TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

401079
POWER SYSTEM OPERATION
AND ECONOMICS
CHAPTER 1: Power system economics

Nguyen Trung Thang, PhD

 CHAPTER 1: POWER SYSTEM
ECONOMICS

1.1. Introduction
1.2. Load demand curve
1.3. Load forecasting
1.4. Base load and peak load

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 OBJECTIVES

◼ Understand load demand curves

◼ Distinguish daily load curve, monthly load
curve and yearly load curve
◼ Understand the meaning of load forecast and
optimal operation of power system.

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 1.1. INTRODUCTION
Power
plants
Supper high voltage
Transmission lines
High voltage
Transmission lines

Electric Distribution lines

Load

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 1.1. INTRODUCTION
1.2.1. Hydropower plant
P=9,81 x Q x H (MW)
P: power output
Q: water discharge (m3)
H: water head (m)

How does the hydropower plant work ?

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 1.1. INTRODUCTION
1.2.2. Thermal power plant
Thermal plants use fossil fuels:
1. Coal
2. Oil
3. Gas
Types of turbine for thermal plants
1. Steam turbine
2. Gas turbine
3. Combined Turbine: 2 gas turbines-1 steam
turbine
Video: Biomass plant from Straw combustion
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 1.1. INTRODUCTION
Containment
Vessel
Pressurized water
Pressurizer
Steam
reactors (PWR)
Generator Main Steam (No Radioactive) Transmission
Control Rod Grid

Turbine Generator
Feed
Water
(No Transformer
Radioactive)
Condenser
Fuel Cooling
Water
Reactor (Sea Water)
Reactor
Vessel Coolant
Pump Feed Water
Pump

Primary System Secondary System

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 1.1. INTRODUCTION
Boiled Water Reactors (BWR)

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 1.1. INTRODUCTION
Wind turbine

In Binh Thuan In Bac Lieu

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 1.1. INTRODUCTION
Video-Wind turbine operation

DFIG structure
Structure of a wind turbine
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 1.1. INTRODUCTION

Photovoltaic-video
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 1.1. INTRODUCTION

Solar thermal plant-video

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 1.1. INTRODUCTION
1.3.1. Power Source And Load
TT Name Turbine Power (MW) Fuel
1 Phú Mỹ 1 Gas 1059 Gas
2 Phú Mỹ 2.1 Gas 860 Gas
3 Phú Mỹ 4 Gas 440 Gas
4 Nhơn Trạch 1 Gas 450 Gas
5 Nhơn Trạch 2 Gas 750 Gas
6 Phả Lại 2 Steam 600 Coal
7 Quảng Ninh 1 Steam 600 Coal
8 Cà Mau 1 Gas 750 Gas
9 Cà Mau 2 Gas 750 Gas
10 Mông Dương 2 Steam 1200 Coal
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 1.1. INTRODUCTION
TT Name Power (MW)
1 Hoà Bình 1920

2 Sơn La 2400

3 Ialy 720

4 Trị An 400

5 Xekaman 3 250

6 Sông Tranh 2 190

7 Sê San 3 260

8 Sê San 4 360

9 Bản Chát 220

10 Nậm Chiến 1 200

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 1.1. INTRODUCTION
Transmission and distribution lines

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 1.1. INTRODUCTION
Transmission and distribution lines

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 1.1. INTRODUCTION

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 1.1. INTRODUCTION

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 1.2. LOAD DEMAND CURVE

Daily load curve

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 1.2. LOAD DEMAND CURVE

Monthly
Daily load curve

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 1.2. LOAD DEMAND CURVE

Yearly load curve

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 1.3. LOAD FORECASTING
PURPOSE
➢For certain plan of power system
➢For certain plan of transmission and distribution line facilities
➢For certain plan of power system operation
➢For future of financing
➢For development of power system
➢For grid formation
➢For electricity sale

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 1.3. LOAD FORECASTING
CLASSIFICATION
Demand forecast
➢ Used to determine the generation capacity, transmission and
distribution capacity
➢Future demand of load can be predicted
➢It will indicate expected rate of electrical load

Energy forecast
➢ Used to determine the types of facilities, which are required
➢It will help to evaluate the supply capacity of source to load

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 1.3. LOAD FORECASTING
FORECASTING PROCEDURE
It is dependent on the interest of time period, the procedure can
be classified into three techniques such as
➢Short-term technique
➢Medium-term technique
➢Long-term technique

