STS REVIEWER
be tested. A good hypothesis allows you
Nature of Science
 Science is a systematized knowledge
derived from observation, study and
experimentation carried on in order to
determine the nature of what is being
studied.
 It came from the Latin word scire
(meaning to know). It was originally
called “Philosophy of the natural
world.”
 Science is not simply a set of facts but
also a plan of action- a procedure for
processing and understanding certain
types of information.
 Scientific thinking is useful in all aspects
of life in order to find a solution for any
problem.
Scientific Method
- Scientific method is a combination of
creative reasoning and the testing of
hypotheses. It is the step-by-step
process of analyzing and solving
scientific problems.
- 1. Ask a Question: The scientific
method starts when you ask a question
about something that you observe:
How, What, When, Who, Which, Why,
or Where?
- 2. Do Background Research: Rather
than starting from scratch in putting
together a plan for answering your
question, do library and Internet
research to help you find the best way
to do things and make sure that you
don't repeat mistakes from the past.
- 3. Construct a Hypothesis: A hypothesis
is an educated guess about how things
work. It is an attempt to answer your
question with an explanation that can
to make prediction.
- 4. Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an
Experiment: Your experiment tests
whether your prediction is accurate and
thus your hypothesis is supported or
not. It is important that your
experiment be a fair test. You conduct a
fair test by making sure that you change
only one factor at a time while keeping
all other conditions the same.
- 5. Analyze Your Data and Draw a
Conclusion: Once your experiment is
complete, you collect your data and
analyze them to see if they support
your hypothesis or not.
- 6. Communicate Your Results:
Professional scientists do publish their
final report in a scientific journal or by
presenting their results on a poster or
during a talk at a scientific meeting.
Scientific Attitudes
1.Honesty. This attitude allows a scientist to
recognize the work done by other scientists
before him. This attitude is also shown by
reporting data truthfully.
2. A scientist is open-minded. Open-
mindedness is an attitude that allows a scientist
to look at other possibilities.
3. Creative and Critical Thinking. This enables a
scientist to come up with new concepts which
lead to discoveries that traditional scientists
have overlooked.
4. Curiosity. It enables a scientist to discover
more about the things around him.
5. Persistent. It enables a scientist to continue a
project despite obstacles and failures.
6. Objectivity. A scientist must be objective in
declaring results of his/her experiments and
judgment is based on observable phenomena
and not influenced by emotions or personal
prejudices
7. Precision. A scientist must always consider
the precision of his work if it forms a pattern or
repeatedly occurring in nature. Lack of precision
would mean inconsistency.
8. Responsibility. The moral, social and
personal responsibility and accountability of a
scientist to all of his works must be observed.
9. Collaboration. One needs to consider
suggestion and recommendations of others for
an improved work.
Nature of Technology
✓ Technology, Science of craft, from the
Greek word techne, is the collection of
techniques, skills, methods and
processes used in the production of
goods or services or in the
accomplishment of objectives, such as
scientific investigation.
✓ Science explores the purpose of
knowing while technology explores the
purpose of making something useful
from that knowledge
Nature of Society
✓ Man lives in society because necessity
compels him to.
✓ Man lives in society for his mental and
intellectual development.
✓ Society preserves our culture and
transmits it to succeeding generations.
It both liberates and limits our
potentialities as individuals and molds
our attitudes, our beliefs, our morals
and ideals.
✓ The society is made up of community of
people. Among these people are
Scientist and technologist.
✓ It is important to keep in mind that
scientists are human. They have
prejudices; they misinterpret data; they
become emotionally attached to their
theories and thus lose objectivity; and
they play politics.
Relationship among Science, Technology and
Society
✓ Science and technology are the best
society could ever ask for. Since the
industrial revolution in the 18th century
science has been in progress.
✓ Without society then there would be no
science and technology and that is why
the inventions and innovations have
helped achieve big things.
✓ Science and technology has actually
largely contributed to the vision of man
about himself.
✓ The developing world has a long
tradition of participatory action
research, popular education and
community organization joining up to
solve some science and technology
issues that affect the society.
Positive Impacts of Technology on Society
1. Technology Has Mechanized Agriculture
✓ Modern agricultural technology allows
a small number of people to grow vast
quantities of food in a short period of
time with less input which results into
high yields and ROI return of
investment.
✓ Proper use of technology in agriculture
has also resulted in the manufacturing
of genetic crops which grow fast and
 are resistant to many pests and
diseases.
✓ Agriculture in dry areas has been made
possible through technology.
2. Technology Has Improved Transportation
✓ Transportation is one of the basic areas
of technological activity.
✓ Transportation provides mobility for
people and goods.
✓ Technologies like automobiles, buses,
and trucks have improved the way
humans move and how they transport
their goods from place to another.
3. Technology Has Improved Healthcare
Services
✓ From improved operational efficiency
to standards in patient care, the health
care transformation has enhanced the
entire experience for both patients and
medical professionals.
✓ Medical professionals can now use
media such as video, online discussion
platforms and real-time meeting
capacities to communicate and advance
the spread of knowledge in the field.
✓ Electronic medical records allow all
patient histories, test results, diagnoses
and relevant information to be stored
centrally in an online location.
✓ Mobility and Mobile Apps Mobile
software applications (aka mobile apps)
are key to improving accessibility for
patients and health-care professionals.
4. Technology Has Improved Communication
✓ People use technology to communicate
with each other. Communication is
used for a number of purposes.
✓ Electronic media like mobile phones,
radios, televisions, internet, and social
media have improved the way people
exchange and share ideas.
5. Technology Has Improved Education and
Learning Process
✓ Technology has improved education
and learning process: Education is the
backbone of every economy.
✓ Many schools have started integrating
educational technologies in their
schools with a great aim of improving
the way students learn.
6. Technology has Improved Business or Job
Opportunities
✓ Modern Technology has been
prominent in job role creation and the
emerging of technology-based
companies.
✓ With access to a computer and internet,
anyone can start a business while at
home.
7. Technology has Improved Entertainment
✓ Technology has changed the
entertainment industry; now people
have many options to choose from.
✓ They can have a playlist of 10,000 songs
on their smartphone or you can watch
movies on the go with an iPad; the list is
endless.
Negative Impacts of Technology on Society
1. Resource Depletion
 ✓ The more demand for new technologies
and advancement of current
technologies, the more pressure is put
on earth’s natural resources.
✓ The high demand for more mobile
phones or laptops will certainly lead to
exploitation of Mother Nature for
resources like aluminum.
Once these resources are extracted from the
earth plates, they may never return back
2. Increased Pollution
✓ Pollution affects the land we grow crops
on, the water we drink and the air we
breathe.
✓ The increased demand for new
technologies and advancement of
technologies has resulted in many
manufacturing and processing factories.
✓ As they work so hard to create the best
technologies for both society and
business, they release harmful
chemicals and gasses which have
polluted our environment and this has
resulted in climate changes (global
warming).
3. Cyber-Sickness
✓ With the increased addiction to social
networks and internet games, people
are spending more time on computers
and reject their normal offline life,
resulting in increased isolation and
social imbalance.
This social isolation has increased a lot as
more and more people are involved in
online interaction
4. Unemployment
✓ Reduction in employment.
✓ Modern technology has replaced many
works done by human beings.
✓ Works are being done by machines in
more productive and efficient way thus
replacing personnel who used to
perform the work.
Science and Technology Fields
1. Life Sciences
✓ It is commonly defined by sciences that
pertain to living organisms like
microorganisms, plants, animals, and
most importantly human beings.
✓ Some of the well-known fields in the
Life Sciences are Zoology, Botany,
Biology, Microbiology, Biotechnology,
and Biomedical technologies.
2. Engineering
✓ It is the field of science that applies both
science and math to solve problems.
✓ It concerns the use of technology in
practical ways that can advance the
human condition.
✓ Some of the fields of engineering include
mechanical engineering, electrical
engineering, civil engineering, structural
engineering, and industrial engineering.
3. Agriculture
✓ It is the field of science wherein it
concerns with the different techniques
of land cultivation, crop and livestock
raising, or otherwise, farming.
✓ The Department of Agriculture (DA) is a
government agency responsible for the
development of the Philippine's
agriculture by generating policies,
 investments, and support services malnutrition and the current state of
which are significant in the local and nutrition.
export-oriented trade.
7. Forestry
4. Aquaculture
✓ It practices planting, managing and
✓ It is the rearing or cultivation of aquatic taking care of trees.
animals and plants for foods.
✓ The governing body for the Philippine
✓ Oceans are productive ecosystems on forestry is the Department of
the planet, providing an array of Environment and Natural Resources
services that directly and indirectly (DENR).
support economic activity and growth.
✓ During 1987, the Department of
Services including protection from
Environment and Natural Resources
natural hazards; weather regulation;
was formally established. Under this
shoreline stabilization;
department, the Forest Management
carbon sequestration; wild-catch
Bureau was the sector that focuses on
fisheries; energy from wind, waves and
preserving the forest and the harvesting
offshore oil; sea bound trade; and
of its resources.
tourism.
8. Natural disaster preparedness
5. Metal Industry
✓ It is developed to address disaster risk,
✓ It deals with the creation and
since the Philippines is one of the
innovation of metallic and steel
world’s most vulnerable countries to
products.
natural disasters.
✓ The metal/steel industries have shown
✓ Every year, between six and nine
remarkable technological dynamism
tropical cyclones make landfall,
over the centuries and with the
alongside other extreme events such as
growing product innovation, there
floods and landslides.
have been a great significance on the
steels' economic and political 9. Health
influence.
✓ One aspect of healthcare is the
6. Food and Nutrition diagnosis, treatment and prevention of
diseases; the other pertains to
✓ It is the field of science studying the
provisions for medical care for people in
nature of foods and the natural changes
the community.
in them resulting from handling and
processing. ✓ In the Philippines, health care is under
the Department of Health (DOH). This
✓ It is the science concerned with food
government office is responsible for
and nourishment and the role of
organizing public health care and
nutrients in health.
making sure that all Filipino citizens
✓ In the Philippines, food and nutrition have access to quality health services.
research investigates the ideal diet for
Filipinos to solve the problem of
 ✓ This office is also responsible for great Tigris and Euphrates rivers lays a
supervising and funding researches fertile soil that generated several
pertaining to new medicines and features characteristic of civilization
medical devices. including system of farming, writing,
expanded cities, complex social
structure, distinctive religious beliefs
Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and artistic styles.
and Technology
The Sumerian Civilization
- The development of science and
1. Cuneiform
technology is as old as mankind.
- It is always interwoven with the society. ✓ first form of writing developed by
It indeed plays major roles in the Sumerian
everyday life.
✓ a system that utilizes word pictures and
- The birth of technology was when the
triangular symbols, baked on clay
first human-like species, Homo Habilis
tablets, which were turned into symbols
made sharp cutting edges from stone
and gradually transformed into
ANCIENT MEDIEVAL MODERN ERA phonetic elements.
TIMES AGES
SUMERIAN FIRST 2. Wheel
INDUSTRIAL ✓ The wheel around 4500 BC the wheel
REVOLUTION and axle combination became the most
BABYLONIAN SECOND important invention of all time.
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION ✓ The Sumerians were able to invent the
EGYPTIAN THIRD wheels not intended for transportation
INDUSTRIAL but for farm work and food processes.
REVOLUTION
GREEK 3. Irrigation System
ROMAN - An irrigation system was usually made
CHINESE up of canals, dikes, basins, dams, and
levees.
- Water was stored in basins or dikes,
along the fields for the crops. The
canals, levees, and dams were used to
stop flooding.
The Ancient Times

