I PUC Revised Physics Mannual

SVRPUC I PUC PHYSICS MANUAL
CONTENTS
List of Experiments Page No
1. Vernier Calipers 2
2. Screw Gauge 7
3. Spherometer ` 11
4. Equilibrium of concurrent forces 15
5. Simple pendulum 18
6. Coefficient of friction 24
7. Inclined plane 29
8. Spring constant 33
9. Sonometer 37
10. Velocity of sound 44
11. Newton law of cooling 47
12. Surface tension of water 50
13. Beam balance 54
14. Viscosity 57
15. Boyle’s Law 63
16. Specific heat capacity 68
17. Young’s Modulus 74
Department of physics Page 1


Experiment Number: - 01 Date:
VERNIER CALLIPERS
Aim: 1) To measure diameter of a small spherical/cylindrical body.

2) To measure dimensions of a given regular body of known mass and hence to determine
its density.
3) To measure the internal diameter and depth of a given cylindrical object like beaker/
glass/ calorimeter and hence to calculate its volume using vernier calipers.
Apparatus: Vernier calipers, spherical body, rectangular block of known mass and cylindrical
object like a beaker/ glass/ calorimeter.
Principle: The magnitude of n vernier scale divisions is equal to the magnitude of (n-1) number
of main scale divisions.
n(VSD) = (n-1)(MSD)
Formula:1) To measure diameter of a small spherical/cylindrical body.
𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝟏𝑴𝑺𝑫
A) Least Count, LC =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇𝑽𝑺𝑫
B) Total reading, TR = MSR + (CVD x LC)

Where, MSR - main scale reading
CVD – Coinciding vernier division
2) To measure the dimensions of given regular body of known mass and
hence to determine its density.
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒎 𝒎
A) Density of rectangular body, ρ= = =
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒗 𝒍𝒃𝒉
Where, l-Length, b-Breadth and h-Height

3) To measure the internal diameter and depth of a given cylindrical object

like beaker/ glass/ calorimeter and hence to calculate its volume using vernier
calipers.
𝝅𝑫𝟐 𝒉
Volume of cylindrical object =
𝟒
Where D – internal diameter
H – Internal depth
Procedure:
1) The least count of the calipers is found.
2) When the lower jaws A and B are in contact firmly, the position of the vernier zero with
respect to main scale zero is noted. If the vernier zero coincides with the main scale zero,
then there is no zero error. If not so, there is zero error. The zero error will be positive or
negative based on whether the vernier scale zero lies either to right or to the left of main scale
zero. The number of (n) the vernier scale division coinciding with some division of the main
scale is noted. The zero error, ZE = ±n x LC
3) The spherical / cylindrical body whose diameter D OR Rectangular body whose density, ρ
OR cylindrical body (Calorimeter) whose volume, V to be measured is held between the
lower jaws of the vernier calipers firmly.
4) The position of the vernier scale zero against the main scale is noted. Note down main scale
reading (MSR) just to the left of vernier scale zero.
5) The number of particular vernier scale division which coincides with some divisions of the
main scale is noted. This gives coinciding vernier scale division (CVD).
6) The total reading is calculated using the formula TR = MSR + (CVDXLC).This gives
diameter.
7) The experiment is repeated for different positions of the object and readings are tabulated
8) The mean diameter of the object OR Mean density ρ of the rectangular body OR volume, V
of cylindrical body (Calorimeter)is found.

Observation:
Value of one MSD =…………….cm
Total no of VSD=……………….
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑜𝑓 1 𝑀𝑆𝐷
LC=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑛𝑜𝑜𝑓𝑉𝑆𝐷

Tabular Column -1:
Trial Mean TR
Object Dimension MSR in cm CVD in div TR in cm
no in cm
1
Cylindrical 2
Diameter
body
3
Mean diameter =………………..cm
Tabular Column -2:
CVD in Mean TR in
Object Dimension Trial No MSR in cm TR in cm
div cm
1
Length 2
3
1
Rectangular 2
Breadth
body
3
1
Height 2
3
Mean length = …………………cm
Mean breadth = ……………… cm
Mean height = …………………cm

Calculation:
Tabular Column -3:
CVD
Object Dimension Trial No MSR in cm TR in cm Mean TR in cm
in div
1
Internal
2
diameter
3
Calorimeter
1
Internal
2
depth
3
Mean internal diameter = …………………cm …………….m
Mean internal depth = ……………… cm …………… ….m

Calculation:
Result:
 Diameter D of the spherical/ cylindrical body, D …………………………. m
 Density of the given rectangular body, ρ ………………………………..kg/m3
 Volume of cylindrical body (Calorimeter), V ……………………………….m3
VIVA – VOCE
1. Give the application of vernier calipers.

2. Why the upper jaws used in vernier calipers.
3. Why the lower jaws used in vernier calipers.
4. Define density? Mention its dimensional formula.
5. What is volume? Mention its S I unit?
6. Define least count?
Signature of Batch in Charge

SCREW GAUGE
Aim: 1) To measure the diameter of a given wire

2) To measure the thickness of a given sheet.
Apparatus: Wire, metallic sheet, millimeter graph sheet, pencil and screw gauge.
Principle: The linear distanced moved by a screw is directly proportional to the number of
rotations given to the screw head.
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
Formula: Pitch =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ
Least count, LC =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
Total reading, TR = PSR + (HSR – ZE) LC
Where, PSR – Pitch scale reading
HSR – Head scale reading
Procedure:
1. Pitch is measured and least count is found.
2. The given wire OR sheet is firmly held between the two studs by rotating the screw head.
3. The number of divisions uncovered completely on the pitch scale is noted as pitch scale
reading PSR.
4. The number of head scale divisions which coincides with the reference line of the pitch
scale is noted as head scale reading HSR.
5. The total reading is calculated using TR = PSR + (HSR – ZE) LC, which gives the
diameter of the wire.
6. The experiment is repeated for different positions of the wire OR sheet and the readings
are tabulated.
7. The mean diameter of the wire and thickness of the sheet is found.

