CHAPTER-6 TISSUES (ANIMAL TISSUES)

NOTES VIDEO LINK AND QUESTION ANSWERS

ANIMAL
TISSUES

Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous

1) EPITHELIAL TISSUE
a) It is a protective covering which protects the internal and external parts of the body.
b) Epithelial cells are tightly packed and they form a continuous sheet.
c) All epithelial tissues are separated from the underline tissues by an extra cellular fibrous
basement membrane.

FUNCTIONS
a) It protects the internal and external organs of the body.
b) It regulates the entry and exit of materials between the body and the external environment
and also between the different parts of the body.
c) The tissue also forms a barrier to keep the different body systems separate.

TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

i) SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
STRUCTURE: This tissue is made up of simple flat cells. It is extremely thin and
forms a delicate lining.
LOCATION: It forms the lining of blood vessels, lungs, alveoli oesophagus and
internal mouth.
FUNCTION: This tissue helps in the exchange and transportation of materials across
a semi – permeable membrane.

ii) STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

STRUCTURE: This tissue is made up of flat cells which are present in layers.
LOCATION: In the skin.
FUNCTION: The presence of many layers help to protect the body from wear and
tear.
 iii) COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
STRUCTURE: Cells are tall and pillar like.
LOCATION: Inner lining of intestine.
FUNCTION: helps in absorption and secretion of substances.

iv) CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

STRUCTURE: In many cases columnar epithelium bears cilia on their outer surface.
LOCATION: Present in the respiratory tract (passage)
FUNCTION: movement of cilia helps to push mucus forward and hence helps to
keep passage clean.

v) CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
STRUCTURE: Cells are cuboidal in shape.
LOCATION: Present in the kidney tubules and thyroid gland.
FUNCTION: Provides mechanical support.

vi) GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM

STRUCTURE AND LOCATION: Sometimes a position of epithelial tissue folds
inwards and form multicellular glands like in stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver
and salivary glands.
FUNCTION: They secrete substances at the epithelial surface.

2) CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 Cells of connective tissue are loosely packed and they are embedded in an
intercellular matrix.
 This matrix can be Fluid (E.g. blood), Jelly – like (E.g. Cartilage) or Hard (E.g. bone)

i) BLOOD
FUNCTIONS:
 It helps in transportation of nutrients, gases, hormones, water and waste
products.
 It helps to fight against infections.
 It helps to maintain our body temperature.
 RBC (corpuscles)

CELLULAR
WBC (corpuscles)
COMPONENTS

PLATELETS (helps in
COMPONENTS OF
clotting of blood)
BLOOD
needs Vitamin K

FLUID COMPONENTS PLASMA

COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
(1) RBC: Contains a red colour pigment called haemoglobin which helps in
transportation of oxygen.
(2) PLATLETS: Helps in clotting of blood.
(3) WBC: These cells helps to fight against infections.
(4) PLASMA: It helps in transportation of substances.

ii) BONES
 They are rigid and non – flexible.
 Matrix is hard and made of calcium and phosphorus compounds.
 Made up of osteocytes(bone cells).
 They have haversian canal system which contains blood vessels and nerves.
LOCATION: Present all over the body.
FUNCTIONS: It supports muscles and other organs of the body.

iii) CARTILAGE
 It is a flexible tissue.
 Matrix is flexible and it is made up of proteins and sugars.
 Made up of chondrocytes (cartilaginous cells).
 Haversian canal system is absent.
LOCATION: Present at the surface of joints, nose, trachea and larynx.
FUNCTION: It helps to move various parts of the body.

iv) TENDON
 Joins a bone and a muscle
 It contain more amount of matrix.
 This tissue has much strength but is less elastic.
 v) LIGAMENT
 Joins one bone to another bone.
 It contain very little matrix.
 This tissue has considerable strength and is very elastic.

vi) AREOLAR TISSUE

LOCATION: It is found between skin and muscles, around blood vessels and nerves
and in bone marrow.
FUNCTION: It supports internal organs of body. Helps in repair of the tissue. It fills
up the space inside the organs.

vii) ADIPOSE TISSUE

 Found below the skin and in between internal organs of body
FUNCTIONS :
 Storage of fats
 Provides insulation to body.

3) MUSCULAR TISSUE

STRIATED MUSCLES SMOOTH CARDIAC MUSCLES

MUSCLES

Structure *Cylindrical and unbranched
*They have alternate dark and
light band which gives them
appearance of being striated.
*Multinucleated with nuclei
present towards periphery
*Intercalated disc are absent
*Spindle shaped and *Cylindrical and branched
unbranched
*fainted criss – cross striations
*striations are absent. are present.
* Uninucleated with *Uninucleated with nucleus at
nucleus at centre. the centre
*Intercalated discs *Intercalated discs are present
are absent
Location It is located in the limbs.
Function These are voluntary muscles
which help in movement of
body parts when required.
These muscles are These are exclusively present in
located in organs of the heart.
alimentary canal
(stomach, intestine
etc.) blood vessels,
lungs, bronchi,
uterus, urinary
bladder, iris of eyes
etc.
These are involuntary These are also involuntary
muscles which help muscles which helps in the
in movement of rhythmic contraction and
various parts like relaxation of heart.
blinking of eyes,
contraction or
relaxation of stomach
etc.

4) NERVOUS TISSUE

LOCATION: This tissue is mainly found in brain, spinal cord and the nerves. It is made up
of nerve cells called as neurons.

