Lighting Domestic

Job Competence Coaching & Development
Project
**************
ELECTRICAL
Training Module
LIGHTING AND
DOMESTIC
DISTRIBUTION
TOTALFINAELF E&P INDONESIE

1999/2000/2001
LIGHTING AND DOMESTIC DISTRIBUTION
COURSE CONTENTS
1. DOMECTIC DISTRIBUTION : INSTALLATION
2. DOMESTIC DISTRIBUTION : RULES
3. DOMESTIC DISTRIBUTION : GROUNDING
4. DOMESTIC DISTRIBUTION : TYPICAL DRAWINGS
5. EMERGENCY LIGHTING
6. LIGHTING GLOSSARY
7. LIGHTING CALCULATIONS AND CHOICE

DOMESTIC DISTRIBUTION
INSTALLATION
1
1. GENERALITIES
1.1. Related standards
Most countries have national regulations and or standards governing the rules
to be strictly observed in the design and realisation of electrical installations
for domestic and similar premises. The relevant international standard is the
IEC publication 364.
1.2. The power network
The vast majority of power-distribution authorities connect the low-voltage

neutral point of their HV/LV distribution transformers to earth.
The protection of persons against electric shock therefore depends, in such
cases, on the principles of protection associated to the type of Neutral
distribution / protection. The measures required depend on whether the TT
TN or IT scheme of earthing is adopted. RCDs (Residual Current Detector's)
are essential for TT- and IT-earthed installations, but high-speed overcurrent
devices (MCBs or fuses) are commonly used to clear earth faults on TN-
earthed schemes.
However, in particular instances (e.g. circuits feeding socket-outlets), RCDs
are strongly recommended on TN installations, as being the only sure means
of protection against shock when very long flexible leads of small c.s.a. (cross
sectional area) are supplied from a socket.
The power distribution authority connects the LV neutral point of its

HVILV distribution transformer to earth.
All LV installations must be protected therefore by RCDs (for TT and IT
schemes of earthing) or by short-circuit protective devices for TN
schemes. All exposed conductive parts must be bonded together and
connected to earth, either directly to an electrode at the premises (TT or
IT schemes) or by means of the neutral conductor (TN schemes).
Fuses or circuit breaker depending Repartition

on earthing system board
Distribution boards (generally one only in domestic premises) usually include

the meter(s) and in some cases (notably where the supply authorities impose
a TT-earthing system and/or tariff conditions which limit the maximum
2
permitted current consumption) an incoming-supply differential circuit breaker,
which includes an overcurrent trip.
This circuit breaker is freely accessible to the consumer. On installations
which are TN-earthed, the supply authorities usually protect the installation
simply by means of sealed fuse cut-outs immediately upstream of the
meter(s). See figure above. The consumer has no access to these fuses.
1.3. The incoming-supply circuit breaker
The consumer is permitted to operate this CB if necessary (e.g. to re-close it if

the current consumption had exceeded the authorised limit; to open it in case
of emergency or for isolation purposes ... ).
The differential trip generally has a 500 mA setting to provide indirect-contact
protection (and a measure of fire protection) for the whole installation. Current
ratings for these circuit breakers are commonly:
• 15 - 90 A two-poles,
• 10 - 60 A four-poles.
In voltage of 380 / 400 V between phases and 220 / 230 V between phase
and neutral
1.4. The control and distribution board (consumer unit)
This board comprises:

• a control panel for mounting (where appropriate) the incoming-supply
circuit breaker and other control auxiliaries, as required,
• a distribution panel for housing 1, 2 or 3 rows (of 24 multi 9 units) or
similar MCBs or fuse units, etc.,
• installation accessories for fixing conductors, and rails for mounting
MCBs, fuse bases, etc. neutral busbar and earthing bar, and so on....
• service-cable ducts or conduits, surface mounted or in cable chases
embedded in the wall.
Note: to facilitate future modifications to the installation, it is recommended to

keep all relevant documents (photos, diagrams, characteristics, etc.) in a
suitable location close to the distribution board. The board should be installed
at a height such that the operating handles, indicating dials (of meters) etc.
are between 1 metre and 1.80 metres from the floor (1.30 metres in situations
where handicapped persons or persons of advanced age are concerned).
1.5. Lightning arresters
Where the keraunic level of a locality exceeds 25, and the supply is taken
from an overhead line or underground cable, the installation of a lightning
arrester at the service position of a LV installation is prescribed in many
national standards and is strongly recommended for installations which
include sensitive (e.g. electronic) equipment.
These devices must automatically disconnect themselves from the installation
in case of failure or be protected by a RCD of appropriate sensitivity,
according to the resistance of the earthing electrode for the installation. In the
3
case of domestic installations the use of a 500 mA general differential
incoming-supply circuit breaker type S (i.e. slightly time-delayed) will provide
effective earth-leakage protection, while, at the same time, will not trip
unnecessarily each time a lightning arrester discharges the current (of an
overvoltage-surge) to earth.
Additional lightning surge protector can be installed 'downstream' of the

distribution panel, at the plug / socket.
Adapted surge protector should also protect telephone lines, computer lines
(in case of network).
2. PROTECTION OF PERSONS
Where public power-supply systems and consumers' installations form

a TT-earthed scheme, the governing standards impose the use of RCDs
to ensure the protection of persons.
On TT-earthed systems the protection of persons is ensured by the following

measures:
- protection against indirect-contact hazards by RCDs of medium sensitivity

(300 or 500 mA) at the origin of the installation (incorporated in the incoming-
supply circuit breaker, or on the incoming feed to the distribution board).
This measure is associated with a consumer-installed earth electrode to which
must be connected the protective-earth (PE) conductors from the exposed
conductive parts of all class 1 insulated appliances and equipment, as well as
those from the earthing pins of all socket outlets.
- Where the CB at the origin of an installation has no RCD protection (see

paragraph 2.3) the protection of persons shall be ensured by class II level of
insulation on all circuits upstream of the first RCDs. In the case where the
distribution board is metallic, care shall be taken that all live parts are double
insulated (supplementary clearances or insulation, use of covers, etc.) and
wiring reliably fixed,
- Obligatory protection by sensitive (30 mA) RCDs of socket-outlet circuits,

and circuits feeding bathrooms, laundry rooms, and so on.
2.1 Incoming-supply circuit breaker with instantaneous differential relay
In this case:
- an insulation fault to earth could result in the shutdown of the entire

installation,
- where a lightning arrester is installed, its operation (i.e. discharging a
voltage surge to earth) could appear to an RCD as an earth fault, with a
consequent shutdown of the installation.
4
Recommendation of suitable
components
- Incoming-supply circuit
breaker with 500 mA differential,
and
- RCD of type 30 mA
(for example, differential circuit
breaker 1 P + N type Déclic Vigi)
on the circuits supplying socket-
outlets,
- RCD of type 30 mA
(for example, differential load
switch type ID'clic) on circuits to
bathrooms, shower rooms,
laundry rooms, etc.) (lighting,
heating, socket-outlets).
2.2. Incoming-supply circuit breaker type S with retarded differential

relay
This type of CB affords protection against insulation faults to earth, but by

virtue of a short time delay, provides a measure of discrimination with
downstream instantaneous RCDs. Tripping of the incoming-supply CB and its
consequences (on deep freezers, for example) is thereby made less probable
in the event of lightning, or other causes of voltage surges.
The discharge of voltage-surge current to earth, through the lightning arrester,
will leave the type S circuit breaker unaffected.
components
- Incoming-supply circuit breaker
with 500 mA differential, type S,
and
- RCD of type 30 mA
(for example, differential circuit
breaker 1 P + N type Déclic Vigi)
on the circuits supplying socket-
outlets,
- RCD of type 30 mA
(for example, differential load
switch, type ID'clic) on circuits to
bathrooms, shower rooms, etc.
(lighting, heating, socket-outlets),
- RCD of type 30 mA (for example, differential circuit breaker 1 P +
N, type Déclic Vigi) on circuits supplying washing machines and dish-washing
machines.
5
2.3. Incoming-supply circuit breaker without differential protection
In this case the protection of persons must be ensured by:
- Class II level of insulation up to the downstream terminals of the RCDs,

- All outgoing circuits from the distribution board must be protected by 30
mA or 300 mA RCDs according to the type of circuit concerned.
- Where a voltage-surge arrester is installed upstream of the distribution
board (to protect sensitive electronic equipment such as microprocessors,
videocassette recorders, TV sets, electronic cash registers, etc.) it is
imperative that the device automatically disconnects itself from the installation
following a rare (but always possible) failure. Some devices employ
replaceable fusing elements; the recommended method however as shown in
figure under, is to use a RCD.
components
1. Incoming-supply circuit breaker
without differential protection.
2. Automatic disconnection device

(if a lightning arrester is installed).
3. RCD of type 30 mA (for

example, differential circuit breaker 1
P + N type Déclic Vigi) on each
circuit supplying one or more socket-
outlets.
4. RCD of type 30 mA (for

example, differential load switch type
ID'clic) on circuits to bathrooms and
shower rooms (lighting heating and
socket-outlets) or a 30 mA
differential circuit breaker per circuit.
5. RCD of type 300 mA

(for example, differential load switch)
on all the other circuits.
6. Safety and tripping discrimination are improved by the protection of circuits
by means of 30 mA RCDs (for example, differential circuit breaker type Déclic-
Vigi 1 P + N) on a circuit supplying an apparatus which involves large
quantities of water.
6
RULES
1
1. CIRCUITS DISTRIBUTION
1.1 Subdivision
Standards commonly recommend the sub-division of circuits according to the

number of utilisation categories in the installation concerned (see figure
under)
- At least 1 circuit for lighting.

Each circuit supplying a
maximum of 8 lighting points,
- At least 1 circuit for socket-

outlets rated 10/16 A.
Each circuit supplying a
maximum of 8 sockets.
The sockets may be single or
double units (a double unit is
made up of two 10/16 A sockets
mounted on a common base in
an embedded box, identical to
that of a single unit),
- 1 circuit for each appliance such as

a water heater,
washing machine,
dish-washing machine,
cooker,
refrigerator, etc.
Recommended numbers of 10/16 A (or similar) socket-outlets and fixed
lighting points, according to the use for which the various rooms of a dwelling
are intended, are indicated in the following table. (advisable installation)
Room function Minimum number of Minimum number of

fixed lighting points 10/16A socket-outlet
Living room 1 5
Bedroom, lounge, office, 1 3
dining room
Kitchen 2 4 (*)
Bathroom, shower room 2 1 or 2
Entrance hall, box room 1 1
Toilets, storage place 1
Laundry room 1
(*) Of which 2 above the working surface and 1 for a specialised circuit
In addition, an independent socket-outlet of 10/16A or 20A for a cooking plate
and a junction box or socket-outlet for a 32A specialised circuit.
2
1.2 protective conductors
The inclusion of a protective conductor in all circuits is required by IEC

and most national standards.
IEC and most national standards require that each circuit includes a protective
conductor.
This practice is strongly recommended where class 1 insulated appliances
and equipment are installed, which is the general case.
The protective conductors must connect the earthing-pin contact in each
socket-outlet, and the earthing terminals in class 1 equipment, to the main
earthing terminal at the origin of the installation.
Furthermore, 10/16 A (or similarly sized) socket-outlets must be provided with
shuttered contact orifices.
1.3 cross-sectional-area (c.s.a.) of conductors
The c.s.a. of conductors and the rated current of the associated protective
device depend on the current magnitude of the circuit, the ambient
temperature, the kind of installation, and the influence of neighbouring circuits
Moreover, the conductors for the phase wires, the neutral and the protective
conductors of a given circuit must all be of equal c.s.a. (assuming the same
material for the conductors concerned, i.e. all copper or all aluminium).
Table under indicates the c.s.a. required for commonly-used appliances.
Multiple loads circuits
Type of c.s.a. of Maximum Protective

circuit single the power device
phase 230V
1ph + N + E
conductors
Fixed 1.5 mm² 2300W Circuit
lighting (2.5 mm²) breaker 10A
Fuse 10A
Socket 2.5 mm² 4600W Circuit
outlet (4 mm²) breaker
15/16A
Fuse 16A
Individual load circuits

phase 230V
1ph + N or
conductors
1ph + N + E
Water 2.5 mm² 4600W Circuit
heater (4 mm²) as breaker 16A
per power Fuse 16A
(or more)
3
phase 230V
1ph + N + E
conductors
Dish 4 mm² 4600W Circuit
washing breaker 20A
machine Fuse 20A
Clothes 4 mm²) 4600W Circuit
washing breaker 20A
machine Fuse 20A
Cooker or 6 mm² 4600W Circuit
hot plates breaker 32A
Fuse 32A
Electric 2.5 mm² 4600W Circuit
heater or (4 mm²) as breaker 20A
AC unit per power Fuse 20A
2. PROTECTION AGAINST OVERVOLTAGES AND LIGHTNING
2.1 The relevance of protective devices
* Disturbances
Three types of disturbance often occur on electrical-power networks:
- Lightning and atmospheric electrical phenomena in general, with its direct
and indirect consequences.
The direct effects, which are fairly infrequent, concern its impact on overhead
transmission and distribution lines.
The indirect effects are more common and occur at lower energy levels. Such
indirect phenomena are characterised by a powerful induction effect on the
lines and/or by an increase of local earth potential,
- Operational overvoltages are transient, and are caused by abrupt changes
in the circuit, such as the opening / closing of circuit breakers, load-break
switches, contactors, etc.,
- Overvoltages at normal system frequency can occur in many ways, and
will do so, for example, if a neutral connection is broken on a 3-phase system,
if the load is unbalanced,
* The kind of installation to be protected.