Observation:
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒

Pitch =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
Pitch = …………………………………mm
Total number of divisions on head scale =………….
𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ
Least count, LC =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

LC =…………………………..mm
ZE =………………………….
Tabular Column -1:
PSR in HSR in TR in Mean TR

Object Dimension Trial No
mm div mm in mm
1
Wire Diameter 2
3
Mean diameter =…………………..m
Tabular Column -2:
PSR in HSR in TR in Mean TR

Object Dimension Trial No
mm div mm in mm
1
Plane 2
Thickness
sheet
3
Mean thickness =…………………..m

Calculation:
Result:
 The diameter of the given wire…………………………. m
 The thickness of the given sheet…………………………m
VIVA – VOCE
1. Compare vernier calipers and screw gauge?
2. Where we can use the screw gauge in daily life application?
3. Define least count and pitch in screw gauge?
4. What is zero error?
5. What is positive zero error and negative zero error?

Experiment Number 03 Date:
SPHEROMETER
Aim: To determine the radius of curvature of a given spherical surface by a

Spherometer.
Apparatus: Spherometer, watch glass, plane glass plate.
Principle: It works on the principle of micrometer screw. Linear distance moved by the screw
is directly proportional to the amount of rotation given to the screw head.
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
Formula: 1) Pitch =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ
2) Least count, LC =
TR = PSR + (HSR X LC)
𝒍𝟐 𝒉
3) Radius of curvature, R=( ) + ( )
𝟔𝒉 𝟐
Where l= distance between any two legs of spherometer.
h = Value of saggita= h1-h2,
h1= Reading of the spherometer corresponding to spherical surface.
h2 = reading of spherometer corresponding to plane glass surface.
Procedure:
1. Pitch is measured and least count is found.
2. Watch glass is placed on a plane glass plate so that its convex side faces upwards.
3. Spherometer is placed on the spherical surface, so that all the three legs are on the
surface.tip of the screw well above the pole of the surface.
4. The screw is moved gradually downwards till the tip of the screw just touches the
spherical surface.
5. The pitch scale reading and the number of the corresponding circular scale
division(HSR) in line with pitch scale is noted.
6. Total reading is calculated using the above formula. This gives h1.
7. The spherometer is transferred on to the plane glass plate, screw is moved gradually
down wards till tip of the screw just touches the surface of glass plate.
8. The PSR and HSR is noted. TR is noted using above formula. This gives h2.
9. h1-h2= h is found. This gives the value of saggitha.
10. Experiment is repeated for trials following same above steps and mean value of h is
found.
To find mean distance (l) between any two legs of spherometer.
11. The spherometer is placed on a sheet of paper and pressed. An impression of the tips
of the three legs is taken.
12. Impressions are joined to get an equilateral triangle ABC. All its sides are measured.
Mean distance between any two legs of spherometer , l is found.
13. The Radius of curvature of given spherical surface(watch glass) is calculated using
the given formula.
Observation:
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒

Pitch =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
Pitch = …………………………………mm
Total number of divisions on head scale =………….
𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ
Least count, LC =
LC =…………………………..mm
ZE =………………………….
Tabular Column:

Spherometer reading for spherical Spherometer reading for plane

surface, h1 in mm surface, h2 in mm
Trial h = h1-h2 in
No mm
PSR in PSR in TR in
HSR TR in mm HSR
mm mm mm
1
2
3
Mean h =…………………..mm = ………………………… cm
Calculation:
Determination of length l from equilateral triangle ABC A
AB=...................
BC=....................
CA=...................
𝐴𝐵+𝐵𝐶+𝐶𝐴
Mean, L= =................
3
B C
Calculation:

Result:
The Radius of curvature(R) of a given spherical surface =...............m.
VIVA – VOCE
1. What is the use of spherometer?
2. Define radius of curvature?
3. Define Least count and pitch in spherometer?
4. Can we use the spherometer to find the radius of Earth?
5. Can we use the spherometer to find the radius of curvature of optical lens?

EQUILIBRIUM OF CONCURRENT COPLANAR FORCES
Aim: To measure the weight of the given body by using parallelogram law of vector
addition
Apparatus: Drawing board, pins, stand slotted weights, strong thread and white paper.
Principle: Law of parallelogram of forces: It states that " If two forces acting at a point are
represented in magnitude and direction by two adjacent sides of parallelogram
drawn from a point , then their resultant is represented both in magnitude and
direction by the diagonal of the completed parallelogram drawn from the same
point.''
Formula: The resultant of two forces P and Q given by
R =√𝑷𝟐 + 𝑸𝟐 + 𝟐𝑷𝑸𝒄𝒐𝒔Ѳ
Where 𝜃 =angle between the two forces P and Q.

Procedure:
1. A drawing board is supported vertically using two stands. Two frictionless pulleys P1
and P2 are fixed to drawing board along the ends of horizontal line.
2. Three light in extensible strings are tied together so that has a common knot O. Two
of them are passed over the pulleys and the third string is made to hang vertically
downwards
3. Suitable weights P,Q and R are attached to the free ends of the strings so that the knot
O is in equilibrium.
4. A drawing sheet fix to the drawing board using drawing pins.
5. When the knot O comes to rest and the trace of the strings and the position O are
marked on the sheet of paper and OC represent the forces P, Q and R respectively.
6. The parallelogram OAC’B is completed and side OC’ is measured. OC’ is found to
be equal to OC. The length OC gives weight of the given and angle COC’ is found to
be 180°.

Diagram:
Observation:

Tabular Column:
Unknown
Trial P Q R OC OC’ Length
Weight = LXS
No Kg wt Kg wt Kg wt X 10-2 m X 10-2 m OC=L in m
Kg wt
1
Mean unknown weight = ………………………………………….Kg wt
Calculation:
Result: The weight of the given body found to be =............................Kg wt
VIVA - VOCE
1. State parallelogram law of vector addition.

2. Write the magnitude of vector addition.
3. What is vector? Give examples.
4. What is the practical application of this experiment?
5. Is force is a scalar or vector? Explain?
6. Define equilibrium of a system.