- The first civilization emerged in Sumer, 4. Ziggurats

the southern region of ancient
Mesopotamia (Iraq and Kuwait) about
3500 B.C.E.
- Between the desert of Arabian
Peninsula, running from the eastern
Mediterranean cost to the plains of
- Cities and temple complexes, with their
famous ziggurats were all built using
oven-baked bricks of clay which were
then painted.
- Ziggurat is a type of massive structure
and it has the form of a terraced
 compound of successively receding
stories or levels.
5. Plow
- The invention of the plow helped them
provide their city-states with a stable
food supply.
The Egyptian Civilization
- Before farmers invented the plow, they
used animal horns or pointed sticks to
poke holes in the earth.
The Babylon Civilization
✓ A civilization derived from Sumerian
culture around 1800 B.C.E. the
Babylonian Empire arose and again
unified much of Mesopotamia. This
empire was headed by Hammurabi
✓ Among the most important
contributions of Babylonia are the first
ever positional number system;
accomplishments in advanced
mathematics; laying the foundation for
all western astronomy; and impressive
works in art, architecture and
literature.
The Babylon
✓ One of the seven wonders of the
ancient world was built on the banks of
the Euphrates River.
✓ Most scholars attribute its construction
to King Nebuchadnezzar II to console
his Median wife, Amytis, who missed
the mountains and greenery of her
homeland. The Gardens didn't really
"hang" but were built on terraces that
were part of the ziggurat and was
irrigated by water lifted up from the
Euphrates
✓ There is not a single mention of a
"hanging garden" in the Babylon
cuneiform record but this is probably
because it was considered part of the
ziggurat structure and not a separate
entity in itself.
✓ Egyptian civilization formed by 3000
B.C.E along the Nile River.
✓ They benefited from trade and
technological influence from
Mesopotamia, but they produced a very
different society and culture.
✓ More stable that Sumer and protected
from the main invasion route by desert,
Egyptian civilization flourished for more
than 2000 years before beginning to
decline about 1000 B.C.E.
✓ 1. Hieroglyphics
o The Egyptians kept written
records using a writing system
known as hieroglyphics.
o Some writing was preserved on
stone or clay, and some was
preserved on papyrus, a paper-
like product made from reed
fiber. Papyrus is very fragile,
but due to the hot and dry
climate of Egypt, a few papyrus
documents have survived.
✓ 2. Pyramid
o Building pyramid, such as the
Great Pyramid and the Sphinx
in Giza, and temples for
different gods required a
centralized government that
could command vast resources
 ✓ 3. Cosmetics
o Egyptian cosmetics reflected
their social class, so they
devoted a lot of time to their
personal appearance.
o Wigs were often worn not only
for style purposes but also as
protection as people needed to
protect their skin from the dry
climate and strong sun.
✓ 4. Mummification
o a process in which the skin and
flesh of a corpse can be
preserved.
o Flesh of a corpse can be
preserved. They wanted to
preserve their pharaoh because
they believe in afterlife.
5. Egyptian Clock
✓ The Egyptians were among the first to
divide their days into parts.
The Roman Civilization
✓ They invented the first portable clock
which was so lightweight that people
could carry it with them
The Greek Civilization
- Greek civilization began to take shaped
around 800 B.C.E. on the peninsula and
island of Greece and in the surrounding
territory in the eastern Mediterranean.
-
1. Watermills
✓ have been used all over the world for
the purpose of metal shaping,
agriculture and, most importantly,
milling.
✓ This in turn led to the production of
edible food staples like rice, cereals,
pulses, flour, and so on.
2. Odometer
✓ It measures the distance traveled by a
vehicle such as a bicycle or automobile.
✓ It was invented by Archimedes of
Syracuse
3. Cartography
✓ the study and practice of making maps.
✓ It has played an important role in travel
and navigation since ancient times.
4. Medicine
✓ He was referred to as the Father of
Western Medicine in recognition of his
lasting contributions to the field and
was the founder of the Hippocratic
school of Medicine
- Roman and Greek achievements in
science and technology were closely
intertwined but somewhat Roman had
more focused on engineering. Roman
used and copied Greek Science,
monumental architectural styles,
sculpture and drama.
- 1. Archs
o Romans are the first to set an
arch on top of tall pedestal.
o These arches went on to
become pivotal engineering
constructions that the
 foundation for building bridges,
aqueducts, sewer,
amphitheater and coliseum
- 2. Aqueducts
o The first Roman aqueducts
were built around 312 BC and
from then on took off as an
engineering marvel that used
the downhill flow of water to
supply the city centers.
3. Roman Numerals
- Roman numerals originated in ancient
Rome.
- Constituting one of the most popular
numbering systems still in use today,
the first use of these numbers dates
back to somewhere between 900 and
800 BC.
- 4. Acta Diurna
- Rome was the first to establish a
sophisticated system of circulating
written news which it published the
Acta Diurna (“Daily Events”).
- The majority of the content in the Acta
Diurna usually comprised of political
news, trials, military campaigns,
executions and major scandals.
- 6. Revolutionary Concrete
- The revolutionary concrete developed
by the Romans helped to build
impeccable and lasting structures,
playing a huge part in the architectural
accession of ancient Rome
The Chinese Civilization
- Chinese civilization started along
Huanghe or yellow river, established by
nomadic warriors and lasted for six
centuries
- The vital irrigation systems that earlier
inhabitants of the yellow river basin had
begun were greatly expanded and
improved.
- They also developed a system of writing
that has proved critical identity, unity
and civilized development among the
Chinese.
- 1. Silk
o Silk was widely used in a variety
of sectors including writing,
fishing, and for musical
instruments
- 2. Tea
o Tea was discovered by the
Chinese emperor Shennong in
2737 BC.
- 3. Kite
o Paper kites were being used to
carry messages for rescue
missions, to test the wind,
measure distance, and for
military communication.
- 4. Compass
- The Chinese considered south their
cardinal direction, and the original
compass was created by the Chinese
using a lodestone to point south, called
the south pointer.
-
- 5. Wheelbarrow
o It was credited to Prime
Minister Zhuge Liangof Shu
Han.
o It was created the wheelbarrow
to carry military weapons and
 to move injured and dead
soldiers from the battlefield
- 6. Seismograph
o Han dynasty invented the first
seismograph called “Houfeng
Didong” to measure the
movements of the earth and
seasonal winds.
- 7. Gun Powder
o The first chemical explosive
known as a gunpowder or black
powder was made from sulfur,
charcoal, and potassium
nitrate.
o Gunpowder wasn’t a sudden
invention, Chinese used
gunpowder and gunpowder-
based weaponry as a military
defense
- 8. Great Wall of China
o The Great Wall of China was
built by the first emperor of
China, Qin Shi Huang to protect
the country from northern
invaders.
Medieval Ages
• The Medieval Era, often called The
Middle Ages or the Dark Ages, began
just before 500 A.D. following a great
loss of power throughout Europe by the
Roman Emperor.
• These advancements include constant
increase if new inventions, innovations
in traditional production and the
emergence of scientific thinking and
method.
•
CATHEDRALS
Enabling the Major Rise of Christianity
in our Society
• The role of the cathedrals is chiefly to
serve God in the community, through
its hierarchical and organizational
position in the church structure.
• The building itself, by its physical
presence, symbolizes both the glory of
God and of the Church
CASTLES
Serving as a symbol of Hierarchy and
Strength of a Nation
• Castles are fortresses built to protect
strategic locations from enemy attack
or to serve as military base for invading
armies.
• People seeking protection from
invading armies built local villages
around established castles.
• Local nobility took the safest residences
for themselves, inside the castle walls.
ASTROLABE
The Invention that Changed how we see the
Stars
• In the early times, an Astrolabe meant
to the early medieval as “the one who
catches the heavenly bodies.”
• The Astrolabe enabled medieval
navigators and astronomers to learn
and study the movements of the
different celestial bodies.
•
PRINTERS
The Machines that kickstarted a Printing
Revolution
 • Spreading knowledge and information LIGHTNING CONDUCTOR
was a very slow process before the
The Proof of Lightning being an Electricity
invention of typography.
• One of the Founding Fathers of
• Johannes Gutenberg developed the first
America, Benjamin Franklin proved that
mechanical printing machine in the
lightning was some form of electricity
1440s.
when he flew a kite over a
• The first printed book was the Bible in thunderstorm.
1456 with a run of 150 copies
• Franklin further collaborated with a
TELESCOPES Czech Scientist named Prokop Diviš to
develop the Lightning Conductor also
What made us Look far Beyond what We See
known as the “Thunder Rod” to protect
• The Telescope was invented by a buildings from being hit by lightnings.
Dutchman named Hans Lippershey.
MECHANICAL CLOCK
• It was further improved in the year
The new method of Time-Keeping
1610, and Galileo Galilei was able to
prove that the Earth truly revolved • Christian monasteries around medieval
around the Sun. Europe had a specific need for time
keeping since monks had to strictly
• This discovery disproved Nicolaus
observe the hours of daily prayers. To
Copernicus’ Theory and angered the
this purpose, the monasteries used
Catholic Church as they adopted the
many different types of time-keeping
idea of everything revolved around the
devices.
Earth.
• This lead to the development of the
MICROSCOPES
mechanical clock, Pope Sylvester II built
What Made us see Further than a Grain of Sand a clock for a German town in 996 and it
is considered one of the oldest clocks.
• The microscope came to fruition when
Hans Janssen and his son layered two
lenses together in 1560, making a
EYEGLASSES
primitive microscope.
Achieving that 20/20 Vision
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek took it a step
further magnifying things to 270 times • The first eyeglasses were known as
and discovered single-celled creatures “iteros ab oculis ad legend” meaning,
in pond water. “glasses that are for reading.”

