Lecture 2

New functions from old functions

Vertical Horizontal shifts

Vertical Horizontal stretching and reflecting
Composition

Vertical Horizontal shifts Suppose

0
c 0 To obtain the graph of

y fix 1C shift the graph

of fix a distance c units upward
y fix c shift the graph of fix a distance c units downward
Toy to y fix c shift the graph of fix a distance c units to the right
from x oinfix
y fix 1C shift the graph of fix a distance c units to the left
to x c infixc

Vertical Horizontal stretching and reflecting

suppose
O
Csl To obtain the graph of
y cfk stretch the graph of fix vertically by a factor of c

y Ifk shrink the graph of fix vertically by a factor of c

Y flax stretch the It graph of fix horizontally by a factor of c

Y f It Ith
shrink the graph of fix horizontally by a factor of c

y fix reflect the graph of y fix about X axis

y fl x reflect the graph of y fix about y axis

Example Given the graph of y Fx use transformations

to get the graphs of
 g
9 5 2 y Tx_z D Fx y 2Fx y Fx
ya
z y Fx

cop
o i z s 4x

Solution g g
ya
9 5.2

I
b Fz the rightby
y by shifting 4 5 to

ay 2 units

o II a

C 4 5 by reflecting yet about x axis

ya

x
y Fx
d 4 25 by stretching y I verticallyby
a factor of 2

If
 cel Y Fx by reflecting y F about the
xy Y axis
complete the
s perfectsquare

x'tax I EP
Example Sketch the graph of the function E
fix x 6 10

Solution fix X 312 9 10 1 312 1 t

Was avg.IT
o stties
by
i 3unit
I
I unit
s I

chain rule for taking derivatives

Composite function substitution method backward chain rulefor integrals

Def Given two functions f and g the composite function

fog also called the composition of f and g is

defined
by Hog Cx f gun
fix outer function gtx inner function

Example If fix x2 and gas x 3 find the composite

functions and gof
fog
Solution
fog xi f ga fix 3 x 312
Gofflx g fix fix 3 x 3
Remark In general f og t got
Example If fix _Fx and gtx In find each function
and its domain
a
fog lb gof i c f of d Gog
Solution

Note fogoh x
f g hix
Example Find fogoh if fix 1 g x

and hix X 13

Solution

Question How to decompose a complicated function into

simpler ones
Example Given Fix css4xt9 find functions f g h such
that F fogoh
Solution

Example Express the function in the form fog

b 3
a Fix Gtx

Solution

Example Express the function Rix in the

form fogoh
Solution

The exponential functions

Def Exponential function is a function of the form

fix a where a O and a 11
E g y fI1 fix 3 fix Fb

The graph of fix a Caso and att

Y Y a a I If 094 a decreases

I
a
If a I a increases

Domain IR
o x Range 0 too
 E g f Ix ya 4x
µy
y zX
y f

O X

Laws of exponents If a and b ane positive numbers and

X and y are real numbers then
ANY ax all
ax
ax y ab
ax am
ab a b

Example Use the law of exponents to rewrite and simplify

the expressions
X 3 73 b JaTb
Ca
tab

Solution

Example Sketch the graph of 9 3 4 and determine its

domain and range
Solution
The number e Ek 2.71828
l
y zx 9 3 y e
M O M 1.1 my
l l

O X O X O X

e It IT n
t

where the factorial n run 1 In 2 2 I