SIMPLE PENDULUM
Aim: Using simple pendulum, plot L-T, L-T2 graphs, hence find the effective length of
seconds pendulum using appropriate graph.
Apparatus: Clamp stand, a stop clock, spherical bob with hook, cotton thread and meter scale.
Principle: The simple pendulum executes simple harmonic motion as the acceleration of
pendulum bob is directly proportional to its displacement from the mean position
and is always directed towards its mean position.
𝟒𝝅𝟐𝒍
Formula: 1. Period of simple pendulum is given by, T2 = 𝒈
Where 𝐿 = length of the pendulum
𝑔= acceleration due to gravity

2. From L-T2 graph
Effective length of the seconds pendulum, L = OD
Procedure:
1. The Radius r of the bob is measured using vernier calipers.
2. The suitable length l of the thread from the point of suspension through split pieces of a
cork to the hook of pendulum bob is measured.
3. The effective length of the simple pendulum, L=(l+r)
4. The pendulum is made to oscillate with small amplitude in a vertical.
5. The time taken by pendulum to oscillate 20 oscillations is found thrice.
𝒕
6. The mean time,t for 20 oscillations is calculated and period of oscillation T= is also
𝟐𝟎
calculated.
7. The experiment is repeated increasing length of the pendulum and readings are tabulated.
8. Graphs of L versus T and L versus T2 is plotted.

Diagram:
Observation:
Radius (r) of the pendulum bob (given)= …………………………….. cm

Tabular Column:
Length Period
Length of 𝒕
Trial of the
pendulum
Time taken for 20 oscillations t in s T= in s T2 in S2
No thread 𝟐𝟎
l in cm = l +r in s
in cm Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean t

Graph:

Graph:

Calculation:
Result:
 The graph of L-T is curved and its convex side is upwards
 The graph of L-T2is a straight line.
 The effective length of seconds pendulum from L-T2graph is
--------------- cm -------------------m
VIVA – VOCE
1. Why simple pendulum is also called seconds pendulum?
2. Does the time period of pendulum depends on mass of the bob?
3. On factors does the time period of pendulum depends?
4. What is the application of this experiment?
5. Define time period?
6. Define acceleration due to gravity? Mention its SI unit?
 Signature of Batch in Charge


COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
Aim: To study the relation between force of limiting friction and normal reaction and to
find the coefficient of friction between surface of a moving block and horizontal
surface(glass plate).
Apparatus: A wooden block with a hook, a horizontal plane with a glass sheet, a frictionless
pulley, a spirit level, a scale pan, thread, spring balance and weight.
Principle: The limiting friction is directly proportional to the normal reaction, R which is given
by the total weight of the body FLα R
𝐹𝐿
Formula: 1. Coefficient of limiting friction is given by 𝜇L =
𝑅
Where, FL – limiting friction
R – Normal reaction
2. From FL versus R graph,

𝐴𝐶
𝜇 L= slope of the graph =
𝐴𝐵
Procedure:
1. The range and the least count of the spring balance are noted.
2. The mass, M of the wooden block with a hook on its side and the mass of the
scale pan m are measured using spring balance.
3. The glass sheet is placed on the table and made horizontal using sprit level.
4. A frictionless pulley is fixed on the edge of the table top as shown in the fig.
5. A thread of suitable length is tied to a scale pan and its other end is tied the hook
of the wooden block.
6. The wooden block is placed on the glass plate and the thread is passed over the
pulley so that the portion of the thread between pulley and the wooden block is
horizontal.

7. A known mass p is placed on the top of the wooden block and mass q is gradually
increased on the scale pan till the wooden block just start moving on glass top by
gentle tapping the glass.
8. The mass p on the wooden block and mass q kept on the scale pan are tabulated.
9. The experiment is repeated five times for different values of q. Masses p and q
are tabulated in each trial.
10. A graph is plotted between R and FL taking R along x-axis FL along y-axis. This
gives a straight line.
11. The slope of the graph gives coefficient of friction,𝜇 L.

Diagram:
Observation:
Mass of the scale pan m = ………………g =………kg

Mass of the wooden block, M = ………….g………..kg
Acceleration due to gravity at the place of the experiment, g =………………ms-2

Tabular Column:
Mass on the Normal force due Mass in the Force of limiting Coefficient of
Trial 𝑭𝑳
wooden block, to mass, R = scale pan, q friction
No. friction 𝝁L =
p in kg (M+p)g in N in kg FL=(m+q)g in N 𝑹

Graph:

Calculation:
Result:
The value of coefficient limiting friction, 𝜇 L between the surface of the wooden
block and the glass plate is,
i) 𝜇 L = …………………………….from calculation
ii) 𝜇 L = ………………….from graph
VIVA – VOCE
1. What is friction? Mention its types?
2. Mention any two common forces in nature that you see in this experiment.
3. Define limiting friction. Mention its SI unit.
4. What is coefficient of friction? Does it have any SI unit.
5. The graph of Normal reaction R v/s FL is a straight-line. What is its significance.
6. Mention the methods to reduce friction?
7. Friction is a boon or bane. Explain.
8. What is the daily life application of the experiment?

INCLINED PLANE
Aim: To find the downward force along an inclined plane, acting on roller due to gravity
and study its relationship with the angle of inclination by plotting graph between
force and sin.θ
Apparatus: Inclined plane with protractor and pulley, roller, weight box, spring balance, spirit
level, pan and thread.
Principle: When an object (roller) moves down in an inclined plane with a constant velocity,
the component of the weight of the roller along the inclined plane is balanced by
the tension in the thread plus frictional force acting between the inclined plane
and the roller.
Formula: Tension in the thread is given by, W = Mgsinθ - fr
Where, fr – rolling friction

M – mass of roller
θ – angle between the inclined plane and the horizontal plane
g – acceleration due to gravity
Procedure:
1. The range and least count of the spring balance are noted.
2. The inclined plane is set as shown in the figure. Here a thread of suitable length which is
tied to a scale pan at one end to a roller at the other end passes over the frictionless pulley.
3. The value of W is adjusted so that the roller stays at the top of inclined plane at rest.
4. The masses are decreased in small steps in the pan until the roller just starts moving down
the plane with constant velocity.
5. The angle θ is measured and W = (M1+M2)g is calculated.
6. The experiment is repeated for different values of θ and the observations are recorded in
the tabular column.
7.A graph is plotted between sinθ and W taking sinθ along x- axis and W along y-axis.

Diagram:
Observation:
Mass of the scale pan, M1 =……………g…………..kg

Mass of roller M = ………………g…….kg
Acceleration due to gravity, g =……………ms-2

Tabular Column:
Trial Angle of Mass M2 added to the Force

Sinθ
No. inclination θ scale pan in kg W = (M1+M2)g in N
1
2
3
4
5
Mean force =……………….
Graph:


Calculation:
Result:
Graph of W versus sinθ is a straight line, which makes the intercept on the x- axis.
Therefore the downward force along the inclined along varies linearly with sinθ, where, θ
is the angle of the inclined plane.
VIVA – VOCE
1. What is the significance of straight-line graph of the experiment?
2. What is the daily life application of the experiment?
3. How does the mass in scale pan depends on angle of inclination?
4. What is weight. Give the difference between mass and weight. Mention its SI unit.
5. How both force and weight have the same SI unit as newton. Justify?

