E Correct the mistakes in the verb forms.

There is one mistake in each

numbered section.
technological delating
1 'There are fewer wheelbarrows waiting to be invented.' This contention appears to the practical use in
in a millennial essay on ‘The road to riches', which was seeking to develop an industry of scientific
explanation for the astonishing rise in living standards in the West over the past knowledge
couple of centuries.
innovation Ithe
2 Why did The Economist's anonymous writers choose the wheelbarrow as their
introduction of new
exemplar of progress? Because it had transformed construction.
things, ideas or ways of
3 The pyramids of Egypt are built without them; nineteenth-century skyscrapers
doing something
could not have been.
4 A corollary of this argument will be that the pace of technological innovation is previously! happening
bound to slow down, instead of, as was previously assumed, endlessly increasing. or existing before the
5 Scientific discoveries are likely to continue indefinitely, subject to funding. If blue- event or object that you
sky research is curtailed in one area, for example genetics in the United States, it are talking about
is going to be certain to migrate to another. assumelto think or
6 Technology, on the other hand, encounters, or is about to encounter, a ceiling, accept that something is
according to this argument. true but without having
7 The practical, tangible innovations that have lifted much of humanity from proof of it
poverty to affluence, from subsistence agriculture through the Industrial research ithe careful
Revolution to, in many countries, service-based economies - these innovations study of a subject,
were already invented. especially in order to
8 There will be no more significant, radical new inventions that transform an discover new facts or
industry. Instead, gradual and incremental improvements would be the path of information about it
the future.
technologyiscientific
9 The counter-arguments to this are twofold. Firstly, it can be argued that we were
knowledge used in
not capable of knowing what has not yet been invented.
practical ways in
10 Before the wheelbarrow exists, no one felt the need for one. There may be plenty
industry, for example in
more such devices waiting in the wings. There is no shortage of intelligent,
designing new machines
ingenious people eager to make their mark as inventors.
11 The second argument is pointing to entirely new areas of human activity, for encounterito
example in personalized medicine and in human-machine interaction. discover or experience
12 The future may see scientists inventing things we cannot yet imagine. Instead of something, especially
wheelbarrows - sturdy objects that anyone can use and understand - our future something new,
inventors may have been working at a microscopic, or indeed molecular, level. unusual, or unexpected
capableihavingthe
ability or qualities
necessary for doing
something
devicelan object or a
piece of equipment that
has been designed to do
a particular job
interaction!a process
or situation in which two
things communicate
with or have an effect on
each other

014 01 Challenge yourself

F Complete the text with the correct form of the verb in brackets.
The inter-relationship between diabetes and obesity 1___________ (be) for
some time a matter of interest to researchers and clinicians. The case of the Pima
Indians is one that continues 2___________ (be) much studied. They are a group
of Native Americans w ho 3___________ (live) for thousands of years in what
is now the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Their traditional
economy was based for the most part on subsistence agriculture, and they
4___________ (endure) periods of famine as well as plenty. In the twentieth
century, the way of life 5___________ (change) dramatically in the former
country, but not so much in the isolated rural areas of the latter. By 2000, the
American Pim a 6___________ (become) obese, a n d 7___________ (develop) one
of the highest rates of diabetes in the world. However, their Mexican cousins do
not suffer these problems to nearly the same extent.

G Circle the correct option.

The situation is as close to a scientific experiment as it Hs/ will be possible to find intervention Ithe act
in the field, that is, without direct and deliberate intervention. The American and or process of becoming
the Mexican Pima 2share/are sharing essentially the same genotype, and until a involved in a situation
few generations ago they also 5shared/were sharing the same phenotype. In other in order to improve or
words, although they 4have/ would have very similar genetic make-up, the two help it
groups, which once had the same body shape, now swill look/look different and
similar :like somebody/
6will suffer/suffer different health problems. This genotype-phenotype distinction
something but not
is a fundamental one for any study of genetics.
exactly the same
Neel (1962) proposed that the predisposition towards diabetes 7will be caused/ distinctions clear
is caused by what he called a ‘thrifty gene', one that &has enabled/enables the difference or contrast
body to store fat when food is plentiful, in preparation for the famine that 9will especially between
lie/lies around the corner. This theory has undergone modification in the past people or things that are
half-century. Barker's hypothesis (1997) posits a 'thrifty phenotype': if a pregnant similar or related
woman is starved of nutrients, her baby l0is/will be born small, and is likely to
fundamentallserious
develop certain diseases later in life. The growing foetus is prepared for a life in
and very important
which famine uis/is going to be likely. In reality, of course, famine 12has been/is
increasingly unlikely for most citizens in most countries today. We suffer from the undergolto experience
opposite problem, overnutrition. Our biology, which 15had evolved/evolves in slow something, especially a
tiny steps, has not kept pace with the rapid changes in the way we live, and one change
consequence 14had been/is the epidemic of diseases of affluence, notably obesity modification ithe act
and diabetes. or process of changing
something in order to
H Write 100-200 words about the past, present, and future of the place you come improve it or make it
from (village, city, or country). more acceptable
evolvelto develop
gradually, especially
from a simple to a more
complicated form

01 Challenge yourself 015