine particles other methods of separation are
usually more economical.

The volumetric analysis experiment was studied in the lab and this was done by mixing silica gel
and sand together with a weight of 310g and then it is placed in the sifting device for 15 minutes
and the weights of each sieve are recorded until it is ascertained that the process of separating the
silicagel from the sand is successful.

Introduction

Screen Analysis s is a practice or procedure used to assess the particle size distribution of a
granular material. Size distribution is often of critical importance to the way the material in use

3
operates. Sieve analysis can be performed on any type of inorganic or organic granular material
including sand, crushed rock, clay, granite, coal, soil, a wide range of manufactured powders,
grains and seeds, down to a minimum size depending on the exact method. As a simple
technique for determining particle size, it is probably the most common.

The size distribution of the particles is one of the important means not only in the processing and
concentration of ores, but in many applications and other industries that require reaching specific
requirements in the size distribution of the particles or reaching the size of the nanoparticles,
Another important thing is the shape of the granules, which can be spherical, needle-like, cubic,
irregular or otherwise. But the results are always recorded by calculating the diameter of the
particles on the basis of the spherical shape or stating that the volume is the equivalent diameter
in the case of irregularly shaped particles.

Objectives

There were several objectives in conducting the experiment:

 Draw the relationship of the distribution of different grain sizes on the climate of
different countries, and draw the distribution curve and histogram curve
 Separation of silagel from sand by sieving device

1 Stratification & Probability

1.1 Stratification

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This describes a phenomenon when smaller and lighter particles pass in-between larger particles.
When a screen is feed, the bed of material is usually layered - light and smaller particles on top
and larger particles at the bottom. As the screen vibrates, particles are sorted according to their
weight and size. Larger particles generally move more across the screen than down ward. On the
other hand, the fine particles tend to move more downward than across through the voids
between the larger and coarser particles.

1.2 Probability

Probability, in the minerals processing context, refers to the degree of likelihood that a particle
will ’see’ a panel opening and fall through it. When the bed of material vibrates across the
screen, some particles fall right through the apertures, some bounce off the panels, and some do
not even get to see the panel opening due to poor stratification. An excellent screening efficiency,
recovery, and minimal losses have an associated corresponding high probability. Poor efficiency
and major losses may be indicative of low probability during the screening process.

2. Screen equipment

2.1 Industrial Vibrating Screen

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Vibrating screens are primarily used for sizing small rocks. They are very important in the
minerals processing industry. Vibrating screens are typically used to classify particles of solid-
containing and crushed ore.They are suitable for both wet and dry feeds. The frequency of the
screens vibrations determines separation factors such as particle speed (and throw) , retention
time, and the extent of stratification. Vibrating screens generally offer better fines separation,
higher purity, and product sizing control than static screens. Other common applications of
vibrating screens include scalping, dewatering, disliking, and media recovery (China
Suppliers,2013).

Figure 1: Classifying vibrating screen (JVI, 2016).

In minerals processing, vibrating screen serve an important purpose. Post commination, the ore is
fed onto the screen and the screen classifies the particles of the material according to their
respective size ranges. By so doing, material is selected to either enter the next stage of
processing or be re-circulated to a crusher. Vibrating screens are able achieve to extensive
classification of fine material. This reduces the required capacity of the commination stage and

overall energy consumption. Therefore, both recovery and screening e fficiency are generally
better than of static screens (China Suppliers, 2013).

Figure 2. illustrates the movement of a particle down a vibrating screen. When the feed is fed
onto the screen, it forms a material bed when it moves across the screen panels. The advantage of

6
vibrating screens is that they create thinner beds of particles, improving e fficiency and capacity
of the screen.

Figure 2: Movement pattern of a particle down a screen

2.2 Tyler Sieving

Sieving is one of the most popular separating techniques for size of particle. It is also called
sifter. Before this process, a sample must be dried completely, and it is weighed for sieving.
Tyler sieving is conducted as stacking screens in descending aperture size order from top to
bottom. The bottom screen will have the smallest opening size. The bottom piece is a pan. These
screens will be vibrated and the material will be filtered down through the sieves and oversize
particles will be retained on screens. In contrast the size of apertures will increase from the
bottom to top. After shaking, material retained on each sieve is weighed and a PSD plotted
(911Metallurgist).