SPRING CONSTANT
Aim: To find the force constant and effective mass of a helical spring by plotting T2 - m
graph using method of oscillation θ.
Apparatus: Helical spring with pointer, weight hanger, slotted weight, stand with clamp,
measuring scale and stop clock.
Principle: When a loaded helical spring is allowed to execute oscillations.

1. The restoring force is directly proportional to extension in it.
𝑀
2. The period of oscillation is given by, T= 2π√
𝐾
Where, M- mass attached to the spring.
K- Spring constant
𝟒𝝅𝟐
Formula: 1. Spring constant, K =
𝒎
Where, m – slope of the M-T2 graph
2. The effective mass of the helical spring
m0 – the magnitude of intercept on x axis
Procedure:
1. Experimental arrangement is as shown in the figure.
2. A suitable load of mass M is attached to spring. It is pulled downwards and then released
gently so that it makes oscillations in a vertical plane.
3. Time for 20 oscillations is noted using stop clock. The period of oscillation, T is
determined.
4. The experiment is repeated for different loads.
5. The graph of T2 versus M of the load is plotted and the slope of the graph is found.
6. The magnitude of intercept on X- axis gives the effective mass of the helical spring.
7. The spring constant is calculated using the above formula.

Diagram:

Tabular Column:
Time, t for 10 oscillations in s

Load 𝒕
Trial Period T= in s
No.
M 𝟏𝟎 T2 in S2
in Kg Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean t
Graph:


Calculation:
Result:
1. The spring constant(force constant) of the given helical spring = ..................
2. Effective mass of the helical spring =..................
VIVA – VOCE
1. spring force is a common force or fundamental force in nature. Justify.

2. Define oscillation? What type of oscillation that we observe in this experiment?
3. What is elasticity?
4. State Hooke’s law?
5. what is the significance of graph obtained in the experiment?
𝑀
6. Dimensionally prove the correctness of the equation T= 2π√
𝐾

SONOMETER
Aim: A).To study the relation between frequency and length of a given wire under
constant tension using a sonometer.
B).To study the relation between the length of a wire and tension for constant
frequency using a sonometer.
Apparatus: Sonometer, Tuning forks of known frequencies, meter scale, rubber pad, paper
rider, wooden bridge and weights.
A) Variation of frequency with resonating length for a constant tension

Principle: Principle of resonance:
The wire between movable bridges vibrates with maximum amplitude when the
frequency of the air column is equal to the frequency of tuning fork.
Formula: f x l = constant
Where f = frequency of vibrating wire,
l =resonating length in fundamental mode
Procedure:
1. Experimental arrangement is as shown in the figure.
2. Sonometer wire is kept under a constant tension by keeping a suitable load on the hanger.
3. The tuning fork of frequency f is excited gently and kept with its stem pressed on the
sonometer box.
4. The distance between the bridges A and B is adjusted so that the wire between A and B
vibrates in resonance, forming a single loop. When this happens, the paper rider kept over
the wire in the bridge vibrates rapidly and falls down.
5. The resonating length l is calculated.
6. The experiment is repeated for different tuning forks and values are tabulated.
7. The product f x l is calculated in each case.
1
8. A graph is plotted taking f along x- axis and along y- axis.
𝑙

B) Variation of resonating length with tension for a constant frequency
Principle; For a given frequency of a vibrating wire, the resonating length depends upon
tension in the wire.
𝑇
Formula : = constant
𝑙2
Where, T - Tension in the wire = M g
M- Mass of the load
g- Acceleration due to gravity
l- Resonating length.
Procedure:
1. Experimental arrangement is as shown in figure.
2. Sonometer wire is kept under a tension T by keeping a suitable load M on the hanger.
3. The tuning fork of frequency f is excited gently and kept with its stem pressed on the
sonometer box.
4. The distance between the bridges A and B is adjusted so that the wire between A and B
vibrates in resonance, forming a single loop. When this happens, the paper rider kept over
the wire in the bridge vibrates rapidly and falls down.
𝑇
5. The resonating length l is calculated. The value is calculated
𝑙2
6. The experiment is repeated for different tuning forks and values are tabulated.
7. A graph of T along X- axis and l2along y-axis is plotted.

Diagram:
Observation:
Tabular Column:
Trial Resonating length 1/l

f in Hz F x l in Hz.m
No. l in m in m-1
1

Observation:
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 ms-2
Tabular Column:
Trial Load in Tension in N Resonating 𝑻

l2 in m2 in Nm -2
No. Kg T=(M+S)g length in m 𝒍𝟐

Graph:

Graph:

Calculation:
Result:
Variation of frequency with resonating length for a constant tension
1. The product f x l is as found to be correct.

1
2. A graph is plotted between f and is a straight line passing through the origin.
𝑙
3. This concludes the frequency of vibrating wire is inversely proportional to the
resonating length under constant tension.
Variation of resonating length with tension for a constant frequency
T
4. The value of 2 is as found to be constant.
l
5. A graph is plotted between T and l2is a straight line.
6. This concludes the frequency of vibrating wire, the resonating length is directly
proportional to square root of its tension.
VIVA – VOCE
1. Define resonance?
2. What is frequency? Mention its SI unit?
3. Define resonating length?
4. What is tension?
5. What is sonometer?
6. How does the resonating length depends on tension applied?

VELOCITY OF SOUND
Aim: To determine the velocity of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance
tube.
Apparatus: Resonance tube, tuning fork, rubber pad, thermometer, spirit level, beaker and
water.
Principle: The air column in the resonance tube vibrates with maximum amplitude when the
frequency of the air column is equal to the frequency of tuning fork.
Formula: Velocity of sound in air at room temperature,
V=2f (l2- l1)

Where, f= Frequency of tuning fork.
l1= First resonating length.
l2=Second resonating length.