It is necessary to know in some detail the characteristics of the items to be
protected, in order to select the most appropriate form of protection. The
choice of protective device(s) depends on two factors:
- The sensitivity: the ability of the equipment concerned to withstand an
overvoltage condition i.e. its magnitude and duration,
- the cost: which comprises the purchase price and the operational costs
(possible losses, maintenance, etc.).
4
2.2 Choice of a lightning arrester
It depends on:
• the level of the disturbance,
• the cost, as noted above
• the connection to a LV electrical-power network, a telephone system, a

building control system bus, or to any other network,
• the kind of installation-earthing scheme
3. RULES IN BATHROOM AND SHOWERS
Bathrooms and shower rooms are areas of high risk, because of the very low
resistance of the human body when wet or immersed in water.
Precautions to be taken are therefore correspondingly rigorous, and the
regulations are more severe than those for most other locations.
The relevant 1EC standards are 364-7-701, 479 and 669-1.
Precautions to observe are based on three aspects:
• the definition of zones, numbered 0, 1, 2 and 3 in which the placement (or

exclusion) of any electrical device is strictly limited or forbidden, and, where
permitted, the electrical and mechanical protection is prescribed,
• the establishment of an equipotential bond between all exposed and

extraneous metal parts in the zones concerned,
• the strict adherence to the requirements prescribed for each particular

zone, as tabled in paragraph 4
Classification of zones:
Sub clause 701.32 OF IEC 364-7-701 defines the zones 0, 1, 2 and 3 as

shown in the following diagrams
5
Zone 1 is above the bath as shown in vertical cross
Ones 0, 1, 2, 3 in proximity to a bath-tub
Zone 0, 1, 2, 3 in proximity of a shower with basin
6
Zone 0, 1, 2, 3 in proximity of a shower without basin
(1) when the shower head is at the end of a flexible tube, the vertical central
axis of a zone passes through the fixed end of the flexible tube
No switch or socket-outlet is permitted within 60 cm of the door opening of a

shower cabinet
7
Individual showers with dressing cubicles
Individual showers with separate individual dressing cubicles
Communal showers and a common dressing room
8
- Volume 0: interior volume of bathtub or shower
- Volume 1: volume above volume 0
- Volume 2: volume outside volumes 0 and 1 and in a radius of 0.60m
- Volume 3: volume outside volume 2 in a radius of 2.40m maximum
Prescriptions for electrical installation!
Volumes 0 1 2 3
Conduits / ducts X (b) II (a) II (a) II
Separation
Fittings (switch, sockets,…) X X (b) X (b) (a) VLVS (d)
RCD's 30 mA
Separation
II + RCD 30
Electrical apparatus, devices X 'b) X (b) (c) VLVS (d)
(b) (c) (e)
RCD's 30 mA (c)
X : forbidden
II: accepted in class II
RCDD 30 mA, differential device associated with breaker (or switch)
(a) limited to supply devices in the volume
(b) except if device is in 12VAC or 30VDC
(c) Electrical heater accepted
(d) Very Low Voltage Safety within the range of 50VAC
(e) Also a socket if supplied by an individual transformer, low energy
Electrical conduits / tubing

Only insulated tubing (plastic) is allowed
Remark valid also for any tubing recessed in walls or partition walls of the
bathroom
Electrical devices
Devices of class I can never be in zones 0, 1, 2 (except water heater which is
"supposed" to be protected against water projection by construction;
IP level
Fittings and devices should have the minimum IP of
- volume 0: IPX7
- volume I: IPX4 and if cleaning by water jet, IPX5
- volume 2: IPX3 and if cleaning by water jet, IPX5
- volume 3: IPX1 and if cleaning by water jet, IPX5
Equipotential connections
Paragraph 701-413-1-6 of NFC 15-100:
All conductive elements of the bathroom and all metallic parts of electrical
devices must be interconnected in volumes 0, 1, 2 and 3.
9
4. RECOMMENDATIONS APPLICABLES FOR SPECIAL INSTALLATIONS
AND LOCATIONS
Following table summarises main prescribed requirements (many standards)
10
5. RULES FOR LAYOUT cables, conduits, apparatus,…
5.1 Conductors or cables recessed in voids of construction elements

(spaces in door frame, window frame, partition walls,…)
And in channel of at least 6 mm wide
Layout in function of height of the
Wires and cables lowest conductor above the ground
< 5 cm > 5 cm
In conduct Accepted Accepted
Insulated wires
Without conduit forbidden Accepted
Flexible cables
Without conduit (1) Accepted
Rigid cables
Without conduit (2) Accepted
(1) only type H07 RN-F accepted
(2) only U 1000 R2V cable accepted
11
5.2 Layout of electrical canalisation's in construction voids
(false ceiling, false floor, separation void,…)
Indoor void spaces of some construction elements can be used to run

electrical conduits / cables under certain conditions:
- Void: existing space in partition wall, false ceiling, false floor,…..
- Conduits / cables must be waterproof and fire resistant
- Metallic frame (door - window) are assimilated to construction void
- In 'water' room, use of insulated conduits only accepted
- The internal surface inside the void's must not have sharp elements which
could damage the conduits / cables.
Layout function of height of conductor, the lowest

above the ground
Mechanical
Type Conduct / tray with Non accessible conduct
protection
removable cover / tray
< 5 cm > 5 cm < 5 cm > 5 cm
With
Accepted Accepted Accepted Accepted
H07 U-V conduct
R or K Without
Forbidden Accepted Forbidden Forbidden
conduct
With
FR-N 05 Accepted Accepted Accepted Accepted
conduct
VV-U R or
Without Forbidden Accepted Accepted
A05 VV-F Accepted
conduct (1) (2) (2)
With
Accepted Accepted Accepted Accepted
U 1000 conduct
R2V Without Accepted Accepted
Accepted Accepted
conduct (2) (2)
(1) Cable FR-N 07 and H 07 RN-F only accepted
(2) If void between the conduct and wall is not filled with materials (glass wool)
5.3 Conditions of recess for receptacles / outlets
Mechanical protection has to be ensured up to the inside of the embedded

box
Space left for embedding must allow the layout of at least 10 cm of each wire.
Embedded receptacles
Nature of partition outlets
With box Without box
Brickwork, stonework, masonry, concrete,
Accepted Forbidden
plaster…..
Metallic frame (door, widow,…) Accepted Forbidden
Partition wall with internals ignitable / dusty Accepted Forbidden
Partition walls with void space as internals or
Accepted Forbidden
without any suspicious material
12
5.4 Conditions of recess in non supporting partition walls
The maximal external diameter of the conduit to recess must be chose

according to the thickness of the finished wall.
Thickness of Deepness of Maximal

finished wall the external
Wall material (mm) embedded diameter of
channel conduit
(mm) (mm)
Hollowed brick 35 plastered 50 1 cell 15
Hollowed brick 50 plastered 70 1 cell 20
Hollowed brick 80 100 1 cell 20
Stone brick 55 70 18 16
Concrete block 75 90 18 16
Hollowed concrete block 75 90 18 16
Plaster tile 60 60 20 16
5.5 Installation of socket-outlet
All socket type 2P +T

All socket equipped with an automatic shutting device
All sockets protected by a differential device (RCD) of at least 30 mA
External sockets: IP 55 and at one meter from the ground
Socket-outlet 16A and 20A
13
Socket-outlet 32A
5.6 Installation of cables
Maximum 40
Bend radius superior at least

6 times diameter cable
Waterproof ends
Connections within a
connection box
Conditions of cables installations

Cables can be embedded only if they are in a protecting conduit
Cables has to be hooked with appropriate devices (no deformation)
14
5.6 Channelling in partition walls of at least 100mm thickness
Layout of conduits
- Oblique embedded is
forbidden
- Above doors, windows, the
embedding is forbidden
- Conduits must not have any
junction when inside a wall,
except when changing plan.
- Length of embedding for rigid Horizontal channel on one face
conduits is limited to their
construction length
- Conduits can be embedded 2 channels
only in longitudinal void of the on
partition (hollows or cells)
- Conduits are layed before
the construction of wall Same axis
= forbidden
- By exception, on horizontal
route, conduits can be joined by
fitting specially provided for this
function
After erection of partition walls

Channelling can be done only in aligned cells
Channelling is done with designed for machines
Covering of channel (with conduit inside) should be at least of 4 mm
In horizontal routing
Channelling can be only on one face of the wall
Channelling can be done only for a length of 0.50m from each side of an
intersection of 2 walls
In vertical routing
Channelling cannot exceed 0.80m under the ceiling and 1.20m above the
finished floor. The length of 0.80m can be extended to 1 / 3 of the height of
the wall if only one channelling is done in the same wall.
In the same wall the horizontal distance between 2 channels must be at least
1.50m. It is forbidden to make on the same axis one embedding above the
floor and one under the ceiling.
Channels can be done only at a minimum distance of 20 cm from the
intersection of 2 walls.
Channelling in plaster tiles

Channelling must be at least at 5 cm from joints of tiles
For walls above 8 cm thickness, limitation of the above criteria's is extended
- at 1m instead of 0.50m in horizontal routing
- at 2m instead of 0.80m in vertical routing under ceiling
- at 2m instead of 1.20m in vertical routing above finished floor
15
5.7 Several circuits in the same conduit
Total section (insulation

Inside cross section of conduits (mm²)
included) of wires H07-V (mm²)
Section of Total section External IC0 MRB
conductor H07-V HO7-V diameter ICD IRO Without With MSB
mm² U or R K (mm) ICT thread thread
1.5 8.55 9.6 16 30 44 51 45 30
2.5 11.9 13.85 20 52 75 85 74 52
4 15.2 18.1 25 88 134 134 124 88
6 22.9 31.2 32 155 230 230 217 155
10 36.3 45.4 40 255 370 370 354 255
16 50.3 60.8 50 411 593 593 573 411
25 75.4 95 63 724 961 961 923 724
Example: passing in one conduit of 3 circuits of conductors H07-V U

- 1 circuit 2 x 1.5 mm² - 17.1 mm² (2 x 8.55)
- 1 circuit 3 x 2.5 mm² - 35.7 mm² (3 x 11.90
- 1 circuit 3 x 4 mm² - 45.6 mm² (3 x 15.20)
Total section = 98.4 mm²
To be used: conduits ICO, ICD, ICT of 32 mm

IRO of 25 mm
Note:
- inside a 'canalisation' several circuits can
be mixed
- A circuit represents the complete loop
elements: wires, cables, apparatus,
protection,….
- The terminal circuit is the one protected
by the last protecting device
Nevertheless:
A cable, a conduit must host the conductors
of only one circuit if the hereafter 4 (four)
conditions are not met together:
1. All conductors must have the insulation for the highest voltage
2. All circuits should be issued from the same panel / protection panel without
intermediate device (transformer, converter,…)
3. Phases conductors must have same cross-section within the same circuit
and not be different than 2 consecutive section when different circuits
(ex: 1.5 + 2.5 + 4 is OK but not OK for 1.5 + 4 + 6)
4. Each circuit must be separately protected against overcurrent
16
5.8 Cross-section of conductors according to current (sockets)
The table under gives the minimum conductor section authorised within a
domestic installation when the length of cable or wires does not exceed an
average of 10m (between protection panel and socket-outlet).
If the cable has to run a "long" distance, drop voltage calculation should be
included to determine the cross-section of conductors.
A flexible cable can have a length exceeding 10m or have a section "smaller"
than the indication (only one consecutive section drop) as it is to connect
temporary devices.
Conductors cross-section (mm²) Socket-outlet (Amp's)

2.5 10 / 16
4 20 / 25
6 32
10 40 /50
16 63
25 80 / 100
35 125
5.9 Power for bulb sockets
Values hereunder are for metallic or ceramic lamp sockets. For other
materials lower values should be applied.
Values non valid for sockets included in lighting apparatus.
Nominal current Power maxi for

Type
(Amp's) lamp / bulb
B15 2 60
Bayonet
B22 4 150
E14 1 200
Screw E27 2 400
E40 15 3000
17
DOMECTIC DISTRIBUTION
GROUNDING
Source: Schneider - Merlin Gérin
1
1. EARTH PROTECTION CONDUCTORS (PE)
1.1 Connection and choice:
- Protective Earth (PE) conductors must ensure interconnection of all metallic

parts within an electrical distribution / installation. They must be able as well to
convey all the possible faulty currents in the safest manner. All grounded
devices are connected to one central point (or several in TN distribution))
through ground wires.. Then the conductor going to earth (earth-electrodes,
earth wires / network,…) should have a disconnecting device (operable with
tool only) to allow the earth value measurement.
Individual "PE's" Opening

device
- Protective Earth Conductors must be

- Identified by green/yellow colour when insulated
- Protections against mechanical shocks and corrosive aggression.
- In IT and TN distribution, PE conductors should run alongside the active

conductors (phases).
Connection:
- Protective Earth Conductors (individual PE) must

- Not have any opening element (between device and collector) such as
fuses, breaker, switch, relay,….
- Be interconnected in parallel and not in series.
- Have one connecting point (terminal, bolt,…) one the Earth collector for
one PE conductor
2
- In TT distribution, the PE conductor can run on a separate way than the active
conductors
- In IT and TN, the conductor PE or PEN is alongside the active conductors

without mechanical or ferromagnetic separation. The PE conductor must
always been connected on a specific ground connector of the protected
device.
- In TN-C distribution, Neutral and Earth are one unique conductor: PEN
(and become separated when going from TN-C to TN-S)
Choice of Protective Earth conductor:
Type of PE conductor IT TN system TT Conditions

system system of
application
Additional conductor in the Strongly Strongly Correct PE conductor to
same cable than the phase or advised advised be insulated as
in the same conduct (pipe or per the phases
trunk) conductors
Additional conductor Possible(1) Possible (1)(2) Correct - Protective
separated conductor can
Metallic frame of prefabricated Possible(3) PE possible(3) Correct be bare or
electrical busbars trunking (5) PEN(8) insulated(2)
External shield of conductors Possible(3) PE possible(3) Possible - Electrical
with mineral insulation PEN not continuity must
advisable be ensured
Certain conductive parts (6) Possible(4) PE possible(4) Possible against
such as PEN forbidden chemical,
- construction frames electrochemical,
- machine / engine pad and mechanical
- water pipe (7) aggressions.
Metallic cable trays Possible(4) PE possible(4) Possible - Conductivity to
PEN not be sufficient
advisable(2)(4)
Forbidden are: metallic conduits, gas and heating pipes / ducts, armour of
electrical cables
(1) In TN and IT systems, monitoring of insulation faults is generally

"controlled" by overcurrent protections (breakers, fuses) and impedance of
insulation fault loops must be at the lowest value possible. The best
method is to use as PE an additional conductor included in the supply /
distribution cable or same duct / conduit.
(2) The PEN conductor is as well the Neutral conductor and consequently can
run important current. It is then strongly recommended to have this
conductor insulated.
(3) Manufacturer gives values of R and X for the requested impedance's
(phase/PE, phase/PEN). This allows calculations controls to ensure
correct loop settlings.
(4) Possible but not advisable as the impedance of earth leakage fault loops is
not known at design time. Only Site studies / measurement, once the
installation is completed can ensure the validity of this type of protection.
3
(5) They must the connection of other Protective Earth conductors,
Caution: each part of these electrical dusts must have individual tags
green/yellow colour, dimensions 15 to 100mm length, or have indications
'PE' green/yellow at 15cm from each end of each section.
(6) These parts could be removed only if continuity of PE has been anticipated
at design time, or if specific measures are taken to ensure this same
continuity.
(7) With formal approval of the "water company"
(8) For prefabricated electrical busbars trunkings, the metallic frame can be
connected in parallel with the existing PEN conductor inside the same
duct.
1.2 Sizing of PE Conductor
- Neutral can be common (with earth), only if cross section of PEN

conductor is ! 10mm² Cu or ! 16mm² Alu
- PEN conductor is forbidden in flexible wire
- PEN conductor assuming the neutral function cannot have its cross
section smaller than the one necessary for the neutral.
- Cross section can be inferior the one of phase if:

- power of individual device is at maximum 10% of the total installed
power
- maximum current in the neutral in normal service is less than the
admissible current.
Section of phase conductor Cross section of PE Cross section of

SPh (mm²) conductor PEN conductor
Cu Alu
" 16 " 16 SPE = SPh (1) SPEN = SPh
With mini 10² Cu or
25 SPE = 16
16² Alu
25, 35 35 SPE = 16 SPEN = SPh/2 up to
SPh (2) with mini 16²
> 35 > 35 SPE = SPh/2
Cu and 25² Alu
- Without mechanical protection but with protection against corrosion with the insulation :
mini 16² Cu or galvanised steel
- Without mechanical protection and without corrosion protection: mini 25² Cu and 50²
galvanised steel.
(1) when the PE conductor is not included in the cable, conduit, trunking,…the minimum
values should be adopted
- 2.5 mm² if PE have mechanical protection
- 4 mm² if PE has no mechanical protection
(2) to respect the above conditions
1.3 Section of PE conductor between transformer and Main Panel

according to power and working time.
Power to consider is the one of all transformers in parallel