• Ultimately, this helped our • Concaved Lenses were used to correct

understanding of microorganisms and nearsightedness, so that the rays of
disease. light diverged.

• Convex Lenses were used to correct

farsightedness, so the light rays
converged.
• Cylindrical Lenses were used to correct
astigmatism, and were invented late by
Sir George Airy in 1825.
MODERN ERA
✓ The Modern period is a cultural
movement that has a lasting impact on
the world.
✓ It was born when the Romantics faded
out and this shift in culture changed the
world forever.
✓ Modern Era changed the world through
literature, producing some of the
greatest works in history, through
technology and science, this new
scientific movement invented
groundbreaking technology, and lastly
through wars, people realized that
being ruled by one all-powerful
monarchy is not the way they want to
live.
✓ The "modern history" refers to the
history of the world since the advent of
the Age of Reason and the Age of
Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th
centuries and the beginning of the
Industrial Revolution.
✓ The early modern period is roughly
around the 1500s - 1800s. It begins with
European exploration and ends around
the period of the French Revolution.
The late modern period follows the
early modern period and ends around
World War 2.
✓ PHOTOGRAPHY
o It is the art, application and
practice of creating durable
images by recording light or
other electromagnetic
radiation, either electronically
by means of an image sensor,
or chemically by means of a
light-sensitive material such as
photographic film.
COTTON GIN
o A machine that quickly and easily
separates cotton fibers from their
seeds, enabling much greater
productivity than manual cotton
separation.
o The fibers are then processed into
various cotton goods such as linens,
while any undamaged cotton is
used largely for textiles like
clothing.
TYPEWRITERSAPHY
o This helped the industrial
revolution by allowing people to
write manuals for the workers and
mass produce them much easier.
o In the 1880s, when the typewriter
was first adopted in many
offices, America was a country in
the throes of rapid change.
TELEGRAPH
o Samuel F. B. Morse created the
telegraph in 1836. This invention
changed the face of communication.
o It worked by transmitting electrical
signals over a wire lay between stations
communication.
 o The telegraph changed society
indirectly, by transforming the workings
of government and industry.
SEWING MACHINE
o Elias Howe created the sewing machine
in 1844.
o This forever changed the way clothes
were made and allowed the mass
production of clothing.
o It was later improved upon and
patented by Isaac Singer
POWER LOOM
o Edmund Cartwright invented the power
loom in 1785.
o The power loom, which partially
automated textile weaving, was one of
the most important inventions of the
Industrial Revolution.
o The loom and associated equipment
went into operation in 1817, and with
Lyman's encouragement, Gilmour made
his design freely available to other
mechanics
Second Industrial Revolution
BULB
✓ In 1879, Thomas Edison invented
electric light bulbs for cheaper, clean
and convenient electric lights.
✓ To sell bulbs, energy was needed, so
Edison’s Electric Illumination Company
built their own power station in New
York.
TELEPHONE
✓ Alexander Graham Bell was the first in
the race to patent a machine in 1876
that you could use to talk to someone
on the other side of the world.
✓ A year later in 1877 he set up his
company and demonstrated long-
distance calls.
MOTOR CAR
✓ German inventor Nicolas Otto created
an improved internal combustion
engine in 1876 and this is still the way
cars work today.
✓ In 1885, the first car, the Benz Patent
Motorwagen, was developed by Karl
Benz.
✓ Famous names such as Rolls Royce and
Henry Ford developed the technology;
Rolls Royce for the rich and Henry Ford
for the man in the street.
MOVIES
✓ It has been only just over one hundred
years since the first movie, or film, was
shown by the brothers Auguste and
Louis Lumière at the Grand Café in
Paris.
✓ The terrifying film was entitled The
Arrival of a Train at Ciotat Station.
✓ In 1889, George Eastman pioneered
celluloid film with holes punched in the
side so that the movie camera could
show the film precisely frame by frame.
X-RAYS
✓ X rays are a form of radiation similar to
light rays, except that they are more
energetic than light rays and are
invisible to the human eye. They are
created when an electric current is
passed through a vacuum tube.
✓ Discovered in 1895 by German physicist
named Wilhelm Roentgen.
 ✓ Roentgen was also a photographer and
almost immediately realized that the
shadows created when x rays passed
through the body could be permanently
recorded on photographic plates. His
first x-ray picture was of his wife's hand.
Within a few years, x rays became a
valued diagnostic tool of physicians
world-wide.
✓ Henri Becquerel discovered
radioactivity in 1896 while trying to find
more out about X-rays.
✓ Marie Curie, a Polish born French
chemist and physicist and two times
Nobel Prize winner, is best remembered
for her research into radioactivity and
new radioactive elements.
COMMUNICATION RADIO
✓ The German physicist Heinrich Hertz
was the first to prove they existed, but
it was Guglielmo Marconi who set up
the world’s first radio stations to
transmit and receive Morse code.
✓ In 1896, he sent the first message
across the Atlantic from Cornwall to
Newfoundland. He was awarded the
Nobel Prize for Physics in 1909.
✓ The first clear television pictures to be
transmitted were sent by Scottish-born
John Logie Baird. He founded the Baird
Television
✓ Company Limited and worked on
programs for the BBC (British
Broadcasting Corporation).
FLIGHT
✓ At the turn of the century, in 1903, two
bicycle repairmen from Ohio, Wilbur
and Orville Wright built and flew the
first really successful airplane near Kitty
Hawk, North Carolina.
✓ From that time progress was rapid and
the military advantages of flight were
realized in WWI.
ROCKETS AND SPACE FLIGHTS
✓ The earliest rockets were used in China
in the 11th century but by the 19th-
century speed and accuracy were much
improved.
✓ A Russian mathematics teacher,
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was the first
person to draw up plans for space
stations and airlocks to allow
spacewalks.
✓ American scientist Robert Goddard not
knowing of Tsiolkovsky’s ideas,
independently developed liquid-fueled
rockets from 1926.
✓ Yuri Gagarin orbited the earth in 1961
ATOMIC BOMB
✓ The atomic bomb, and nuclear bombs,
are powerful weapons that use nuclear
reactions as their source of explosive
energy. Scientists first developed
nuclear weapons technology during
World War II.
✓ In 1932, physicists John Cockcroft and
Earnest Walton did the impossible.
✓ They proved Albert Einstein’s theory of
relativity and unlocked the secrets of
the atomic nucleus.
✓ Splitting the atom was a brilliant
scientific achievement. However, It
allowed scientists to develop the atomic
bomb that was used to destroy
Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan to end
the WWII in 1945.
THIRD SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL REVOLUTION COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

✓ After the WWII new discoveries and
advances in science and technology
came thick and fast.
✓ Plastics were developed for the first
time.
✓ In 1949, the first practical programmed
electronic computer ran mathematical
problems.
✓ In the 1960s, the electronic silicon chip
was invented; computers became
smaller and more powerful. In 1984,
the CD was born and the digital
revolution began.
✓ During this period, there have also been
huge advances in genetics since the
discovery of the structure of DNA in
1953. Today, genetic engineering and
nanotechnology show fast growth
trends and, also, are big business.
 Modern science was born out of an
effort over many centuries to
understand the motions of celestial
bodies.
 Two competing models were proposed:
Geocentric (earth-centered) and
Heliocentric (Sun-centered).
 The final success of the heliocentric
model relied on crucial philosophical
insights and technological advances.

Planetary motions are much more complex,
showing occasional retrograde motion.
Planets rise and set daily, and move
generally eastward relative to the stars at
varying speeds.
But, they occasionally stop, move westward
(or retrograde), then stop again and resume
moving eastward.

For 2000 years, a geocentric model for the

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
universe was widely assumed.
THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

GEOCENTRIC MODEL

 The geocentric model of the universe

was formulated by the Greek
philosopher Ptolemy around 140 AD.

 The sun, moon, planets and stars all

revolved around the earth in circular
orbits.

 Their speed varies, their orbits wobble,

and they occasionally reverse their
direction of travel, what is known as
"retrograde" motion.
 ✓ Aristotle (384-322 BC) argued for a
geocentric model on physical grounds.

✓ Earth was fixed and unmoving at the

center because it is was too big to
move, including rotation

✓ The Sun, Moon, Planets and Stars are

affixed to crystalline spheres in uniform
circular motion.

✓ The combination of perfect motions

produces the net retrograde and non-
uniform motions observed.

✓ The ultimate Geocentric System

was formulated Claudius Ptolemy around 150

Planet (P) moves in a small
AD.
circle called the epicycle.

This model was to prevail for nearly 1500 years.

 ✓ They move with changing speeds rather
than at constant speeds.

Kepler's laws of planetary motion made much

more accurate predictions of planetary
positions, contributing to the triumph of
Heliocentric Models.

He formulated three major laws of planetary

motion, conventionally designated as follows:

(1) the planets move in elliptical orbits with

the Sun at one focus;

(2) the time necessary to traverse any arc

of a planetary orbit is proportional to
the area of the sector between the
central body and that arc; and

(3) there is an exact relationship between

the squares of the planets’ periodic
times and the cubes of the radii of their
orbits.

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) made crucial

discoveries with the newly invented telescope

The observation of craters and mountains on

the Moon showed that it had terrain like the
Earth.

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) revived the

Heliocentric system in the 16th century after 18
centuries of neglect.

✓ Johannes Kepler (1571 -1630) took

Copernicus’ ideas further and discarded
epicycles.

✓ Kepler’s laws of planetary motion state

that planets go around the Sun on
ellipses rather than circles.
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
✓ Charles Robert Darwin, English
naturalist popularized theory of
evolution by natural selection became
the foundation of modern evolutionary
studies.
✓ His theory sets about explaining the
Adaptation: an inherited trait that increases an
progressive changes that occur within
organism’s chances of survival
species down the generations, as well
as the formation of new species, when
environmental pressures have
differential effects on the reproductive
success of all individuals.
THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION
Natural Selection: Organisms that are best
adapted to an environment survive and
reproduce more than others
1. Natural selection is differential success
in reproduction.
2. Natural selection occurs through an
interaction between the environment
and the variability inherent among the
individual organisms making up a
population.
3. The product of natural selection in the
adaptation of populations of organisms
to their environments.
Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection occurs in
four steps:
 Overproduction
 Variation
 Competition
 Selection
1. Overproduction
- Each species produces more offspring
that can survive
2. Variation
- Each individual has a unique
combination of inherited traits.
3. Competition
-Individuals COMPETE for limited
resources:
-Food, water, space, mates
-Natural selection occurs through
“Survival of the fittest”
-Fitness: the ability to survive
long enough to reproduce
-Not all individuals survive to adulthood
4. Selection
 The individuals with the best traits /
adaptations will survive and have the
opportunity to pass on it’s traits to
offspring.
 Natural selection acts on the
phenotype (physical
appearance), not the genotype
(genetic makeup)
 Ex: When a predator finds its
prey, it is due to the prey’s
physical characteristics, like
color or slow speed, not the
alleles (BB, Bb)
• Individuals with traits that are not well
suited to their environment either die
or leave few offspring.
 • Evolution occurs when good traits
build up in a population over many
generations and bad traits are
eliminated by the death of the
individuals.

