PAKISTAN HISTORY FROM 1857 TO

1948
1857 INDIAN REBILLION:
Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny or the First War of Indian Independence. In
simple terms, it was a major uprising against British rule in India.

Here's a simplified explanation:

In 1857, Indian soldiers (called sepoys) in the British East India Company's army were upset for various
reasons, including religious concerns and a sense that their traditions were being disrespected. This
dissatisfaction led to a widespread rebellion.

The rebellion quickly spread to different parts of India, involving not only soldiers but also civilians who
were unhappy with British rule. There were battles and clashes between Indian rebels and British forces.

Despite some initial successes, the rebellion was eventually crushed by the British. The consequences
were significant, and the British government took direct control of India from the East India Company.

The Indian Rebellion of 1857 is a crucial part of India's history as it marked a turning point in the struggle
against British colonialism, eventually leading to India's independence in 1947.

1885: Indian National Congress (INC):

Indians formed the INC to seek more say in their governance under British rule. The INC played a crucial
role in the Indian independence movement and later became one of the dominant political parties in the
country.

1905: BENGAL PARTIOTION:

The Bengal Partition refers to the division of the Bengal province of British India in 1905. The decision to
partition Bengal was officially announced on July 19, 1905, by Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India at the
time. The partition aimed to reorganize the large province of Bengal, which had a predominantly Hindu
population, into two separate entities: East Bengal and Assam with a Muslim majority, and the rest of
Bengal with a Hindu majority. Due to the widespread protests and opposition, the Bengal Partition was
eventually annulled in 1911 by King George V, and Bengal was reunified.

1906: All India Muslim League:

Muslims formed the league to protect their political rights in British India. The formation of the league
took place during the annual meeting of the Muhammadan Educational Conference in Dhaka on
December 30, 1906. The decision to establish the Muslim League was driven by concerns among Muslim
leaders about their political representation and the protection of Muslim rights in the Indian
subcontinent under British rule.
The founding members, including Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah Khan, and others, aimed to address the
perceived political marginalization of Muslims and ensure their interests were safeguarded. Over the
years, the All India Muslim League became a significant political force, and it played a crucial role in the
demand for a separate Muslim state, which ultimately led to the creation of Pakistan in 1947.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who later came to be known as Quaid-e-Azam (Great Leader), initially joined the
All India Muslim League in 1913. At that time, he was not actively involved in politics and was primarily
focused on his legal career. However, as Jinnah became increasingly disillusioned with the Indian
National Congress's approach, which he felt did not adequately represent the interests of Muslims, he
started playing a more prominent role in the Muslim League

World War I (1914-1918):

India supported the British in the war, leading to increased demands for self-rule

1916 LUKHNOW PACT:

The Lucknow Session of the Indian National Congress in 1916 is a significant event in Indian political
history because it marked an important development in the relationship between the Indian National
Congress (INC) and the All India Muslim League. This session is often referred to as the Lucknow Pact.

 One of the significant features of the Lucknow Pact was an agreement between the Congress
and the Muslim League to work together for constitutional reforms and to present joint
demands.

 The pact recognized the separate electorates for Muslims but called for weightage in
representation for minority communities in provinces where they were in a minority.

 It also advocated the introduction of a system of separate electorates for Sikhs, Christians, and
Anglo-Indians.

The Government of India Act of 1919, which implemented these reforms, reflected some of the
principles and agreements outlined in the Lucknow Pact.

1927 SIMON COMMISION:

In 1927, the Simon Commission, a British parliamentary commission, was formed to look into
constitutional reforms in India. However, it faced strong opposition as it did not have any Indian
members. The protests and opposition to the Simon Commission led to the appointment of a new
commission, the Joint Select Committee, to review the political situation in India.

1930 TO 1933 ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE (DELHI MUSLIM

PROPOSAL)
The Round Table Conferences followed these developments. The first Round Table Conference took
place in London in 1930-31, and the second in 1931-32. However, the significant proposals from the
Muslim community, often referred to as the "Delhi Muslim Proposals," were presented during the Third
Round Table Conference in 1932-33.