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 1.4. BASE LOAD AND PEAK LOAD

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 1.4. BASE LOAD AND PEAK LOAD
BASE LOAD (MINIMUM LOAD)
It is mostly fixed at a value during the whole day
Example 1.1: A generating station has a maximum demand of 35
MW and has a connected load of 60 MW. The annual generation
of units is 24 x 107 kWh. Calculate the load factor and the demand
factor.
Solution:
No. of units generated annually = 24 ×107 kWh

No. of hours in a year (365 days) = 365 × 24 = 8760 hours

24 107
Average load on the station = = 27397.26 kW
8760 = 27.39726 MW
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 1.4. BASE LOAD AND PEAK LOAD
BASE LOAD
24 107
Average load on the station = = 27397.26 kW
8760 = 27.39726 MW

average load 27,39726( MW )

Load factor = = = 0.7828 or 7
max.demand 35( MW )

average load 35( MW )

Demand factor = = = 0.583 or 58.3%
max.demand 60( MW )

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 1.4. BASE LOAD AND PEAK LOAD
PEAK LOAD
It is the highest demand among considered duration and is much
higher than base load
Axample 1.2 : The yearly load-
duration curve of a power plant is a
straight line (Fig. 1.5). The maximum
load is 30 MW and the minimum load
is 20 MW. The capacity of the plant is
35 MW. Calculate the plant capacity
factor, the load factor, and the
utilization factor.

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 1.4. BASE LOAD AND PEAK LOAD
PEAK LOAD
Solution
No. of units generated per year = Area OACD = Area OBCD
1
= 20  8760 + (30 − 20)  8760 = 219000MWh
2
no.of units generated per year
Average annual load =
8760
219000
= = 25 MW
8750
Average annual load 25
Load factor = = = 0.833
maximum load 30
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 1.4. BASE LOAD AND PEAK LOAD
PEAK LOAD
Average annual load 25
Plant capacity factor = = = 0.714
Rated plant capacity 35
Average annual load 30
Utilization factor = = = 0.857
Rated plant capacity 35
capacity factor 0.714
Utilization factor = = = 0.875
Load factor 0.833

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 1.4. BASE LOAD AND PEAK LOAD
Calculation of factors
Several factors are important in the problem of load such as
demand factor, maximum demand, average load and load factor
Axample 1.3: A consumer has a connected load of 12 lamps
each of 100 W at his/her premises. His/her load demand is as
follow:
From midnight to 5 A.M: 200W.
5 A.M. to 6 P.M.: no load;
6 P.M. to 7 P.M.: 700 W;
7 P.M. to 9 P.M.: 1000 W;
9 P.M. to midnight: 500 W.

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 1.4. BASE LOAD AND PEAK LOAD
Calculation of factors

Draw the load curve and calculate:

(i) energy consumption during 24 hours,
(ii) demand factor,
(iii) average load,
(iv) maximum demand,
(v) load factor.

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 1.4. BASE LOAD AND PEAK LOAD
Calculation of factors

Draw the load curve

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 1.4. BASE LOAD AND PEAK LOAD
Calculation of factors
Solution
From Fig. 1.7,
(i) Electrical energy consumption during the day
= area of day curve
= 200 × 5 + 700 × 1 + 1000 × 2 + 500 × 3
= 5200 Wh
= 5.2 kWh
(ii) Average load = (energy consumed during a day) / 24
= 5200 / 24 = 216.7 W

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 1.4. BASE LOAD AND PEAK LOAD
Calculation of factors
(iii) Demand factor = 1000 / (12 × 100) = 0.83

(iv) Maximum demand = 1000 W

average load 216.7
(v) Load factor = = = 0.2167
maximum demand 1000
= 21.7%

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 SUMMARY AND ASSIGNMENTS

◼ In this chapter, we have learnt:

➢ Basic concepts associated with load
➢ Base load and peak load
➢ Calculation of factors associated with load
◼ Assignments: state the influence of load
demand on the source and power network

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 SUMMARY AND ASSIGNMENTS
QUESTIONS
1. What are the daily load curve, monthly load curve
and yearly load curve
2. What is the value of load forecasting ?
3. How to determine base load and peak load ?
4. What is the difference between base load and
peak load
5. What is load forecasting ?
6. What is the classification of load forecasting ?

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