Lecture 5 - Marine and Wind Energy Conversion System

Marine Energy and Wind Energy
Conversion System
Prof. Dr. Kamaruzzaman Sopian

Solar Energy Research Institute
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Contents
 Tidal
 Wave
 Ocean Thermal
Energy Conversion
(OTEC)
 Offshore Wind
Global energy flows
Solar radiation
Reflected to and heating
80,000
space 50,000 Sensible heating devices. OTEC
From 40,000 Latent heat

Hydropower
sun Potential energy
Solar
radiation
Wind and
300 Mechanical wave
energy conversion
Absorbed on
earth 120,000 30
Photosynthesis Biofuels
From
earth Geo- 30 Geothermal
thermal Heat
installations
Gravitation 3 Tidal
Orbital Tides
From motion energy
planetary
motion
Adapted from Principles Renewable Energy Resources, Twidell & Weir. Units (TW)
Marine Energy - Energy from the OCEAN
 Engineers have only recently tried to tap the energy exhibited by

tides, waves, and seawater temperature
differentials.
 Tidal energy utilizes the gravitational energy of the Sun, Earth and
Moon.
 Wave power converts the energy released in crashing waves,
driven onshore by wind.
 Ocean thermal systems exploit the greatest solar collector on
Earth - the sea.
 Each of these energy forms has its own advantages and
disadvantages, but none of them alone or even together is the
answer to the looming energy crunch.
Tidal energy
Tidal Energy
 Tidal energy works on the same
principal as the water wheel.
 Differences in water elevation
are
caused by low and high tides.
 Engineers build a dam or
barricade cross an estuary to
block the incoming and/or
outgoing tide.
Tidal Energy
 Tidal energy is globally harnessed from facilities in Russia

to France, with 400 kW to 240 MW capacity.
 The US is a late-comer to the field.
 Britain's Severn Estuary (26 ft) and Canada's Bay of Fundy
(32 ft) have potential of 8,000 and 30,000 MW.
 A tidal range of 21 feet is needed to power the turbines.
There are few such places in the world.
 It has been estimated that worldwide, approximately 60
GW can potentially be recovered for electricity generation.
 Environmental impact of such designs still must be
considered.
Why Tidal Stream Energy?
 Predictable - gravitational forces

 Not weather related unlike
wave & wind
 Better power contract than
terms than other renewables
 40 TWh/y UK & Europe
extractable resource (Black &
Veatch 2004)
 UK total demand ~ 350TWh
English Channel
English Channel – Energy Dissipated
~16 GW
~120
GW
0.068 GW
Sources: Flather (1976), Cartwright et al. (1980)

UK Top tidal ranges
Site name Mean Range (m) Resource

(TWh/year)
Severn 7 17
Mersey 6.5 1.4
Duddon 5.6 0.212
Wyre 6 0.131
Conwy 5.2 0.06
Turning the Tide, Tidal Power in the UK, Sustainable Development Commission
Eling Tide Mill
www.elingexperience.co.uk.
La Rance tidal power plant
 Built in 1966 and first

electrical
generating station
powered by tidal energy
 750 m long
power plant part 332.5m
 Basin area 22.5 km²
 This barrage uses 24
10MW Bulb Turbines
Severn Barrage
1849
1921
1981
Barrage locations considered over the years. 1989

Black indicates lines of most interest,
peak power generation at that location.
Rejected Proposals
http://severntidalpowerconsultation.decc.gov.uk/
Current Proposal
 Hafren proposal
Tidal Barrages in Korea
 254 MW
Tidal Streams
Source: Atlas of UK
marine renewable
energy resources,
Crown copyright 2004.
Tidal Streams
High
currents
High Low High

elevations elevations elevations
Tidal streams and
geomorphology
Power in a Tidal Stream
PT = [0.5 ρ A V3]. Cp
1MW Wind
turbine 55m
diameter
1MW dual rotor

tidal stream
turbine 16m
diameter
Power in a Tidal Stream
Power PT = [0.5 ρ A V3]. Cp
Cp is the power coefficient. Represents the

fraction of power extracted by the turbine.
Diameter Speed Power Force

(m) (knots) (m/s) (kW) (kN)
10 4 2.1 140 170
20 4 2.1 561 682
30 4 2.1 1263 1534
10 5 2.6 274 266
20 5 2.6 1096 1065
30 5 2.6 2466 2397
Shallow water options Deeper water options
Deployment depends not

only on a weather window
but also on the availability of
barges or boats etc
www.marineturbines.com
Tidal Stream - History
Early pioneers – river based vertical axis
www.itpower.co.uk
Irrigation pumping Canadian project
1970 1980 1990 2000 2007