Sigmund Freud

 Freud invented psychoanalysis.

 This involves talking to patients

to find out what they’re
thinking.

 Freud is considered to be the father of

modern psychology.

 Freud’s ideas were almost universally

accepted until the 1970s.

 Nowadays, most psychologists have

issues with Freud’s theories.

 Freud, an Austrian, lived from 1856 to

1939. He died (probably assisted
suicide due to oral cancer) in London.

 Many of Freud’s descendants are

prominent in British life and culture.

Freudian Psychosocial (Psychodynamic) Theory

• Freud developed this theory between

1894 and 1920. What else were people
developing around this time?

• Freud divided our conscious and

subconscious mind into several parts,
each of which plays an important role in
our behavior.

• This theory has NO scientific basis.

Structural Model
  Divides personality into the id, the ego,
and the superego
Pre- Spanish Period
 Id: Personality structure at birth
Banaue Rice Terraces (Eight Wonder of
 Actions are based on pleasure the World)
principle and wish fulfillment
- It shows the innovative and ingenious
 Ego: Satisfies id impulses, but takes into way of the natives to survive.
consideration the realities of the world - It is commonly thought that the
terraces were built with minimal
 Actions are based on reality
equipment, largely by hand.
principle

 Superego: Represents society’s values

and standards -The natives already had technology

 Provides ideals to determine if - Awareness of the medicinal and

a behavior is virtuous therapeutic properties of plants.

 Powerful superego leads to Baybayin

moral anxiety
• number system

• A weighing and measuring system

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN NATION
BUILDING • Calendar

- The development of Science and • Engaged in farming, mining, etc.

technology in the Philippines has
already come a long way.

It improves in terms of
Spanish Colonial Period
- Preparedness for technological
change - Parish schools
- Many significant inventions and were established
discoveries have been accomplished by - Medicine in the Philippines
or attributed to Filipinos
- Galeon Trade

Department of Science and Technology (DOST) - Suez Canal

- Premiere science and technology body

in the country. American Period
- -Its objective is primarily to establish July 1, The Philippine Commission
projects that will support national 1901 established the Bureau of
development.
 Government Laboratories under
the Department of Interior
*The Bureau dealt with the study
of tropical diseases and
October The Bureau of Government
26, Laboratories was replaced by the
1905 Bureau of Science. It became the
primary research center of the
Philippines until World War II
Dec. 8, The National Research Council of
1933 the Philippines was established.
*It is the oldest scientific
organization that promotes
scientific
development
1946 The Bureau of Science was
replaced by the Institute of
Science.
*The lack of support of
experimental work and minimal
budget for
scientific research and low salaries
of scientist leads to establishment
of
the National Science Development
Board.
Supported by Science Act of 1958
(President Carlos P. Garcia)
-President Ferdinand Marcos
“advancement of science and
technology is the key for national
development”
o As some Filipinos continue to seek
greener pastures abroad, it may seem
as if the decades-long "brain drain"
shows no signs of stopping. But there's
still hope for the Philippines in
reversing "brain drain".
o "In terms of labor force, the Philippines
is faced with a brain drain issue, which
is depriving the labor pool of much of
its greatest talent. This has been a
problem for a while now, with the
country having lost an estimated 10
percent of its population to work
abroad, including many highly qualified
professionals," Charles Davis, ICAEW
economic advisor and Centre for
Economics and Business Research
(CEBR) director, said
- The Department of Education, with the
National Science Development Board
(NSDB)
- Organized a project to provide selected
high schools with science teaching
equipments,
- The Philippine Science High School
System – a research oriented and
specialized public highschool system in
the Philippines.
- Operates as an attached agency of the
Philippine Department of Science and
Technology.
April 6, Marcos proclaimed 35 hectares
1986 in Bicutan, Taguig,
Rizal as the site of Philippine
Science Community.
1970 He established the Philippine
Coconut Research Institute to the
NSDB.
o The NSDB also
established the Philippine
Textile Research
Institute.
 o The Philippine Atomic President Fidel V Ramos
Energy Commission
(PAEC) of the NSDB 1998 - the Philippines was estimated to have
explored the uses of around 3000 competent scientists and
atomic energy for engineers
economic development.
In 1993, Science Technology Agenda for
o Bataan Power Plant –
National Development (STAND) was
was never operated
because of the established:
anomalies and - exporting winners identified by the DTI;
geographic location.
- domestic needs identified by the
President’s Council for Countryside
Development;

- support industries

-coconut industry
1980 He also created the National
Committee on Geological
Sciences.
*Congress, during his term was able to enact
1982 He reorganized the National laws that were significant for the field. Among
Science Development Board and were:
its agencies into a National
1. Magna Carta for Science and
Science and Technology Authority
Technology Personnel (Republic Act No.
1986 He established the Mindanao and
Visayas campuses of Philippine 8439)
Science Highschool 2. Science and Technology Scholarship
Law of 1994 (Republic Act No. 7687)
President Corazon Aquino 3. Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act
o In 1986, she replaced the National (Republic Act No. 7459)
Science and Technology Authority with
the Department of Science and 4. The Intellectual Property Code of the
Technology.
Philippines (Republic Act No. 8293)
o August 8, 1988 – she created the
Presidential Task Force for Science and
Technology. President Joseph Estrada

o Free Public Secondary Education Act Two major legislations that he signed during his
of 1988. term:

Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (PCAA)

