Biochemistry: ▪ Pancreatic enzyme deficiency

❖ Reducing sugar: ➢ Cholelithiasis – 4F – Gall Stone disease

➢ not involved in glycosidic linkage. ▪ Gall Bladder removal
➢ Free function group to show reducing ➢ Gastroenteritis
properties. ▪ Variety of virus attack
➢ all mono and disaccharide ➢ Ulcer
➢ both functional group (aldehyde and ▪ Helicobacter pylori
ketone) ➢ Lactose Intolerance
❖ Non-reducing sugar: ▪ Lactase Enzyme
➢ sucrose ➢ Retrograd Amnesia
➢ glycosidic linkage alpha and beta 2 ▪ Damage in thalamic area
➢ inversion and invert sugar ➢ Hyponetremia
➢ no mutarotation ▪ Excessive water intake or decrease of
➢ no osazone Crystal Na+
❖ Inhibitors of ETC: ➢ Edema
➢ complex I ▪ Excessive water out take or excessive
▪ amyta (barbiturate) Na+
▪ rotenone (insecticide) ➢ Hypokalemia
➢ Complex II: ▪ Excessive K+ conc in cells
▪ Carboxin ➢ Hyperkalemia
➢ Complex III: ▪ Excessive K+ conc outside cells
▪ Antimycin A ➢ Iron Deficiency anemia
➢ Complex IV: ▪ Iron loss, blood loss, hookworm
▪ Cyanide and CO ( carbomonoxide) infection
❖ Natural uncoupling: thermogenin ➢ Hemochromatitis
❖ Synthetic uncouplers: aspirin and salicylates ▪ Iron overload disorder
❖ Essential fatty acids: ➢ Wilson’s disease
➢ linoleic acid (18:2) ▪ Abnormal metabolism of copper
➢ linolenic acid (18:3) ➢ Acrodermatitis Enteropathica
➢ arachidonic acid (20:4) ▪ Zinc deficiency
❖ Semi-essential: ➢ Certinism
➢ Arachidonic acid ▪ Iodine Definciency
❖ Immuglobulins ➢ Beri beri
➢ Glycoproteins ▪ Vit B1 Thiamine
➢ 5 Ig’s based on variations in heavy chains ➢ Wernickee’s Encephalopathy
➢ Ig G is only antibody for placenta transfer ▪ Alcoholics with B1 deficiency
on immunity ➢ Cheilosis, Dermatitis, stomatitis
➢ Ig M is most potent antibody ▪ Vit B2 Riboflavin
➢ Ig A act as mucosal barrier ➢ Pellagra (3D’s)
➢ Ig E is antibody for allergens & parasites ▪ Vit B3 Niacin
➢ Ig D is present on surface of B ➢ Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Lymphocytes ▪ Substitution of Glycine with bulky side
❖ Diseases chains
➢ Burning Food Syndrome ➢ Ehlers Danlos
▪ Vit B5 Pantothenic Acid ▪ Type 3 Collagen (Arteries)
➢ Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia ➢ Marfan
▪ Vit B6 Pyridoxine ▪ Fibrillin
➢ Megaloblastic Anemia, Spinda Bifida ➢ Hemoglobinpathies
▪ Vit B9 Folate ▪ Mutation of Globin gene
➢ Pernicious Anemia ➢ Hydropsfetalis (alpha thalassemia major)
▪ Vit B12 Cobalamin ▪ No synthesis of alpha globin chain
➢ Steatorrhea ➢ Beta thalassemia
 ▪ Beta globin chain
➢ Sickle Cell Anemia
▪ Mutation of Glutamate to Valine
➢ Chocolate Cynosis
▪ Heme Compenent becomes ferric
state
➢ Atelectasis
▪ Phosphotidyl choline (Lecithin)
➢ Paget’s Disease
▪ Increase calcium level
➢ Hypocalcemia
▪ Vit D, Parathyroid
➢ Osteoporosis
▪ Reduced calcium absorption
➢ Hypernatremia
▪ Dehydration or increase Na+
➢ Alzheimar, Parkinsons
▪ Glogi Complex problem
➢ Mitochondrial Myopathies
▪ Mitochondrial DNA
➢ I-cell Disease
▪ Lysozymes
➢ Zellweger Syndrome / Cerebro-hepato-
renal syndrome
▪ Peroxisomes
➢ Enamel Hypoplasia
▪ Low Vit D
➢ Amelogenesis Imperfecta
▪ Mutation of Amelogenin Gene
➢ Flourosis
▪ Excessive fluoride
➢ Lactose Intolerance
▪ Lactase enzyme
➢ Night Blindness, Xerophthalmia
▪ Vit A
➢ Rickets, Osteomalacia
▪ Vit D
➢ Peripheral Neuropathy, Muscle weakness
▪ Vit E
➢ Hypoprothrombonemia, Increase clotting
time
▪ Vit K
➢ Scurvy
▪ Vit C