Section of conductor (in mm²) between transformer and Main Panel (MCC),
according to Standard NFC 15-100 is function of:
4
- nominal power of transformer HV/LV (in kVA)
- Time delay of switching off when in short circuit condition (response time
of HV breaker, in seconds*)
- Insulation type (PVC, PR) and nature (Cu, Alu, Steel) or conductor
* If general protection is done by fuses, response time to use is 0.2 s.
P (kVA) Nature of Bare conductor PVC insulation Pr insulation

conductor
Voltage LV Cu t (s) 0.2 s 0.5 s - 0.2 s 0.5 s - 0.2 s 0.5 s
127 / 230 / Alu t (s) - 0.2 s 0.5 s - 0.2 s 0.5 s - 0.2 s 0.5 s
220V 400V
≤ 63 ≤ 100 Cross 25 25 25 25 35 50 25 25 25
100 160 section of 25 25 50 25 35 50 25 35 50
125 200 Protective 25 35 50 35 50 70 25 35 70
160 250 Earth 25 50 70 35 50 95 35 50 70
200 315 conductor 35 50 95 50 70 120 35 70 95
250 400 PE 50 70 95 70 95 150 50 70 120
315 500 SPE (mm²) 50 95 120 70 120 185 70 95 150
400 630 70 95 150 95 150 240 70 120 150
500 800 70 120 185 95 150 240 95 120 185
630 1000 95 120 185 120 185 300 95 150 185
800 1250 95 150 240 120 240 300 120 185 240
*General value as per Standard C15-510, can be substituted by Company
standards (such as TotalFinaElf)
1.4 Example of PE distribution (housing)
Distribution board includes an earth collector to which must be connected all

the individual PE (from each device) conductors. In turn, the collector is
connected to an individual earth electrode, or, to an earth network.
Protective Earth conductors are distributed in the entire installation, marked,

tagged, coloured,…. green/yellow with each PE conductor being its unique
circuit.
Parts to connect with a PE

- Metallic parts / frame of electrical apparatus / device permanently settled.
(AC units, water heater, lighting features,….)
- Earth terminal of sockets / receptacles
- Metallic conduits (of electrical wires)
- Equipotential connection of bathrooms, service room
- Door metallic frames (if they include electric wires)
- Window (and other) frames (if they include electric wires)
- Any metallic bracket / support holding an electrical device (switch,
socket,..)
5
Individual earth electrode or Towards earth distribution
earth distribution network
Distribution
board
Cooking
device
Washing
Water
machine
heater
AC unit or
heater
Dish washing machine
bathroom
AC unit or heater
lighting
Metallic
bath
Equipotential loop of bathroom frame
Example of PE distribution in housing installation
* minimum cross section of PE = 2.5 mm² (Cu)
6
2. NEUTRAL CONDUCTOR
2.1 C.S.A (cross sectional area) of neutral conductor
Section and protection of neutral conductor, independently from the current to

carry, are function of:
- Earth connection system (IT, TT,….)
- Type of protection against indirect contacts
Influence of earthing system:

- Systems TT, TNS, and IT
- Single phase circuits or with section ≤ 16 mm² Cu or ≤ 25 mm² Alu:
section of Neutral conductor must be equal to the phase(s) conductor
- Three phase (+ neutral) circuits > 16 mm² Cu or 25 mm² Alu, equal to
the section of phase conductor or inferior with the following conditions
respected:
- Maximum current in neutral in normal service stays under the limit
of admissible maximum current corresponding to the section.
- Power towards the apparatus / devices is consumed by (and
between) the 3 phases only (motor, heater,….)
- Neutral conductor is protected against short circuits according to the
table under (chapter 2.2)
2.2 Protection of Neutral Conductor
(A) NFC 15-100 § 473.3.1.2 allows in system TT and TN if RCD's protection

is installed at head of distribution, or just ahead the circuit to protect and
if no artificial neutral is distributed downstream.
(B) NFC 15-100 § 473.3.2.1 allows in system TT and TN if Neutral conductor
is protected against overcurrent (and short circuit) on the same
dispositions than for the phases conductors and if the maximum service
current stays under the rated cross section maximal current.
(C) NFC 15-100 § 473.3.2.2 allows under certain conditions in IT system: is
the circuit is part of an homogeneous distribution in which the mini and
maxi current protections are in a ratio of (2) in maximum. They should
have also individual RCD's protection, the difference between those
RCD's protection adjustment being 15% at maximum.
7
Earthing system
TT TN-C TN-S IT
Protection By RCD's By breaker According to By breaker or
against indirect or fuse chosen fuses and
contacts protection RCD's at least
one by group of
interconnected
grounds
Circuit to
protect
3. EARTHING ELEMENTS / DEVICES
3.1 Connections to earth
Definitions:
Earth: conductive mass of the soil for which the electrical potential in each
point / part is considered equal to zero (theoretical reference)
Touch earthing / grounding: conductive parts of an apparatus / device
electrically connected which can be accidentally under voltage and touched by
human
According to the following drawing:

(1) Earth electrode
(2) Earthing conductor between electrode and isolating device
(3) Protective Earth conductor toward individual installation ground collectors
(4) Conductive element, outside electrical installation
(5) Equipotential conductor
(6) Main Earth collector ensuring equipotential connections
8
(7) Isolating device (disconnecting earth electrodes(s)), allowing earth value
measurement.
Individual PE
derivation
towards different
users / devices
framework
Main
Protective
Earth
conductor
AC / heating
water
gas
9
3.2 Grounding of metallic frames
Metallic frame
Includes electrical Electrical No
Type of premise or location wires in conduits device electrical
Insulation Insulation base device
plastic metallic (support)
Dry and Within 2 metres range of
without conductive element or No Yes No (d) No
conductivity PE (b)
(a) Above 2m from
conductive element or No No No No
PE (b)
Bathroom Yes Forbidden Yes Yes
Other locations (c) no yes yes No
Yes: the metallic frame must be connected to the PE system
No: the metallic frame does not need to be connected to the PE system
(a) such as dining rooms, rest rooms, bedrooms, offices, corridors,….
(b) Referring to earth of permanently settled electrical apparatus
(c) Such as kitchens, drying rooms, cellars,….
(d) In condition that the electrical device is adapted to the metallic frame (with cover)
3.2 Soil resistivity
Earth (soil) resistivity is measured in Ohm-metre, value depending on the

nature, the moisture level, and the temperature of the soil. Dry conditions
increase the resistivity. Hereafter are given common value according to type
of soil
Nature of soil Resistivity (in Ωm)
Swamp From 'small' value to 30
Silt 2à to 100
Humus 10 to 150
Damp peat 5 to 100
Fatty clay 50
Fire clay 100 to 200
Marl 30 to 40
Clay sand 50 to 500
Silica sand 200 to 3000
Rocky bare soil 1500 to 2000
Rocky soil with grass 300 to 500
Limestone soft 100 to 500
Limestone compact 1000 to 5000
Limestone cracked 500 to 1000
Mica schist 800
Schist 50 to 300
Granite / Sandstone 1500 to 10000
Granite / Sandstone in pieces 100 to 600
10
Measurement of earth soil resistance allows approximation of the resistivity as
average value for a given type of soil (such as in the following table
Type of soil Average value of resistivity

(in Ωm)
Arable, fatty soil / backfilling compact and 50
damp
Arable poor land / grave: / rocky backfilling 500
Rocky bare soil / dry sand / impermeable 3000
rocks
3.4 "Exceptional" earth electrodes
Metallic water pipes can be used as earth electrodes as long as there is a

formal agreement from the water distribution responsible Company.
Lead sheath (of electrical cable), directly in contact with soil can be used as
earth electrode as long as there is a formal agreement from the cable user.
It is Forbidden to use as earth electrode: gas piping, heating and cooling
piping, waste (drain) piping, ducts for fumes, household refuses,….
3.5 Choice of earth electrode
New building / housing
Distribution
board
Connecting
strip
Earth digging loop

in Cu 25 mm² minimum
Earth digging loop, done during construction and made either with:
- Copper wire bare of at least 25 mm² cross section
- Flat steel of at least 3 mm thickness and at least 100 mm² cross section
- Steel wire of at least 95 mm² cross section embedded in foundations
concrete.
11
Already built building / housing
Conductor in
trenches
Towards earth collector in

distribution board
Connecting strip
Earth electrode
Supplies
Water, gas, electricity
Purpose is to use the various (or common) trenches dug for the different
necessary supplies; Ground cable must be at least at 20 cm from any other
pipe / conduit.
3.6 Nature of electrodes:
Towards ground collector

Protection against corrosion of distribution panel
(mastic, bitumen, filler,…
Connection strip
Visit plate Insulated pipe
Copper
plate (100Ω)
Tube Cable Flat steel Wire mesh
- Rods or tubes - flat steel wire or cable - plate - earth digging loop -
framework in foundations concrete - metallic water pipes (with respect of
conditions).
12
3.7 Minimum cross section of earth conductors
For connection between earth electrode and earth collector

Mechanically Non mechanically
protected protected
Protected against As per NFC 15-100 16 mm² Cu
corrosion by the paragraph 543.1 16 mm² galvanised steel
insulation sheath (see paragraphs above)
Non protected against 25 mm² copper
corrosion 50 mm² galvanised steel
3.8 Earthing of electrical fittings / devices / appliances
Are considered insulated floors: wooden floors, parquets, fabric carpet, plastic
carpet.
But concrete floors, tiled floors and (of course) metallic floors are not
considered as insulated floors.
Premises Lighting Other Sockets

fittings devices
Private premises
Sitting-room, bedrooms, lobbies, A A A
staircases, attics,… insulated floor
Private premises
Sitting-room, bedrooms, lobbies, A B B*
staircases, attics,… non insulated floor
Kitchens**
Bathroom (outside protected volume), B B B*
cellars, individual garages
Common parts of public premises
B B B
Staircases, corridors, halls,….
Common parts of public premises
B B B
Technical rooms, machinery's,…
(A) in previous design and subject to complementary private standards, no
grounding required,, it can be admitted that the corresponding circuit does
not include PE conductor. Nevertheless, it is strongly recommended to
distribute earth to each socket (as per Total Indonésie standards)
(B) grounded or class II device. Sockets must include an earth pin / terminal,
corresponding circuit must include a PE conductor.
* Sockets without earth could be installed but only if they are supplied
individually by an isolation transformer or if they are individually protected by a
highly sensitive RCD's
** Wall mounted fittings must be supplied by conductors including a PE one
13
3.9 Execution of earth electrodes
Earth digging loops:

Considered as the best system
Resistance in Ω R=2ρ/L
With ρ: resistivity of soil in Ωm and L: length of the loop
Rods (tubes):
-Solution for existing building / houses

-In round plain Cu, diameter '15 mm
-In galvanised steel:
-plain, round ∅' 15 mm
-Tube ∅' 25 mm
-shaped plate: 60 mm sided
minimum
- Length ' 2 m
Rods/tube/frame connected in parallel
R=1/nxρ/L n: number of rods
Vertical plates
- Plate rectangular or squared (L '0.5m)

- Depth in soil: centre of plate '1m deep
- Copper of 2 mm thickness
- Galvanise steel of 3 mm thickness
R = 0.8 ρ / L Thickness
2 mm (Cu)
3.10 Maximum values of earth resistances

As a general standards values but subject to modifications within specific
installation standards (Total Indonésie)
Maximum setting of Maximal (recommended) value of earth resistance

differential device in the
Installation without risk (1) Installation with risk (2)
installation
I ∆n = 3 A ≤ 16 Ω ≤ 8Ω
I ∆n = 1 A ≤ 50 Ω ≤ 25 Ω
I ∆n = 500 mA ≤ 100 Ω ≤ 50 Ω
I ∆n = 300 mA ≤ 166 Ω ≤ 83 Ω
I ∆n = 30 mA ≤ 500 Ω ≤ 500 Ω
14
(1) When no particular electrical fault risk exists, the human body can hold a
voltage of 50VAC permanently. Maximum value of earth resistance is
given by the formula:
R = 50 / I ∆n
(2) When risks are existing (moisture, humidity,…), 50VAC is downed to

25VAC. Resistance values are then half of previously, values which are
used for domestic installation / distribution.
(3) When several differential (RCD's) are existing, the highest set is to be
retained to determine the earth resistance value
Example: in an housing installation, with 2 RCD's 30 and 300 mA, the earth
resistance value must be ≤ 83 Ω
15
DRAWINGS
(TYPICAL)
1
1. TYPICAL LIGHTING WIRING
Single command: switch 'on'

or 'off' from one location
Switch
Dual command: switch 'on'

or 'off' with 2 different circuits
Dual command switch
Indicating lamp: gives the

status of the concerned circuit Indicating lamp in series
Switch + lamp (separated) or

switch with built-in lamp
Indicating lamp in parallel
'Two way' wiring: switch 'on'

or 'off' independently from two
different locations
Two 'two-way' switches
(Commutator or change over)
Separated command: close

either circuit '1 or circuit'2' with
the same switch Change over swich
Impulse latched relay:

Mechanical 'on/off' latch
Lamp(s) and relay coil under
the same voltage
Switch 'on' or 'off' at distance
Lamp(s) and relay coil are

under different voltage (can
allow safe voltage for the
command -for example-)
Time delay relay (impulse

latched):
With 'effect': reset delay at
any time
Without effect: reset

impossible when timing is 'on'.
2
Time delay relay (impulse
latched):
With additional by-pass switch
Fluorescent tubes:
With 'stabilisation' inductance L: inductance
S: starter
C: capacitance
With transformer
Instant start (rapid-start)

without pre-heating
Instant start with pre-heating

Supply by auto-transformer
including two pre-heating coils
Dual mounted two

Avoid the 'stroboscopic' effect
Luminescent tubes:
With grounded transformer
3
2. EXAMPLE OF HOUSING DISTRIBUTION
" The economical one" for well equipped house
2.1 Supply cable
Pr insulated cable 3G16 mm² , in trench (Ph + N + G)
2.2 Grounding
If new house: by earth digging loop, bare copper cable 25 mm² up to a

connecting (isolating) strip close to the distribution board
If already built house: by earth rod electrode copper bar 16mm² of at least 2m
length (if good resistivity of soil), vertically installed, wire in 16² up to the
connecting strip. Or with other type of electrodes, see the previous chapter.
2.3 Distribution board:
- General protection breaker, 2 poles 10/30A, adjusted at 30A with

differential (RCD) protection of 300 mA
- General socket protection breaker, 2 poles 30A, differential 30 mA
- Circuits protection by fuses: only the phase is protected by fuse, the
neutral is not protected. Each circuit open in same time phase and
neutral, with a 2 poles P+N fuse holder (fuse-carrier)
- Circuit (1): 10A light kitchen + hall + corridor + toilets
- Circuit (2): 10A light bedrooms 1; 2, 3, sitting room
- Circuit (3): 10A light cellar, laundry, garage, stair cases, outdoor
- Circuit (4): 10A light bathroom
- Circuit (5): 10A spare
- Circuit (6): 15A sockets bedroom 1, sitting room
- Circuit (7): 15A sockets bedrooms 1, 2, corridor, hall
- Circuit (8): 15A sockets bathroom, cellar, kitchen (general)
- Circuit (9): 20A socket dishwasher (kitchen)
- Circuit (10): 20A socket washing machine (kitchen)
- Circuit (11): 20A socket laundry, garage
- Circuit (12): 20A spare
- Circuit (13): 32A cooking plate (kitchen)
Cooking plate considered not connected on socket. If connection id
done through a socket, there must be a 30 mA differential protection
4
2.4 Distribution board
NEUTRAL PHASE
BREAKER 300 mA
BREAKER 30 mA
16A
16A
16A
ISOLATION PROTECTION
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 6 mm² 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 4 4 6 mm²
* In Total Indonésie, the minimum authorised cross section is 2.5 mm², the 1.5
'normally' used for lighting is then to be 'forgotten' in power distribution.
Reminder: no protection on the neutral, but nevertheless, isolation is required
when opening the corresponding phase circuit (with 2 poles -P+N- fuse carrier
device).
2.5 One line lay out diagram for domestic distribution
Bedroom 1 Sitting room
5
The above drawing is a part of the example.
This type of drawing is the most used when executing site works, the
electrician can read the lay-out of the different fittings / devices, see the
running lay-out of the cables / conduits and the number of wires with the
ground wire identified. As he is (supposed to be) a confirmed electrician, he
knows the cross section (and colours) of wires to use, and also the location of
wires / cables (distances, heights to respect)
2.6 Architectural drawing for housing
Bedroom 2 Bedroom 1 Sitting room
Corridor Hall
Protection breaker
Counter
Distribution
board
Bedroom 3
Bathroom
16A Fridge
Shaving
Washing
machine
Dish
washer
Kitchen
Cooking
plate
Architectural example with fittings / devices lay-out and electrical "link"

between the concerned same devices / fittings
6
2.6 One line distribution diagram
Energy
counter
Surge protector Main breaker with differential

according to sites selective 300m or 500mA (or
standards more if downstream breaker
Breaker with differential