Procedure:
1. The Jar is filled with water and a resonance glass tube is immersed in jar such
that there is small air column in tube
2. The tuning fork of known frequency f is hit on rubber pad and held some one cm
above open end of tube.
3. The length of air column is increased gradually by lowering the position of water
till the maximum sound is heard. This is called first resonance.
4. The length l1 of the air column in the tube is noted using meter scale.
5. The position of resonance glass tube is changed such that length of air column is
nearly equal to 3l1(three times the length of l1)
6. The vibrating tuning fork is kept above the mouth of open end of tube and tube is
adjusted for maximum sound .This is second resonance.
7. The length l2 of the air column in the tube is noted using meter scale.
8. The velocity of sound is calculated using the above given formula.

9. Experiment is repeated for different tuning forks of known frequency f.

10. Mean value of velocity of sound is calculated.
Diagram:
Observation:
Laboratory temperature, t =…………………..

Tabular Column:
Frequency of
First resonating Second resonating V=2f (l2- l1)
Trial No tuning fork in
length l1 in m length l2 in m in ms-1
Hz
Calculation:
Result:
The velocity V of sound in air at room temperature = …………. ms-1
VIVA – VOCE
1. What is velocity? Mention its SI unit and dimensional formula?

2. What is the value of velocity of sound in air at room temperature?
3. Lightning is seen before the thunderstorm is heard. Why?
4. How does the velocity of sound depends on temperature?
5. Check the correctness of the equation, velocity of sound V=2f (l2- l1)?

NEWTON LAW OF COOLING
Aim: To study the relationship between the temperature of hot body and time by plotting
a cooling curve.
Apparatus: Calorimeter, thermometer and stop clock.
Principle: The hot water looses heat to its surroundings in the form of heat radiation.
Formula: Log10 (ɵ- ɵ 0) = -kt + C

Where ɵ = Temperature of water at time t
Ɵ0 =Temperature of surrounding
(ɵ- Ɵ 0) = excess 0f temperature
Procedure:
1. The experimental arrangement is as shown in figure. Laboratory temperature ɵ0 is

noted using thermometer.
2. Hot water at temperature about 90°C is taken in a calorimeter.
3. Temperature of hot water is noted and simultaneously stop clock is started.
4. Water is stirred slowly and continuously. Time t is noted for every 2°C fall of
temperature.
5. Excess of temperature (ɵ- ɵ 0) is found in each case.
6. The procedure is repeated and readings are tabulated.
7. A graph is plotted between t and (ɵ- ɵ 0) taking time t along x axis and (ɵ- ɵ 0)
along Y axis. This curve is called cooling curve.

Observation:
Laboratory temperature, ɵ 0 =………………….. 0C
Diagram:

Tabular Column:
Temperature ɵ Time t in Excess of temperature

Trial No
°C seconds (ɵ- ɵ 0) in °C
Log10 (ɵ- ɵ 0) in °C

Calculation:
Result:
A graph is plotted between t and (ɵ- ɵ 0) is an exponential decay curve.
VIVA – VOCE
1. What is temperature? Mention its SI unit?
2. What is the principle of calorimetry?
3. Mention the methods of heat transfer from one body to its surrounding?
4. What is heat radiation? Mention its properties.
5. What is the significant of the graph obtained in the experiment?

SURFACE TENSION OF WATER

Aim: To Determine surface tension of water by capillary rise method.
Apparatus: Capillary tube, metal stand, travelling microscope, ball pin, rising stand, table lamp,
reading lens and beaker.
Principle: The weight of the liquid column below the meniscus is balanced by the upward
force due to surface tension, acting at the points of contact along the
circumference of meniscus.
1
Formula: Surface Tension, T= ρgrh
2
Where, ρ is density of water
g is acceleration due to gravity
h is height of liquid column
r is radius of the capillary tube

Procedure:
1. Least count of the travelling microscope is found. Travelling microscope is adjusted for
horizontal view.
2. A small ball pin is fixed to the lower end of the capillary tube which is fixed vertically to
a stand with the help of a plumb line.
3. The position of the capillary tube is adjusted such that the tip of the ball pin just touches
the surface of the water in the beaker.
4. The positions of travelling microscpoe is adjusted such that the horizontal cross wire is
tangential to the lower meniscus of the water column in capillary tube. MSR and CVD
are noted from the vertical scale of the microscope and the total readindg R 1 is calculated
using the formula TR= MSR+(CVD x LC).
5. The beaker is removed without disturbing the capillary tube . The carriage of travelling
microscope is lowered and tip of the ball pin is focused.
6. The horizontal crosswire is made to coincide with the tip of the ball pin. The
corresponding reading R2 is calculated.
7. The capillary rise, h= R1~R2 is found.
8. The microscope is focused on the transverse cross- section of the capillarary tube such
that the horizontal cross wire is made to touch tangentially with the bore of the capillary

tube as in diagram. The same is repeated with vertical cross wire also.
9. The readings R3, R4, R5 and R6 are noted as shown in fig and the inner radius of the
capillary tube, r is determined.
10. The surface tension of water is calculated using the above formula.
Diagram:
Observation:
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1 𝑀𝑆𝐷
Least count of TM = =………………cm
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑆𝐷
Density of water, ρ = 1000 kgm-3
Acceleration due to gravity, g= 9.8ms-2

Tabular Column 1:
To find the height of water column h
TM reading MSR in cm CVD in div TR in cm
R1
R2
Capillary rise, h = R1 – R2 = ……………. cm = ……………. m
Calculation:
Result: Surface tension of water, T = …………………….kgs-2
VIVA – VOCE
1. Define surface tension? Mention its SI unit?

2. What is the difference between ordinary microscopes to travelling microscope?
3. What is the least count of travelling microscope?
4. What do you mean by capillarity?
1
5. Check the correctness of the equation, Surface Tension, T= 2ρgrh

BEAM BALANCE
Aim: To determine mass of two different objects using a beam balance
Apparatus: Beam balance, weight box with a set of milligram masses and forceps, spirit level
and two objects whose masses are to be determined.
Principle: The moment of force in the clockwise direction is equal to moment of force in
anticlockwise direction about the fulcrum when the beam is in equilibrium position.
Formula: The mass of object in one pan = the sum of the standard masses in the other pan
when the beam is balanced.
Procedure:
1. The balance is leveled by adjusting the leveling screws so that the plumb line is vertical.
2. The screw nuts at the ends of the beam are to be shifted in or out till the pointer swings
equally on both sides of the central line of the scale.
3. The body whose mass is to be determined is placed at the center of the left pan. Suitable
standard masses including milligram masses are placed at the centre of the right pan until
the pointer swings equal or nearly equal number of divisions on either side of the central
zero mark in the scale.
4. In equilibrium position, the pointer comes to rest at the centre zero mark. The door of the
glass cover is closed to prevent disturbance due to air draughts. The balances is arrested
and the masses are taken out from the right hand pan, one by one and total mass is noted
in the tabular column.
5. The experiment is repeated for two more times for the same object. The mean, mass is
found.
6. Similarly the mass of the second object is determined. The observation for the second
object is recorded in the tabular column.

