The Intersections

1- Definition: An intersection is an area, shared by two or more

roads, whose main function is to provide for the change of the route
direction. Intersections vary in complexity from a simple intersection
which has only two roads crossing to a more complex.
2-Types of intersections:
Intersections are classified into three general categories:
2-1-at grade intersections:

2-2-Grade Separation without Ramp:-

2-3-Grade Separation with Ramp (Interchanges):

grade separation structures that permit the cross flow of traffic at
different levels without interruption. Its advantage is the freedom
from cross interference with. Resultant increase in safety for traffic
movement.
2-3-1-Types of interchanges:

Figure1:Exampl of Grade separate intersections ( Interchanges )

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2-3-1-1-Three legs Interchange(Trumept):
Trumpt interchang Sutible for orthogonal and skewed .

Figure(2): Trumpet interchang

2
2-3-1-2-Four legs interchanges :
A- Cloverleaf interchange :
A full clover leafs interchange is needed when primary highway
crossing another primary one and it is formed when a loop and
another connection are providede in each quadrant .
C

Figure (3): Cloverleaf Interchange

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Features :
1- One structure with full sepreration .
2- 8-turns with one structure.
3- Stage construction .
4- Need large area.
5- Weaving zone.
6-Left turns at 270 degree with sharp curve .
B-Diamond Interchange :- it is neede when primary highway
crossing secondry one. it is formed when a one-way diagonal type
ramp is provided in each quadrant.

Figure (4): Diamond Interchange

Features :
1-Left – turns at grade .Related well understand ( simple ).
2-Narrow band of R.O.W. is required
3-One structure.
C-Directional interchanges : it is needed when a freeway crossing
another freeway .
Features : -
1- Higest type .
2- Directional movement .
3- High capasity , high speed , good safety .
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4- Narrow area .
5- Very expensive ( Contant of 8- bridge .).

Figure(5):Directional interchange

3-Signalized Intersection
The efficient operation of the signal also requires proper timing of
different color indications, which is obtained by implementation the
necessary design.
Approach: - a lane or group of lanes through which traffic enters an
intersection.
Phase: - Is that part of a cycle allocated a stream of traffic, or a
combination of two or more streams of traffic having the right of
way simultaneously during one or more intervals, (sum of the phase
lengths is the cycle length).
Cycle: - one complete sequence (for all approaches) of signal
indications, (green, yellow, red).
Green Time: - the time within a cycle in which an approach has the
green indication (expressed in seconds and given the symbol GT).
Red Time: - the time within a cycle in which an approach has the
red indication (expressed in seconds and given the symbol RT).
Yellow Time: - the time within a cycle in which an approach has the
yellow indication (expressed in seconds and given the symbol YT).
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The useful of amber time;
‐ Warning for coming red.
‐ Clearance time for pedestrians and vehicles.
All Red provides safety for pedestrians.
Example: a four phase's intersection with peak hour volume as show in
figure below with the following information:

Saturation flow =(2000 pc/hr.)For each lane (A=3.0sec),(AR=0.0sec.),

(LT=3.5sec. per phase),(PHF=0.95), PT% of west approach(A) = 4% .
According to Webster method:

1- Design the signal for the intersection and sketch time-phase diagram.
2- What is the total hourly delay for lane 1 west approach?

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 1- Calculate (Vi) for each Phase:-
Phase (A) (EB):-
A‐1)
222 222
234 ∗ 1.4
0.95
328 0.04 ∗ 328 0.04 ∗ 328 ∗ 1.6
335 / /
A‐2)
464 464
488
0.95
488 0.04 ∗ 488 0.04 ∗ 488 ∗ 1.6 499 / /
A‐3)
= 499 pc/h/ln
The same way for other phases.
2- Calculate Vi/Si= yi
3‐ Calculate ∑ Yi
∑ Yi = 0.25 + 0.17 + 0.06 + 0.26
= 0.74
2-Prepare Table :-
Phase Phase
Phase
Phase A (EB) C D
B (WB)
(SB) (NB)
Lane
s
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Vi 335 499 499 189 338 388 37 79 115 519 105 217

Si 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000

Vi/Si 0.17 0.25 0.25 0.09 0.17 0.17 0.019 0.04 0.06 0.26 0.05 0.11

Yi 0.25 0.17 0.06 0.26

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 3-Calculate (Lost Time )(LT)
Number of phases = 4
LT = 4 * 3.5
= 14 sec.
4‐Determine Cycle length
1.5 ∗ 5
1 ∑
1.5 ∗ 14 5
1 0.74
= 100 Sec.

.
1 ∑
14
1 0.74
= 53.846 sec.
C0 = 100 sec O.K.
5‐Determine effective green ( g ).
g = C0 ‐ tL
= 100 – 14
= 86 sec.
6‐Determine Green time for each phase

∗
∑
Where:‐
= green time for each phase.
ge = Effective green time in Sec.

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A= amber time (yellow) (sec.)
.
Total green time for phase A (GTA) = ∗ 86 3.5 3.0
.

= 29 sec.
.
Total green time for phase B (GTB) = ∗ 86 3.5 3
.

= 20 sec.
.
Total green time for phase C (GTC) = ∗ 86 3.5 3
.

= 7 sec.
.
Total green time for phase D (GTD) = ∗ 86 3.5 3.0
.

= 30 sec.

7-Sketch Time Phase Diagram.