(RCD) 30 mA
* Breaker with
The Amperes rating is
Breaker with 30 mA differential 300 mA
according to the maximum
RCD (differential if not already above
value of downstream
protection (at least)
16A 16A 16A 20A 20A 10A 10A 10A 20A 20A 32A 10A 10A Fuses
carriers
2.5 mm² 4 mm² 1.5 mm² 4 mm² 6 mm² 1.5 mm²
Spare
Fuse carriers to be P + N type switching in together phase and neutral of the

corresponding circuit.
3. TYPICAL OFFICE BUILDING DISTRIBUTION

Or any big size house, or any premises for common / public use
Distribution can be either

- One phase + neutral 220V
- 3 phases 220V between phases
- 3 phases + neutral 380 / 220V
Compulsory rules
The final protective element will always be 16Amp's and 30 mA for the wall
socket wired in 2.5² (minimum) and any socket, when having the Amperes
rating protection adapted to its range, will always be 30 mA differential kit
protected. Others circuits will have their Amperes rating (of the thermal
protection) according to the power dispatched and 300mA differential as
general or individual protection.
7
3.1 One line diagram - economical solution
Upstream
Protection inside general MCC panel protection
Cable link
Local distribution panel

General switch, breaker not
necessary equipped with
emergency trip device
General wall x Amp General power x Amp x Amp

sockets protection sockets protection General lighting
1+N or 2P or 3P or 1+N or 2P or 3P or circuits protection
3P+N and 30mA 3P+N and 30mA 1+N or 2P or 3P or
3P+N and 300mA
x Circuit x Circuit breakers x Circuit breakers

breakers 1+N 1+N or 2P or 3P or 1+N or 2P or 3P or
or 2P 16A 3P+N and x Amps 3P+N and x Amps
Towards each wall Towards each power Towards each

socket circuit 2.5² socket circuit lighting circuit
General computer
circuits protection x Amp General utility x Amp General AC or x Amp
1+N or 2P or 3P or services circuits heating circuits
3P+N protection 1+N or protection 1+N or
2P or 3P or 3P+N 2P or 3P or 3P+N
and 300mA and 300mA
x Circuit breakers x Circuit breakers

x Circuit breakers 1+N or 2P or 3P or 1+N or 2P or 3P or
1+N or 2P 16A + 3P+N and x Amps 3P+N and x Amps
30 mA
Towards each utility services Towards each AC or
Towards each computer sockets circuit circuit (water heater / fans / heating circuit
Each circuit being protected by a 16A machines / coolers / …….
breaker with 30 mA differential, this to
avoid general trip of all circuits.
8
3.1 One line diagram - practical solution
Upstream
Protection inside general MCC panel protection
ESD Cable link
Local distribution panel

General switch, breaker not
necessary equipped with
emergency trip device
General wall x Amp General power x Amp x Amp

sockets breaker sockets breaker General lighting
1+N or 2P or 3P or 1+N or 2P or 3P or circuits breaker
3P+N 3P+N 1+N or 2P or 3P or
3P+N
x Circuit breakers x Circuit breakers 1+N x Circuit breakers 1+N or

1+N or 2P 16A and or 2P or 3P or 3P+N 2P or 3P or 3P+N and x
30 mA RCD and x Amps and 30 mA Amps and 300 mA RCD
individual RCD individual individual
Towards each wall Towards each power Towards each
socket circuit 2.5² socket circuit lighting circuit
General computer
circuits breaker x Amp General utility x Amp General AC or x Amp
1+N or 2P or 3P or services circuits heating circuits
3P+N breaker 1+N or 2P breaker 1+N or 2P
or 3P or 3P+N or 3P or 3P+N
x Circuit x Circuit breakers 1+N or x Circuit breakers 1+N or

breakers 1+N or 2P or 3P or 3P+N and x 2P or 3P or 3P+N and x
2P 16A + 30 mA Amps and 300 mA RCD Amps and 300 mA RCD
individual individual
Towards each computer sockets circuit
Each circuit being protected by a 16A Towards each utility services
circuit (water heater / fans / Towards each AC or
breaker with 30 mA differential, this to heating circuit
avoid general trip of all circuits. machines / coolers / …….
Other features:
Several sub circuits can be created according to the number of devices to

supply within the same 'type' of distribution: several main breaker for lighting
distribution, each one beings 3P+N and equipped 300 mA. Under each of
these breakers are the circuits distribution with 1P+N breakers
……….
9
LIGHTING
EMERGENCY LIGHTING
1
1.GENERAL RULES
Two systems are used:

The autonomous "blocks"
The centralised supply source
The autonomous blocks are independent units having built-in batteries.

In normal conditions, the (other) lighting apparatus are supplied, the blocks
are being connected on the same circuit(s) to load (or maintain loaded) the
batteries, their lighting bulb(s) being switched off.
In case of power failure (main supply or local breaker), the block(s)
automatically switch on its lighting facility.
When power comes backs, the blocks switch back to 'normal' conditions and
reload its batteries
The centralised source unit is a battery charger. The emergency light(s) can
be any type of devices (respecting at least standards of fire resistance)
Switching on and off is monitored generally by a centralised control system
Some installations combined the two types of emergency lighting.
1.1 Markings out emergency lights (autonomous or centralised)
The marked out light must allow anybody to be able to walk out any premise /
room with the sole help of the same marked out lights indicating any change
of direction and any obstacle in the way out.
The markings out lighting should ensure four functions:

- Identification of obstacle (steps, stairs,…..)
- Identification of outward door(s)
- Identification and marking out of the outward way / direction
- Identification of change in direction (angle of corridor,….)
The marking out lighting does not apply to premises allowing less than 20
persons and (in same time) having no risk of fire, explosion and having an
outward door at less than 30m from any point.
In corridor, each emergency light must not be spaced more than 15m from
each other. In indoor parking: 26m between a 'couple' of lights (2 emergency
blocks installed on the same spot).
When the lights are supplied by a common centralised autonomous unit, each
device should have a minimum power of 15W in incandescence and 5W in
fluorescence.
When the markings out lights are independent / autonomous blocks, the
minimum luminous flux (of one) must be 60 lumens.
EXIT
2
1.2 Ambient emergency lighting
Ambient emergency lighting is mandatory when 100 persons can be present

in the concerned room on ground floor, or other up-floor and 50 persons in
lower ground floor rooms. Also in open space when marking out already exists
and when the surface is at least 50m².
Installation rules to be respected: see d

side drawing showing distances. Inside
a room, all the emergency lights should
be "logically" spaced to allow uniform
d/h≤4
lighting h
Minimum of two devices by room
Luminous flux inside the room must be 5 lumens / m² evenly dispatched.
With supply from a central autonomous source, each light should have a
power of at least 0.5W / m².
1.3 Remote control
Mandatory in all premises allowing

public
Each autonomous block must be

equipped with a remote control
facility. Each installation must
have a centralised point equipped
with a remote control unit close to
the switching (protection) device
of the normal lighting
Remote control is not mandatory in housing distribution
1.4 Supply - wiring
- Cables / wires housing (conduits, cable trays) are fire resistant (see § 1.6)
- Cables to use are specified in § 1.6.

• For installation with central supply source (and no autonomous block),
cables should be fire resistant one hour (as a general rule)
3
- Connection:
GENERAL GENERAL
PROTECTION PROTECTION
Each autonomous block to be connected (for its supply) after the normal
lighting protection and on this same protection, but before the normal switch
device
- Connection with remote control:
Fire monitoring as
Remote control complementary device
unit associated
with automatic
test accessory
- Autonomous block(s): each block must have an autonomy of one hour

minimum at its nominal luminous flux
- Centralised supply: permanent supply must be maintained. Done from a

battery rack (with charger - and inverter if lights are in AC). Autonomy
minimum of the batteries : one hour at nominal load, but subject to specific
sites standards.
4
1.5 Different type of Emergency Lighting
Standards have determined four types of Emergency Lighting according to

classification of sites / buildings (IEC 16 up to IEC 191) - next chapter -
Status of unit light when Done with

Lighting
TYPE Power on Power off Centralised Autonomous
mode
source blocks
Permanent
lighting with
Type A Permanent Light 'ON' Light 'ON' Forbidden
centralised
source
Permanent
Incandescence
lighting with
Type B Permanent Light 'ON' Light 'ON' or fluorescence
centralised
and permanent
source B type
Non
Incandescence
permanent
Non or fluorescence
Type C Light 'OFF' Light 'ON' lighting with
permanent and non
centralised
permanent
source C type
Type D Portable lamps at public convenience
An Emergency Light unit (autonomous or supplied by a centralised source)

can be
- 'Permanent': providing Emergency Lighting, 60 lumens in marking out and
300 lumens in ambient, whatever the status of 'normal power' is. It gives a
24 hours / day lighting even if the 'normal' lighting is present
- 'Non Permanent'; in presence of power, supplying in same time the
'normal lighting' and the Emergency one, the units are 'OFF' and 'ON' as
soon as the normal power becomes 'absent'.
Sites / building are ranged / ranked by category. Safety rules (local standards)
give, for each application (category) the type of Emergency Lighting to use
with their different functions: permanent, non-permanent, centralised source,
autonomous blocks, marking out, ambience.
• There could be for example marking out on permanent and ambience on

non-permanent; the installation is then on mixed type (with centralised
source).
5
1.6 Choice of materials according to category of 'Public Area'
Conduits for
Cables electr. wires
Shock (IP)
Category
Metallic flexible
U 1000 RGPFV
Public Area
U 1000 RVFV
U 500/1000-X
Metallic rigid
U 500 VGPV
Plastic trunks
U 1000 R2V
A 05-VV-U
IP
H07 RNF
rigid/flex
Type of building / site
Plastic
L Theatres / Conferences - meeting (8)
buildings
Main spectators / attendants rooms 20 2/7 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Stage area (1 20 7 N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N
Projection rooms / Stage set 20 2 N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N
Annexes (dressing - stores …) 20 5 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
M Commercial / Trade centres 20 7 N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N
N Restaurants / Bars / Centralised
20 1 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
kitchens (9)
0 Hotels 20 1 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
P Dancing / Games 20 5 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
R Education - holidays centres 20 1 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
S Libraries (public) /
20 1 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Documentation centres
T Show centres
Halls and public areas / rooms 20 1 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Reception goods/storage's/garages 20 7 N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N
U Sanitary centres - Hospitals
Bedrooms 20 1 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Incineration 20 5/7 (2) (2) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y (2) (2)
Operating theatre / surgical units 20 5 N N (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) N N N N
Sterilisation (centralised) 24 1/5 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Laboratories / pharmacy 21 1/5 N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
V Religion buildings 20 1 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
W Administration centres / Banks 20 1 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
X Indoor Sports (4)
Play grounds / Public areas 21 5/7 (5) (5) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y (5) (5)
Technical rooms 21 7 N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N
Y Museums 20 1 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
PA Open area theatres / playground 23
7 N N Y Y Y Y Y N N N N
25
CT Big tops / Tents (6) 44 7 N N N N N Y N N Y N N
SG Inflatable structures 44 7 N N N N N Y N N Y N N
PS Indoor parking's (7) 21 5/9 N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N
EF Floating boats or structures - Subject to specific standards in the technical
GA Stations (railways - air -…) areas.
Factories / Plants / Mills / … - Common places such as administrative
Sites with Hazards (petroleum,..) buildings (receiving public) have to follow the
Electrical distribution rooms general rules
Centralised technical rooms
(HVAC rooms,…)
Staircases, corridors,… on "big"
storey housing buildings
Y: Authorised
N; Non authorised
(1) IP 20-7 can be required (increase of shock resistance)
6
(2) Can be accepted if mechanical risk is below IP XX5
(3) Authorised only in non exposed (visible) areas (NFC 15-100 art 522)
(4) Level IP 20-7 is the minimum required for Ball-games playground
(5) Authorised only if no mechanical risk
(6) For lighting fitting IP 24-7 is sufficient
(7) IP 20-9 is the minimum required when installed under 1.50m above the
ground level
(8) Can be authorised if manufacturer justify a sufficient IP level
(9) Subject to specific standards for centralised kitchens
1.7 Electrical lay out / installation
With centralised source

- Emergency lighting circuits have to use a different path than the 'normal'
lighting with dedicated cables and conduits.
- In an installation, at least two circuits of emergency lighting must exist
- Centralised source have to be permanently installed (not movable) and in
a special technical ventilated room if energy is above 1000 Wh and if
batteries are not of the 'hermetic' type.
Cables / conduits
- Installation type B: fire resistant (at least one hour) cables mandatory.(with
centralised source)
- Installation type C: flame resistant cables to be used. (fire 'transit'

resistant) with a centralised source.
Where to install emergency lighting

- An emergency lighting installation is mandatory as soon as a risk of fire
exists. If in a building, the risk is coming from a technical room having no
direct access to the premises (only external independent access door)
emergency lighting is then not necessary.
- Premises with fire risk should not be crossed with unnecessary electrical
circuits. Only cables for supply and control of the room equipment's and
lighting are allowed. Exception if the "unwanted" cables adequately
mechanically protected and have no connection point in the 'crossing"
section.
1.8. Maintenance - Verification
For autonomous blocks, regular checks to be adopted (safety measures)

- Weekly: control of lamp / bulb status
- Three monthly: control lamps and batteries status. One hour test to check
the batteries capacities.
Example hereafter of maintenance: (for Legrand type blocks)
7
Weekly / Three-monthly
Depress the push-button "on" on

the remote control unit
Blocks lights on
Diodes flashes in green
Pilot light stays on
Wait 10 seconds Blocks go

then depress automatically in
the "off" push pilot mode after
button 1 hour 5 mn's
Diode memorise
test results
Green pilot 'on'
means 'OK'
Blocks back to If diode goes in

stand-by mode orange colour
green diode Block is faulty
memorise Lamp or battery
result to replace
Green 'on' = OK
If diode goes in orange

colour
Block is faulty.
Lamp or battery
to replace.
2. CHOICE OF EMERCENCY TYPE ACCORDING TO THE PREMISES