Diagram:
Observation:
Tabular Column 1: Object 1
Trial Standard mass Mass of the object[𝐱 + (𝐲𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )] in g

No.
Gram x in g Milligram y in mg
Mean mass of the first object, m1 = ……………..g
Tabular Column 2: Object 2
Trial Standard mass Mass of the object[𝐱 + (𝐲𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )] in g

No.
Gram x in g Milligram y in mg

Mean mass of the second object, m2 = ……………g
Calculation:
Result:
The mass of the first given object, m1 = ……………….gm = ………..kg
The mass of the second given object, m2 = ……………gm =…………kg
VIVA – VOCE
1. Give the differences between mass and weight of an object.

2. What is moment of force?
3. Convert the following a. 1 gm to ____Kg b. 1 kg to_______gm.
4. What is balanced condition?
5. What is the function of spirit level.

VISCOSITY
Aim: To determine the coefficient of viscosity of a given liquid by measuring the terminal
velocity of spherical body.
Apparatus: A wide bore glass tube, steel balls of different radii, glycerin, meter scale,
thermometer and forceps.
Principle: When a spherical balls on through a viscous liquid with terminal velocity, the weight
of the spherical ball is balanced by the sum of the dragging viscous force and the upward
buoyant force of that liquid acting on it
2 (σ−ρ)
Formula: Co-efficient of viscosity of liquid, η = 9 g
slope
Where, g – acceleration due to gravity
r – radius of the spherical ball
σ – density of the spherical ball
ρ – density of liquid
v – terminal velocity of the spherical ball
slope – the slope of v versus r2
Procedure:
1. Wide glass tube is filled with glycerin.

2. Three rubber bands A, B and C are out around the wide bore tube so that AB is equal to
BC, each about 30cm as shown in the fig.
3. The steel ball of known radius r is dropped gently into the liquid with the help of forceps.
4. The steel ball attains a uniform velocity after falling down through about 40cm inside the
liquid.
5. Two stops clocks are started simultaneously as the spherical ball pass through the rubber
band A. One of the watches is stopped as the ball crosses through the band B, the second
stop clock is continued and stopped when the ball crosses the band C.
6. The time t1 and t2 as indicated by the two stop clocks are noted. t1 is the time taken by the
falling ball to travel from A to B and t2 is the time taken by it in falling from A to C.
If t2 =t1 then the terminal velocity is attained before the ball crosses A.
7. If it is not, the experiment is repeated with the same steel ball after adjusting the positions
of the rubber bands.
8. The experiment is repeated for other balls of different diameter and terminal velocity of
each ball is found.
9. A graph is plotted between r2 and v taking r2 along x- axis and terminal velocity v along
y-axis. It is a straight line.
10. The slope is found and hence co-efficient of viscosity of the liquid is determined using
2 (𝜎−𝜌)
the formula, 𝜂= g
9 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
Diagram:
Observation:
Temperature of the experimental liquid, θ = ……………….0C
Density of material of steel ball, σ = ……………………kgm-3
Density of viscous liquid used in the tube, ρ = ………. kgm-3
Internal diameter of the wide bore tube = ………..cm……..m
Length of the wide bore tube = ……….cm……………m
Distance between A and B = …………..cm………….m
Distance between B and C =…………..cm……………m

AB+BC
h= = ……………..cm………….m
2
Acceleration due to gravity at the given place of experiment, g =……..ms-2
Tabular Column:
Time taken for covering distance = Terminal

Diameter Radius r2 …………cm between rubber bands in m velocity
Sl. No. of the 𝐝 in m2 𝐡
r =𝟐 V= 𝐭
spherical
in m In ms-1
ball d in m A to B A to C B to C Mean
t1 t2 t3= t2- t1 time
𝐭 +𝐭
T= 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
Calculation

Result:
Co-efficient of viscosity the liquid, η = ………………………Nsm-2
VIVA – VOCE
1. Define viscosity of liquid?

2. Why it is necessary to find out the viscosity of liquid?
2 (𝜎−𝜌)
3. Obtain the dimensional formula for the equation ,𝜂 = g
2 (𝜎−𝜌)
4. Check the correctness of the equation, , 𝜂= g
5. Define terminal velocity?
6. Define buoyant force?

BOYLE’S LAW
Aim: To study the variations in volume with pressure P, for the sample of air at constant
temperature by plotting graphs between P and V and between P and 1/V.
Apparatus: Boyle’s law apparatus, Fortin’s Barometer, Vernier Calipers, thermometer and
spirit level.
Principle: At constant temperature, the pressure of a given mass of gas changes with change in
volume.
Formula: PV= constant or pl= constant
Where P- Pressure of the gas
V- Volume of the gas
l- Effective length of the gaseous column.
Procedure:
1. Atmospheric pressure H by Fortin’s Barometer is noted. The scale reading R1

corresponding to the top A of the closed tube is noted.
2. The scale reading R2, R3 and R4 corresponding to the points B, C and D respectively are
noted.
3. (R1-R2) is found which gives the radius r of the curved portion AB. (R1-R3) is found
𝒓
which gives length l’ of the air column. The corrected length of the air column, l=l’- .
𝟑
4. Similarly (R4-R3) is found which gives the pressure head differences of h between the
closed tube and open tube. The pressure of the gas P is found using, P=H+h cm of Hg
5. The experiment is repeated for different values of l and reading are tabulated.
6. A graph is plotted between P and l taking P along x-axis and l along y-axis.
7. Another graph is plotted between p and 1/l is a straight line.