Further development
ENERMAR vertical axis

Loch Linnhe 15kW
www.itpower.co.uk www.pontediarchimede.com
1970 1990 2000

1980 2007
2000 onwards - Commercial scale
MCT Ltd - Seaflow Hammerfest Strom Stingray

www.marineturbines.com www.e-tidevannsenergi.com Energy Business
1970 1980 1990 2000 2007

2000 onwards - Commercial
scale
TidEL Lunar Energy

www.smdhydrovision.com www.lunarenergy.co.uk
1970 1980 1990 2000 2007

Tidal Power is Not a Mature Technology?
• Secured an Agreement for Lease from The Crown Estate
• Encompassing almost 3.5km2
• Goal to deliver a fully operational, 398MW renewable energy plant
powered purely by the tide, generating the equivalent electricity to
power 40,000 Scottish homes by 2020.
Contents
 Tidal
 Wave
 Ocean Thermal
Energy Conversion
(OTEC)
 Offshore Wind
Wave Energy
Energy can be obtained from the action of wind-

blown waves on the shoreline.
Currently there are no less than 12 different types of
systems being used to convert waves to energy.
No system generates significant amounts of power.
Much research is needed to better utilize this source
of power.
Currently there is little support or funding for this
form of energy.
Shoreline Wave Energy Device
Tapered Channel Device
(TAPCHAN)
Pendular Device
Why Wave Power?
www.dti.gov.uk
Why Wave Power?
A Pelamis device in the South West based on
1988-2004 wave data
www.carbontrust.co.uk
Wave Power – Historical Steps
1970’s - Government funded projects (UK, Norway,
Japan).
Salter Duck Development of Wells turbine

www.technologystudent.com
1970 1980 1990 2000 2007

1975 – UK Government target 2000 MW at economic cost
Lack of offshore experience, high costs.
NEL OWC Bristol Cylinder Salter Duck

www.mech.ed.ac.uk/res
earch/wavepower
1970 1980 1990 2000 2007

1970 1980 1990 2000 2007

1980’s – Funding dried up. A few projects continued.
Norwegian Tapchan Japanese Sakata

(85-89) OWC (88)
1970 1980 1990 2000 2007

1990’s - Renewed interest in wave energy
Mighty Whale (98-2000) Limpet (2000)

www.wavegen.co.uk
1970 1980 1990 2000 2007

2000 - Race to commercialisation
Powerbuoy Energetech www.energetech.com.au

www.oceanpower
technologies.com
1970 1980 1990 2000 2007

Pelamis www.oceanpd.com Wavedragon

www.wavedragon.net
1970 1980 1990 2000 2007

Pelamis www.oceanpd.com
Pelamis- Aguçadoura wave energy www.oceanpd.com
project (2.25MW)
Fixed Isolated: Pico, LIMPET
Oscillating
water column
(air turbine)
Oscillating
bodies
(hydraulic motor,
hydraulic turbine,
linear electrical gen.)
Run up
(low-head
hydraulic turbine)
Oscillating
In breakwater: Sakata, Douro river
water column
(air turbine)
Oscillating
bodies
(hydraulic motor,
hydraulic turbine,
Run up
(low-head
hydraulic turbine)
Oscillating
water column
(air turbine)
Floating Mighty Whale, Energetech
Oscillating
bodies
(hydraulic motor,
hydraulic turbine,
Run up
(low-head
hydraulic turbine)
Oscillating
water column
(air turbine)
Essentially translation () :

Floating
Oscillating AquaBuoy, FO3, WaveBob, PowerBuoy
bodies
(hydraulic motor,
hydraulic turbine,
Run up
(low-head
hydraulic turbine)
Oscillating
water column
(air turbine)