Specific standards guide to the choice according to premises with public or
not, the number of persons (in a room / area) the classification (L,M,….see §
1.6),permanent / non permanent units,…. .
References are to be made with the up to date country standards
Table is given, as example - apart from this course module
8
3. MATERIAL CHOICE
3.1 Products guide
Typical manufacturer devices are given hereafter for example / identification
Centralised source:
Battery charger and/or inverter output
in either AC or Dc 24 / 48 /110/ 220 V
Autonomy: 1 hour minimum at nominal

loading
Batteries: lead (or others)
Equipped with insulation transformer

(different circuits than normal
installation)
For type B or C emergency Lighting

distribution.
Battery charger / inverter for

Emergency blocks - lights emergency lighting
Incandescent
In plastic up to IP 44-9 with 1 or 2x25W
lamp(s)
In Aluminium IP¨20-1 with 1 or 2x25W
lamp(s)
In metal up to IP66-3 with 1x40W or
2x25W lamp(s)
To be equipped with the adapted
stickers
Incandescence lights
Fluorescent
Glass + metal IP66-3 lamp 8W - G23
Can be in DC with adapted tube
Both type of autonomous blocks can

have the necessary network supply :
220V/110/48V/24V AC & DC as per the
centralised source voltage
Fluorescent lights
9
Autonomous blocks incandescent
with remote control facility for public
areas
Marking out - 60 lumens - 1 hour
autonomy - pilot lamp E10 / 12V / 3W
3 batteries 4AH - 2 emergency lamps
E10 / 3?6V / 3.6W - IP 20-5 and
1P 44-9 - Supply 230V AC
Permanent or non permanent
Autonomous blocks incandescent

Marking out
Without remote control facility for private
housing - non for public areas
Supply 230V AC - 10 lumens - 2
hours autonomy - IP 21-7 or IP 44-9
Autonomous blocks fluorescent

Ambient lighting
With remote control facility for public
areas
Supply 230V - IP 20-7 - 320 lumens -
1 hour autonomy - tube 8W (generally)
Permanent or non permanent
Portable lamp
Incandescence: 5.5W - 3 hours max.
Fluorescence: 6W - 2 hours maximum
Halogen; 10W - 3 hours maximum
For technical rooms use.
Remote test control unit

Supply 230V - output command: 9VDC
(up to 50 blocks) / 9VDC (> 50 blocks)
Commands 'on' and 'off' by push buttons
10
3.1 Choice of products in centralised source mode
Characteristics Supply voltage Power Cos Luminous Lighted

consumed φ flux surface
24V 48V 110V 220V
Lamp type DC DC DC AC W VA Lumens M²
Tube socket G23 with
ballast
5W X 12 42 0.286 250
7W X 13.4 40.5 0.33 400
9W X 14.5 38.8 0.375 600 90
11W X 16.3 35 0.47 900 140
Compact lamps
9W X 9.5 20 0.47 400
13W X 13 26 0.5 600 90
18W X 17.5 35.3 0.49 800 120
25W X 21.8 47 0.48 1050 160
Non compensated tubes
(without capacitance)
6W X 13 36 0.36
8W X 13.3 33.5 0.39
13W X 18.7 37 0.5
18W X 27 79 0.33 1200 200
36W X 42 84 0.5 3000 500
58W X 54 120 0.53 5000 800
Compensated tubes
36W X 42 51 0.82 3000 500
58W X 64 82 0.78 5000 800
Fluorescent tubes for
DC source
8W X 10.5 - - 300 60
18W X 18.7 1000 200
18W X 18.7 1000 200
20W X 20.9 1400 280
36W X 19.7 2200 440
11
4. APPLICATION EXAMPLE
4.1 Example with autonomous blocks distribution
Advises:
General protection
Secondary
Protection protection
of remote
control unit
Remote
control Room Corridor
Detection presence
voltage (8)
Normal Normal
room corridor
lighting lighting
(1) Distance maxi between 2 blocks: 15m.

(2) Cable / conduit non flame ("propagator") conductor
(3) Incandescent block for marking out 'Exit'
(4) Incandescent block for marking out obstacle (staircase)
(5) Fluorescent block for ambient lighting
(6) Derivation connection allowed on block socket (power and control)
(7) Derivation from junction boxes
(8) Supply of blocks between protection and switching; Remote control is
connected in parallel for all blocks without distinction of premises or type of
emergency lighting block.
12
4.2 Example with lighting supplied from a centralised source
Type of premises
Supermarket 1500 m² - 50x30m - height 3.5m above 700 persons possible
Determination of type of local

Question:
Type of lighting gives the type of supply source
Emergency lights status if normal power
Type (1)
Present Absent
B (permanent) ON ON
C (non permanent) OFF ON
(1) Mixed if marking out on permanent circuit and ambience on non
permanent
Solution:
Type M (§ 2)
B type system on centralised source - permanent type (§ 2)
Marking out: power required and lighting type

Question:
Number of lamps identical as if for autonomous blocks
Maximum 15 metres space between two marking out; One light if obstacle
and change in direction
Choice of lamp type: power maximum 15W by lamp
Solution:
By laying out units on architectural drawing
Unit for Exit : 7
Unit for obstacle 2
Unit in addition for L>15m: 6
Total 15
Choice of emergency light type: incandescent or fluorescent

- In incandescence, with 2 lamps is advisable as "safe" when bulb failure
power required is then (2 x 15W) x 15 = 450W
- In fluorescence, choice of 5W lamp with G23 socket (without
compensation) - power required :12W 15 = 180W
Ambience: power required and lighting type

Question:
In incandescence, power calculation is on the basis of 0.5W/m²
P ambience = 0.5 x Surface to illuminate
In fluorescence, calculation is on the basis of 5 lm/m²

P ambience = 5 x surface / Flux (in lumen) of the chosen lamp
Distance between each unit should be lower than 4 times the height giving a
maximum surface to light for each unit.
13
Solution:
Maximum distance being 4 times the height:

4 x 3.5 = 14m maximum between each unit
Surface for one unit : (7 +7) x (7 + 7) = 196 m²
Number of units: 1500 / 196 = 7.6
Minimum required number is 8
In incandescence: power required 0.5 x 1500 = 750W (not chosen for ambient
lighting)
In fluorescence,: luminous flux required, 5 x 1500 = 7500 lm

Luminous flux by unit: 7500 / 8 = 940 lm minimum
- Choice of 18W tube (1000 lm) - power required 18.7 x 8 = 150W
- Choice of Compact lamp 25W (1050 lm) - power required 21.8 x 8 = 175W
Centralised power source

Question: P (required) = P (marking out) + P (ambient)
5% extra power is the minimum to add for power dispersion
If 3 hours autonomy is required, P to be multiplied by 2.4
Solution
With a battery charger (DC): Incandescent marking out + DC fluo 18W
P = 450 + 150 = 600W x 1.05 = 630W
Source from catalogue can be 660W - 24V Dc (24V being safety voltage !)
With an inverter (230V AC): Fluorescent marking out (5W lamp) + compact
lamp (25W) for ambience
P (W) = 180 + 175 = 355W but VA power is necessary (see tables
before)
P (VA) = (15 x 42) + (8 x 47) = 1006 VA
Source from catalogue can be inverter v630W (1500 VA) 230V
Electrical distribution choice

As per § 1.6
Local type M IP 207 minimum
Cables allowed: U 100 RGPFV / RVFV / R2V / HO7 -RNF
Conduits allowed : metallic rigid & flexible for H 07V
14
Marking out Emergency Light unit
Ambient Emergency Light unit
15
LIGHTING
GLOSSARY
1
List of terms used in lighting, in alphabetical order (from 'Osram' catalogue)
Absorption
This is property of material to convert the radiation they receive (such as light)
into different forms of energy, mostly heat. A measure of this property is the
degree of absorption α = Φa / Φ0 .It is the ratio of the luminous flux
absorbed (Φa) to the luminous flux received. (Φ0) -
(Reflection, Transmittance)
Adaptation
This is the ability to adjust to changes in luminance by making the pupil larger
or smaller. It means we can see correctly across a wide range of illuminance
values. The time taken to adapt in this way is largely determined by the
luminance's at the start and end of the adaptation process. This adaptation
takes place very quickly from dark to light (brightness adaptation) but much
more slowly (30 minutes or more) from light to dark (darkness adaptation).
Amount of light Q
Unit of measurement: kilolumens per hour [klm / h]. The amount of light is the
luminous flux emitted by a light source overtime. This criterion plays an
important role, for example, in evaluating the light generated by flash bulbs.
Burning position
The burning position defines the position in which lamps may or may not be
operated. A combination of a letter and a number is used in which the letter
indicates the general alignment and the number the half-angle of t he
permitted range.
There are three basic positions:
- h = vertical, base up
- s = vertical, base down
- p = horizontal
2
Characteristics of materials
When light hits material, such as a windowpane, there are three different
phenomena that come into play. Some of the light is reflected, some is
absorbed by the material and the rest is transmitted. The resultant luminous
flux components are known as Φp (reflected luminous flux), Φa (absorbed
luminous flux) and Φt. (transmitted luminous flux). For quantitative analysis
quotients from the three different components and the total amount of incident
light Φ0 are formed. These are known as
- Degree of reflectance p = Φp / Φ0
- Degree of absorption a = Φa / Φ0
- Degree of transmittance t = Φt / Φ0
Where p + a + t = 1 or Φp + Φa + Φt = Φ0
The luminous flux absorbed by material is converted into heat, which

increases its temperature. The darker the material, the more luminous flux is
absorbed. A single glass sheet with a thickness of 4 mm, for example, reflects
8% of the luminous flux that fails on it, 90% is transmitted and 2% is
absorbed.
Colour rendering
Depending on the location and the purpose, artificial light should enable
colours to be perceived correctly as though being seen by natural daylight.
Such assessments are based on the colour rendering properties of a light
source, which are expressed in terms of categories of the "general colour
rendering index'" Ra. The colour rendering index is a measure of the
correspondence between the colour of an object under the light source being
measured and its colour under a reference light source.
Colour Colour Colour Typical lamps

rendering rendering rendering
property group index Ra
Very good 1A > 90 Tungsten halogen lamps
de Luxe fluorescent lamps
Metal halide discharge lamps
1B 80 - 89 Fluorescent lamps luxe
Metal halide vapour discharge
good 2A 70 - 79 Fluorescent standard index 10 &
25
2B 60 - 69 Fluorescent standard index 30
satisfactory 3 40 - 59 Mercury vapor
Poor 4 < 39 Sodium discharge
The colour shifts of eight (or 14) test colours standardised in DIN 61 69 that
occur when they are illuminated by the light source being tested are compared
with the same test colour when illuminated by the reference light source. The
3
smaller the deviation the better the colour rendering properly of the lamp
being tested. A light source with an Ra value of 100 shows all the colours
perfectly, as in the case of the reference light source. The lower the Ra value,
the worse the colour rendering.
Test colour
R1 Old rose R5 Turquoise
R2 Mustard yellow R6 Sky blue
R3 Yellow-green R7 Violet
R4 Light green R8 Test lilac
Additional test colours with saturated colours
R9 Red R12 Blue
R10 Yellow R13 Skin tone
R11 Green R14 Leaf green
Computer workstations
Guidelines for lighting at computer workstations are given in DIN 5035, Part 2
and EU Directive 90/270/EWG, its appendix contains the following minimum
requirements:
Lighting
! General lighting and for special lighting (Work-lamps) must be

dimensioned and arranged so that lighting conditions are satisfactory and
contrast between the screen and its surroundings is adequate, according to
the type of activity and the viewing requirements of the user.
! Glare, reflex or reflections on the screen or any reflective surface must be
avoided by arranging the objects in the work area according to the
arrangement and technical properties of the artificial light sources.
Effect and glare
! Computer workstations must be set up so that light sources such as

windows, other openings, transparent or translucent partitions, bright items of
furniture and light coloured walls do not produce reflections on the screen.
! Windows have to be equipped with suitable adjustable mechanisms for
preventing or reducing the amount of daylight failing on the workplace.
For further technical information see the DIN 5035-7 and DIN 66234-7
standards.
Constant light control
This is implemented with dimmable Iighting installations with the aim of

reducing lighting costs, increasing lighting comfort and promoting individuality.
This form of control is based on a dimmable ECG with a 1-10 V interface or
DALI in combination with appropriate sensors. A distinction is made between
automatic controllers, manual controllers and complex controllers. The choice
4
of appropriate 1 -1OV dimmer components depends to a large extent on the
application. The lighting system is controlled by light sensors according to the
amount of available daylight, so full use is made of free natural sunlight.
Energy savings of up to 60% are possible, rising to 70% if motion detectors,
time switches and sensors with automatic disconnection circuits are used.
DALI (Digital Addressable Lighting Interface)
DALI is a method of controlling electronic control gear for fluorescent lamps

using digital signals. Unlike analogue brightness controls, DALI enables each
luminaire to be controlled individually. It can be easily integrated in a building
management system. Individual addressing means that not only can the
luminaires be controlled but they can provide feedback messages so they can
be operated in versatile energy-saving arrangements.
- 1 Digital switching - The luminaires can be switched via the control line
independently of the power supply cabling.
- 2 Addressing - Control gear can be assigned 64 addresses so that they
can be controlled independently of one another via the same control line.
- 3 Simple control cabling -Switching and dimming circuits are independent
of line routing so that maximum flexibility and comfort can be achieved; ,"the
low-voltage cable can be laid anywhere and is polarity free to reduce
installation errors.
.- 4 Renovation - Since the circuits: are independent of the power supply
cabling existing cables in old buildings can be used; in new buildings a five-
core cable is used for the power supply and the control cabling.
- 5 Lighting scenes - Preset lighting scenes can be programmed in the
control gear for various tasks and moods.
- 6 Flexible room design - The cabling need not be changed if there is a
change in the way the room is divided
- 7 Upgrades - New sensors or interfaces: can be added without changing
the luminaire cabling; the luminaires to be controlled are simply selected and
reprogrammed.
- 8 No distortion - Digital signals offer greater freedom in laying cables.
- 9 Flexible - Any sensor can be configured for controlling any luminaire or
group of luminaires.
- 10 Overlapping groups - Luminaires can be assigned to more than one
sensor group (e.g. motion detection and infra-red)
- 11 Infra-red control zone 1 - Zones can be changed without having to
relay cables.
- 12 Infra-red control zone 2
- 13 PIR (passive infra-red) controlled zone
- 14 Daylight control zone - Control sing a photocell
Dimming
Dimmable lighting systems were developed originally to meet the need for
lighting that was easier on the eye. To an increasing extent, these systems
5
are now also being used for cost-saving reasons. Users can control the
lighting with remote controls and switches, or control circuits with daylight
sensors can be used.
Leading-edge phase dimming is used for low-voltage tungsten-halogen lamps
operated with magnetic transformers.
Trailing-edge phase dimming is used for the lamps which are operated with
electronic transformers.
Compact fluorescent lamps (dimming range 3 to 100%) and fluorescent lamps
(dimming range 1 to 100%) with electronic control gear are dimmed via a 1 to
10V interface.
Cables can either be laid separately (recommended for cable lengths > 100
m) or together, provided the requirements of VDE regulations are met.
DIN 5035
The table below lists the guidelines for illuminances to DIN 5035 Part 2,
Workplaces, Extract (September 1990), Workplaces regulations ASR 7/3 and
DIN 5035 Part 2 defines rated illuminances for workplaces lighting
The prescribed rated illuminances are minimum values.
Lux: prescribed illuminance CR: colour Rendering QC: Quality Colour