Observation:
Lab Temperature = ……………….0C
Atmospheric pressure as observed from the Fortin’s barometer, R1=……………..
Reading corresponding to the top A of the closed tube , R1=………..
Reading corresponding to the top B of the closed tube , R2=…………
The radius of the curved portion AB, r =R1-R2=…………..

Tabular column
Reading on Length of Corrected Pressure Pressure

the scale the air length of head
of gas 𝟏
R3 R4 column the air difference in
Trial no p=H+h 𝒍 P x l= k
in in cm Length column h=R4-R3 cm -1
in cm of
cm l’=R1-R3 in 𝒓 in cm of
l=l’-𝟑 Hg
cm of Hg Hg
1
Result :
1. The graph of p versus l is hyperbola.
2. The graph of p versus 1/l is a straight line.
3. Within experimental limits, the product Pl is a constant. Hence PV=constant.
VIVA – VOCE
1. State Boyle’s law.

2. Give an example to illustrate Boyle’s.
3. Mention the ideal gas equation.
4. What is a Barometer.
5. Why mercury is used in thermometer and mercury barometer.

Experiment No. 16 Date:
SPECIFIC HEAT
Aim: To determine the specific heat capacity of a given solid and a liquid by the
method of mixtures.
Apparatus: copper calorimeter with lid and insulating box, thermometer, metal
Piece, beakers, physical balance, weight box, water, tripod stand and wire
gauge.
Principle: When two bodies of different temperatures are brought in thermal contact
at thermal equilibrium the amount of heat lost by the body at higher
temperature is equal to the amount of heat gained by the body at lower
temperature provided that no heat is lost to the surrounding.
I. Specific heat capacity of a given solid by the method of mixtures:
Formula:
Specific heat of the solid

(𝑚2 − 𝑚1 )𝑆𝑤 +𝑚1 𝑆𝑐 (𝑡3 −𝑡1 )
Ss = Jkg-1K-1
𝑚3 (𝑡2 −𝑡3 )
Where m1 – Mass of empty calorimeter with stirrer
m2 ---Mass of calorimeter with water
t1 -- Initial temperature of the water
t2 – Temperature of the solid in boiling water
t3 – Temperature of mixture
Sc – Specific heat capacity of material of calorimeter
Sw—Specific heat capacity of water

Diagram:
Procedure:
1) The physical balance is set and made sure there is no zero error.
2) The mass m1 of the calorimeter with stirrer is measured using physical
balance.
3) The calorimeter is filled with water to 2/3rd of its volume and mass m2 is found
4) Initial temperature of water t1 is noted using thermometer.
5) The solid is dipped in the beaker filled with water and taken out and shaken it
well. Then mass m3 of the solid is measured.
6) The solid is tied tightly by a thread at its midpoint and put in the water in a
beaker.
7) The water is heated for about 10 minutes and the temperature t2 of hot water
is noted.

8) The solid from hot water is taken out and shaken well and put in water in
calorimeter covered with insulated box immediately.
II. The specific heat capacity of the solid is calculated using the formula,
(𝑚2 − 𝑚1 )𝑆𝑤 +𝑚1 𝑆𝑐 (𝑡3 −𝑡1 )
Ss = Jkg-1K-1
𝑚3 (𝑡2 −𝑡3 )
Result: The specific heat capacity of the given solid, Ss = ………….
Observation:
Laboratory temperature, t =……………
Mass of the empty calorimeter with stirrer, m1 = ……………
Mass of the calorimeter with liquid, m2 = ……………
Mass of solid, m3 =……………
Initial temperature of the liquid, t1 =…………….
Temperature of the solid in boiling water, t2 =…………….
Temperature of mixture, t3 =……………
Specific heat capacity of material of calorimeter, St =…………..
Specific heat capacity of solid, Ss =…………….
ii: Specific heat of the solid

(𝑡2 – 𝑡3 )𝑆𝑠 𝑚3 −𝑚1 𝑆𝑐 (𝑡3 −𝑡1 )
Ss = Jkg-1K-1
(𝑚2 −𝑚1 )(𝑡3 −𝑡1 )
Where m1 – Mass of empty calorimeter with stirrer
m2 ---Mass of calorimeter with water
m3- Mass of solid

t1 -- Initial temperature of the water
t2 – Temperature of the solid in boiling water
t3 – Temperature of mixture
Sc – Specific heat capacity of material of calorimeter
Sw—Specific heat capacity of water
Procedure:
1) The physical balance is set and made sure there is no zero error.
2)The mass m1 of the calorimeter with stirrer is measured using physical balance.
3)The calorimeter is filled with water to 2/3rd of its volume and mass m2 is found
4) Initial temperature of water t1 is noted using thermometer.
5) The solid is dipped in the beaker filled with water and taken out and shaken it
well. Then mass m3 of the solid is measured.
6) The solid is tied tightly by a thread at its midpoint and put in the water in a
beaker.
7) The water is heated for about 10 minutes and the temperature t2 of hot water
8) The solid from hot water is taken out and shaken well and put in water in
calorimeter covered with insulated box immediately.
9)The specific heat capacity of the solid is calculated using the formula,
(𝑡2 – 𝑡3 )𝑆𝑠 𝑚3 −𝑚1 𝑆𝑐 (𝑡3 −𝑡1 )

Sl = Jkg-1K-1
(𝑚2 −𝑚1 )(𝑡3 −𝑡1 )

Calculation:
Result: The specific heat capacity of the given liquid, Sl = ………….
VIVA – VOCE
1. Define specific heat capacity of solids

2. Why it is necessary to conduct this experiment.
3. CP - CV = R. write a note on this equation.
4. Obtain the dimensional formula for specific heat capacity using above formula
for it.

Experiment Number: 17 Date:
YOUNG’S MODULUS
Aim: To determine Young’s modulus of the material of a given wire by using Searle’s apparatus
Apparatus: Searle’s apparatus, slotted weights, experimental wire, screw gauge and spirit lamp.
Principle: Hooke’s law: The stress is directly proportional to strain, within elastic limits.
𝑔𝐿 1
Formula: Young’s modulus, Y= ( ) (by graph of l versus M)
𝜋𝑟 2 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
𝑀𝑔𝐿
Y= (by Theory)
𝑙𝜋𝑟 2
Where, M=load
L=length of wire
l= extension of the wire
r= radius of the wire
g=acceleration due to gravity.
Procedure:
1. The weights are suspended from both hookes so that two wires are stretched without any
kinks. The constants weights W is attached to the experimental wire to make it taut.
2. The length L of the experimental wire is measured from the point of its support to the
point where it is connected to the frame.
3. The mean diameter of the experimental wire is found using screw gauge and radius r is
calculated.
4. The pitch and least count of the micrometer screw fitted to the frame are found.
5. The PSR and HSR are noted and total reading is calculated using, TR=PSR+(HSRxLC) ,
this gives micrometer reading for zero load.
6. The experiment is repeated by increasing the load in steps of 0.5 kg and reading are
tabulated.

