ASSIGNMENT

MEHAR RAIQUE
SAJJAD

Date
27-11-2023
Course title
LOGICS/MGT-204
DR YASIR ARFAT
 Explain briefly about “Logic” as Historically

 The tools for distinguish between true and false. ( AVERROES )

 The sceinse as well as art of reasoning. ( J.R WATSON )

Logic, the study of correct reasoning, has captivated the human mind for millennia, serving as a
cornerstone of philosophy, mathematics, and countless other disciplines. Its origins can be traced
back to ancient civilizations, where inquisitive minds sought to unravel the intricacies of thought and
argumentation.
Man is bestowed with the ability to reason and it is one of the distinct characteristics
from other creature and makes him greatest of all creation. Logic is science of reasoning and
art of convincing others and rejecting something invalid or unsound. The structure of
arguments and systems is the goal of logical investigation, it is also doctrine of general
notions or concepts, the doctrine of judgments, and the doctrine of syllogism or rational
discourse are integral parts of logical science. Logic is believed to be emerged
in the era of Hazrat Idrees A.S and evolved by various societies but the
literature is dominated by Greek work, and further criticized and amended by Indians,
Chinese, Muslims, Europeans, et al.
The modern logic is based on symbols and calculus and is less disputable as
compared to Aristotelian and traditional logic but it may cause students to apply the definition 6
given by Charles Darwin 'A mathematician is a blind man in a dark room looking for a black
cat which isn't there'; in that situation the study of Aristotelian and traditional logic will
develop analytical reasoning in students rather learning rot the formulas.
"Logic is the beginning of wisdom, not the end". Leonard Nimoy (Brainy Quotes).
Stanford University (2014) stated in introduction to its course of Logic that it is one of the
oldest intellectual disciplines in the history, which has been studied through the centuries
though still immensely required for investigation in the world of technological
advancements.
History
logic is the study of the development of the science of valid inference (logic). logic was
developed in ancient times in China, India, and Greece. Greek logic, particularly Aristotelian logic,
found wide application and acceptance in science
In philosophy, term logic, also known as traditional logic or Aristotelian logic.
Aristotelian
Aristotle's logic was further developed by Islamic and
Christian philosophers in the Middle Ages, reaching a
high point in the mid-fourteenth century. The period
between the fourteenth century and the beginning of
the nineteenth century was largely one of decline and
neglect, and is regarded as barren by at least one
historian of logic.
Progress in mathematical logic in the first few decades
of the twentieth century, particularly arising from the

LOGICS PAGE 2
work of Gödel and Tarski, had a significant impact on analytic philosophy and philosophical logic,
particularly from the 1950s to onwards.
SCHOOL OF LOGIC
The other great school of Greek logic is that of the Stoics.
Stoic logic traces its roots back to the late 5th century BC The most important member of the
school was Chrysippus. (206– 278 BC) who was its third head.
Plato
None of the surviving works of the great fourth-century philosopher
Plato (347–428 BC) include any formal logic but they include
important contributions to the field of philosophical logic. Plato raises
three questions: 1-What is it that can properly be called true or false?
2-What is the nature of the connection between the assumptions of a
valid argument and its conclusion? 3-What is the nature of
definition? Plato academy
LOGIC IN ASIA
In China, a contemporary of Confucius, Mozi , "Master Mo", is
credited with founding the Mohist school.
IN INDIA
Logic began independently in India and continued to develop
through to early modern times, without any known influence from
Greek logic.Gautama (6th century BC) founded the tarka school of
logic.The Mahabharata around the 5th century BC, refers to tarkaschools of logic. Panini (5th
century BC)
Logic in the Middle East
The works of Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, ibn sina, Al-Ghazali, and other Muslim were important in
communicating the ideas of the ancient world to the middle West.Al-Farabi (Alfarabi) (873–950)
was an logician who discussed the topics between logic and grammar
MIDDLE EAST PHILOSOPHERS
Ibn al-Nafis(1213–1288)
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037)
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi(b. 1149)
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi(1201–1274)
Traditional logic
The Textbook Tradition
Traditional logic generally means the textbook tradition that begins with
Annual and Pierre Nicole's Logic, or the Art of Thinking, better known as
the Port-Royal
10 GREAT PHILOSOPHER IN THE HISTORY
1-Aristotle 2-Plato 3-Paul of Tarsus 4-Rene Descartes 5-Confucius 6-
1 IBN-SINA
Thomas Aquinas 7-Avicenna 8-Zeno of Citium 9-Epicurus 10-John
Locke
1-ARISTOTLE
2- PLATO
Plato lived from 348 to 428 BC, and founded the Western world’s first school of higher education,
the Academy of logic.
3-Paul of Tarsus
4-Rene Descartes
Descartes lived from 1596 to 1650, and today he is referred to as “the Father of Modern
Philosophy .