- It was designed to protect and preserve

the environment and ensure the
 sustainable development of natural
resources.
Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (ECA)
- Outlaws hacking and provides
opportunities for new businesses
emerging from the internet-driven New
economy.
- Full-scale program based on cost-
effective irrigation technologies.
- Dole-outs are out
President Gloria Arroyo
Golden Age of Science Technology
- Numerous laws and projects that
concerns both the science and
environment was passed
- The term “Filipinnovation” was the
coined term used in helping the
Philippines to be an innovation hub in
Asia.
R.A 9367 (Biofuels Act)
- Promotes the development and usage of
biofuels throughout the country.
R.A 1061
-Improves the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector
through Mechanization.
MODULE 4
THE HUMAN PERSON FLOURISHING IN
TERMS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Among the animals on earth, we,
human, identify ourselves as the ones
who have higher intellectual capacity.
We have learned that things around us
hold potential when combined with other
things. Through time, passionate search and
experiment, a lot of things were discovered
and produced.
This lesson exp lains br ief ly t he
attr ibut es and capacity of man and
his r ole in relat ion t o technology and
to society. It also establishes some
philosophical considerations on how
technology can be constructed as a tool for
higher purposes aside from the usual idea
of it being the provider of more efficient
and comfortable ways of achieving and
doing things. Technology as a product of
Human Reason and Freedom Man is rational
and with this rationality comes also his
creativity. This creativity means man has
the capacity to innovate whatever are
those available and “create” new things
which other animals cannot.
Concept of Human Flourishing
Human flourishing is defined as an
effort to achieve self-actualization and
fulfillment within the context of a larger
community of individuals, each with the right
to pursue his or her own such efforts.
The term "eudaimonia" is a classical
Greek word, commonly translated as
"happiness", but perhaps better described as
"well-being" or "human flourishing" or
"good life". We will discuss more Aristotelian
ethics for the next chapter. Unlike our
everyday concept
of happiness, eudaimonia is not a state of
mind, nor is it simply the experience of joys
and pleasures.
According to St. Augustine, “Human
beings are endowed with a power that he
calls the will.” He emphasizes the will to
being the center of freedom. Augustine, who
has a libertarian view, sees our will as free
choice. So for whatever we may choose to
do, we become solely responsible for our
actions which are caused by external factors
instead of internal ones.
Technology as a Way of Revealing
Heidegger strongly opposes the view that
technology is “a means to an end” or “a
human activity.” These two approaches,
which Heidegger calls, respectively, the
“instrumental” and “anthropological”
definitions, are indeed “correct”, but do not
go deep enough; as he says, they are not yet
“true.” Unquestionably, Heidegger points out,
technological objects are means for ends,
and are built and operated by human beings,
but the essence of technology is something
else entirely. Just as the essence of a tree is
not itself a tree, Heidegger points out, so the
essence of technology is not anything
technological.
Technology, according to Heidegger
must be understood as “a way of revealing”
(Heidegger 1977, 12). Revealing”is the
translation of the Greek word“ alètheuein,
which means ‘to discover’ – to uncover what,
was covered over. Related to this verb is the
independent noun “alètheia”, which is usually
translated as “truth,” though Heidegger
insists that a more adequate translation
would be “un-concealment.”
“Reality” is not something
absolute that human beings can
ever know once and for all; it is
relative in the most literal
sense of the word – it exists
only in relations. Reality ‘in
itself’, therefore, is
inaccessible for human beings.
As soon as we perceive or try
to understand it, it is not ‘in
itself’ anymore, but ‘reality for
us.’(Heidegger, 1977,p.13)
This means that everything we
perceive or think of or interact with “emerges
out of concealment into un-concealment”. By
entering into a particular relation with reality,
reality is ‘revealed’ in a specific way. And this
is where technology comes in, since
technology is the way of revealing that
characterizes our time. Technology
embodies a specific way of revealing the
world, a revealing in which humans take
power over reality. While the ancient Greeks
experienced the ‘making’ of something as
‘helping something to come into being as
Heidegger explains by analyzing classical
texts and words modern technology is rather
a ‘forcing into being’. Technology reveals the
world as raw material, available for
production and manipulation.
This technological understanding of
‘being’, according to Heidegger, is to be seen
as the ultimate danger. First of all, there is
the danger that humans will also interpret
themselves as raw materials. Note that we
are already speaking about “human
resources”. But most importantly, the
technological will to power leaves no escape.
If we want to move towards a new
interpretation of being, this would itself be a
technological intervention: we would
manipulate our manipulation, exerting power
over our way of exerting power. And this
would only reconfirm the technological
interpretation of being. Every attempt to
climb out of technology throws us back in.
The only way out for Heidegger is “the will not
to will”. We need to open up the possibility of
relying on technologies while not becoming
enslaved to them and seeing them as
manifestations of an understanding of being.
Human Condition and technology
From the dawn of history, according
to Jared Diamond, a menacing shadow of
hatred has always darkened our human
condition. It is normal for tradition-based
societies living outside the controls of state
governments to demonize neighboring
groups and regularly to engage in war and
murder.
Ethnographical studies have shown
that hatred and war are historically “normal”
between tribal societies. In the long view of
history, he says, our modern state-governed
societies are the exception because we
instead grow up learning a universal code of
morality, promulgated every week in our
churches and codified in our laws. Yet today,
despite religious teachings and moral codes,
national governments still portray other
nations as evil, sometimes because of past
oppression and sometimes because of a
perceived threat of attack.
Technology has always played a role
in wars by giving the victorious army an
advantage through things like steel armor,
gunpowder, the airplane, poisonous gas, spy
equipment, decoding machines, and nuclear
weapons. But it is nuclear technology that
presents the human condition with an
unprecedented threat, both as a source of
energy and as a weapon of war of poisoning
by radioactivity millions of civilians and
millions of acres of productive lands. This is
not to say that technology has not benefitted
our human condition.
On the contrary, technology is
improving life and improving it fast. For
example, if you were alive when my
grandmother was born, you’d have no light
bulbs, cars, or planes; no telephones, radios,
or recorded music; no steel or plastic or
dynamite; no pasteurized milk, sterilized
surgical instruments, psychotherapies,
rabies vaccination, or vitamins. At the same
time, while nuclear disasters have so far
been localized, technologies have already
played a key role in damaging our human
condition all over the globe. We live with
polluted air and water. Suburbs and parking
lots are taking over landscapes that provided
drainage, shade, and oxygen-producing
plants. Industries rely on standardization and
specialization, but this also standardizes
persons, narrows their skills, and raises their
economic value far above the values of their
companionship and depth of character.
The Four Revolutionary Developments in
the Human Condition
1. Image & Symbols
The pre-historic emergence of
language, art, literature, and religion,
thinking was mainly through image and
symbols.
In the fog of prehistoric times, the
main developments were language, art,
literature and religion. From these
developments, the thought processes of our
ancestors were mainly a combination of
technique, myth, and magic. Technique
includes any practical know-how. Myth
includes narratives about group origins and
the cosmos. Magic includes all the practices
by which incantations and rituals were done
to produce physical changes.
2. Universal Order & Theory
The emergence of philosophy and
monotheistic religions in 800- 200 BC.
Thinking now asks about the order of the
entire universe, created and divine, and it
develops beliefs and theories that focus on
truth.
The philosopher of history, Karl
Jaspers (d. 1969), published a highly
influential account of the origins of how we
worship and how we think about the world up
to the present time. In his Origin and Goal of
History, he proposed that over what he calls
an “axial period” from about 800 to 200 BC,
the leading cultures of the world underwent a
revolutionary awakening regarding what may
be universal about both the physical world
and the individual person. He found that a
number of different cultures, with no
evidence of mutual influences, became
aware that humans everywhere have both a
deeper inner self and a loftier human destiny
than had ever been imagined. In his words,
“The new element of this age is that man
everywhere became aware of being as a
whole, of himself and his limits. He
experienced the Absolute in the depth of
selfhood and in the clarity of transcendence.”
By “transcendence” is meant not some other-
worldly fantasy but rather a very familiar
experience: Each person can make the
personal discovery of a persistent desire to
transcend his or her self by learning more,
doing better, and loving widely. For
evidence, he points to such diverse cultures
as Chinese, Hindu, Buddhist, Greek,
Hebrew, and Persian. As it happens, each of
these cultures included many small states or
groups regularly engaged in civil and inter-
state warfare. The question of how to rise
above wars and vengeance found answers
in the idea that the entire world is one place,
and every person in it has a self-
transcending core in common with every
other. This idea of a single universe and a
single core to each person’s calling was
expressed in two quite different forms. The
Hebrews represent a prominent example in
religion. Around 1000- 800 BC, they moved
from believing that their god was simply the
one who is highest of all the gods
(henotheism) to believing that there really is
only one God who created everything and
whose will about right and wrong falls equally
on humans everywhere (monotheism). The
belief that one God reigns over all creation
implies that there is a universal standard of
behaviors to be found in the transcendent
wisdom and will of God.
Socrates (d. 399 BC) represents a
prominent example in philosophy. As
recorded for us by Plato (d. 347), Socrates
raised the question whether right and wrong
depended exclusively on the customs of
local groups or might there be a right and
wrong that belong to all humans “by nature.”
To put this another way, is morality a matter
of social convention or are there notions of
“right” that are universal. If morality is
something universal—something that
transcends group customs—then one culture
can and should criticize other cultures where
they see behaviors that violate these “natural
rights.”
3. Experiment & Plausibility
The emergence of modern science in
the 1600s. Thinking now includes views that
focus on the most plausible explanations of
data.
We jump now to the scientific
revolution that began in the 1600s. Herbert
Butterfield (d. 1979), in his The Origins of
Modern Science, asserts that from the
perspective of world history, the scientific
revolution, “outshines everything since the
rise of Christianity and reduces the
Renaissance and Reformation to the rank of
mere episodes, mere internal displacements,
within the system of medieval
Christendom.”13 This revolution was carried
out by thinkers who sought knowledge more
in experimentation and in a reaction against
an unquestioning acceptance of authorities
like Aristotle and the Church. Francis Bacon
(d. 1626) led the charge. Compare, for
example, Aristotle’s “deductive” thinking that
we cited above to Bacon’s proposal about
“inductive” thinking: all true and fruitful
natural philosophy hath a double scale or
ladder, ascendant and descendent;
ascending from experiments to the invention
of causes, and descending from causes to
the invention of new experiment; those who
have handled sciences have been either
men of experiment or men of dogmas. The
men of experiment are like the ant, they only
collect and use. The reasons resemble
spiders, which make cobwebs out of their
own substance. But the bee takes a middle
course: it gathers its material from the
flowers of the garden and of the field, but
transforms and digests it by a power of its
own. Not unlike this is the true business of
philosophy; for it neither relies solely or
chiefly on the powers of the mind, nor does it
take the matter which it gathers from natural
history and mechanical experiments and lay
it up in the memory whole, as it finds it, but
lays it up in the understanding altered and
digested. Therefore, from a closer and purer
league between these two faculties, the
experimental and the rational (such as has
never yet been made), much may be hoped.
The experimental ideal of thinking
was taking over, an ideal that represents
what we now call “modern science.” Where
Aristotle’s views aimed at truth and certitude,
modern science aims at the most plausible
explanations of experimental data. Currently,
for example, we have theories about
gravitation and evolution that are widely
accepted, not as “true” but as “best available
explanations” of data. As “best available,”
they remain open to more comprehensive
explanations that may arise.
4. Praxis & Human Studies
The emergence in the late 1900s of a
“praxis” take a critical standpoint toward any
developments and corresponding changes in
human studies. Thinking now includes views
that focus on the best available critiques of
error and standards for better living. Today,
we can find all four ways of thinking, although
not equally prevalent.
We saw that the emergence of
inductive thinking had revolutionary effects
on science, technology, the economy, and
politics. We might label these our “social”
institutions, because they gather people into
collaborative groups for these ends. What Then and Now: How Technology Has
these institutions have in common is a single Changed Our Lives
goal: To produce goods and services more We have become a generation
efficiently and effectively. We also saw that almost entirely dependent on technology,
these social institutions are worsening the and it goes without saying that things were
human condition for millions of people, and, done very differently decades ago than they
left without any regulatory controls, will are now. But as much as some people like
continue to make life worse for most people to say our reliance on technology hinders
across the globe. But we have another set of us, we can’t deny that it’s made life a lot
institutions that are often labeled “cultural.” simpler!
Some of the main ones are the arts, a
judiciary, religion, and humanities Here are a few things technology has made
These cultural institutions share a so much easier for us!
single goal of their own: To improve the
human condition. So where science and
technology tell us what we can do, and
political economies tell us what we will do, NOW THEN
our cultural institutions tell us what we should TECHNOLOGY
do. The role of our cultural institutions Communicatio
regarding technology and its associated n
social institutions is obvious: Align their goals
toward improving the human condition. What
we can do regarding industry, chemistry,
space exploration, medicine, war, and so on,
is not always what we ought to do. Besides Transportation
producing goods and services efficiently and
effectively, we need to produce them
ethically. So we look to our cultural
institutions to give guidance to our social
institutions.
In the last 50 years, various
philosophers looked to what we may call Image courtesy of
“praxis” as this new way of thinking. Praxis is http://topspeed.com
a method that attends to what happens in our
minds that makes us seek beauty, creativity,
and love, while we often behave in ways that
are ugly, stupid, and hateful. The “method”
has three phases: It highlights the fact that
human wonder and the search for meaning,
harmony, and companionship is exactly what
it means to be transcendent. At the same
time, it expects to find that our wonder is
wounded by bias, hatred, and willfulness. Image
Finally, it proposes ways to heal these http://techhive.com
wounds and to recover what represents
genuine transcendence.
 MODULE 5
GOOD LIFE
“Everyone wants happiness. Nobody
wants suffering.”
In psychology, happiness is a mental
or emotional state of well-being which can be
defined by positive or pleasant emotions
ranging from contentment to intense joy. To
behaviorists, happiness is a cocktail of
emotions we experience when we do
something good or positive. To neurologists,
happiness is the experience of a flood of
hormones released in the brain as a reward
for behavior that prolongs survival.
The hedonistic view of well-being is
that happiness is the polar opposite of
suffering; the presence of happiness
indicates the absence of pain. Because of
this, hedonists believe that the purpose of life
is to maximize happiness, which minimizes
misery. Eudemonia, a term that combines
the Greek words for "good" and "spirit" to
describe the ideology. Eudaimonia defines
happiness as the pursuit of becoming a
better person. Eudaemonists do this by
challenging themselves intellectually or by
engaging in activities that make them
spiritually richer people.
Living the good life is all about the
exploration of that which gives you joy and
satisfaction. It's about finding purpose and
meaning in your life and drawing happiness
from that which you do. Every human being
aspires to live, but we all define the phrase
“good life” differently. Some are looking to
live an honest life, full of integrity, joy and
happiness. Others seek wealth, social status
and fame, as they hope these aspects will
help them to live the good life. In fact, they
directly associate the good life with money
and material belongings
The good life is a term that refers to a
state that is primarily characterized by a high
standard of living or the adherence to ethical
and moral laws. In its two different
expressions, living the good life can be either
expressed through an abundant/luxurious
lifestyle full of material belongings or the
attempt to live life in accordance with the
ethical, moral, legal and religious laws of
one’s country or culture. As such, the term
can both be understood as the quest for
wealth, material possessions or luxuries and
the quest to create a worthwhile, honest and
meaningful existence.
When it comes to living the good life,
we almost all have a certain idea how such a
life should look like. For some, the good life
is all about spending time playing video
games or watching television, while eating
and drinking as much as they please. Others
associate the good life with days spent in
nature, pondering and philosophizing about
life. Some simply want to spend their time in
a worthwhile and productive manner, for
example by trying to make this world a better
place.
We then have to ask ourselves the
question, if the good life could really be