Figure 3: Typical Tyler sieve stack

7
2.3 STATIONARY SCREENS AND GRIZZLIES.

A grizzly is a grid of parallel metal bars set in an inclined stationary frame. The slope and the
path of the material are usually parallel to the length of the bars. Very coarse feed, as from a
primary crusher, falls on the upper end of the grid. Large chunks roll and slide to the tails'
discharge; small lumps fall through to a separate collector. In cross section the top of each bar
is wider than the bottom, so that the bars can be made fairly deep for strength without being
choked by lumps passing partway through. The spacing between the bars is 2 to 8 in. (50 to 200
mm). Stationary inclined woven-metal screens operate in the same way, separating particles to
4 in. (12 to 100 mm) in size. They are effective only with very coarse free-flowing solids
containing few fine particles.

Figure 4: Grizzly screen

2.4 GYRATING SCREENS

A heavy-duty gyrating screen is illustrated in Fig-5 a. Two screens, one above the other, are held
in a casing inclined at an angle between 16° and 30° with the horizontal. The feed mixture is
dropped on the upper screen near its highest point. Casing and screens are gyrated in a vertical
plane about a horizontal axis by an eccentric that is set halfway between the feed point and the
discharge.

8
 Figure 5: ( Heavy duty vertically gyrated screen )

The rate of gyration is between 600 and 1800 r/min. The screens are rectangular and fairly long,
typically 1 by 4 ft. (0.5 to 1.2 m) to 5 by 14 ft. (1.5 to 4.3 m). Oversize particles fall from the
lower ends of the screens into collecting ducts; fines pass through the bottom screen into a
discharge chute. Finer screens are usually gyrated at the feed end in a horizontal plane. The
discharge end reciprocates but docs not gyrate. This combination of motions stratifies the feed,
so that fine particles travel downward to the screen surface, where they are pushed through by
the larger particles on top. Often the screening surface is double, and between the two screens are
rubber balls held in separate compartments. As the screen operates, the balls strike the screen
surface and free the openings of any material that tends to plug them. Dry, hard, rounded or
cubical grains ordinarily pass without trouble through screens, even fine screens%3; but
elongated, sticky, flaky, or soft particles do not. Under the screening action such particles may
become wedged into the openings and prevent other particles from passing through. A screen
plugged with solid particles is said to be blinded.

2.5 CENTRIFUGAL SIFTER

In these machines the screen is a horizontal cylinder of woven metal or plastic. High-speed
helical paddles on a central shaft impel the solids against the inside of the stationary screen; fines
pass through, and oversize is conveyed to the discharge. Plastic screens stretch a little during
operation, and the resulting minute changes in the dimensions of the openings tend to prevent
clogging or blinding. In some designs brushes attached to the paddles assist the centrifugal action
in pushing solids through the screen.

9
 Figure 6: CENTRIFUGAL SIFTER

3. COMPARISON OF IDEAL AND ACTUAL SCREENS

The objective of a screen is to accept a feed containing a mixture of particles of various sizes and
separate it into two fractions, an underflow that is passed through the screen and an overflow that
is rejected by the screen. Either one, or both, of these streams may be a product, and in the
following discussion no distinction is made between the overflow and underflow streams from
the standpoint of one's being desirable and the other undesirable.

An ideal screen would sharply separate the feed mixture in such a way that the smallest particle
in the overflow would be just larger than the largest particle in the underflow. Such an ideal
separation defines a cut diameter D that marks the point of separation between the fractions.
Usually D is chosen to be equal Lo the mesh opening of the screen.

Actual screens do not give a perfect separation about the cut diameter; instead the cumulative
screen analyses of the underflow and overflow are like those shown in Fig. 30.3. In this typical
example, the undersize contains about 19 percent of material coarser than D. and the oversize
about 15 percent that is smaller than D. The closest separations are obtained with spherical
particles on standard testing screens, but even here there is an overlap between the smallest
particles in the overflow and the largest ones in the underflow. The overlap is especially
pronounced when the particles are needlelike or fibrous or where the particles tend to aggregate
into clusters that act as large particles. Some long, thin particles may strike the screen surface

10
endwise and pass through easily, while other particles of the same size and shape may strike the
screen sidewise and be retained Commercial screens usually give poorer separations than testing
screens of the same mesh opening operating on the same mixture.

4. CAPACITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF SCREENS

The capacity of a screen is measured by the mass of material that can be fed per unit time to a
unit area of the screen. Capacity and effectiveness arc opposing factors. To obtain maximum
effectiveness, the capacity must be small, and large capacity is obtainable only at the expense
of a reduction in effectiveness. In practice, a reasonable balance between capacity and
effectiveness is desired. Although accurate relationships are not available for estimating these
operating characteristics of screens, certain undamentals apply, which can be used as guides in
understanding the basic factors in screen operation.

The capacity of a screen is controlled simply by varying the rate of feed to the unit. The
effectiveness obtained for a given capacity depends on the nature of the screening operation.

The overall chance of passage of a given undersize particle is a function of the number of times
the particle strikes the screen surface and the probability of passage during a single contact. If
the screen is overloaded, the number of contacts is small and the chance of passage on contact
is reduced by the interference of the other particles. The improvement of effectiveness attained
at the expense of reduced capacity is a result of more contacts per particle and better chances
for passage on each contact.

Ideally, a particle would have the greatest chance of passing through the screen if it struck the
surface perpendicularly, if it were so oriented that its minimum dimensions were parallel with
the screen surface, if it were unimpeded by any other particles, and if it did not stick to, or
wedge into, the screen surface. None of these conditions applies to actual screening, but this
ideal situation can be used as a basis for estimating the effect of mesh size and wire dimensions
on the performance of screens.

11
5. Effect of mesh size on capacity of screens

The probability of passage of a particle through a screen depends on the fraction of the total surface
represented by openings, on the ratio of the diameter of the particle to the width of an opening in the
screen, and on the number of contacts between the particle and the screen surface. When these factors
are all constant, the average number of particles passing through a single screen opening in unit time is
nearly constant, independent of the size of the screen opening. If the size of the largest particle that can
just pass through a screen is taken equal to the width of a screen opening, both dimensions may be

12
represented by D. For a series of screens of different mesh sizes, the number of openings per unit screen
area is proportional to 1/D. The mass of one particle is proportional to D The capacity of the screen, in
mass per unit time, is, then, proportional to (1/D)D = De Then the capacity of a screen, in mass per unit
time, divided by the mesh size should be constant for any specified conditions of operation. This is a
well-known practical rule of thumb.

6. Capacities of actual screens.

Although the preceding analysis is useful in analyzing the fundamentals of screen operation, in
practice several complicating factors appear that cannot be treated theoretically. Some of these
disturbing factors are the interference of the bed of particles vith the motion of any one; blinding;
cohesion of particles to each other; the adhesion of particles to the screen surface; and the
oblique direction of approach of the particles to the surface. When large and small particles are
present, the large particles tend to segregate in a layer next to the screen and so prevent the
smaller particles from reaching the screen. All these factors tend to reduce capacity and lower
effectiveness. Moisture content of the feed is especially important. Either dry particles or
particles moving in a stream of water screen more readily than damp particles, which are prone
to stick to the screen surface and to each other and to screen slowly and with difficulty.
Capacities of actual screens, in ton/ft2-h-mm mesh size, normally range between 0.05 and 0.2 for
grizzlies to 0.2 and 0.8 for vibrating screens. As the particle size is reduced, screening becomes
progressively more difficult, and the capacity and effectiveness are, in general, low for particle
sizes smaller than about 150-mesh.

7. There are two main aspects of the sifting process:

7.1 Batch-type sifting

This type of sifting can obtain products of high purity, and they are used in the pharmaceutical
and other industries.