LOGICS PAGE 3
 5-Confucius
Master Kong Qiu, as his name translates from Chinese, lived from 479 to 551 BC, and remains
the most important single philosopher in Eastern history.
6-Thomas Aquinas
Thomas proved the existence of God by arguing that the Universe had to have been created by
something, since everything in existence has a beginning and an end. He made five famous
arguments for the existence of God.

7-Avicenna
His full name is Abu ʿAli al- Husayn ibn ʿAbd Allah ibn Sina, He lived in the Persian Empire from.
980 to 1037 BC.
8-Zeno of Citium
9-Epicurus
10-John Locke
Locke is referred to as the “Father of Liberalism,” because of his
development of the principles of humanism and individual freedom.
Rise of modren logic
The period between the fourteenth century and the beginning of the
nineteenth century had been largely one of decline and neglect, and is
generally regarded as barren by historians of logic.The revival of logic
occurred in the mid- nineteenth century, at the beginning of a revolutionary 2 JOHN LOCKE
period where the subject developed into a formalistic discipline whose exemplar was the exact
method of proof used in mathematics. The development of the modern so-called "symbolic" or
"mathematical" logic

What are the importance and why we study “Logic” in Business

Studies?

The Importance of Studying Logic in Business Studies

 Introduction

In the dynamic landscape of business, where decisions can have profound implications on
organizational success or failure, the study of logic emerges as a critical foundation for sound
decision-making. Logic, defined as the science of reasoning, provides a systematic framework for
evaluating arguments, identifying fallacies, and making well-founded decisions.

Business students are managers of tomorrow therefore thinking critically and objectively
will be their key to success. Logic is a study to distinguish between correct and incorrect
reasoning which is vital in making various business decisions.
various books and articles for analyses the significance of logic as a subject in
business discipline AND also elaborated various topics that are part of its
syllabus and their application in professional and practical life after completion of

LOGICS PAGE 4
business degree. The topic includes; identifying arguments, deduction and induction,
solving problems and puzzles, functions of language, definitions, fallacies, and symbolic
logic.

Logic was taught in some universities to business and commerce students, but due
to unidentified reasons it has been excluded and, in some schools, it has never taught. An
experimental study can be conducted on sample of students by teaching them Logic and
its effects can be investigated afterwards that will provide some directions in curriculum
design and implementation. In the world of competition, it has become crucial to prove
something true or false but reaching at objectivity will help in business research and
development and assist managers to make practical decisions. And for discovering the
objective reality it is not negligible to set aside logic.

 Analytical Thinking and Decision Making

At the heart of business studies lies the imperative to make informed and strategic decisions. Logic
serves as a cornerstone in developing the ability to analyze information critically. Business
professionals often grapple with complex data, diverse perspectives, and intricate scenarios. Through
the study of logic, individuals cultivate the skills to dissect these complexities, identify relevant
information, and form logical conclusions. Analytical thinking, honed through logical reasoning,
empowers business leaders to navigate uncertainties, mitigate risks, and seize opportunities in a
methodical manner.