characterized by a high standard of living
alone. If this were the case, living the good
life would primarily consist of the never-
ending attempt to fulfill one’s desires and
material wishes. As we all know, human
desires can be boundless, while the earth’s
resources are quite limited. As such, the
(excessive) good life of one group of people
might prevent others from living the “high-
standard-of-living good life.” Or it might
hinder future generations from ever living the
good life.
THE GOOD LIFE ACCORDING TO
PHILOSOPHY
Plato About The Good Life
Plato believed that any object, animal
or man has a natural function. Discovering
that function is the first step in living the good
life, and it is followed by acting on that
function.
Since Plato's philosophy of the good
life applies to all things, some functions are
easier to discover and act upon than others.
For example, a chair has a natural function
to be sat upon. When it comes to mankind
however, Plato felt that the natural function
was more complicated, requiring that man
live justly and achieve unity and harmony.
Plato felt that the soul of man had
three parts, consisting of intellect, spirit and
courage, and physical desires. Each part has
its own need. However, to live the good life,
the needs of each of the three parts of the
soul must be met without interfering with the
needs of the other two parts. These needs
are basic ones. For example, the physical
desires of the soul are fulfilled by good health
and survival.
Reaching a level of balance is only the first
step in living the good life. Plato felt that
mankind's nature required more than simply
existing in balance. Nature requires that an
individual use intellect and reason to search
for the truth pursue further knowledge and
seek ultimate reality.
Aristotle about The Good Life
In Aristotle’s best-known work,
Nicomachean Ethics, the philosopher adds
important insights about the good life.
Aristotle seeks to construct a framework by
developing an understanding about the
highest good for human beings. He points
out that to most people; the highest good
consists either in the acquisition of wealth,
the pursuit of honor or the satisfying of bodily
pleasures. As a result, most people act
accordingly. They seek wealth, honor or
satisfaction and thereby hope to ultimately
attain happiness. Aristotle, however, points
out that none of these aspects can ever
serve as the highest good. Firstly, he argues
that wealth is primarily used to acquire other
things. In itself, wealth cannot make happy.
Secondly, honor might not necessarily
contribute to a person’s happiness. Instead,
honor is primarily sought to change how
people think of us. Thirdly, the desire to fulfill
one’s desires is not something limited to
human beings alone. Animals are seeking
pleasure, too. Even more so, by orientating
one’s life primarily to the satisfaction of bodily
pleasures, a human being behaves no
differently than an animal. According to
Aristotle, such a life is neither fit nor meant
for human beings.
From this Aristotle concludes that the
highest good cannot consist primarily out of
these three aspects. Instead, the highest
good should be something that aims to
maximize the inherent faculties of man. It
helps human beings to develop that which
separates them from animals. In line with this
arguing, the capacity for reason is that which
separates man from cattle.
Based on his reflections, Aristotle
highlights the essential qualities of the good
life. These qualities primarily consist of
contemplation and learning. It is through the
process of contemplating and learning that
intellectual virtues are steadily acquired.
These virtues can for instance stem from the
acquisition of knowledge about the
fundamental principles of nature.
Furthermore, this knowledge can be
expanded by applying the principles of
nature.
However, contemplation and
acquiring knowledge is not enough to live the
good life. Solely understanding nature’s
principles and contemplating on these does
not contribute the highest good. It is only
through right action that knowledge can be
put to its proper use. Hence, the
development of a strong and virtuous
character is necessary to perform right
actions. Aristotle therefore concludes that
the highest good consists of the acquisition
of both intellectual and personal virtues. And,
by living in accordance to the highest good,
happiness can be attained. Consequently, a
person achieves happiness by
contemplation, learning and the mental
strength to perform right actions. Such a
person does not only know what is right, but
also acts accordingly and derives happiness,
fulfillment and purpose from it.
Socrates about Good Life
According to Socrates the
unexamined life is not worth living. Living life
without ever reflecting upon it is not worth
living. The person, who unquestioningly and
continuously repeats the cycle of waking up,
working and going back to sleep, is not living
the good life. Even further, people that do not
reflect on the nature of things are not living a
worthwhile life. If a person is not examining
what they value and why, the chances of
them being able to live a good life are
reduced.
 Examining, reflecting and
questioning the nature of things, however, is
not enough. Similarly, it’s not enough to
reflect on your personal values. Living the
good life requires you to become a Master of
yourself. Socrates compared this process to
a charioteer directing two horses. Socrates
argued that each and every one of us is such
a charioteer. We all have to handle two
horses. The first horse is stubborn. It is a
direct reflection of our animal instincts with a
boundless appetite for lust and pleasure. The
first horse goes in whatever direction it
pleases, if not tightly controlled. It is
egotistical and does not reflect what it does.
It simply does. The second horse is of a
much nobler and more sensible spirit. It
resembles reason and man’s capability to
reflect upon that which he does.
The Three Central Aspects of the Good
Life
. social status, fame or something entirely
By integrating these
fundamental aspects into life,
the good life that creates
happiness, fulfillment and gives
you a sense of purpose and
meaning in life can be attained.
Therefore, the ideal of the good
life does not set you on a
pursuit of wealth, status and
pleasure, but creates
happiness, fulfillment and joy
through understanding the
world you live in, mastering
yourself and helping your
community to thrive.
SEVERAL IDEAS TO LIVE THE GOOD
LIFE
1. Examine life, seek knowledge
Examine life, explore its concepts
and principles and seek to learn new things
each day. Be open for new ideas and never
cease to go through life with open eyes.
Aristotle stated for a good reason that the
unexamined life is not worth living. Living
without questioning and reflecting your
behavior, beliefs and values, can result in
spending your time with activities that are not
worthwhile. Even more so, it might even
make it all the more difficult to live the good
life. On the other hand however, by applying
reason to the examination of (your own) life,
a continuous stream of knowledge and
virtues can be acquired. It is our capacity for
reason that differentiates human beings from
(instinct-driven and pleasure-seeking)
animals. If we explore the world and
contemplate on our discoveries, new
sources of pleasure, happiness and well-
being can be tapped into.
2. Slow down and enjoy simplicity
A great number of people assume
that the good life can only be attained by
adding more to their life. As a consequence,
they seek to add material belongings, wealth,
different to their lives. This, however, is the
wrong approach. You don’t necessarily have
to add something new to your life to enjoy the
good life. Quite the contrary is the case. The
good life does not consist of continuously
chasing evermore. Instead, simplicity and
the ability to draw happiness from what you
already have can be integral aspects of a
good life. This shift in perception can help
you to start living the good life in this present
moment, without being dependent upon
external influences.
3. Seek to attain self-mastery
Living the good life is all about
mastering yourself. But interestingly, most
people do not consider self-mastery when it
comes to the pursuit of a good life. Instead of
seeking discipline and mastery over
themselves, they prefer to chase wealth,
material possessions, status or the fulfillment
of desires. However, without self-discipline
one’s actions are primarily centered on the
wish to fulfill desires. As a result, we waste
important time and energy on feeding
desires that can never be fully satisfied.
Consequently, our actions are egotistical,
self-centered and un-reflected. Instead of
living the good life, we succumb to the
instinct-driven and unreasoned qualities we
share with animals.
It is only through self-mastery that we can
replace our boundless appetite for pleasure
with a nobler and more reasonable thinking.
Instead of being instinct-driven, it allows us
to reflect and to think about what we do.
4. Drawing joy and happiness from life’s
simple pleasures
In their quest to live the good life, the
vast majority of people shift their attention
from the present moment to a desirable state
in the future. They think that the good life can
only be attained through the acquisition of
wealth, status and a variety of other things.
Therefore, these people will never truly be
able to live the good life, because there will
always be something missing. They either do
not have enough material possessions to
satisfy all their desires. Or they are no longer
able to enjoy these possessions after a
certain period of time.
For this reason, the ability to draw
happiness from life’s simple pleasures is
essential. It’s a person’s ability to take
pleasure from even the most simplistic things
in life that will help in understanding how
worthwhile this present moment is.
5. Help in making this world a better place
Almost all philosophers that
pondered about the good life highlighted the
importance of civic engagement. It is an
integral aspect of a good life. Even more so,
all the other aspects of the good life can only
be committed in a worthwhile manner by
utilizing them for the greater cause.
Therefore, the life that is solely lived for the
purpose of fulfilling one’s own desires can
never be fully considered a truly meaningful
and worthwhile existence.
6. Be grateful for what you have
Gratitude is an important aspect of
the good life. It helps us to overcome the
feeling of not having enough. By being
grateful we can also overcome the never-
ending pursuit of boundless desires.
7. Don’t worry about things you can’t control
Life presents us with two different
aspects. Firstly, those aspects of our life that
can be influenced or changed. Secondly,
there are those aspects or events that are
beyond our ability to influence or alter. We
are simply incapable of exerting even the
slightest influence over these events. We
therefore feel extremely intimidated and
helpless. Feelings that even further
contribute to our fear about things we cannot
control.
However, the principal key to
withstanding life’s hardship, lies in the way
we allow these happenings to influence us.
While we’re not able to control a great variety
of events in life, we still have the capacity to
control our responses to these events. We
therefore have the choice to allow these
happenings to break us and to incite fear
within us, or to get back up from the ground
and to recover from it.
8. Value and nurture relationships
Imagine you’re living the good life but
no one is around you can share your joy with.
The concept of living the good life includes
the relationship dimension as well. Without it,
it would not fully contribute to your happiness
and fulfillment. Even more so, relationships
are an integral part of a worthwhile life.
Neither wealth nor social status can grant
access to true friendship. Therefore, living
the good life also consists of spending a
significant amount of your time with those
that you love and enjoy being around. The
good life is all about growing, developing and
becoming stronger together, not alone.
9. Live your passions
Living the good life is all about
discovering your true passions and having
the courage to pursue these activities. By
doing what you’re passionate about, a sense
of fulfillment, accomplishment and true
satisfaction can be added to your life.
10. Live in the moment
While it is certainly true that the good
life means a great variety of different things
to different people, we can all agree that
being haunted by the past or having fear of
the future is certainly not part of it. Instead of
being trapped in the past or fearful about the
future, try to enjoy this present moment.
There’s nothing you can do to change what
happened. Also, the future can be greatly
impacted in this very moment. Be here right
now, this is exactly where you need to be.
MODULE 6
THE INFORMATION AGE
Objectives
At the end of this module, the
students should be able to:
1. Trace the development of the
information age from the pre-
mechanical age up to the evolution of
social media
2. Describe the main generations of
digital computing from use of vacuum
tubes up to artificial intelligence
3. Determine the impacts of the
information age to society
4. Analyze the ways in which the people
can develop and sustain a civilized
online environment or personal
relationship.
People are now living in a society
where the internet, computers and
smartphones have become essential parts of
their everyday lives for immediate accessing
and sharing of information. People are now
in the Information Age, also known as
Computer Age, Digital Age, or New Media
Age. According to Merriam-Webster Online
Dictionary, Information Age is the modern
age regarded as a time in which information
has become a commodity that is quickly
and widely disseminated and easily
available especially through the use of
computer technology.
Information Age is the period where
people can best be characterized as highly
technologically advanced, and internet and
data communication minded. The people’s
way of living changed greatly from
Renaissance period when they began to
write realistic books and not just religious
stories to Industrial Revolution period, when
major changes happened in agriculture,
manufacturing, mining, transportation, and
technology. This is the period when digital
technologies have changed every aspect of
people’s lives; from the way they work and
learn to the way they play and socialize.
People now can access information with the
touch of a button. They can do almost
everything online; communicating, shopping,
paying, working, educating or learning,
watching entertainment, booking, or even
ordering food. These technological
advancements have profoundly impacted the
society and its environment; the social,
economic, and cultural conditions, science,
research, and industries including but not
limited to healthcare, education, finance,
entertainment, transportation, and media
and communications.
History
Information Age is tightly attached to
the advent of personal computers but many
computer historians tracked its beginnings to
the research, A Mathematical Theory of
Communication conducted by Claude E.
Shannon, a researcher and mathematician,
and also known as the "Father of Information
Theory." This study proposed that
information can be digitized or quantitatively
encoded as a series of ones and zeroes. It
showed how all information media, from
telephone signals to radio waves to
television, could be transmitted without error
using this single framework.
The digitization of information gave
way for rapid development of modernized
equipment, fiber optic cables and faster
microprocessors, accelerated
communication and information processing,
World Wide Web, email and mobile
technology. As information is increasingly
described in digital form, businesses across
many industries have sharpened their focus
on how to capitalize on the Information Age.
Information Technology
Information technology (IT) has
always been around from the beginning of
time. People needed to communicate and
socialize with each other to grow. The
system of information - the storing, retrieving,
manipulating, and communicating
information has been in place since the
Sumerians in Mesopotamia developed
writing in 3000 BC. Information technology,
in the modern sense is defined as the use of
any computers, storage, networking and
other physical devices, infrastructure and
processes to create, process, store, secure
and exchange all forms of electronic data.
Typically, IT is used in the context of
enterprise operations as opposed to
personal or entertainment technologies.
The term information technology was
coined by the Harvard Business Review in
order to make a distinction between purpose-
built machines designed to perform a limited
scope of functions and general-purpose
computing machines that could be
programmed for various tasks. As the IT
industry evolved from the mid-
20thcentury, computing capability advanced
while device cost and energy consumption
fell lower, a cycle that continues today when
new technologies emerge.
Evolution of Information Technology:
1) Pre-mechanical Age (between 3000BC
and 1450AD)
The pre-mechanical age is
the earliest age characterized by
using of language or simple
picture drawings known as
petroglyphs usually carved in
rock. Early alphabets were
developed such as the Phoenician
alphabet.
Courtesy of
https://www.williamhortonphotography.com
Petroglyph
The popularity of alphabets led the
way for development of pens and paper.
It started off as just marks in wet clay, but
later paper was created out of papyrus
plant. As information grew, people
realized the importance of organizing and
storing them in permanent storage. First
books were written and kept in libraries.
Egyptian scrolls and book-like binding of
paper were popular ways of writing down
information to save.
This period was also marked by
the development of the first
numbering systems. The first 1 –
9 system was created in 100AD;
and the number 0 was invented
and added in 875AD. This was
followed by the invention of
calculator, and then known as
abacus. This was the very first
sign of information processor.
.
2) Mechanical (between 1450 and
1840)
Development of new
technologies emerged and
invented like the slide rule, an
analog computer used for
multiplying and dividing. Blaise
Pascal invented the Pascaline, a
very popular mechanical
computer. Charles Babbage
 developed the difference engine
which tabulated polynomial
equations using the method of
finite differences.
Courtesy of sites.harvard.edu
4) Electronic (1940 – present)
Courtesy of https://www.britannica.com
Difference Engine
3) Electromechanical (1840 -1940)
The period marked the
beginning of telecommunication.
Inventions and innovations
continued. The telegraph was
created in the early 1800s. Morse
code was created by Samuel
Morse in 1835. The telephone was
created by Alexander Graham
Bell in 1876. The first radio was
developed by Guglielmo Marconi
in 1894. These emerging
technologies led to bigger
advances in the information
technology field.
Harvard Mark 1
The first large-scale
automatic digital computer in the
United States was the Mark 1
created by Harvard University
around 1940. This computer was
8ft high, 50ft long, 2ft wide, and
weighed 5 tons. It was
programmed using punch cards.
The ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator and
Computer) was the first high-
speed, digital computer capable of
being reprogrammed to solve a full
range of computing problems. This
computer was designed to be used
by the U.S. Army for artillery firing
tables. This machine was even
bigger than the Mark 1 taking up
680 square feet and weighing 30
tons. It mainly used vacuum tubes
to do its calculations.