Room activities LUX CR QC Comments
illumin.
General rooms
Walkways in storage 50 3 3
rooms
Storage rooms
Storage rooms for 50 3 3 High pressure sodium
bulky goods or Lamps with colour
similar
Storage rooms in 100 3 3 Rendering group 4
which searches are permitted
carried out
Storage rooms in 200 3 2
which reading is
carried out
Automatic high bay warehouses
walkways 20 3 3
Control desk 200 2 1
Dispatch 200 3 2
Restrooms - washrooms
Washrooms, 200 2 2 Lighting to suit the
canteens mood
Rest rooms 100 2 2 Possibly incandescent
Rooms for physical 300 2 2
exercise
Changing rooms 100 2 2 Possibly with
Laundry rooms 100 2 2 additional mirror
toilets 100 2 2 lighting
6
Washrooms, firs-aid 300 1 1
room, medical
treatment rooms
Building installations
Machine rooms 100 3 3
Power supply and 100 3 3
distribution rooms
Telex rooms, post 500 2 1
rooms
Telephone exchange 300 2 1
rooms
Walkways in building
For people 50 3 3 Rated illuminance
For people and 100 3 3 matched to adjoining
vehicle rooms
Stairs, escalators ans 100 3 3 En1 = En of walkways
travellators En2 = En of
neighbouring rooms
Loading ramps 100 3 3
Automatic conveyor 100 3 3
near walkways
Offices and the like
Offices with daylight 300 2A 1 Workplace oriented
oriented workplaces general lighting at
exclusivrly directed least 0.8 En
near windows
Offices 500 2A 1
Open plan offices 750 2A 1 High reflectance
High reflectance ceiling at least 0.7
Open plan offices 1000 2A 1 Walls partitions at
Average reflectance least 0.5
Individual workplace,
lighting permitted
Technical drawing 750 2A 1 Angle of drawing
board 75° from the
horizontal at a height
of 1.2m at the mid
point
Rooms with sealing 300 2A 1
and meeting rooms
Reception rooms 100 2A 1
Rooms frequented by 200 2A 1
the public
Rooms for data 500 2A 1
processing
Wholesales and retails premises
Sales rooms 300 2A 1
POS workplaces 500 2A 3
7
Trade and commerce's (selection)
De-rusting and 200 3 2
painting steel
components
Pre-assembly of 200 3 2
heating and
ventilation systems
Locksmiths and 300 3 2
plumbers
Vehicle workshop 300 3 2
Machine repair 500 3 1
workshop
Opticians and watch 1500 2A -
makers
Jewellery workshops 1000 2A -
Working with 1500 1B -
precious stones
Radio and television 500 2A 1
workshop
Reception halls 200 2A 1
Kitchens 500 2A 2
Dining rooms 200 1B -
Living rooms 300 2A 1
Self-service 300 2B 1
restaurants
Hairdressers 500 1A 1
beauticians 750 1A 1
Laundries and dry cleaners
Washing 300 2A 2
Ironing by machine 300 2A 1
Ironong by hand 300 2A 1
Sorting 300 2A 1
Spot removal, 1000 2A 1
inspection
Hospitals
Wards, general 100 1B -
lighting
Wards, reading lights 200 1B -
Wards, examination 600 1B -
lighting
Wards, babies, 400 1B -
general
Examination rooms, 600 1B -
general
Examinations rooms 1000 1B -
point of examination
Dentists, general 500 1A -
Dentists, ambient 1000 1A -
Intensive care, gen. 100 1B -
8
Intensive care, 400 1B -
general bed area
Intensive care, 1000 1B -
examination, bed
area
Operating theatre 1000 1B -
Operating theatre, 600 1B -
side rooms, general
Operating theatre, 100 1B -
side rooms (wake-up
lighting)
Outdoor facilities of schools and colleges
Covered recreation 50 3 -
area
Covered bicycle 50 3 -
stand
Stairs, escalators 100 3 -
and inclined
walkways
General teaching rooms
Pre-school rooms 300 2 (1) For blackboard and/or
Teaching rooms 300 2 (1) demonstration table:
(1) additional lighting
Teaching rooms with 500 2 (1) (1) At least 0.8 En at
a daylight quotient (2) the desk
D<1% in the worst (2) The illuminance
location and Required for any other
predominantly for use can also be
evening use or achieved by switching
specifically for adult parts of the lighting
education system.
Teaching rooms, 750 2 (1) (3) High reflectance
high reflectance (3) ceiling at least 0.5
Teaching rooms, 1000 2 (1)
average reflectance
Special teaching rooms
Teaching kitchen 500 2 2 If necessary additional
workshops 500 2 2 lighting
Handicraft, sewing 500 2 1
and typing rooms
Drawing painting 500 2 1
Physics, chemistry, 500 2 1
biology
Technical drawing 500 2 1
Teaching resource 200 2A -
rooms
Projection rooms 200 2A -
Meeting rooms 200 2A -
Corridors 100 2A -
9
Stairs 200 2A -
Entrance halls 200 2A -
Canteens 200 2A -
Exhibition rooms 200 2A -
Multipurpose rooms 200 2A -
Assembly halls 200 2A -
Library; media rooms 200 2A -
Reading rooms 200 2A -
Book stores 200 2A -
Auditorium
Auditorium with 500 2 1 Additional lighting
windows when necessary
Auditorium without 750 2 1
windows
Gymnasium and sports halls
Training Compe-- Training Compe- Comments
ting -ting
Gymnastics 200 400 1:2 1:1.5
Acrobatics 200 400 1:2 1:1.5 White ceiling with
Athletics 200 400 1:2 1:1.5 reflectance are
Ball games 200 400 1:2 1:1.5 needed
Hockey 200 400 1:2 1:1.5
Badminton 200 400 1:2 1:1.5
tennis 200 400 1:2 1:1.5
Table tennis 300 600 1:2 1:1.5
Boxing 200 1500 1:2 1:1.5 Additional lighting
only for the ring
Wrestling 200 400 1:2 1:1.5 White ceiling with
fencing 200 400 1:2 1:1.5 reflectance > 70
Cycling 200 400 1:2 1:1.5 are needed
Ice skating 80 400
Ice hockey - 400
Speed skating - 150
Show, jumping - 400
Swimming - 400
Diving - 500
Water polo - 400
bowling - 400
Disposal of old lamps and electronic control gear
! Disposal of incandescent lamps
Incandescent lamps consist of glass and metal. They do not contain any
materials that will harm the environment so they can be simply thrown away
with the household refuse. They should not be placed in containers for
recycled glass, however, because the glass used for these lamps is not the
same as the glass used for bottles. Tungsten-halogen lamps contain very
10
small quantities of halogens and halogen- hydrogen compounds, but the
amounts are insignificant (only a few millionths of a gram). Even several
lamps together do not present any risk to people or the environment. The
lamps can therefore be thrown away with household waste.
! Disposal of discharge lamps
As in the case of high-pressure discharge lamps, small quantities of mercury

can be found in fluorescent and compact fluorescent lamps. These lamps also
contain small quantities of recyclable phosphors so they should not be placed
in household refuse or recycled glass containers but sent for proper recycling
at community recycling centres For example, low-pressure sodium lamps and
sodium xenon lamps can be disposed of without the need for any special
action.
! Electronic control gear
ECG's do not contain any material that will harm the environment but they do
contain recyclable electronic components so they should be disposed of as
electronic waste.
Emergency lighting
There are two types of emergency lighting:

- standby lighting and
- safety lighting.
Standby lighting takes over the functions of the normal lighting system if the
power supply to that system fails so that essential work can continue. In most
cases, standby power generators are used and these then supply power to
the normal luminaires. The generators must guarantee al least 10% of the
illuminance recommended for the activity. There are three types of safety
lighting:
! Safety lighting for escape routes; safe evacuation calls for a minimum
illuminance of >1 lux at a height of 0.2 m, with a uniformity ratio of 1:40.
! Anti-panic lighting as minimum background lighting to enable people to

reach emergency exits in large rooms.
! Safety lighting for hazardous workplaces (near machines with moving

parts) if failure of the normal lighting system presents an immediate risk of an
accident or injury.
Energy label
According to EU Directive 92~751EEC, household lamps operated on mains

voltage (incandescent lamps and fluorescent lamps with integrated control
gear) and household fluorescent lamps (including single and double-ended
11
lamps and lamps without integrated control gear) must be printed with uniform
energy labelling indicating how much power and other resources they use.
Lamps with special properties (luminous flux >6500 lm, power consumption <
4 W, reflector lamps) or designed for specific applications (lamps for
generating non-visible light, battery powered lamps, and lamps for use in
equipment for which generating light is not the main purpose) are not covered
by this Directive.
The light sources are classified in energy efficiency classes A (very efficient)
to G (inefficient).
Exposure H
Unit of measurement: lux second (lx / s]

Exposure H is defined as the product of illuminance and time (at constant
illuminance).
H=E * t
Exposure meters are used in photography to determine the ideal exposure

time for a given illuminance. Exposure is also an important factor in assessing
safe display times for light-sensitive exhibits in museums.
Eye
The eye is an optical system designed to create images on the retina. Its
various components, such as the comea, the aqueous humour, the iris, the
lens and the vitreous humour, combine to enable the eye to react quickly and
easily to different lighting levels that vary by factor 105. Its sensitivity threshold
is as low as 10-12 Ix (equivalent to the light from a faint star in the night sky).
12
Fluorescent lamps
Fluorescent lamps are low-pressure gas discharge lamps in which the

invisible UV radiation generated by the discharge is converted into visible
radiation (i.e. light) with the aid of phosphors. (Principle of a fluorescent lamp)
There are tubular, ring-shaped and U-shaped fluorescent lamps and also
compact fluorescent lamps. The tube diameter is often expressed in eighths of
an inch (e.g. T5 = 5 / 8" = 15.07 mm). In the lamp catalogues, diameters are
mostly given in millimetres (e.g. 16 mm for T5 lamps).
Most lamps are internationally standardised.
Like all discharge lamps, fluorescent lamps cannot be operated directly on
mains voltage because of their negative internal resistance. Suitable control
gear between the mains supply and the lamp limit and control the lamp
current and ensure reliable starting under specific conditions. Fluorescent
lamps have various operating modes, depending on the way in which the
electrodes are brought up to the temperature required for operating the:
! Current-controlled preheating in choke / starter mode, preferred in

countries with a high mains voltage (20OV or more).
Used increasingly in most electronic control gear (ECG).
! Voltage-controlled preheating with additional transformer windings in

"rapid start mode".
! No preheating (cold start, used for example with slirriline lamps). This type
of starting reduces the lamp life more than any other type and is therefore not
recommended for systems with frequent on / off switching.
! Electronic control gear (ECG) converts the mains voltage into a high-
frequency oscillation of around 35 to 50 kHz. As a result, the 100 Hz flickering
that may appear as a stroboscopic effect in conjunction with rotating machine
parts, for example, is much less noticeable or virtually invisible.
13
Another advantage of ECG operation are the additional energy savings of
around 25% for the same luminous flux, comprising:
! 10% high luminous efficacy from the fluorescent lamp operating at a higher
frequency
! Much lower losses in the ECG (factor 2 or more) compared with
conventional control gear (CCG)
- Dimming
Dimmable ECG's operate with phase control on the leading edge and have
significantly improved the "dimmability" of fluorescent lamps. They make use
of the properly of a choke whereby its resistance increases as the frequency
increases. As the operating frequency increases, the choke connected in
series with the lamp supplies a lower and lower current via a 1-1OV interface
or a DALI interface, the must however be supplied separately to each ECG
and generated by an external actuator. The dimmable ECG's must also
ensure that in the dimmed state the electrode filaments are constantly heated
so that the electrodes continue to emit even when the lamp current is at a low
level.
- Lamp life and resistance to switching transient
If fluorescent lamps are operated with ECG's and conventional glow starters
their life is shortened considerably as the frequency of on / off switching
increases.
The same phenomenon can be observed with cold-start ECG's, which have
the advantage of starting fluorescent lamps instantly. However, the immediate
transition from glow discharge to emission temperature seriously damages the
electrodes, so frequent switching cycles reduce the life of fluorescent lamps.
Warm start control gear behave in a completely different way. In this case, the
electrodes are heated before ignition by an electric current, which virtually
eliminates switching damage to the electrodes. The associated delay in
ignition of around 1 second (varies according to the ECG) is acceptable.
- Thermal behaviour
The physical properties of fluorescent lamps depend on their ambient

temperature. This in turn depends on the characteristic temperature sensitivity
of the mercury vapour pressure in the lamp.
At low temperatures It is too low so there are too few atoms that can be
excited. At excessively high temperatures the high vapour pressure results
increasingly in self-absorption of the generated UV radiation. The lamps
achieve their maximum lamp voltage and therefore their maximum luminous
efficacy at a wall temperature of approx. 40° C.
In the case of T5 lamps with a tube diameter of 16 mm (FH, FQ) the rated
luminous flux is defined at 25°C, as with fluorescent lamps in general, and
maximum luminous flux is achieved at temperatures of 33 to 37°C. In other
words, one advantage of T5 lamps is the higher luminaire efficiency.
14
Glare
Glare comes from excessive luminance or contrast between luminances.

It reduces the ability to see clearly and is unpleasant A distinction is made
between direct glare (e.g. extreme luminance from a light source) and
reflected glare (light reflected from surfaces),
Halogen cycle
The main characteristics of an incandescent lamp, namely its luminous

efficacy and service life, are determined to a large extent by the filament
temperature. The highest the filament temperature, the higher the luminous
efficacy, but the shorter the life of the lamp.
This reduction in the life of the lamp is a consequence of the rate at which
tungsten vaporises from the filament This rate increases rapidly with
temperature. Not only does it blackens the inside of the bulb, it causes the
filament ultimately to bum right through.
This blackening of the bulb can be effectively countered by adding halogens
to the filler gas to keep the vaporised tungsten away from the bulb wall in a
"cycle process" The tungsten that vaporises from the filament during normal
operation drifts towards the bulb wall by diffusion or convection in thermal
regions (θ1 < 1400 K), where it forms stable tungsten-halogen compounds.
Thermal currents take these compounds back near the hot filament (θ2 >1 400
K) where they disintegrate.
Some of the tungsten is transported back to the filament, but not to its original
location. The normal halogen cycle therefore merely prevents the bulb from
blackening, it does not extend the life of the lamp. The lamp comes to the end
of its life when the filament breaks at one of its hot spots.
15
Halogen cycle
A "regenerative" cycle would be feasible with fluorine but because this

halogen is so corrosive towards the quartz and hard glass used for the bulb
and resistant to halogen currently used, than a satisfactory solution has not
yet been found.
HMI lamps
HMI lamps are metal halide lamps with an increased load on the bulb wall and
very short electrode gaps to improve luminous efficacy and colour rendering,
at the expense however of lamp life.
These lamps are ideal for applications such as theatre lighting, endoscopy.
and filming and TV recordings under daylight conditions (colour temperature =
60O0K). These lamps range in wattage from 200 W to 18 W
HTI short-arc lamps
Short-arc halide lamps with extremely short electrode gaps were developed
for optical applications. They are characterised by high luminous efficacy and
extremely high luminance and are therefore used primarily for lighting effects,
as positional light sources and as light sources for endoscopy.
Illuminance E
The unit of measurement is the lux (lx): E = Φ / A

Illuminance E is the ratio between the luminous flux and the area to be
illuminated. An illuminance of 1 lx occurs when a luminous flux of 1 lm fails
evenly on an area of 1 m². Based on the definitions for illuminance, luminous
16
intensity and solid angle Ω = A / r², we obtain the following formula for
illuminance:
E = I / r² Photometric distance law
It is assumed that the light falls perpendicular to the surface it illuminates. If

the surface is at an angle α then E = I / r² must be multiplied by cos α.
Illuminance to DIN 503512
The minimum illuminances at workplaces are defined in DIN 5035, Part 2 and
the relevant workplace guidelines. Compliance with these standards and
guidelines, however, is no guarantee for a good lighting system in every case.
example Illuminance (lx)