 Effective Problem Solving

In the realm of business, problem-solving is an inherent and constant endeavor. From operational
challenges to strategic dilemmas, professionals encounter multifaceted problems that demand
systematic resolution. The study of logic equips individuals with structured problem-solving
methodologies. By understanding and applying logical principles, business practitioners can break
down intricate problems into manageable components, identify root causes, and devise effective
solutions. Logic, in this context, serves as a guiding light, leading business professionals through the
labyrinth of challenges toward innovative and pragmatic resolutions.

Logical Communication in Business

Communication is the lifeblood of any successful business. The ability to convey ideas, strategies,
and decisions effectively is paramount. Logic contributes significantly to the clarity and coherence of
communication within the business domain. Studying logic facilitates precision in language, ensuring
that messages are conveyed with accuracy and without ambiguity. Moreover, it enables individuals to
construct convincing arguments and articulate their viewpoints persuasively. Logical communication
not only fosters a shared understanding among team members but also enhances the persuasive
power of business leaders in negotiations, presentations, and stakeholder engagements.

LOGICS PAGE 5
Ethical Decision-Making

Business ethics, an integral aspect of business studies, requires careful consideration of moral
principles and values in decision-making. Logic plays a pivotal role in ethical reasoning by providing a
framework to evaluate the consistency and validity of ethical arguments. It enables business
professionals to critically assess ethical dilemmas, identify potential ethical lapses, and make
decisions that align with ethical standards. Logic, therefore, becomes an ethical compass guiding
individuals in the business world toward decisions that uphold integrity and social responsibility.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the study of logic in business studies is not merely an academic pursuit; rather, it is a
foundational discipline that underpins the core competencies required for success in the business
realm. Logic fosters analytical thinking, refines problem-solving skills, enhances communication, and
guides ethical decision-making. As businesses navigate an increasingly complex and competitive
environment, the importance of logical reasoning becomes ever more pronounced. It is through the
lens of logic that businesses can achieve clarity, coherence, and ethical integrity, ultimately driving
success and sustainability in today's dynamic business landscape.

What are the importance of “Logic” in our daily life (Explain

with reasonable examples)?

Logic, the study of correct reasoning and argumentation, has held a profound and enduring
significance in shaping human thought and behavior. Far from being confined to the realm of
academia, logic permeates our daily lives, influencing our decision-making, communication, and
interactions with the world around us. By understanding and applying its principles, we can navigate
the complexities of life with greater clarity, effectiveness, and personal fulfillment.

EXAMPLE

Logic makes clear the criteria we use for deciding whether a particular conclusion follows from a
given set of premises. It is important to recognize that one does not take a course in logic in order to
learn how to be logical. People are usually logical. Whether a person is educated or not is irrelevant.
Logic is basic to how human beings communicate and interact with one another. To illustrate this,
consider the following exchange which takes place between Zainab and her three-year-old daughter,
Saba:
1. “If you clean up your room, then I will take you for a treat,” said Zainab to her daughter, Saba.
2. Saba was excited by this and hurriedly cleaned up
3. her room. When she finished, she went to her mother and
4. said, ”Well, I'm finished! Can we go for the treat now?”
5. Her mother looked at the room. “You did a wonderful
6. job, Saba, but why do you speak as if we ought to