7. The PSR and HSR are noted. Micrometer reading is calculated as before.
8. The experiment is repeated by increasing the load in steps of 0.5 kg and reading are
tabulated.
9. The experiment is repeated by decreasing the load in steps of 0.5 kg and reading are
tabulated.
10. Mean micrometer reading is found for each load.
11.Mean micrometer reading of the dead load is subtracted from mean reading of each load
to get the extension l of the wire for the load.
12.A graph is plotted between M and l taking load M along x-axis and extension l along y-
axis and slope of the graph is found.
13. Young’s modulus of the wire is calculated using formula,
𝑔𝐿 1
Y=
𝜋𝑟 2(
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
)
14.The loads of experimental wire and corresponding extensions are tabulated as shown in
the second tabular column.
15.The extension of the wire for a load M of 1.5 kg is calculated.
16.Mean extension l is found.
𝑀𝑔𝐿
17.Young’s modulus of the wire is calculated using formula, Y=
𝑙𝜋𝑟 2

Diagram:
Tabular Column:
Mean TR
Object Dimension Trial PSR in HSR in TR in mm in mm
no mm div
Wire Diameter 2

Load in Micrometer reading Mean Extension Extension

experimental TR=PSR + (HSR x LC) reading l in mm in m
Trial wire ,M in 𝒙+𝒚
No kg Load Load
𝟐
increasing decreasing y
x in cm in mm
1 0 lo-lo=
2 0.5 l1-lo=
3 1 l2-lo=
4 1.5 l3-lo=
5 2 l4-lo=
6 2.5 l5-lo=
7 3 l6-lo=
8 3.5 l7-lo=


Calculation:
Result:
1. Young’s modulus of the wire is calculated using formula, Y=…….Nm-2 (by theory)
2. Young’s modulus of the wire is calculated using formula, Y=…….. Nm-2(by graph)
VIVA – VOCE
1. Define the following
a. Plasticity b. Elasticity c. Elastic Modulus d. Young’s modulus e. Shear modulus
d. Bulk modulus
2. State Hooke’s law.
3. Obtain the dimensional formula for Young’s modulus
4. Draw the stress and strain curve for this experiment.

VIVA VOCE
1. Why is a slide callipers called a Vernier callipers?

2. When zero error is positive and negative?
3. What is zero correction? How is it applied?
4. What is utility of vernier scale over meter scale?
5. Why is the screw used in screw gauge called micrometer screw?
6. Define pitch of screw gauge.
7. What is back- lash error?
8. How can the back-lash error be avoided?
9. Why is spherometer so called?
10. How can the accuracy of sphereometer be increased?
11.Define weight.
12.How can we measure inertial mass?
13. Which instrument determine the gravitational mass?
14.Is density of a body change with place on the earth?
15. Define a second.
16. What is difference between watch and clock?
17. Why is addition of vectors difference from addition of scalars?
18. What are main sources of error in the experiment in grave sands
apparatus?
19. Why the thread junction does not come addressed same position
always?
20. Define a deforming force.
21. Define a stress.
22. State Hooke’s law.
23. How thickness of wire affects the value of spring constant?
24. How the forces constant depend on load weights?
25. On what factor pitch of sound depends?
26. Which sound is shrill? Give example.

27. What types of waves are produced in air column?

28. What are possible errors in the result of experiment of finding velocity
of sound?
29. Will the result be affected if we take metallic tube of different diameter?
30. Why there is so many holes in a flute?



I PUC Revised Physics Mannual

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SVRPUC I PUC PHYSICS MANUAL

4. Equilibrium of concurrent forces 15

10. Velocity of sound 44

11. Newton law of cooling 47

12. Surface tension of water 50

13. Beam balance 54

15. Boyle’s Law 63

16. Specific heat capacity 68

17. Young’s Modulus 74

Department of physics Page 1

Department of physics Page 2

Experiment Number: - 01 Date:

Aim: 1) To measure diameter of a small spherical/cylindrical body.

B) Total reading, TR = MSR + (CVD x LC)

2) To measure the dimensions of given regular body of known mass and

hence to determine its density.

Where, l-Length, b-Breadth and h-Height

Department of physics Page 3

3) To measure the internal diameter and depth of a given cylindrical object

Where D – internal diameter

Department of physics Page 4

Value of one MSD =…………….cm

Department of physics Page 5

Tabular Column -1:

Mean diameter =………………..cm

Tabular Column -2:

Mean length = …………………cm

Mean breadth = ……………… cm

Mean height = …………………cm

Department of physics Page 6

Tabular Column -3:

Mean internal diameter = …………………cm …………….m

Mean internal depth = ……………… cm …………… ….m

Department of physics Page 7

 Diameter D of the spherical/ cylindrical body, D …………………………. m

 Density of the given rectangular body, ρ ………………………………..kg/m3

 Volume of cylindrical body (Calorimeter), V ……………………………….m3

1. Give the application of vernier calipers.

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Department of physics Page 8

Experiment Number: - 02 Date:

Aim: 1) To measure the diameter of a given wire

Total reading, TR = PSR + (HSR – ZE) LC

Where, PSR – Pitch scale reading

HSR – Head scale reading

Department of physics Page 9

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒

Total number of divisions on head scale =………….

Department of physics Page 10

Tabular Column -1:

PSR in HSR in TR in Mean TR

Mean diameter =…………………..m

Tabular Column -2:

PSR in HSR in TR in Mean TR

Mean thickness =…………………..m

Department of physics Page 11

 The diameter of the given wire…………………………. m

 The thickness of the given sheet…………………………m

1. Compare vernier calipers and screw gauge?

2. Where we can use the screw gauge in daily life application?

3. Define least count and pitch in screw gauge?

4. What is zero error?

5. What is positive zero error and negative zero error?

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