Courtesy of pinterest.com
ENIAC
There are five main generations of
digital computing.
1. The first generation (1942 -1955)
used vacuum tubes. This period
marked the beginning
commercial computer
via UNIVAC (Universal Automatic
Computer), the first commercially
available computer. It
developed by
scientists Mauchly and Echert at
the Census Department of United
States in 1947. Examples of first
generation computers
ENIVAC and UNIVAC-1.
2. The second generation (1955 -
1964) used transistors.
scientists at Bell laboratories
developed transistor in 1947. These
scientists include John Barden,
William Brattain and William
Shockley. The size of the
computers was decreased by
replacing vacuum tubes with
transistors. The examples of
second-generation computers
are IBM 7094 series, IBM 1400
series and CDC 164 etc.
3. The third generation (1964 – 1975)
used the integrated circuits (IC).
Jack Kilby developed the concept of
integrated circuit in 1958. It was an
important invention in the computer
field. The first IC was invented and
used in 1961. The size of an IC is
about ¼ square inch. A single IC
chip may contain thousands of
transistors. The computer became
smaller in size, faster, more reliable
and less expensive. The examples
of third generation computers
are IBM 370, IBM
System/360, UNIVAC
1108 and UNIVAC AC 9000.
4. The fourth generation (1975 –
present) computers started with the
invention of Microprocessor. The
Microprocessor contains thousands
of ICs. Ted Hoff produced the first
microprocessor in 1971 for Intel. It
of
was known as Intel 4004. The
age
technology of integrated circuits
improved rapidly. The LSI (Large
Scale Integration) circuit and VLSI
was
(Very Large-Scale Integration)
two
circuit was designed. It greatly
reduced the size of computer. The
size of modern Microprocessors is
usually one square inch. It can
are
contain millions of electronic
circuits. The examples of fourth
generation computers are Apple
The
Macintosh &IBM PC.
Courtesy of oldcomputers.net
Apple 2
 5. The fifth generation (Present
and beyond) computers are
based on the technique
of Artificial Intelligence
(AI). They can understand spoken
words and imitate human
reasoning. They can respond to its
surroundings using different types
of sensors. Scientists are
constantly working to increase the
processing power of computers.
They are trying to create a
computer with real IQ with the help
of advanced programming and
technologies. IBM Watson
supercomputer is an example
of fifth generation computer. It
combines artificial intelligence (AI)
and sophisticated analytical
software for optimal performance
as a "question answering"
machine. The supercomputer is
named after IBM's founder,
Thomas J. Watson. The Watson
supercomputer processes at a
rate of 80 teraflops (trillion floating
point operations per second). To
replicate (or surpass) a high-
functioning human's ability to
answer questions, Watson
accesses 90 servers with a
combined data store of over 200
million pages of information,
which it processes against six
million logic rules. The system and
its data are self-contained in a
space that could accommodate 10
refrigerators.
Courtesy of Hexus.net Courtesy of livemint.com
Today’s PC IBM Watson
Inventions do not generally happen by
accident or in a random order. Chris
Woodford, a British Science writer and
consultant explained that science and
technology progress in a very logical
way, with each new discovery leading on
from the last.
Computer
If there is one important
development in the Information Age, it is
the invention of computer. A computer is
a machine or device that performs
processes, calculations and operations
based on instructions provided by a
software or hardware program. It is
designed to execute applications and
provides a variety of solutions by
combining integrated hardware and
software components.
Types of Computers
Since the advent of the first
computer different types and sizes of
computers are offering different services.
Computers can be as big as occupying a
large building and as small as a laptop or
a microcontroller in mobile and
embedded systems.The byte-notes.com
enumerates the four basic types of
computers:
1) Supercomputer -
The most powerful computers in
terms of performance and data
processing are the Supercomputers.
These are specialized and task
specific computers used by large
organizations. These computers are
used for research and exploration
purposes, like NASA uses
supercomputers for launching space
shuttles, controlling them and for
space exploration purpose. The
supercomputers are very expensive 2) Mainframe Computer-
and very large in size. It can be
accommodated in large air-
conditioned rooms; some super
computers can span an entire
building.
Uses of Supercomputers:
• Space Exploration
o Supercomputers are
used to study the origin
of the universe, the
dark-matters. For these
studies scientist use
IBM’s powerful 3) Minicomputer –
supercomputer
“Roadrunner” at
National Laboratory Los
Alamos.
• Earthquake Studies
o Supercomputers are
used to study the
Earthquakes
phenomenon. Besides
that supercomputers
are used for natural
resources exploration,
like natural gas,
petroleum, coal, etc.
• Weather Forecasting
o Supercomputers are
used for weather 4) Microcomputer –
forecasting, and to
study the nature and
extent of Hurricanes,
Rainfalls, windstorms,
etc.
• Nuclear Weapons Testing
o Supercomputers are
used to run weapon
simulation that can test
the Range, accuracy &
impact of Nuclear
weapons.
Mainframes are not as powerful as
supercomputers, but many large
firms & government organizations
use this type of computer to run their
business operations. Because of
size, the mainfram computers can be
accommodated in large air-
conditioned rooms. They can process
and store large amount of data.
Banks, big educational institutions
and insurance companies use
mainframe computers to store data
about their customers, students &
insurance policy holders.
Minicomputers are used by small
businesses & firms. They are also
called “Midrange Computers”. These
are small machines and can be
accommodated on a disk with not as
processing and data storage
capabilities as super-computers &
Mainframes. These computers are
not designed for a single user.
Individual departments of a large
company or organizations use Mini-
computers for specific purposes. For
example, a production department
can use Mini-computers for
monitoring certain production
process.
Desktop computers, personal
computers (PCs), laptops, personal
digital assistant (PDA), tablets, and
smartphones are all types of
microcomputers. They are widely
used and the fastest growing
computers. These computers are the
cheapest among the other three types
of computers. They are specially
designed for general usage like
entertainment, education and work
purposes. Well known manufacturers
 of Micro-computer are Dell, Apple,
Samsung, Sony, and Toshiba.