Delhi Muslim Proposals:

  The Muslim leaders presented a set of proposals known as the "Delhi Muslim Proposals" during
the Third Round Table Conference.

 The proposals emphasized the protection of Muslim political rights, separate electorates, and
reservations for Muslims in government services.

The Round Table Conferences and the Delhi Muslim Proposals were part of the broader process that
eventually led to the Government of India Act of 1935

1930 ALLAHABAD SESSION:

Key points about the 1930 Allahabad session:

1. Decision to Launch Civil Disobedience:

 The 1930 session, presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru, marked a turning point in the
Congress's approach to British rule.

 The session witnessed the passing of the famous Purna Swaraj (Complete
Independence) resolution, which declared that the goal of the Indian National Congress
was the attainment of complete independence from British rule.

2. Declaration of Independence (January 26, 1930):

 In accordance with the Purna Swaraj resolution, January 26, 1930, was declared as
Independence Day by the Indian National Congress. On this day, the Congress unfurled
the tricolor flag and took the pledge to work towards complete independence.

3. Mahatma Gandhi's Leadership:

 Mahatma Gandhi played a pivotal role in the decision to launch the Civil Disobedience
Movement. He had been advocating for nonviolent resistance as a means to achieve
independence.

4. Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934):

 The declaration of Purna Swaraj was followed by the launch of the Civil Disobedience
Movement on March 12, 1930, with the Salt March led by Mahatma Gandhi.

 The movement aimed to protest against the salt tax imposed by the British government
and other unjust laws. It involved nonviolent resistance, non-cooperation, and various
forms of protest.

1933 MAP OF PAKISTAN BY CHAUDHRY REHMAT ALI:

Rehmat Ali, along with others, published a pamphlet titled "Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish
Forever?" in 1933. In this pamphlet, he proposed the idea of a separate Muslim state, which he referred
to as "Pakistan." The term "Pakistan" was formed by combining the first letters of the regions that he
envisioned as part of this state: Punjab, Afghania (North-West Frontier Province), Kashmir, Sindh, and
Baluchistan.
Provincial Elections of 1937:
In 1937, provincial elections were held in British India, and the Indian National Congress achieved
significant success. The Congress formed governments in several provinces, marking a shift in political
power.

World War II Begins (1939):

The outbreak of World War II in 1939 had a significant impact on India. The British government, without
consulting Indian leaders, declared India as a belligerent in the war, leading to protests and opposition
from the Congress and other political groups.

Congress Resignations (1939):

In response to the Viceroy's decision to involve India in the war without consulting Indian leaders, the
Congress ministries resigned in protest in 1939. This event marked a breakdown in the relationship
between the Congress and the British government.

Lahore Resolution (1940):

The All India Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, passed the Lahore Resolution on March 23,
1940. This resolution called for the creation of a separate Muslim state, Pakistan, in areas where
Muslims were in the majority.

Cripps Mission (1942):

Sir Stafford Cripps, a British politician, visited India with a proposal for constitutional changes in
exchange for Indian support in World War II. The Congress rejected the proposals as they did not
guarantee immediate self-rule.

Quit India Movement (1942):

On August 8, 1942, Mahatma Gandhi launched the Quit India Movement, calling for the immediate end
of British rule. The movement was met with strong repression, and many Congress leaders were
arrested.

Simla Conference (1945):

The Simla Conference was held to discuss the future of British India. However, it ended without reaching
any agreements between the Congress and the Muslim League.

General Elections (1945-1946):

General elections were held in 1945-46, leading to the formation of the Interim Government. The
Muslim League won a majority of Muslim seats, strengthening its demand for a separate nation.

