BEE 4143 / BTW3313

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION & HIGH VOLTAGE

Amir Izzani Mohamed

Credit to all previous lecturers

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 At the end of this chapter students should
have the basic understanding of:

•Power System Components

•Faults

•Consequences of faults

•Basic terms used in protection

•Protection principle and components

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Power System Components

GENERATION
THERMAL STATION
NUCLEAR STATION HYDRO STATION
FOSSIL

MALAYSIA:
TRANSMISSION

Power Generation :22000 MW

Switching Station Very Large consumers

Transmission : 500 kV, 275 kV,

HV
Substation
HV
Substation
HV
Substation 132 kV, 66 kV
Distribution sub station: 33 kV,
SUBTRANSMISSION

network Large
consumers
11 kV
Residential: 3 phase 415 V, 1
phase 240 V
DISTRIBUTION

Distribution substation

Gas turbine

Medium
LOADS

consumers
Distribution transformer

Residential consumers
240 V / 120 V

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WHY IS A PROTECTION SYSTEM
REQUIRED IN A POWER SYSTEM ?

To avoid
1. Electric Shock
2. Damage to electrical appliances
3. Lose one’s life

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 If not , electric shock is a potential consequences

Electric Current Physiological Effect Voltage if R Voltage if R

(1s contact) of body is of body is
100kOhm 1kOhm
1 mA Threshold of feeling, tingling 100 V 1V
sensation
5 mA Accepted as maximum 500 V 5V
harmless current
10-20 mA Muscular contraction (“can’t let 1 kV 10 V
go current”)
100-300 mA Ventricular fibrillation, lead to 10 kV 100 V
fatal if continued
6A Sustained ventricular 600 kV 6 kV
contraction followed by normal
heart rythmn. (defibrillation).
Temporary respiratory
paralysis and possibly burns.

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•The purpose of an electrical power system is to generate and supply electrical energy to
consumers. The system should be designed and managed to deliver this energy to the
utilization points with both reliability and economy.

•Severe disruption to the normal routine of modern society is likely if power outages are
frequent or prolonged, placing an increasing emphasis on reliability and security of supply

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•A power system comprises many diverse items of equipment.

•Many items of equipment are very expensive, and so the complete power system
represents a very large capital investment

•No matter how well designed, faults will always occur on a power system, and these faults
may represent a risk to life and/or property

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CONSEQUNECES

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Figure 2.3 shows the
onset of a fault on an
overhead line.
The destructive power of a
fault arc carrying a high
current is very great; it can
burn through copper
conductors or weld
together core laminations
in a transformer or
machine in a very short
time – some tens or
hundreds of milliseconds

Why was
these
accident
happened
to him?

Muhamad Hairuman Bin Miskan

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 CONSEQUNECES

•ELECTRIC ARC EFFECT

Accident happened because a lack of management and the

personnel does not follow the working procedures
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CONSEQUNECES

•ELECTRIC EXPLOSIVE EFFECT

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CONSEQUNECES

•Protection system can avoid this damage by;

• Right setting
• Proper maintenance etc.

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There are two ways we can be at risk :
1. Touching live parts of equipment or system that are
intended to be live, this is called direct contact.

2. Touching conductive parts which are not meant to be

live, but have become live due to a fault, this is called
indirect contact.

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FAULT

A fault in a circuit “is any failure which

interferes with the normal flow currents”.
Examples of faults in a circuit are:
i) Over-load in distribution system network

ii) Faults on electrical equipment

iii) Faults in transmission lines

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Over-load faults are caused by the unexpected increases
of loads. Faults on electrical equipment are caused by:

•Lightning

•Insulator failure

•Product design which is out of specification

•Improper installations of equipment

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Faults can damage or disrupt power system in several ways :
 Large fault currents will cause overheating of power system
components.
 The extremely high temperatures in arcs due to short circuits
will vaporize any known substance, causing equipment
destruction and/or fire.
 The system voltages can be lowered or raised outside their
acceptable ranges.
 Three phase systems can become unbalances thus causing
three phase equipment to operate improperly.
 Faults block the flow of power.
 Faults can cause the system to become unstable and 'break-
out'.