Floating
bodies
(hydraulic motor,
hydraulic turbine,
Essentially rotation:
linear electrical gen.) Pelamis, PS Frog, SEAREV
Run up
(low-head
hydraulic turbine)
Oscillating
water column
(air turbine)

Floating
bodies
(hydraulic motor,
hydraulic turbine,
Submerged Essentially translation () : AWS

Rotation:
WaveRoller, Oyster
Run up
(low-head
hydraulic turbine)
Oscillating
water column
(air turbine)

Floating
bodies
(hydraulic motor,
hydraulic turbine,
Rotation:
WaveRoller, Oyster
Fixed Shoreline (with concentration):

Run up TAPCHAN
(low-head
hydraulic turbine)
Oscillating
water column
(air turbine)

Floating
bodies
(hydraulic motor,
hydraulic turbine,
Rotation:
WaveRoller, Oyster

Run up TAPCHAN
(low-head
hydraulic turbine)
In breakwater (without concentration:
SSG
Oscillating
water column
(air turbine)

Floating
bodies
(hydraulic motor,
hydraulic turbine,
Rotation:
WaveRoller, Oyster

Run up TAPCHAN
(low-head
hydraulic turbine)
In breakwater (without concentration:
SSG
Floating Concentrator: Wave Dragon

Wave Power is Still Not
a Mature Technology?
Pelamis : wave energy converter
750kW with a target capacity factor of 25-40 per cent,

Aquamarine Power: Oyster wave
energy device
Economic Assessment
Carbon Trust – 2006 “Future Marine Energy” assessment
ROCs and Climate Change Levy Exemption

(LEC); assume benefit 3.5p/kWh over CCGT
prices
Future cost of CCGT
2006 CCGT
Source: Carbon Trust

Contents
 Tidal
 Wave
 Ocean Thermal
Energy Conversion
(OTEC)
 Offshore Wind
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Temperature (oC)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
MLD
500
Depth (m)
Tropical Ocean
Temperature
Profile
1000
1500
2000
Potential
Classifications
CLOSED CYCLE OTEC PLANT
Warm seawater passes

through an evaporator and
vaporizes the working fluid,
ammonia.
The ammonia vapor
passes through a turbine
which turns a generator
making electricity.
The lower pressure vapor

leaves the turbine and
condenses in the
condenser connected to a
flow of deep cold
seawater.
The liquid ammonia
leaves the condenser and
is pumped to the
evaporator to repeat the
cycle.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
CARNOT EFFICIENCY
OPEN CYCLE OTEC PLANT
LAND BASED OTEC PLANT
LAND BASED OTEC PLANT
OFFSHORE OTEC PLANT
HISTORY
HISTORY
HISTORY
HISTORY
POTENTIAL
Integrated OTEC System
Hydrogen
Electricity
Sun Drinking
Desalinated Water
Irrigation
Warm Water
OTEC
Ocean Mariculture
Cold Water Discharge

Cold Water
Nori
Abalone
Kelp
Clams
Oysters
Phytoplankton Lobster
Shrimp
Salmon
Zooplankton Steelhead
trout
Cold Water
Building Refrigeration
Air Conditioning
Air-Conditioning
Simplified Kalina Cycle®
Operational Kalina Cycle® Plants
3.5 MW Kalina Cycle® Plant

Canoga Park, CA
2 MW Kalina Cycle® Plant

Husavik, Iceland
OTEC Platform Concept
Courtesy: Alfred Yee & Associates

Platform Under Construction
Courtesy: Alfred Yee & Associates
OTEC Platform Concept

Courtesy: Popular Science
Deep Water Offshore Platforms Developed by the

Oil Industry are Adaptable for OTEC Application
BENEFITS
LIMITATIONS
REFERENCES ON OTEC
ASSIGNMENT ON MARINE ENERGY
Please refer to Power Plant

Technology, M.M. ElWakil
Contents
 Tidal
 Wave
 Ocean Thermal
Energy Conversion
(OTEC)
 Offshore Wind
Wind Energy
 The first known use of wind energywas around 5000 BC as

the ancient Egyptians used sails to drive boats
on the Nile river.
 900 AD. Persians used windmills to pump water and mill
grain.
 16th Century. 10,000 windmills in use in the Netherlands to
pump water. Dutch developed wide range of use.
 19th Century. Wood blades replaced by steel and metals.
 First commercial electrical power plant. 12KW.
 Today: 70 – 100 KW turbines. (5–10KW for 1 home.)
 Current world-wide production about 10,000 MW.
Wind Energy
Wind turbines 20 years ago
 Many think that wave and tidal stream energy conversion is at a similar stage of
what wind was 20 years ago.
 However, the progress should be faster with first generation machines to be
installed with the next three years.
OFF SHORE WINDtoday
REpower Systems AG www.bwea.org

OFF SHORE WINDtoday
OFFSHORE WIND TURBINES
Wind Energy and Security of Supply
 Indigenous
 Dispersed
 Embedded
 Sustainable
 Politically
stable!
Wind Energy and the Economy
 Increasingly competitive
 Creates industry and jobs –
100,000+ globally today
 Has export potential
 Rapid implementation (modular
design)
Global Wind Power Cumulative Capacity
Global Wind Power Cumulative Capacity
Temperature Differences Drive Air
Circulation
 The regions around equator,

at 0° latitude are heated
more by the sun than the rest
of the globe.
 These hot areas are
indicated in the warm
colours, red, orange and
yellow in this infrared picture
of sea surface temperatures
(taken from a NASA satellite,
NOAA-7 in July 1984).
Temperature Differences Drive Air
Circulation
 Hot air is lighter than cold air
and will rise into the sky until it
reaches approximately 10 km
(6 miles) altitude and will
spread to the North and the
South.
 If the globe did not rotate, the
air would simply arrive at the
North Pole and the South Pole,
sink down, and return to the
equator.
The Coriolis Force
 Since the globe is rotating, any movement

on the Northern hemisphere is diverted to
the right, if we look at it from our own
position on the ground. (In the southern
hemisphere it is bent to the left).
 This apparent bending force is known as
the Coriolis force. (Named after the
French mathematician Gustave Gaspard
Coriolis 1792-1843).
The Energy in the Wind:
Air Density and Rotor Area
 A wind turbine obtains its

power input by converting
the force of the wind into a
torque (turning force) acting
on the rotor blades.
 The amount of energy which
the wind transfers to the
rotor depends on the
density of the air, the rotor
area, and the wind speed.
The Energy in the Wind:
Air Density and Rotor Area
 The cartoon shows how a

cylindrical slice of air 1
metre thick moves through
the 1,500 m2 rotor of a
typical 600 kilowatt wind
turbine.
 With a 43 metre rotor
diameter each cylinder
actually weighs 1.9 tonnes,
i.e. 1,500 times 1.25
kilogrammes
Density of Air
 The kinetic energy of a moving body is proportional to its

mass (or weight). The kinetic energy in the wind thus
depends on the density of the air, i.e. its mass per unit of
volume.
 In other words, the "heavier" the air, the more energy is
received by the turbine.
 At normal atmospheric pressure and at 15° Celsius air
weighs some 1.225 kilogrammes per cubic metre, but the
density decreases slightly with increasing humidity.
Also, the air is denser when it is cold than when it is warm.
At high altitudes, (in mountains) the air pressure is lower,
and the air is less dense
Rotor Area
 A typical 600 kW wind turbine has a rotor

diameter of 43-44 metres, i.e. a rotor area of
some 1,500 square metres. The rotor area
determines how much energy a wind turbine is
able to harvest from the wind.
 Since the rotor area increases with the square
of the rotor diameter, a turbine which is twice
as large will receive 22 = 2 x 2 = four times as
much energy
Wind Turbines Deflect the Wind
A wind turbine will deflect the wind, even before

the wind reaches the rotor plane. This means
that we will never be able to capture all of the
energy in the wind using a wind turbine.
The Power of the Wind:
Cube of Wind Speed
 The wind speed is

extremely important
for the amount of
energy a wind turbine
can convert to
electricity:
 The energy content
of the wind varies
with the cube (the
third power) of the
average wind speed
Cube of Wind Speed
 e.g. if the wind speed