Mountbatten Plan and Independence (1947):

Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India, proposed a plan for the partition of British India into two
independent dominions, India and Pakistan. The plan was accepted, and on August 15, 1947, India
gained independence.
Partition and Communal Violence (1947):
The partition of British India led to large-scale migrations, communal violence, and tragic events. The
newly created nations of India and Pakistan came into existence on August 15, 1947.

PHILOSOPHIES:
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah:
Political Leadership:

Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the leader of the All India Muslim League and played a pivotal role in the
creation of Pakistan. His political philosophy focused on securing the rights of Muslims within the
framework of a united India initially and later evolved towards the demand for a separate nation that
why he focused on leadership quality as well.

ALLAM IQBAL:
Concept of Khudi:

Iqbal's philosophy revolved around the concept of "Khudi" (selfhood). He urged individuals to recognize
their inner potential, rise above self-interest, and contribute to the betterment of society.

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (1817-1898):

Educational Reforms:

Sir Syed was a strong advocate for modern education among Muslims. He believed that education,
especially in English and scientific subjects, was essential for the social and economic progress of the
Muslim community.

He founded the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh in 1875, which later became the Aligarh
Muslim University (AMU). The institution aimed to promote modern education while preserving Islamic
culture.

Two Nation Theory:

The Two-Nation Theory is a concept that played a crucial role in the creation of Pakistan. It states that
Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations based on their religious, cultural, and social differences,
and therefore, they cannot coexist within a single unified country. According to this theory, Muslims in
the Indian subcontinent needed a separate homeland where they could freely practice their religion and
protect their rights.

The idea of the Two-Nation Theory gained prominence during the early 20 th century, particularly under
the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who later became the founder of Pakistan. Jinnah argued that
Hindus and Muslims had different religious beliefs, social customs, and historical backgrounds, making it
difficult for them to live together harmoniously.

The demand for a separate nation for Muslims grew stronger in the face of increasing communal
tensions and the perceived marginalization of Muslims in British India. The All India Muslim League,
under Jinnah’s leadership, championed the cause of a separate homeland for Muslims, which eventually
led to the establishment of Pakistan in 1947.

The Two-Nation Theory provided the ideological foundation for the creation of Pakistan as an
independent state for Muslims. It aimed to safeguard the political, social, and economic rights of the
Muslim population and protect their distinct identity.

It is important to note that the Two-Nation Theory does not imply hostility towards other religious
communities or the rejection of a multi-religious society. Instead, it emphasizes the need for separate
political representation and autonomy for Muslims in the Indian subcontinent.

Pakistan’s creation based on the Two-Nation Theory had a profound impact on the region’s history and
continues to shape its identity and political landscape.

Creation of Pakistan

The creation of Pakistan played a significant role in shaping the history of the Indian subcontinent.
Pakistan emerged as a separate nation in 1947, providing a homeland for Muslims in the region. This
partition was a response to the demand for separate political representation and autonomy for the
Muslim population.

The creation of Pakistan aimed to safeguard the rights and interests of Muslims, who felt marginalized in
a predominantly Hindu-majority India. It provided a space where Muslims could freely practice their
religion, preserve their cultural identity, and have a voice in governance.

The establishment of Pakistan also marked a new chapter in the region’s history, as it led to the
migration of millions of people across newly-drawn borders. While the creation of Pakistan brought
about the realization of a long-standing aspiration for Muslims, it also resulted in communal violence
and displacement.

Over the years, Pakistan has faced numerous challenges and undergone significant transformations. It
has navigated political, social, and economic developments, striving to create a prosperous and inclusive
society. The creation of Pakistan continues to shape its identity, influence its foreign policy, and guide its
pursuit of national interests.

As a nation, Pakistan has made significant contributions to various fields, including arts, literature,
sports, and science. It has also played a crucial role in regional geopolitics and international affairs.

Overall, the creation of Pakistan holds immense historical and cultural significance, representing the
aspirations and struggles of the Muslim population in the Indian subcontinent. It remains a symbol of
the pursuit of self-determination and the right to preserve one’s religious and cultural identity.