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SLIDE | 17
Fault at Transmission system

Transmission and distribution

overhead lines faults are caused by:

•lightning

•storm

•fallen trees

•Snow

•landslide

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 Types of fault in transmission line

A) Single line to ground fault B) line to line fault

Fault studies are very

important in power
C) Double line to ground fault
D) Balance three phase fault (to
ground)
system analysis. The
problem consists of
determining bus
F) Single line to ground fault (through
voltage and line
E) Balance three phase fault Resistance)
currents during
various types of
faults.

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The information gained from fault studies are used for
•Proper selection of circuit breaker.

•Determination of relay setting and coordination which control the circuit breakers.

•Select and set phase relays (for 3 phase balance fault) and ground relays (for line to
ground fault).

•Obtain the rating of protective switchgears

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The Role of Protection in Power System

•The investment involved in a Power System is so great that proper precaution must be
taken to ensure that the equipment not only operates as nearly as possible to peak
efficiency, but also that it is protected from accidents.

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The Role of A
Transmission Protection System

• The basic role of a transmission protection

system is to sense faults or lines or at substation
and to rapidly isolate those faults by opening all
incoming current paths.

• Design not to prevent faults, but to respond and

minimize their effect.

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The Protection System must fulfill
the requirements of :-

1. Rapidly and automatically disconnecting the faulty

section of the power network, and

2. Minimizing disconnection/interruption of power supply to

consumers

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Power System Protection
Requirements

Power system protection equipment must have the

ability to trip circuit breakers when faults occur.
• Reliability
• Selectivity
• Sensitivity
• Speed
• Stability

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Reliability

•When a fault occurs the relay is required to operate with a

fast response. In order to get a reliable system, power
system equipment must be designed, installed and
maintained correctly.
•Incorrect operation can be attributed to one of the following
classifications:

1. incorrect design / setting

2. incorrect installation / testing
3. deterioration during service

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Selectivity of a PROTECTION SYSTEM

When a fault occurs

Protective system needs to select and trip only the

nearest circuit breakers

Relay must not respond to abnormal but

harmless system conditions such as switching
transients or sudden changes in load.

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Sensitivity of a PROTECTION SYSTEM

• The relay must not fail to operate even in border line situations
when operation is required. A protective system is said to be
sensitive when it will operate for very small internal fault
currents.
• Sensitivity is a term frequently used when referring to the
minimum operating level (current, voltage, power etc.) of relays
or complete protection schemes. The relay or scheme is said to
be sensitive if the primary operating parameter(s) is low.
• With older electromechanical relays, sensitivity was considered
in terms of the sensitivity of the measuring movement and was
measured in terms of its volt-ampere consumption to cause
operation.
• With modern digital and numerical relays, the achievable
sensitivity is seldom limited by the device design but by its
application and CT/VT parameters.
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Speed of a PROTECTION SYSTEM

• The relay should make the decision to act as fast as

possible. This is done in order to maintain a healthy
system and reduces repairing cost.
• The function of protection systems is to isolate faults on
the power system as rapidly as possible.
• The main objective is to safeguard continuity of supply by
removing each disturbance before it leads to widespread
loss of synchronism and consequent collapse of the power
system.

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Stability of a PROTECTION SYSTEM

The term ‘stability’ is usually associated with unit

protection schemes and refers to the ability of the
protection system to remain unaffected by conditions
external to the protected zone, for example through
load current and external fault conditions.

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 Zone of protection
These are equipment that should be
considered prior to determine the zone of
protection :

•Generator

•Transformers

•Buses

•Transmission and distribution lines

•Motor

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 Characteristic of the zone:
1. Zones are overlapped
2. Circuit breakers are
located in the
overlapped regions.
3. For a fault anywhere in a
zone, all CB in the zone
open to isolate the fault.

*B is breaker.

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Example of Protection Zone

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Components of protection
(i) Circuit breakers

The duty of a Circuit Breaker is to switch on and switch off,

once or repeatedly several times different electrical circuits
during normal as well as normal operating conditions.

While making or breaking the switching contacts there is a

transitionary stage of arcing between the contacts while is
governed by electric discharges between the contacts.

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Components of protection
(ii) Transducers e.g. CTs, VTs
The primary circuit currents which are of high-magnitudes are to be
reduced to values suitable for relay operation with the help of current
transformers (CTs). Thus the CTs essentially insulate the secondary
(relay) circuits from the primary (power) circuits and provide currents in
the secondary which are proportional to those in the primary. The
primary winding of the CT is connected in series with the load and
carries the actual power system currents.
It is not possible to connect the voltage coils of the protective devices
directly to the system in case of high voltage systems. It is therefore
necessary to step down the voltage and also to insulate the protective
equipment from the primary (power) circuit. This is achieved by using a
voltage transformer (VT) also known as a potential transformer (PT)
which is similar to a power transformer.

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Components of protection

(iii) Relays
The main function of a protective relay is to isolate a faulty section
with the least interruption to service by controlling the circuit breaker,
when abnormal condition develop. Thus the relays may be designed
to detect and to measure abnormal conditions and close the contacts
in the tripping circuit.
(a) electromechanical - solenoid, induction
(b) electronic or static relays

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 Components of protection
(iv) Fuses
These components play an essential part in protection, and although seemingly 'pedestrian' in
character, they must be carefully chosen, carefully installed, and well looked after if they are
not to be sources of weakness in the maintenance of the reliability of the protection.

“Most LV fuse elements are made of copper (Cu). Fuse elements of fast acting fuses and HV
fuses are primarily made of silver (Ag). Silver plated copper is also commonly used. As a rule,
fuse elements of time delay fuses contain low melting point materials, e.g. tin (Sn) or zinc (Zn)
and alloys thereof. Formerly used alloys containing lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) have widely
been eliminated.”
Source ; http://www.fuseco.com.au/help/faq_low_voltage_fuses/3072?pid=13423&sid=13282

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VOLTAGE & CURRENT TRANSFORMER

A transformer can be represented by the equivalent circuit of

Figure below, where all quantities are referred to the secondary
side.

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The secondary winding feeds the protection system with a
current (and a voltage), this current being as near as
possible a faithful replica of the power system current but
reduced by some factor N, the CT ratio.

Besides reducing the current level, the C.T. also isolates

the relay circuit from the primary circuit which is a high
voltage power circuit, and allows the use of standardized
current rating for relays.

CTs are usually designed to have rated secondary

current of 5 amp (distribution) or 1 amp (transmission).

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TYPES OF CTS
1. Wound type CT
2. Bushing or bar type CT
3. Oil-immersed bar primary CTs
4. Air-gapped CTs

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1. Wound primary type CT
has conventional windings (primary and secondary) formed of
ENAMALED- copper wire wound round a core. It is used for auxiliary
CTs and for many low or moderate ratio CTs used in switchgear of up
to 11kV rating.

2. Bushing or bar type CT (resin-embedded)

The secondary winding forms a toroid which should occupy the whole
perimeter of the core. Such CTs normally have a single primary
conductor, sometimes permanently built into the CT and provided
with the necessary primary insulation.

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 BUSHING OR BAR TYPE CTS DESIGNS

Fig. Cut view of a bar-type CT Fig. Cut view of a bushing-type CT

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Fig. Bushing-type CT

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BUSHING-TYPE CTS INSTALLED

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 OIL-IMMERSED CTS: TANK TYPE

Tank type with the cores The primary conductor is U-

situated in a tank close to shaped (hair-pin CT) or coil-
the ground shaped (eye-bolt CT)

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OIL-IMMERSED CTS: INVERTED (TOPE CORE) TYPE

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 CT RATIOS

The secondary winding of a CT is usually rated 5A. However during short

circuits, it is capable of withstanding 20 times that value. Standard CT
ratios are given below. In Europe and some other parts of the world, the
secondary current is 1 A. Many new protective relays are programmable
for 1 A or 5 A CT secondary current.

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POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER (PT)/VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMER (VT)

A VT is an open-circuited transformer whose primary winding is connected

across the main electrical system voltage being monitored.
A convenient proportionate voltage is generated in the secondary for
monitoring.
The most common voltage produced by VT is 100–120 V (as per local
country standards) for primary voltages from 380 V to 800 kV or more.
The capacity of a VT is normally represented in VA rating, which indicates
the maximum load that can be connected across its secondary.

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 VT CONNECTION SCHEME

STANDARD VT RATIOS

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Question 1
A 50 Hz CT has 30 primary turns and 90
secondary turns, on a core of cross section 9
cm . The secondary current is 5 A. The
2

impedance of the burden and the secondary

winding are together equal to (0.7 + j 0.9) Ω.
The excitation current required in the primary
winding to produce the working flux with the
secondary open circuit is 0.7/45̊ A. Calculate
the flux density in the core and the ratio and
phase errors.
Answer: [in KALAM]
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