LOGICS PAGE 6
7. be going for a treat? You know I am trying hard to lose weight”.
8. Saba was startled. “But, mother,” she cried, “you
9. said that if I cleaned up my room, then you would take me
10. for a treat .”
11. “True,” Zainab replied, “but what does that have
12. to do with me going for a treat?”
13. “But mother,” the little girl cried, “you said
14. you would take me for a treat if I cleaned up my room, and
15. I cleaned up my room, so you're supposed to take me for a treat, like you said.”
16. But, I didn't merely say that I would take you for an ice cream treat ,
17. Saba. I said that if you cleaned up your room, then, I
18. would take you for an ice cream treat ," replied
19. Zainab. Zainab was very concerned about her daughter's
20. intellectual development and always took time to discuss
21. issues with her.
22. “Understand carefully, now Saba. I really didn't promise
23. that I would take you for a treat,” she said, as she kissed
24. her daughter on the forehead.
25. “But, you did say that if I cleaned up my room, then
26. you would take me for a treat, and that's why I cleaned up
27. my room so fast and so well– so you would take me for a treat. And, now you say that you didn't
say you would take
28. me,” Saba screamed in disbelief at her mother. “Why did
29. you say you would take me if I cleaned up my room and now
30. you won't do what you promised?” Saba cried.
31. Zainab was a bit alarmed by Saba's tone of voice
32. and wanted to quickly get the situation in hand.
33. “Now , Saba,” she said firmly, “I've told you before about
34. twisting the truth. I didn't say that I would take you for a treat. What I said was “If you clean your
room, then I
35. will take you for a treat .”
36. “That's right,” cried Saba. “That's what you said,
37. and I did clean my room.”
38. “Well, I'm certainly happy to see that you've cleaned
39. your room, but I really don't like to be misquoted. I
40. didn't just say, ‘I will take you for a treat .’ I said, ‘If you
41. clean your room, then I will take you for a treat .’ Please try to understand: when I say “when”, I
say something with an ‘e’ in it, but I am not saying ‘e’. However,
42. since you seem to have your heart set on going for a treat, get
43. your coat and let us go. I love you so that I can't stand to
44. see you so distressed and upset.”
45. Saba ran and got her coat and away she and her mother
46. went for a treat.
Her mother had said if Saba cleaned her room, then she (Zainab) would take Saba for a treat, and
because Saba cleaned her room, Saba felt that her mother was supposed to take her for a treat.
While acknowledging what she had said and acknowledging that Saba had cleaned up her room,
Zainab nonetheless felt that she was not obligated to take Saba for a treat. We intuitively recognize
that, though Saba is only three years old, she is reasoning correctly. Any person who reasons as
Zainab did would be illogical or a liar or both. Technically, Zainab is correct in holding that she did not

LOGICS PAGE 7
unconditionally say that she would take Saba for an ice cream treat . Rather, she made a conditional
statement, namely, “If you clean up your room then I will take you for an ice cream treat.” The
statement, “I will take you for an ice cream treat,” (where ‘I’ refers to Zainab) is a logical inference
from the truth of the conditional statement Zainab made and the truth of the statement describing
what Saba did.
The statement “I will take you for a treat” is inferred by means of the following argument:
If you (Saba) clean up your room, then I (Zainab) will take you for a treat.
You (Saba) do clean up your room.
I (Zainab) will take you for a treat.
Saba is justified in drawing the conclusion she did. If her mother spoke the truth when she said, “If
you clean up your room then I will take you for a treat,” and it is true that Saba did clean up her room,
then her mother is obligated to act in such a way that the conclusion that she would take her daughter
for a treat is made true. If she does not do that, then, either she was not telling the truth when she
made the conditional statement or she is illogical.
The conclusion that Zainab will take Saba for a treat follows from the truth of what Zainab said and
the truth of what Saba did, just as the conclusion in the following argument follows from the premises
given:
If it is raining outside, then there are clouds in the sky. It is raining outside.
There are clouds in the sky.
Both of these arguments have the same argument form, called Modus Ponens:
If A then B
A B In the study of logic, it is important that questions of form be distinguished from questions of
content. The truth or falsity of a proposition is independent of the form of that proposition. When
Zainab said to Saba, “If you clean up your room, then, I will take you for a treat,” the statement she
made had the propositional form,
“If A then B,”
where:
A = you clean up your room
B = I will take you for a treat.
Whenever one is given a statement of the form “If p then q,” and another statement “p,” and one
assumes that both “If p then q” and “p” are true, then one is justified in inferring the truth of the
statement referred to by “q.” Any person who does not acknowledge that the truth of “q” follows from
the truth of “If p then q” and “p” is illogical. Only if one of the premises is false is one justified in not
ascribing truth to such a conclusion.
Logic ignores content and focuses purely on questions of form. We have seen that in representing an
argument in standard form, we ignore such particular features as whether the conclusion occurred at
the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of the speaker's presentation. In representing the logical
form of an argument, we ignore the subject matter of the propositions that make up the argument,
and focus on their propositional forms and the manner in which these propositional forms are
combined into argument forms