STRUCTURE:
 Neuron consists of a cell body having nucleus and cytoplasm.
 Long and thin hair like projections arise from cell body which are called as dendrites.
 One of the dendron is very long and it is called as axon which ends in numerous
nerve endings.
FUNCTIONS:
Neurons receive stimulus from environment and converts messages into electrical signals
called as nerve impulse which are then conducted throughout the body and when these impulses
reach muscles they help them to move.

Please refer to the given video link for online tutorial.

https://youtu.be/otoiSr7lb88 - Animal tissues
IN TEXT QUESTIONS (To be done in fair notebook) NCERT Page 78
1.Name the tissue responsible for movement in our body.
Ans: Muscular tissue.

2. What does a neuron look like?

Ans: Neuron looks like a star shaped cell with a tail.

3. Give three features of cardiac muscles

Ans:
 Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles that contract quickly, but do not get fatigued.
 The cells of cardiac muscles are cylindrical, branched, and having one nucleus.
 They control the contraction and relaxation of the heart.

4. What are the functions of areolar tissue?

Ans: Functions of areolar tissue :
 It helps in supporting internal organs.
 It helps in repairing the tissues of the skin and muscles.

CHAPTER END EXERCISES (To be done in fair notebook) NCERT Page 79

1. Define the term “tissue”.

Ans: Tissue is a group of cells that are similar in structure and are organized together to perform
a specific function.

2. How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue? Name them.
Ans: :Four elements together make up the xylem tissue as:
 Tracheids
 Vessels
 Xylem parenchyma
 Xylem fibres

3. How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants?

Simple Tissue Complex Tissue

a) These tissues consist of only one type of cells. a) These tissues are made up of more than
one type of cells.
b) The cells are more or less similar in structure b)Various types of cells perform various
and and perform similar functions functions. For example : In the xylem
tissue, tracheids help in water transport,
whereas parenchyma stores food.
c)Three types of simple tissues in plants are c) Two types of complex permanent tissues in
parenchyma, collenchyma, plants are xylem and phloem.
and sclerenchyma.
4. Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, on the basis of their
cell wall.
Ans : Parenchyma: Cell walls are relatively thin, and the cells in parenchyma tissues are loosely
packed. The cell wall in this tissue is made up of cellulose
Collenchyma: The cell wall is irregularly thickened at the corners, and there is very little
intercellular space between the cells. Pectin and hemicellulose are the major constituents of the
cell wall.
Sclerenchyma: The cell walls are uniformly thickened, and there are no intercellular spaces. An
additional layer of the cell wall composed mainly of lignin is found.

5 What are the functions of the stomata?

Ans: The functions of stomata are:
 Exchange of gases (CO2 and O2) in atmosphere
 Transpiration that is the loss of excess water in the form of water vapour.

6. Diagrammatically show the difference between the three types of muscle fibres.
Ans : The three types of muscle fibres are : Striated muscles, smooth muscles (unstriated muscle
fibres), and cardiac muscles.

7. What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle?

Ans: The specific function of the cardiac muscle is to control the rhythmic contraction and
relaxation of the heart.
8. Differentiate between striated, unstriated and cardiac muscles on the basis of their
structure and site/location in the body
.Ans :
Striated muscle Unstriated muscle Cardiac muscle

On the basis of : Cells are cylindrical. Cells are long. Cells are cylindrical.
structure Cells can have more Cells have single nucleus. Cells have single
than one nucleus nucleus.
Cells are not branched. Cells are not branched. Cells are branched.
Its ends are blunt. Its ends are tapering. Its ends are flat and
wavy.

On the basis of Attached to skeleton Form visceral organs Present only in

location: heart

9. Draw a labelled diagram of a neuron.

A NERVE CELL/ NEURON

10. Name the following:

(a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth.
(b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in human.
(c) Tissue that transports food in plants.
(d) Tissue that stores fat in our body.
(e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix.
(f) Tissue present in the brain.
Ans : (a) Epithelial tissue
(b) Tendon
(c) Phloem
(d) Adipose tissue
(e) Blood
(f) Nervous
11. Identify the type of tissue in the following : skin, bark of tree, bone, lining of kidney
tubule, vascular bundle.
Ans :
 Skin : Stratified squamous epithelial tissue
 Bark of tree : Simple permanent tissue(cork, protective tissue)
 Bone : Connective tissue
 Lining of kidney tubule : Cuboidal epithelial tissue
 Vascular bundle : Complex permanent tissue, cambium

12. Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present.

Ans: Leaves, fruits, flowers and cortex and pith of stem and roots are the regions in which
parenchyma tissue is present.

13. What is the role of epidermis in plants?

Ans: Epidermis is present on the outer surface of the entire plant body and responsible for
following functions:
 It protects internal tissue of the plant body.
 It protects the plant against mechanical injury.
 It allows exchange of gases through the stomata in leaves.
 It prevents water loss in plants growing in dry conditions.
 Root epidermal cells have root hair that increases the surface area for water absorption.

14. How does the cork act as a protective tissue?

Ans : The bark of a tree is known as the cork which is made up of dead cells that are compactly
arranged without intercellular spaces. They also have a chemical called suberin in their walls that
makes them impervious to gases and water. Thus, it protects the plant against injury, extreme
temperature, etc. It also prevents the loss of water by evaporation.

15. Complete the table: