Prepared by:

Marites M. Roh
  The use of words to convey the
opposite of their literal
meaning.
10. Irony  A statement or situation where
the meaning is contradicted by
the appearance or presentation
of the idea.
 1. Water, water everywhere, nor
any a drop to drink.

10. Irony 2. A pilot has a fear of heights.

3. The police station gets
robbed
Let’s talk more about Irony
  Is a literary device in which
contradictory statements or
Irony situations reveal a reality that is
different from what appears to
be true.

https://literarydevices.net/irony/
  In O. Henry’s famous short story The Gift
of the Magi, a husband sells his prized
watch so that he can buy combs as a gift
Example for his wife. Meanwhile, the wife sells her

situation of beautiful hair so she can buy a watch-

chain for her husband. The characters’
irony actions contradict each other’s
expectations and their efforts to give
each other gifts make the gifts useless.

https://literaryterms.net/irony/
  Edgar Allen Poe’s The Cask of
Amantillado is full of verbal and
Example situational irony, including the name of

situation of the main character. He’s called Fortunato

(Italian for “fortunate”), in spite of the fact
irony that he’s extremely unlucky throughout
the story.

https://literaryterms.net/irony/
  In Disney’s Aladdin, Aladdin wishes for
riches and power so that he can earn the
right to marry Princess Jasmine. Thanks to
the genie’s magic, he gets all the wealth
he could ask for and parades through the
Example streets as a prince. But, ironically, this
situation of makes him unattractive to the princess
irony and he finds himself further away from
his goal than he was as a poor beggar.
In this case, it’s the contrast between
Aladdin’s expectations and results which
are ironic.

https://literaryterms.net/irony/
  is when words express something
contrary to truth or someone says
the opposite of what they really feel
10.1.Verbal or mean.
Irony  is often sarcastic.
 occurs when people say one thing
but mean another.

https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-
verbal-irony.html
  Saying "Oh, fantastic!" when the situation is actually
very poor.

 Saying something's as clear as mud.

 In Shrek, Donkey asks Shrek if he can stay with him.

Shrek replies, "Of course," when he really means,
Example of "No, not really.“

Verbal Irony  A food critic tells the chef, "Your steak was as tender
as a leather boot.“

 The candidate that nobody likes gets elected mayor.

A couple of citizens are overheard saying, "Gee. I
was really hoping he'd win."

https://examples.yourdictionary.co
m/examples-of-verbal-irony.html
  occurs when the audience knows
something that is going on in a situation
10.2. Dramatic but the characters are unaware of what is
Irony going on.
 can create intense suspense or humor.

https://examples.yourdictionary.co
m/examples-of-verbal-irony.html
  In Romeo and Juliet, the audience knows
that Juliet is only asleep-not dead-but
Romeo does not, and he kills himself.
Dramatic  A woman thinks her boyfriend is acting
Irony strangely because he's about to propose,
Example but the audience knows that he is
planning to run away with another
woman, intensifying emotions.

https://examples.yourdictionary.co
m/examples-of-verbal-irony.html
  In Beauty and the Beast, the audience
knows that the Beast is a prince living
under a curse from the start but Belle is
unaware of the Beast's true identity.

Dramatic  In Frozen, the audience is aware that Elsa

Irony has powers that are hard to control. Her
sister Anna does not know about these
Example powers and thinks of Elsa as standoffish
and cold. The truth is that Elsa is being
distant from Anna to protect her and is
scared of hurting her. The audience feels
for both girls.
https://examples.yourdictionary.co
m/examples-of-verbal-irony.html
  involving a situation in which actions have
an effect that is opposite from what was
10.3 Situational Irony intended, so that the outcome is contrary
to what was expected.

https://www.dictionary.com/browse/situational-irony
  A Grade 12 student wakes up late and
thinks he is going to be late to school.
Example of After rushing around to get dressed, he
realizes it is Saturday.
Situational
 A man who owns a lawn maintenance
irony business cannot get grass to grow in his
own backyard.

https://www.softschools.com/examples/grammar/situational_irony_
examples/465/
  "The Story of an Hour," by Kate Chopin
tells of a wife who learns that her
husband is dead. She feels a sense of
freedom as she thinks about a life without
restriction. Then, he returns (he wasn't
Example of dead after all) and she dies of shock.
Situational  In "The Necklace" by Guy de Maupassant,
irony a woman borrows what she thinks is a
costly necklace from a friend and loses it.
She and her husband sacrifice to replace
it, only to learn years later that the
necklace was a fake.
  Breaking off discourse to address some
absent person or thing, some abstract
11. Apostrophe quality, an inanimate object, or a
nonexistent character.
 "Blue Moon, you saw me standing alone
Without a dream in my heart

Example Without a love of my own."

(Lorenz Hart, "Blue Moon")
  is a figure of speech in which an author or
speaker purposely and obviously
exaggerates to an extreme.

12. Hyperbole  Is an extravagant statement.

 Is the use of exaggerated terms for the
purpose of emphasis or heightened
effect.

https://literaryterms.net/hyperbole/
  She’s going to die of embarrassment.
 I haven’t seen you in a million years!

“I’ll love you, dear, I’ll love you

Till China and Africa meet,
Example And the river jumps over the mountain
And the salmon sing in the street.”
-W.H. Auden writes in “As I Walked Out One

Evening
  Is a Greek word meaning “simple, plain.”

13. Litotes  is an understatement in which a positive

[lai·tow·teez] statement is expressed by negating its
opposite.
  I will multiply them, and they shall not be
few; I will make them honored, and they
shall not be small. (Jeremiah 30:19)
Litotes
Example 1 In this line, God is saying that he will restore the tribe
of Jacob to greatness, using litotes to understate the
effect of his divine intervention.
  The classic example of litotes is the
phrase “not bad.” By negating the word
“bad,” you’re saying that something is
good, or at least OK.

Litotes However, in most contexts it’s an

Example 2 understatement. For example: “Not bad!
Not bad at all!” The idea here is that
someone is actually pretty excited about
something – that they think it’s a lot better
than just “not bad.”
 After someone hires you, you might say,

“Thank you, ma’am, you won’t regret it.”

Litotes
Example 3 The negation is an understatement, of
course – what you really mean is that your
boss will be happy with your performance.
 It's not the best weather today" during a
Litotes hurricane would be an example of litotes,
implying through ironic understatement
Example 4 that the weather is, in fact, horrible..
 - is derived from the Greek phrase
euphēmismos, meaning “to sound good.”

14. EUphemism - is polite, mild phrases which substitute

unpleasant ways of saying something sad
or uncomfortable.
 We have to let you go, Tyler.

Euphemism 1 To “let someone go” is to fire someone. This

is a euphemism that sounds much nicer
than the harsh truth of the situation.
 She’s a curvy woman.

Euphemism 2 “Curvy” is often used as a euphemism for

“overweight.”
 Jimmy was sent to a correctional facility.

A “correctional facility” is a more

Euphemism 3 professional and nicer-sounding phrase

than “jail” or “prison.”
 Going to the other side = death
Passed away = die
On the streets = homeless
MORE Adult entertainment = pornography
EUPHEMISMS Comfort woman = prostitute
Between jobs = unemployed
 Physical and Mental Attributes
 Big-boned instead of fat or overweight
 Portly instead of heavy or overweight
 Vertically-challenged instead of short
 Moon landing instead of bald
 Differently-abled instead of handicapped or disabled

MORE  Bad rug instead of toupee [tUpe’]/wig

 One sandwich short of a picnic instead of not smart
EUPHEMISMS  Not the sharpest pencil in the box instead of not smart
 His elevator doesn't reach the top floor instead of not
smart

 Chronologically-challenged instead of late

https://examples.yourdictionary.com/ex
 Economical with the truth instead of liar
amples-of-euphemism.html
 - A figure of speech in which a writer or a
speaker deliberately makes a situation
seem less important or serious than it is.
- like euphemisms, can be used to politely
express impolite things.
15. . Understatement
- Unlike euphemisms, though,
understatements do not exist solely for
that purpose.
- Is the opposite of hyperbole.
 She’s just got a little cold.

Example of Calling the stomach flu “just a little cold” is

understatement
an example of understatement,
understating just how serious the illness is.
 There’s some water in the Atlantic Ocean.

Understatement
Example
 A girl describes her friends:

The whale is not very thin.

Understatement
Example
This understates how something is
overweight, which could be used to politely
describe someone as overweight.
 is derived from the Greek phrase
epitithenai, meaning “to add” or “to put
on.”

16.Epithet an adjective or phrase expressing a

quality or attribute regarded as
characteristic of the person or thing
mentioned.
 1. Daddy Longlegs

Daddy Longlegs is the epithet commonly

Example used for Opiliones spiders. Oftentimes,
epithets take a particular characteristic or
description of a subject and use it to replace
the subject’s actual name.
 2. His charitable works have earned him
the epithet “Mr. Philanthropy.”
3. Man’s best friend. (dog)
Example
4. Elvis Presley was given the epithet “The
King of Rock and Roll” or simply “The
King.”
  is when an adjective usually used to
describe one thing is transferred to
another.
 Epithets are usually adjectives like
17.Transferred 'happy' that describe a noun like
epithet 'person'.
 Transferred epithet is when this
adjective is transferred to a different
noun like 'Happy birthday'.
 1. He pointed an angry finger at me.
2. An ecstasy of fumbling / fitting the clumsy
helmets just on time‘.
Example of 3. I admit, it was a fun day.
Transferred epithet
4. I had a sleepless night.
5. anger of the guns – The soldiers are
angry, using the guns to kill their enemy.
 - is a joke based on the interplay of
homophones — words with the same
pronunciation but different meanings.
17. Pun
- It can also play with words that sound
similar, but not exactly the same.
 - is a joke based on the interplay of
homophones — words with the same
pronunciation but different meanings.
18. Pun
- It can also play with words that sound
similar, but not exactly the same.
 1. The tallest building in town is the
library — it has thousands of stories!
2. I can’t remember which state my wife
wanted to visit for our next vacation —
it’s OK, Alaska. (I’ll ask her.)

Example 3. You can tune a guitar, but you can't tuna

fish. Unless, of course, you play bass." -
Douglas Adams

4. "Time flies like an arrow. Fruit flies like a

banana." - Groucho Marx
 - is a figure of speech that references a
person, place, thing, or event. Each of these
concepts can be real or imaginary,
19. Allusion referring to anything from fiction, to
folklore, to historical events and religious
manuscripts.
 1. My Mom has a Spartan workout routine.
2. You don’t have to be Albert Einstein to
understand poetry.

Example 3. Look, I’m no Mother Teresa. I’ve made

my mistakes, but I’m trying.
4. Well, I’m no Hercules, but I could open
that jelly jar for you.
 Write a letter of gratitude/
encouragement/hope to a covid patient
or frontliner using figure of speech.
THANK YOU!