Decision-Making and Problem-Solving: A Logical Approach to Life's Challenges

In the face of countless decisions that life presents, logic provides a systematic approach to
evaluating options, identifying potential pitfalls, and making informed choices. By breaking down
problems into manageable components, analyzing relevant information, and considering various
perspectives, we can formulate well-reasoned decisions that align with our goals and values.

LOGICS PAGE 8
Imagine the dilemma of choosing between two career paths: one offering stability and familiarity, the
other promising exciting challenges and growth opportunities. Logic guides us to assess our skills,
interests, and career aspirations. We evaluate the financial implications of each option, research
potential job descriptions, and consider the long-term impact of our decision. Through this logical
process, we are empowered to make a choice that aligns with our personal and professional goals.

Effective Communication and Argumentation: Persuasiveness Rooted in Logic

Logic underpins effective communication, enabling us to articulate our thoughts clearly, construct
persuasive arguments, and engage in meaningful discussions. By understanding the principles of
logical reasoning, we can avoid fallacies, identify biases, and base our arguments on credible
evidence. This ability to communicate persuasively is crucial for success in various settings, from
academic debates to business negotiations.

Picture yourself presenting a business proposal to potential investors. Logic guides you to structure
your presentation in a logical manner, highlighting key strengths, addressing potential concerns, and
anticipating counterarguments. You support your claims with data, expert opinions, and sound
reasoning, effectively persuading the audience to consider your proposal.

Critical Thinking and Information Evaluation: Discerning Fact from Fiction

In today's information-saturated world, logic plays a critical role in enabling us to think critically and
evaluate information from various sources. It empowers us to identify reliable sources, assess the
credibility of information, and recognize logical fallacies or misleading claims. By applying logical
reasoning, we can avoid falling prey to misinformation and make informed decisions based on
accurate data.

Consider encountering a social media claim about a current event. Logic prompts you to question the
source's credibility, examine the evidence presented, and seek alternative explanations. You analyze
the claim's potential biases, consider the context in which it was made, and evaluate its alignment
with established facts. This ability to discern fact from fiction is essential for responsible online
behavior and informed participation in civic discourse.

Personal Growth and Self-Discovery: Unraveling the Tapestry of Self-

Understanding

Logic extends its influence beyond external decision-making and communication, playing a vital role
in personal growth and self-discovery. It allows us to examine our own thoughts, beliefs, and
assumptions, identify patterns in our thinking, and recognize potential biases. By engaging in self-
reflection and logical analysis, we can gain a deeper understanding of ourselves, challenge our
limitations, and make conscious choices that align with our values and aspirations.

Imagine facing a difficult personal challenge or a significant life decision. Logic empowers you to
explore your motivations, consider the potential consequences of different actions, and align your
choices with your long-term goals. You reflect on your past experiences, analyze your strengths and
weaknesses, and seek guidance from trusted sources. This ability to think critically about ourselves
contributes to our personal growth and development.

LOGICS PAGE 9
Conclusion: Logic, an Enduring Companion on Life's Journey

Logic, far from being a mere academic discipline, serves as an enduring compass for navigating the
labyrinth of life. It guides our decision-making, enhances our communication, promotes critical
thinking, and facilitates personal growth. By embracing its principles, we can make informed choices,
engage in meaningful interactions, and foster a deeper understanding of ourselves and the world
around us. As we embark on our individual journeys, logic remains a steadfast companion,
illuminating the path towards a fulfilling and enriching life.

LOGICS PAGE 10