Operating theatre lighting 20 000 …. 120 000
Sunny day 60 000 …. 100 000
Overcast day 20 000
Thunderous day 3000
Well-lit workplace 500 … 750
Pedestrian precinct 5 … 100
Night time full moon 0.25
Night time new moon 0.01
Incandescent lamps
Incandescent lamps are classic thermal radiators in which electricity flows

through a tungsten wire in an enclosed glass bulb filled with a vacuum or inert
gas, heating it to approximately 2600 to 3000 K and making it glow. Most of
the radiation emitted is at the infrared end of the spectrum.
17
The main properties of an incandescent lamp, namely its luminous efficacy
and life, are influenced largely by the filament temperature.
The higher the filament temperature the higher the luminous efficacy but the
shorter the lamp life. A reduction in lamp life is a consequence of the rapid
increase in the rate of vaporisation of the tungsten atoms as the temperature
rises. this process not only produces a black coating on the bulb but also
ultimately causes the filament to break.
Blackening of the bulb can be effectively countered by having an inert gas as
heavy as possible (argon, krypton or xenon) and ensuring that this gas is at
high pressure. Inert gas is used to reduce the rate at which the tungsten
vaporises. The principal types of incandescent lamp are general-purpose
lamps, special-purpose lamps, decorative lamps and incandescent reflector
lamps. The luminous efficacy of incandescent lamps in the 25 to 1000 W
range is between (and about) 9 and 19 lm / W for lamps with an average life
of 1000 hours.
18
Interference
When phase-shifted waves are overlaid certain wave ranges may be

weakened- This physical phenomenon is used in interference filters, which
allow only a very narrow wavelength band through (10 to 20 rim, and for
reflectors for selective transmittance (as is the case, for example, with dichroic
reflector lamps)
Labelling of luminaires
The ENEC mark (European Norms Electrical Certification) is used in Europe

as a uniform safety mark for luminaires based on uniform test conditions. At
present, it can be awarded by 22 European testing agencies on the basis of
the LUM Agreement of 1992 (use of a conformity mark for luminaires that
comply with European standards) and the harmonised European standard
DIN EN 60598.
CE mark
n contrast to the ENEC mark, the CE mark (Communauté Européenne) is not

an approval mark but an administrative mark which, in accordance with the
new EU Directives, has to appear on all products sold in the European Union.
For manufacturers and importers it confirms that their products meet the
requirements of particular EU Directives, particularly the following:
! EU Directive on electromagnetic compatibility, according to which products

that fall within its scope have had to have a CE label since 01.01.96-
! EU Low-Voltage Directive, according to which products that fall within its
scope have had to have a CE label since 01.01.97.
Lens systems
Lens systems make use of the laws of refraction and reflection. They affect
the direction in which light travels and create an optical image. Lenses differ
according to their optical effect and geometrical design:
A convex lens reduces the divergence of a light beam. One or both of its
surfaces is spherical so that it is thicker in the middle than at the edges. Light
passing through a convex lens parallel to the optical axis converges at the
focal point F. The distance from the focal point to the lens is called the focal
distance f.
19
A concave lens increases the divergence of a light beam. One or both of its
surfaces is spherical so that it is thinner in the middle than at the edges. Light
passing through a concave lens parallel to the optical axis diverges as if it
came from a focal point in front of the tens F.. The distance between the lens
and this focal point is the focal length f. In this case, it has a negative value
(f < 0) and is also known as the diffusion length. The reciprocal of the focal
length f is called the refractive index D.
1
D =
f
Light and radiation
Light is taken to mean the electromagnetic radiation that the human eye can
perceive. This is the radiation between the wavelengths of approximately 380
nm and 780 nm. There are no precise limits for the spectral range of visible
radiation as they depend on the amount of radiated power reaching the retina
and on the sensitivity of the eye of the observer. To perceive light, the human
eye contains two types of light-sensitive receptors:
! The cones that enable us to see in colour ("daylight vision"), with

maximum sensitivity to light in the yellow-green range of the spectrum at a
wavelength of = 555 nm (daytime, curve V 0 hereunder)
! The highly sensitive rods that enable us to see in black and white ("night-
time vision"), with maximum sensitivity to light in the green range of the
spectrum at a wavelength of = 507 nm (night-time curve V' 0).
20
Description Wavelength range
Ultraviolet radiation - C (UV-C) 100 - 280 nm
Ultraviolet radiation - B (UV-B) 260 - 315 nm
Ultraviolet radiation - A (UV-A) 315 - 380 nm
Visible light 380 - 780 nm
Infra-red A (IR-A) 780 nm - 1.4 µm
Infra-red B (IR-B) 1.4 - 3 µm
Infra-red C (IR-C) 3µm - 1 mm
21
Light colour
The light colour of a lamp can be defined in terms of its colour temperature.
These are three main categories here:
- warm white < 3000K
- neutral white 3300-5000K
- daylight white > 5000K
Despite having the same light colour, lamps may have very different colour
rendering properties owing to the spectral composition of their light..
Categories of lamps (Osram manufacturer)
Warm white Neutral Daylight

white white
Metal halide lamps WDL = NDL = D=
Warm white Neutral Daylight
De Luxe white De white de
Luxe luxe
Fluorescent lamps. 31 = 3000K 21 = 4000K 11 = 6000K
Old identifier: first digit indicates 41 = 2700K 22 = 4000K 12 = 5000K
the light colour 32 = 3000K 72 = 6500K
Fluorescent lamps. 827=2700K 840=4000K 860=6000K
New identifier: the last two digits 830=3000K 940=4000K 950=5000K
are the first two digits of the colour 930=3000K 965=6500K
temperature, the first digit
indicates the colour rendering
index (Ra or IRC)
Light generation
Basically, there are three ways in which electrical current can be used to
produce light thermal radiation, low-pressure discharge and high-pressure
discharge.
- Thermal radiation
Current is passed through a wire to heat it to the highest possible

temperature. The model here is the sun with its surface temperature of 6000K.
Because it has the highest melting point of any metal (3683 K), the element
tungsten is best suited for this purpose.
Examples: incandescent lamps and tungsten-halogen lamps.
- Gas discharge
A voltage is applied in a glass enclosure filled with inert gases, metal vapours
and rare earth's to produce an arc discharge. The direct radiation from the
gaseous filler substances combines to produce the desired light colour.
Examples: mercury vapour, metal halide and sodium vapour lamps.
22
- Luminescence
The invisible UV radiation generated in mercury gas discharge lamps is

converted into visible light by phosphors.
Examples: fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps, light emitting diodes
(LED's).
Luminaire efficiency
Luminaire efficiency is an important criterion in gauging the energy efficiency

of a luminaire. It is the ratio between the luminous flux emitted by the
luminaire and the luminous flux of the lamp (or lamps) installed in the
luminaire. The luminaire efficiency of standard luminaires is approximately
0.6. That of high-performance luminaires is around 0.8 to 0.85.
A distinction must be made between luminaire efficiency and the utilisation
factor, which is the product of the room utilisation factor and the luminaire
efficiency.
Luminaires
A luminaire is defined as a device used to distribute, filter or transform the

light from a lamp or lamps including the components needed to hold and
protect the lamp(s) and supply them with power.
Distinctions between luminaires can be made on the basis of
the type of lamp (luminaires for incandescent lamps, luminaires for
fluorescent lamps or luminaires for discharge lamps),
the number of lamps (one or more),
the location (indoors, outdoors),
the type of protection (luminaires for dry, humid or dusty rooms),
the type of construction (open luminaires, closed luminaires, reflector
luminaires, specular luminaires, louvered luminaires, troffer luminaires,
spotlight luminaires),
the type of installation (wall-mounted, ceiling-mounted, pendant: or hand-held)
and the purpose (special-purpose luminaires [technical luminaires], decorative
luminaires, representative luminaires, and special-effect luminaires).
Luminance L:
Unit of measurement: candela per square meter [cd / m²).

Luminance L is the impression of brightness that an observer has of a light
source or an illuminated surface. The eye is very good at distinguishing
directly between different luminance values.
23
Luminance L
Light source Average Light source Average
luminance luminance
Cd / m² Cd / m²
Xenon short-arc 200 000 - Candle 7 500
lamp 5 000 000 000
Sun 1 600 000 000 Blue sky 5 000
Metal halide lamp 10 000 000 - Specular louvre 100
60 000 000 luminaire
Incandescent 2 000 000 - Preferred values 50 - 500
lamp 26 000 000 for indoor lighting
Compact 20 000 - 70 000 White paper at 100
fluorescent lamp 500 lx
Fluorescent lamp 5 000 - 30 000 White paper at 1
5 lx
Sunlit clouds 10 000
Luminous efficacy
Unit of measurement: lumen per watt [Im / W],

Luminous efficacy indicates the efficiency with which the electrical power
consumed is converted into light The maximum that can be achieved in
theory, with all the energy being converted into visible light, is 683 lm / W.
In reality, the figures are much lower, between 10 and 150 lm / W
Luminous efficiencies of various light sources
24
Luminous flux
Unit of measurement: lumen (lm)
The luminous flux [lm] indicates all the radiated power emitted by a light
source in all directions, evaluated with spectral eye sensitivity
A fluorescent tube, L36M21-840 Plus Eco, for example, emits 3350 Im.
Luminous intensity l
Unit of measurement.' candela [cd].
A light source generally emits its luminous flux in different directions and at
different intensities. The intensity of the light emitted in a certain direction is
called the luminous intensity l. The spatial distribution of the luminous intensity
of a light source produces a three-dimensional luminous intensity distribution
graph. A section through this graph produces the luminous intensity
distribution curve for the relevant plane. It is usual to use the polar coordinates
or the Cartesian coordinates and to normalise the values to a luminous flux of
1000 Im for luminaires so the figures can be more easily compared.
Luminous intensity distribution
Luminous intensity is direction-dependent. It is shown in diagrams based on

polar or Cartesian coordinates that are known as light distribution curves.
The most homogeneous light distribution curve is produced by a flat surface
that radiates light in a diffused pattern. Since the luminous intensity is l cos in
directions that are at an angle of to the normal axis of the surface, the light
distribution curve must be a circle. Surfaces that produce this pattern are
called Lambert radiators.
Light distribution curves of other radiators such as incandescent lamps are
more uneven. The light distribution of incandescent lamps can be significantly
influenced by reflectors, optical systems, prisms and so on..
Metal halide lamps
Metal halide lamps are high-pressure mercury lamps with added metal iodides
or iodides of the rare earth's (dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho) and thulium
(Tm)) and complex compounds of caesium (Cs) and tin halide (Sn).
They decompose in the core of the discharge arc and the metals can be
excited to emit light with an intensity and spectral distribution that depends on
the vapour pressure of the metal halides. The luminous efficacy and the
colour rendering properties of the mercury discharge are significantly
improved and the gaps in the mercury spectrum are closed.
Photometric formulas
25
Luminous intensity l ( cd ) Luminous flux in solid angle
candela
Solid angle
Luminous flux ( lm ) lumen Luminous intensity ( cd ) x solid
angle ( sr )
Illuminance E ( lx ) lux Luminous intensity ( cd )
Surface in square metre ( m² )

Luminance L ( cd / m² ) Luminous intensity ( cd )
Candela per square metre
Viewed luminous area ( m² )
Luminous efficiency ( lm / W ) Generated luminous flux ( lm )
Lumen per Watt
Electrical power consumed ( W )
SI unit for solid angle is in "steradian" ( sr ) = m² / m² = 1

Sphere surface A
Sr = =
Square of its radius r²
A solid angle of 1 sr corresponds to circular cone with an opening angle of

65.6°. The full solid angle = 4 sr
Protection classes
Protective measures are needed to ensure the electrical safety of luminaires.

It is important, for example, that exposed metal parts cannot become live if the
luminaire develops an electrical fault. Protection classes indicate the
measures taken:
Protection class 1:
All the exposed metal parts are connected to one another and
to the protective earth conductor
Protection class 2:
The luminaire is insulated in such a way that there is no metal
parts that can carry current. There is no protective earth conductor
Protection class 3:
The luminaire is separated on low voltage of 42V or less
supplied by a safety transformer or a battery.
Reflection
26
This is the properly of material s to return rays of light.
There are different types of reflection, such as mirroring, mixed, fully diffused
and irregularly diffused reflection. Indoor lighting uses diffused reflection
almost exclusively.
The reflective behaviour of a material is expressed as its degree of reflection.
This is the ratio of the luminous flux reflected by the material to the luminous
flux that strikes the material (= f ). The degree of reflection (reflectance) is
specified in most cases for diffused incidence of light (dif) or quasi-parallel
incidence of light. In lighting technology the value mostly used is "dif". In
theory, the maximum value for "dif" is 1 (100%).
This table shows the reflectance's of the commonest colours and materials
Colour p material p
White 0.9 Plaster 0.8
Light yellow 0.7 Tiles white 0.7
Light green, pink 0.4 Maple, birch 0.6
Sky blue 0.4 Light oak 0.4
Light grey 0.4. Concrete 0.3
Light brown 0.3 Dark walnut 0.2
mid-grey 0.2 Dark oak 0.2
Dark red 0.1 Red brick 0.2
black 0.1 Breeze block 0.1
Reflectors
Reflectors make use of reflective surfaces to direct light where it is needed.

They function on the basis of the law of reflection. They may be convergent or
divergent.
Most divergent reflectors have a white coating. The efficiency and the way in
which light is distributed are primarily determined by the mounting depth of the
lamp and dimensions of the reflector. Their shape has only a small influence.
In the case of convergent reflectors, which nowadays are almost exclusively

manufactured from polished anodised aluminium, the contours of the reflector
play an important role.
The following forms are the most common:
! Spherical reflectors return the fight to the focal point; they are often used
as additional reflectors for point-source lamps and spotlights
! Elliptical reflectors send the rays of light to a second focal point. These
reflectors enable a large quantity of light to be directed through small
openings, provided small lamps with high luminance's are used. The
disadvantages are high temperatures at the focal point due to the tight
bundling of the light
27
! Parabolic reflectors send the light from a light source out in parallel. The
maximum luminous intensity is determined by the luminance of the light
source and the opening of the reflector.
Parabolic reflectors are used predominantly in spotlights and narrow angle
luminaires.
Refraction
When light passes through materials with different densities it changes

direction because it travels at different speeds in different optical media.
The ratio between its speed c0 in a vacuum and its speed c in the medium
is called the absolute refractive index n0 of the medium.
n0 = c0 / c
In actual practice, however the relative reflective index is used by relative

index n0 to that of air na
N = n0 / n a
The speed of propagation and therefore the refractive index depends on the
wavelength of the light (dispersion). Normally, the refractive index increases
as the wavelength decreases. UV light is therefore refracted more than IR
light, for example.
The refractive index for air is 1, for water = 1.33 and for glass = 1.44 ... 2.0.
When light arrives at the boundary between two optical media the direction of
the light changes according to the law of refraction, whereas the reflected light
is returned at the same angle. Law of reflection (angle of incidence = angle of
reflection)
Retina
The retina consists of two different types of light-sensitive receptors, cones

and rods. Cones are responsible for colour vision, while rods help us see in
dim light.
The rods are activated at illuminances below 1 lx for night vision. The cones
on the other hand are designed to detect the three primary colours of red,
green and blue.
28
The sensitivity of the receptors is not uniform of the entire range of visible
wavelengths. Perception begins at 38O nm (blue) and ends at 750 rim (red)
with maximum sensitivity at 555 rim (yellow. This is shown in the sensitivity
curve V 0.
Because of the different receptors the sensitivity curve is shifted slightly for
night vision and is known as the ' 0 curve.
Thermal radiation
All material at a temperature above absolute zero emits electromagnetic