is twice as high it
contains 23 = 2 x 2 x
2 = eight times as
much energy.
 Now, why does the
energy in the wind
vary with the third
power of wind
speed?
Cube of Wind Speed
 Well, from everyday

knowledge you may
be aware that if you
double the speed of
a car, it takes four
times as much
energy to brake it
down to a standstill.
(Essentially this is
Newton's second law
of motion).
Cube of Wind Speed
 In the case of the wind

turbine we use the energy
from braking the wind, and if
we double the wind speed,
we get twice as many slices
of wind moving through the
rotor every second, and each
of those slices contains four
times as much energy, as we
learned from the example of
braking a car.
Cube of Wind Speed
 The graph shows that at a

wind speed of 8 metres per
second we get a power
(amount of energy per
second) of 314 Watts per
square metre exposed to the
wind (the wind is coming
from a direction
perpendicular to the swept
rotor area).
 At 16 m/s we get eight times
as much power, i.e. 2509
W/m2
Power of the Wind Formula
 The power of the wind passing perpendicularly

through a circular area is:
P = 1/2  v3 r2
P = the power of the wind measured in W (Watt).
 = the density of dry air = 1.225 measured in
kg/m3 (kilogrammes per cubic metre, at average
atmospheric pressure at sea level at 15° C).
v = the velocity of the wind measured in m/s
(metres per second).
r = the radius (i.e. half the diameter) of the rotor
measured in m (metres).
What effects do the size of blades on
windmills have on the amount of energy
generated?”
Describing Wind Variations:
Weibull Distribution
 The wind variation for a
typical site is usually
described using the so-
called Weibull
distribution.
 This particular site has a
mean wind speed of 7
metres per second, and the
shape of the curve is
determined by a so called
shape parameter of 2.
Statistical Description of Wind Speeds
 The area under the

curve is always exactly
1, since the probability
that the wind will be
blowing at some wind
speed including zero
must be 100 per cent.
 Half of the blue area is to the

left of the vertical black line at
6.6 metres per second. The
6.6 m/s is called the median
of the distribution.
 This means that half the time
it will be blowing less than 6.6
metres per second, the other
half it will be blowing faster
than 6.6 metres per second.
 You may wonder then,

why we say that the
mean wind speed is 7
metres per second.
 The mean wind speed is
actually the average of
the wind speed
observations we will get
at this site.
 As you can see, the

distribution of wind speeds is
skewed, i.e. it is not
symmetrical. Sometimes you
will have very high wind
speeds, but they are very
rare.
 Wind speeds of 5.5 metres
per second, on the other
hand, are the most common
ones. 5.5 metres is called the
modal value of the
distribution.
 If we multiply each tiny

wind speed interval by the
probability of getting that
particular wind speed, and
add it all up, we get the
mean wind speed.
 The statistical distribution
of wind speeds varies from
place to place around the
globe, depending upon
local climate conditions,
the landscape, and its
surface.
 The Weibull distribution may

thus vary, both in its shape, and
in its mean value.
If the shape parameter is
exactly 2, as in the graph on this
page, the distribution is known
as a Rayleigh distribution.
 Wind turbine manufacturers
often give standard performance
figures for their machines using
the Rayleigh distribution.
Balancing the Weibull Distribution
 Another way of finding the mean wind speed

is to balance the pile of blue bricks to the
right, which shows exactly the same as the
graph above.
 Each brick represents the probability that the
wind will be blowing at that speed during 1
per cent of the time during the year. 1 m/s
wind speeds are in the pile to the far left, 17
m/s is to the far right.
 The point at which the whole pile will balance
exactly will be at the 7th pile, i.e. the mean
wind speed is 7 m/s.
Power of the Wind
If we multiply the
power of each wind
speed with the
probability of each
wind speed from the
Weibull graph, we have
calculated the
distribution of wind
energy at different wind
speeds = the power
density.
Betz' Law: The Ideal Braking of the
Wind
 The more kinetic energy a wind turbine

pulls out of the wind, the more the wind
will be slowed down as it leaves the left
side of the turbine in the picture
 An ideal wind turbine would slow down
the wind by 2/3 of its original speed
Betz' Law: The Ideal Braking of the
Wind
 Betz' law says that you can only