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7.2 Continuous sifting

It is used in processes that do not require high purity, such as the cement industry, stone crushers,
and the separation of ores in general

8. Factors affecting the screening process

 The physical properties of a solid in terms of shape and size, as well as the extent of its
roughness and softness
 The type and nature of the sieves in terms of the material of manufacture, the capacity
of the holes and their resistance to abrasion
 Sieve movement (automatic and manual )
 Screening time period
 Humidity rate
 wastage rate
 static attraction force

Calculations

1- Curves required in the volumetric analysis process

 Histogram curve (which represents the relationship between the weight fraction and the
diameter of the sieve)

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 Figure 7: Histogram curve

 Cumulative Distribution Curve) It represents a relationship between the largest weight

fraction versus the largest diameter and the smallest weight fraction versus the smallest
diameter(

Figure 8: Cumulative Distribution Curve

2- Accounts for each of:

A- DS = Mean Surface Diameter

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 √
Xi
()
D di
S¿ Xi
( 3)
di

B- DV = Mean Volume Diameter

√
Xi
( )
Dv = 3 di
Xi
( 3)
di

C- DL = Mean Length Diameter

Xi
( )
di 2
DL= Xi
( 3)
di

practical side

1. Device description

The device consists of (a group of sieves arranged in the device from the largest
diameter to the lowest diameter - vibrator - timer)

2. The method of work

16
  Record the diameters of the sieves, keeping the sequencing of the sieves
from largest to smallest
 Weigh 310 grams for each sample of (Sica gel - sand)
 Put the sample in the sieve analyzer, then turn on the device for a quarter
of an hour
 Weigh the material in each sieve after the analysis process

RESULTS

di Weigh xi

200 mm 89.6 g 0.289

170 mm 16.5 g 0.549

17
 100 mm 51.5 g 0.166

710 µm 16.9 g 0.053

500 µm 40.8 g 0.131

250 µm 1.7 g 0.00548

150 µm 4.5 g 0.014

106 µm 29.9 g 0.096

75 µm 1.3 g 0.00419

53 µm 4.5 g 0.015

 Note :- The weight remaining at the end of the sieve is 46.3 grams and the
weight fraction of the remainder is 0.14

Result discussion

Sieve analysis is a type of mechanical analysis that determines the size of the particles present
in the soil, expressed as a percentage of the total dry weight or mass. Sieve analysis consists of
shaking a soil sample through a set of sieves with progressively smaller apertures. Sieve analysis

18
results are usually expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the soil that has passed
through a different sieve.

The soil sample we tested is well graded as can be seen from the graph; Where a wide range of
particle sizes represents a small area of the percentage of particles passing through.

From the results, the sample total mass after sieving is smaller than the total mass before
sieving where 14 % of soil is missing. This is most likely due to small soil particles vibrating
through the sieves, or the error may have been caused by a misreading of the scale. Therefore,
the total weight is corrected by adding the retained mass with the corrected soil mass.

CONCLOSION

 In conclusion, we can know the type of soil in the place with the use of sieve analysis test
depending on the soil sample through the sieve. Depends on the sieve size (mm) and the
passing percentage (%), we can draw the sieve analysis chart to know the soil type.

19
Recommendations

 Providing the essential equipment and equipment for conducting physical and chemical
tests at the department's laboratories.
 First and foremost, students should read through the lab manual and do a research about
the experiment before conducting the experiment. This is to make sure the students able
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 to conduct the experiment properly and know what the expected results are . A good
experiment can give a lot of information even the data is negative . Besides, the table of
data should be prepared before conducting the experiment to avoid confusion and errors .
Records all the data and any difficulties while carrying out the experiment .
 The time period for the sifting process must be specified, because when the time
increases, it leads to obtaining negative results, as it leads to the cracking of the material
to be separated.
 keeping the sequencing of the sieves from largest to smallest

References

1) Unit Operations Of Chemical Engineering, 5th Ed, McCabe And Smith – 0070448442
2) Unit Operations Note Semester/Fall 2013

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3) https://www.academia.edu/25254457/Screening_and_Sieve_Analysis?
fbclid=IwAR24vIqWb0frL7hgAL-
Rsxpz5B_wSMqGtcJrm085JbPCARBHGQJwIQD4Hr8
4) https://www.alnaqeeb.me/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9-
%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84-
%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A-
%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9/

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