Influences of the Past on Information

Age:

The past has greatly influenced

the Information Age.

The Renaissance Age created

the idea inventions, while too advanced
for the time; the basic idea was used to
develop modern inventions. The
Renaissance also changed literature. At
first, only books that told stories of
religion and religious heroes were
written. During the Renaissance, people
began to write realistic books and not just
religious stories. People’s mindset about
themselves changed. It was no longer
about what humans could do for God, but
what humans could do for themselves.
This way of thinking is called humanism.

The Scientific Revolution changed

the modern era by introducing important
scientists such as Galileo, Copernicus,
and Sir Isaac Newton. Their discoveries
paved the way for modern tools,
inventions, and innovations.

The Industrial Revolution brought

about major changes in agriculture,
manufacturing, mining, transportation,
and technology. This era has profound
effect on the social, economic, and
cultural conditions of the world.

Information Age Timeline

The following is a part of Woodford table

of chronology of inventions,
advancements, and innovations from
1970s, which most computer historians
claimed Information Age began:
1973 Robert Metcalfe figures out a simple way of linking computers together that
he names Ethernet. Most computers hooked up to the Internet now use it.
1974 First grocery-store purchase of an item coded with a barcode.
1975 Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman invent public-key cryptography.
1975 Pico Electronics develops X-10 home automation system.
1976 Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs launch the Apple I: one of the world's first
personal home computers
1970s– James Dyson invents the bagless, cyclonic vacuum cleaner.
1980s
1970s– Scientists including Charles Bennett, Paul Benioff, Richard Feynman, and
1980s David Deutsch sketch out how quantum computers might work.
1980s Japanese electrical pioneer Akio Morita develops the Sony Walkman, the first
truly portable player for recorded music.
1981 Stung by Apple's success, IBM releases its own affordable personal
computer (PC).
1981 The Space Shuttle makes its maiden voyage.
1981 Patricia Bath develops laser eye surgery for removing cataracts.
1981 Fujio Masuoka files a patent for flash memory—a type of reusable computer
memory that can store information even when the power is off.
1981– Alexei Ekimov and Louis E. Brus (independently) discover quantum dots.
1982
1983 Compact discs (CDs) are launched as a new way to store music by the Sony
and Philips corporations.
1987 Larry Hornbeck, working at Texas Instruments, develops DLP® projection—
now used in many projection TV systems.
1989 Tim Berners-Lee invents the World Wide Web.
1990 German watchmaking company Junghans introduces the MEGA 1, believed
to be the world's first radio-controlled wristwatch.
1991 Linus Torvalds creates the first version of Linux, a collaboratively written
computer operating system.
1994 American-born mathematician John Daugman perfects the mathematics that
make iris scanning systems possible.
1994 Israeli computer scientists Alon Cohen and LiorHaramaty invent VoIP for
sending telephone calls over the Internet.
1995 Broadcast.com becomes one of the world's first online radio stations.
1995 Pierre Omidyar launches the eBay auction website.
1996 WRAL-HD broadcasts the first high-definition television (HDTV) signal in the
United States.
1997 Electronics companies agree to make Wi-Fi a worldwide standard for wireless
Internet.

21st
century
2001 Apple revolutionizes music listening by unveiling its iPod MP3 music player.
2001 Richard Palmer develops energy-absorbing D3O plastic.
2001 The Wikipedia online encyclopedia is founded by Larry Sanger and Jimmy
Wales.
2001 Bram Cohen develops BitTorrent file-sharing.
2001 Scott White, Nancy Sottos, and colleagues develop self-healing materials.
2002 iRobot Corporation releases the first version of its Roomba® vacuum
cleaning robot.
2004 Electronic voting plays a major part in a controversial US Presidential
Election.
2004 Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov discover graphene.
2005 A pioneering low-cost laptop for developing countries called OLPC is
announced by MIT computing pioneer Nicholas Negroponte.
2007 Amazon.com launches its Kindle electronic book (e-book) reader.
2007 Apple introduces a touchscreen cellphone called the iPhone.
2010 Apple releases its touchscreen tablet computer, the iPad.
2010 3D TV starts to become more widely available.
2013 Elon Musk announces "hyperloop"—a giant, pneumatic tube transport
system.
2015 Supercomputers (the world's fastest computers) are now a mere 30 times
less powerful than human brains.
2016 Three nanotechnologists win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for building
miniature machines out of molecules.
2017 Quantum computing shows signs of becoming a practical technology.
Internet Technology
In 1960, the first practical
prototype of the Internet came about
through the creation of ARPANET, or the
Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network. Originally funded by the U.S.
Department of Defense, ARPANET used
packet switching to allow multiple
computers to communicate on a single
network. The technology continued to
grow in the 1970s after scientists Robert
Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed
Transmission Control Protocol and
Internet Protocol, or TCP/IP, a
communications model that set
standards for how data could be
transmitted between multiple networks.
In 1971, Ray Tomlinson invented
and developed what is called electronic
mail or email today, by creating
ARPANET’s networked email system.
The concept of nearly instantaneous
communication between machines within
an organization proved to be so
beneficial and practical that the concept
soon began to spread.
In 1983, ARPANET adopted
TCP/IP, through which researchers
assembled the “network of networks” that
became the modern Internet. Over the
next few years, America Online (AOL),
Echomail, Hotmail and Yahoo shaped
the Internet and email landscape.
The online world then took on a
more recognizable form in 1990, when
computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee
invented the World Wide Web. While it’s
often confused with the Internet itself, the
web is actually just the most common
means of accessing data online in the
form of websites and hyperlinks.
The web helped popularize the
Internet among the public, and served as
a crucial step in developing the vast trove
of information that most of us now access
on a daily basis.
Social Media
Since the birth of Internet and
WWW, social media platforms
continuously evolve (i.e., AOL, Yahoo
messenger, bulletin board forum
systems, game-based social networking
sites, FaceBook, Myspace, Viber, Skype,
etc.) Social media is understood as the
different forms of online
communication used by people to
create networks, communities, and
collectives to share information, ideas,
messages, and other content, such as
videos. It has become an integral part of
people’s lives. They use it to connect with
friends and family, to catch up on current
events, and, perhaps most importantly, to
entertain themselves.
Email, social media, and Texting
Guidelines
Cyberbullying
With the rapid increase in internet
and social media usage, cyberbullying
has become a major concern in many
countries, including the Philippines.
Cyberbullying refers to the use of
electronic communication to harass,
intimidate, or humiliate someone, often
anonymously.
To protect the victims of
cyberbullying in the Philippines, Anti-
Cybercrime Law, also known as Republic
Act No. 10175 is formed and
implemented. It criminalizes various
cyberbullying offenses, including
cyberstalking, cybersex, identity theft,
and online libel. This law imposes
penalties, including imprisonment and
fines, for individuals found guilty of
committing these offenses.
Cyberstalking involves using the
internet or other electronic
communication devices to follow or
harass someone, causing fear or
distress. Cybersex refers to the use of
electronic communication to solicit or
participate in sexual activity. Identity theft
involves the unauthorized use of
someone else's personal information for
financial gain. Online libel refers to the
publication of defamatory statements
online.
To develop and maintain a conducive
online experience, Internet etiquette,
also known as Netiquette, must be
observed. Thesupruce.com enumerates
the following Netiquettes:
1. Be nice.
The first rule of internet
etiquette is to be kind and
courteous. Remember that
whatever you send from your
keyboard or your phone is still an
extension of you, even though
you're not with others in person.
Never flame or rant in public forum.
Avoid gossiping and cyber
bullying.
2. Learn Internet acronyms.
As communication on the
Internet explodes, so does the use
of acronyms (i.e. BTW, TTYL,
LOL, ROTFL, POV, B4N, etc.)
Learn what they mean so you
won’t misunderstand messages
and comments.
3. Keep messages and posts
brief.
Most people use the
Internet to save time, so honor that
and keep all messages as brief as
possible
4. Don’t shout.
Avoid using all caps in any
email or post. It comes across as
shouting, which is rude.
5. Use discretion.
Whether you are sending
email, instant messaging,
commenting on Facebook, adding
images to Snapchat, or posting a
message to your blog, you need to
remember that anything you put on
the Internet can be there forever.
Even if you remove the material,
someone may have made a
screen shot, copied, or saved it.
One rule of thumb many people
use is to never post anything you
wouldn’t want your parents or boss
to see.
6. Protect personal information.
Since anything you post on
the Internet is out there for all to
see, avoid adding anything
personal. This includes your
address, phone number, social
security number, and driver’s
license information. You don’t want
to make things easy for identity
thieves, burglars, and predators.
7. Obey copyright laws.
Never copy someone else’s
work and post it as your own. It is
against copyright law because it is
considered stealing. It is always a
good idea to ask permission before
quoting anyone, but that isn’t
always possible. To quote
someone, keep the quote short,
cite the source, and put a link to the
complete written work.
8. Protect children
If you allow children to
access the Internet, make sure you
know what sites they visit and who
their “friends” are.
However, if it continues and
you feel as though you are being
threatened, contact the authorities.
You need to make sure you protect
yourself and your family.

9. Before you click “Send”,

It is always a good idea to
reread anything you type before
clicking the “send” button. If you
have time, step away for a few
minutes and come back to it with
fresh eyes. For those times when
you need to post quickly, at least
check your spelling, grammar, and
tone of the message. If it is late at
night, and you are extremely tired,
it’s probably best to wait until the
next morning. You can save most
messages and posts in draft mode.

10. Help others

If someone appears to be
new to the internet, offer your
assistance. Share information on
proper etiquette, send them a link
to a list of the most common
acronyms and emoticons, and
offer to answer any questions until
they get the hang of it. After you
see that someone has posted
something inappropriate, let him or
her know privately. Never do
anything to publicly embarrass
anyone you know online.
11. Internet trolls
Keep in mind that there are
internet trolls out there, looking for
their next victim. If you become the
subject of their bad behaviour,
don't respond. Most of the time,
these people like to stir things up
while hiding behind their
keyboards. When they don't get a
reaction, they move on to
someone else.