convert less than 16/27 (or 59%) of
the kinetic energy in the wind to
mechanical energy using a wind
turbine.
Betz' law was first formulated by the
German Physicist Albert Betz in 1919.
His book "Wind-Energie" published in
1926 gives a good account of the
knowledge of wind energy and wind
turbines at that moment.
The Power Curve of a Wind Turbine
 The power curve of a

wind turbine is a graph
that indicates how large
the electrical power
output will be for the
turbine at different wind
speeds.
 The graph shows a power
curve for a typical Danish
600 kW wind turbine
The Cut In Wind Speed
 Usually, wind turbines are designed to start

running at wind speeds somewhere around
3 to 5 metres per second. This is called the
cut in wind speed. The blue area to the left
shows the small amount of power we lose
due to the fact the turbine only cuts in
after, say 5 m/s.
The Cut Out Wind Speed
 The wind turbine will be programmed to

stop at high wind speeds above, say 25
metres per second, in order to avoid
damaging the turbine or its
surroundings.
 The stop wind speed is called the cut
out wind speed.
VESTAS V80
HAWT & VAWT
Wind
turbines can
be broken
down into
two main
varieties:
HAWTs and
VAWTs.
VAWT
Wind Machine Parameters
PRINCIPLES OF WIND POWER
Total Power Available
Maximum Power and

Efficiency
A wind turbine is capable of

converting no more than 60% of the
total power of a wind to useful
power
Actual Power
Forces on the blades
If maximum
efficiency is
16/27 =
ASSIGNMENT ON WIND

Lecture 5 - Marine and Wind Energy Conversion System

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Marine Energy and Wind Energy

Prof. Dr. Kamaruzzaman Sopian

From 40,000 Latent heat

 Engineers have only recently tried to tap the energy exhibited by

 Tidal energy is globally harnessed from facilities in Russia

 Predictable - gravitational forces

Sources: Flather (1976), Cartwright et al. (1980)

Site name Mean Range (m) Resource

 Built in 1966 and first

Barrage locations considered over the years. 1989

High Low High

1MW dual rotor

Power PT = [0.5 ρ A V3]. Cp

Cp is the power coefficient. Represents the

Diameter Speed Power Force

Deployment depends not

Early pioneers – river based vertical axis

1970 1980 1990 2000 2007

ENERMAR vertical axis

1970 1990 2000

MCT Ltd - Seaflow Hammerfest Strom Stingray

1970 1980 1990 2000 2007

TidEL Lunar Energy

1970 1980 1990 2000 2007

Energy can be obtained from the action of wind-

Salter Duck Development of Wells turbine

1970 1980 1990 2000 2007

NEL OWC Bristol Cylinder Salter Duck

1970 1980 1990 2000 2007

1970 1980 1990 2000 2007

Norwegian Tapchan Japanese Sakata

1970 1980 1990 2000 2007

Mighty Whale (98-2000) Limpet (2000)

1970 1980 1990 2000 2007

Powerbuoy Energetech www.energetech.com.au

1970 1980 1990 2000 2007

Pelamis www.oceanpd.com Wavedragon

1970 1980 1990 2000 2007

Pelamis- Aguçadoura wave energy www.oceanpd.com

Essentially translation () :

Essentially translation () :

Essentially translation () :

Submerged Essentially translation () : AWS

Essentially translation () :

Submerged Essentially translation () : AWS

Fixed Shoreline (with concentration):

Essentially translation () :

Submerged Essentially translation () : AWS

Fixed Shoreline (with concentration):

Essentially translation () :

Submerged Essentially translation () : AWS

Fixed Shoreline (with concentration):

Floating Concentrator: Wave Dragon

750kW with a target capacity factor of 25-40 per cent,

ROCs and Climate Change Levy Exemption

Source: Carbon Trust

Warm seawater passes

The lower pressure vapor

Cold Water Discharge

3.5 MW Kalina Cycle® Plant

2 MW Kalina Cycle® Plant

Courtesy: Alfred Yee & Associates

Courtesy: Alfred Yee & Associates