radiation because of the thermal motion of the atoms. Thermal radiation has a
continuous spectrum which is defined as a function of the temperature and the
emissivity of the radiating material. In lighting technology, the temperature of
light sources is given as a kelvin temperature (the unit of measurement is the
"kelvin" K).
Infra-red radiation increases disproportionally with temperature; as the
temperature rises, maximum radiation shifts towards shorter wavelengths
(Wien's displacement law).
The spectral emissivity of a material is determined by its coefficient of
emission ε, which is a function of the wavelength and the temperature. It
indicates the relationship between this material and an ideal black body
radiator. The coefficient of emission of the metal tungsten, which is used for
the filaments in incandescent lamps and tungsten-halogen lamps, has the
advantage that its maximum radiation lies within the visible spectrum.
Black body (Plankian) radiator
The thermal radiation of a material which absorbs al the radiation failing on it,
depends exclusively on its temperature. The ideal is the black body radiator. It
has the highest emissivity of all thermal radiators and its spectral coefficient of
emission is 1 ( irrespective of temperature and wave1ength).
However, as there is no absolutely black material in reality a black body
radiator can only be generated in special laboratories. The radiation of the
black body radiator is defined by Planck's radiation law.
29
This shows how an increasing proportion of the radiation falls in the visible
and infra-red spectrums as the temperature increases.
Radiation from a black body (Plankian) radiator
Transmittance
This is the property of materials to allow radiation to pass through them

unhindered.
Tungsten-halogen lamps
Tungsten-halogen lamps operate in the same way as incandescent lamps and

have a similar design. The small quantities of halogens (bromine, chlorine,
fluorine and iodine) and their compounds added to the filler gas almost
entirely prevent the bulb from blackening due to vaporising tungsten atoms
within a particular temperature range so there is no associated drop in
luminous flux.
The bulbs on tungsten-halogen lamps can therefore be made much smaller,
which means the pressure of the filler gas can be increased and more
economical use can be made of expensive inert gases, krypton and xenon, as
fitter gases.
Types of protection
The type of protection of a luminaire Indicates its ability to withstand being

penetrated by foreign bodies and water. The type of protection is given in the
form of a two-digit code following the letters "IP" (ingress protection). The first
digit relates to protection against foreign bodies, and the second to protection
against water. The minimum requirement for indoor luminaires is IP 20 (in this
case the luminaires do not have to be labelled).
30
Uniformity of lighting
Uniformity of lighting depends on the type and arrangement of the luminaires

on the geometry of the lighting system and on the type of surfaces in the
vicinity.
Local uniformity of lighting is important for comfort and visual performance.
Uneven lurninance and Illuminance can lead to camouflage zones in which
there is inadequate contrast between obstacles and their surroundings, and
because our eyes have to adapt and re-adapt so often we get tired more
easily.
Uniformly of luminance
Local uniformity can be determined from lurninance values Lmin, Lmax and Lm,
where Lmin is the minimum luminance in the entire assessment field, Lmax is
the maximum luminance in the entire assessment field and Lm is the average
luminance in the entire assessment field.
The following two formulas have become established
Lmin Lmin
G= and
Lmax Lm
The following values are recommended according to DIN 5044 for longitudinal
uniformity glp and lateral uniformity gla:
stage Uniformity glo stage Uniformity gla

In the longitudinal In the lateral direction
direction Lmin / Lmax Lmin / Lmax
Recommended Permitted Recommended Permitted
A 1 / 1.3 1 / 1.6 D 1 / 2.5 1 / 4.0
B 1 / 1.6 1 / 2.0 E 1 / 4.0 1 / 6.0
C 1 / 2.0 1 / 2.5 F 1/ 6.0 1 / 8.0
A, D very good
B, E good
C, F satisfactory
Uniformity of luminance
This is indicated by two variables

Bmin is the minimum illuminance of the entire assessment field. Bmax is the
maximum illuminance in the entire assessment field and Bm is the average
illuminance in the entire assessment field.
Emin Emin
g1 = and g2 =
Em Emax
31
LIGHTING
CALCULATION PROJECT
CHOICES OF APPARATUS
1
1. LIGHTING PROJECT STUDY ELEMENTS
Criteria availability:
When starting a lighting project, elements, which are given, should be
- Nature of tasks (location, lumens…)

- Type of control
- Number of control points
- Type of lighting (direct, indirect,…)
- Number of lighting points
- Switching on/off frequency
- Maintenance conditions
- Duration of utilisation (number of hours / day(year,)
Lighting requests:
What the final output should be:
- Satisfactory lighting
- Easy maintenance
- Easy replacement of bulbs / lamps
- Smooth control
- Advantageous energy consumption
- Aesthetics
- Respect of standards
- Investment returns
Choices of elements!
When going on into the project, should be gradually defined:
- Premises definition
- Dimensions, architectural characteristics
- Reflection factor
- Furniture's / lay-out of machines, tools,….
- Nature of ceiling
- Daylight ingress
- Premises activities
- Conditions of service and external influence
- Classification of the premises
- Electrical supply conditions
- Voltage
- Neutral protection type
- Conditions of utilisation
- Nuisance parameters
- Radio interference's
- Stroboscopic effects
- Noise of ballast's
- Heat dissipation
- Lighting level (lux) and material required
- Depreciation factors (lamps and installation)
- Ageing of lamps
2
- Dust on luminaires
- Dust and cleanness of the premises
- Cost involvement
- Watt/hour rate
- Total installed power
- Investment (complete installation)
- Manpower
- Lamp replacement cost
- Maintenance cost
2. NECESSARY INFORMATIONS IN LIGHTING PROJECT
2.1 Dimensions of the room:
- h: height of luminaires
above the work surface
- m and n distances between
axis of luminaires
- h': height of suspension for
the luminaires
- a and b: dimensions of
Work
room surface
2.2 Reflection factors for walls and ceilings
Paints % Materials %
White 75 Plaster 85
Cream 70 Architectural stone 50
Yellow 60 Cement 40
Light green 45 Red brick 20
Grey (25% black) 35 Wood - maple 40
Red 25 Wood - oak 20
Dark green 20 Wood - mahogany 10
2.3 Index of premises 'K'
System direct Semi- diffuser Semi- indirect

direct indirect
Percentage Towards 0 -10 10 - 40 40 - 60 60 - 90 90 -100
of luminous top
flux Towards 90 - 100 60 - 90 40 - 60 10 - 40 0 - 10
bottom
3
Index of one premises is also according to its dimensions
Work surface Work surface Work surface
L ! 1.2 h L ! 1.5 h L ! 1.5 (h + h')

Direct lighting Semi-direct or combined Semi-indirect or direct
3ab
ab K=
K= 2(h + h') (a + b)
h (a + b)
2.4 Average recommended lighting
See table in chapter 'DIN 5035' of "lighting glossary" paragraph; the minimum
prescribed illuminance being indicated, according to the type of premises.
öllner - choice of lighting devices

2.5 Abacus of Sö
Illuminance in service (Lux)

Level 2
Level 1
Luminance
Cd / m²
Angle α L/H
4
Angle α
L/H
Level 1: classic work: workshop, reception, corridor,….

Level 2: advanced work: offices, classroom, drawing,….
The lighting device whose abacus is represented above will fit:

- Works level 1 up to 1000 lux whatever the type of premises
- Works level 2 Up to 500 lux whatever the premises and 1000 lux in room
where L / H < 1.3 (* L/H correspond directly to α)
2.6 Depreciation of luminaires

Luminous flux in %
Due to
dust
Number of month in use
Influence of dusts on lamps and luminaires:

- a: natural ventilation (no air extraction or blowing)
- b: diffuser opened towards bottom
- c: device tight (with cover) but non waterproof
- d: indirect lighting
5
Due to Luminous flux in %
lifetime
% of lifetime
Example of loss of luminous flux for discharge lamp,

• Depreciation factor is 1.2 - 1.3 - 1.5 according also to environmental
conditions
2.7 Local lighting

When (for economical reasons for example), it is not possible to reach the
required luminous flux, additional lighting apparatus can be used. This
additional lighting has to be in 'harmony' with the 'general' lighting system.
Example: for a local 1000 lux, general is to be minimum at 100 lux

General lighting Luminous flux in Lux
General lighting
insufficient
Local lighting - illuminance in Lux
General minimum lighting according to local lighting
6
2.8 Names of colours (appellation)
Colour temperature Appellation Colour rendering (Ra)

6300 °K Daylight 92
5000 °K Soft white 90
4300 °K Industrial white 65
3800 °K White de luxe 83
3000 °K Sun-white de Luxe 80
2700 °K White comfort 95
2.9 Colour rendering Ra
- Ra is between 60 and 100

- For example: fluorescent lamps have luminous light emission of similar
colours but different for colour rendering.
Quality required Limit Applications example

values of
Ra
Control, selection, exam
Exact appreciation of fundamental Laboratories
(or essential) colours Ra > 90 Textile industry
Excellent colour rendering Printing works
Agricultural goods
Good quality of colour rendering Workshops (certain types)
Ra > 80
Pleasant, soft lighting Offices
Schools
Acceptable colour rendering Ra > 70
Sales-shop
Poor colour rendering Industry: mechanical
60<Ra<90
(considered as secondary factor) workshops
Industry; foundry works
No specific demand for colour Heavy mechanical
Ra < 60
rendering workshop
warehouse
2.10 Kruithof * diagram - choice of colour temperature
*Abacus allowing the choice of colour temperature (choice of luminous

source), the illuminance (Lux) respecting the colour rendering (and visual
comfort)
Colour rendering (visual comfort), level of illuminance (Lux), colour

temperature are anyway depending from each other.
7
"comfort ambience" is in shaded area
Colour temperature in degree Kelvin
Illuminance in Lux
2.11 Choice of photometric class
INTENSIVE EXTENSIVE
In industrial environment, the direct lighting type is in principle the most

commonly used in all the ranges of intensive / extensive, from class A to J
2.12 Choice of luminaires
Limitation of glaring effect is the criteria in choice of luminaire

Table hereunder gives (without detail) the photometric class of luminaire
according to power and illuminance.
8
workshops
Fluorescent 40W 65W 80W 110W
Lux level 1.20m .1.50m 1.50m 2.40m
! 200 G G
! 400 F F
! 600 E E
! 800 D D
! 1000 D D C C
! 1200 C C C C
! 1500 C C C C
Offices
Fluorescent 40W 65W 110W
Lux level 1.20m .1.50m 2.40m
! 600 E E
! 800 D D
! 1000 D D C
! 1200 C C C
! 1500 C C C
2.13 Repartition of luminaires
The working location determines the position of luminaire(s)

Presence of beams, caisson,…can be source of 'trouble' when positioning the
luminaires. The hereunder table is for being as close as possible to the given
indications
Luminaire class Maximum distance "e"

between luminaires
A e = 0.90h
B e = 1.00h
C e = 1.10h
D e = 1.20h
E e = 1.30h
F e = 1.40h
G e = 1.45h
H e = 1.50h
I e = 1.50h
J e = 1.50h
2.14 Number of luminaries

It is given by the formulae: n = F / f
With F = total luminous flux
F = flux generated by the source (lamp) within one luminaire
Distance between luminaires to be respected as per the table above (5.13). If
required, increase number of luminaires and decrease the lamp luminous flux.
9
2.15 Class - Efficiency - Protection Index of industrial reflector's
Reflector type class efficiency P.I. I.K.

Sheet metal oven gloss white, without
B 0.71 30 00
deflector grate
Sheet metal oven gloss white, with
D 0.54 30 07
deflector grate
Sheet metal enamel for discharge
D 0.70 20
mercury lamp P < 125 W
- Same: intensive lamp 125 < P
C 0.76 20
< 4OO W
- Same: extensive lamp 125 < P
D 0.71 20
< 4OO W
Ceiling mounted opalescent diffuser H 0.48 40 04
- same with polystyrene diffuser , bottom
E 0.53 40 04
prismatic, sides opalescent
- same with deflector grate and central
D 0.53 20 07
'V' shape
- same with "paralum" , central 'V', and
D 0.47 20 07
gloss grate
Ceiling mounted with aluminium optical
D 0.55 40 04
high efficiency
Ceiling mounted with grate in meshed
C 0.43 20
aluminium (20 x20)
Ceiling mounted recessed with
E 0.52 30 04
opalescent diffuser
Ceiling mounted with prismatic cover D 0.58 30 04
Ceiling mounted with aluminium grate
D 0.53 20 08
30 x 30
Cailing mounted, recessed with
E 0.42 20 04
opalescent blades round shape
Waterproof projector C 0.32 65 07
Ceiling mounted, recessed, with gloss
D 0.34 20 04
blades diffuser
10
2.16 "Utilance" tables
J = 0 ceil. for ceiling

K = 0.60
Reflection Ceil. 70 70 70 70 50 50 50 30 30 30
factor wall 70 50 30 10 50 30 10 30 10 00
A 0.83 0.77 0.73 0.70 0.76 0.73 0.71 0.72 0.70 0.69
B 0.74 0.67 0.62 0.58 0.66 0.61 0.58 0.61 0.58 0.57
C 0.66 0.66 0.50 0.46 0.55 0.50 0.46 0.49 0.46 0.44
D 0.60 0.50 0.43 0.38 0.49 0.43 0.39 0.42 0.38 0.35
Class of E 0.55 0.44 0.36 0.31 0.43 0.36 0.31 0.35 0.30 0.28
luminaires F 0.51 0.38 0.30 0.25 0.37 0.39 0.25 0.29 0.24 0.22
G 0.53 0.40 0.32 0.27 0.39 0.32 0.27 0.31 0.27 0.24
H 0.52 0.39 0.31 0.25 0.39 0.30 0.25 0.30 0.25 0.23
I 0.46 0.33 0.24 0.18 0.31 0.23 0.17 0.23 0.17 0.15
J 0.46 0.32 0.23 0.17 0.31 0.22 0.17 0.22 0.16 0.14
J = 0
K = 0.80
Reflection Ceil. 70 70 70 70 50 50 50 30 30 30
factor wall 70 50 30 10 50 30 10 30 10 00
A 0.89 0.83 0.80 °.77 0.83 0.79 0.77 0.79 0.77 0.75
B 0.82 0.75 0.70 0.67 0.74 0.70 0.66 0.69 0.66 0.65
C 0.75 0.66 0.60 0.56 0.65 0.60 0.56 0.59 0.55 0.54
D 0.70 0.60 0.53 0.48 0.58 0.52 0.48 0.52 0.47 0.45
Class of E 0.65 0.53 0.46 0.49 0.52 0.45 0.40 0.44 0.40 0.37
luminaires F 0.63 0.51 0.43 0.37 0.50 0.43 0.37 0.42 0.37 0.35
G 0.61 0.49 0.41 0.35 0.48 0.40 0.35 0.40 0.34 0.32
H 0.59 0.47 0.38 0.32 0.45 0.38 0.32 0.37 0.32 0.29
I 0.56 0.43 0.34 0.27 0.41 0.33 0.27 0.32 0.27 0.24
J 0.54 0.40 0.31 0.24 0.39 0.30 0.24 0.30 0.23 0.21
Reflection Ceil. 70 70 70 70 50 50 50 30 30 30
factor wall 70 50 30 10 50 30 10 30 10 00
Class of
luminaires
0.14
11
J = 1/3
K = 0.60
Reflection Ceil. 70 70 70 70 50 50 50 30 30 30
factor wall 70 50 30 10 50 30 10 30 10 00
A 0.81 0.76 0.72 0.70 0.75 0.73 0.70 0.72 0.70 0.69
B 0.72 0.65 0.61 0.58 0.65 0.61 0.58 0.61 0.58 0.57
C 0.63 0.55 0.49 0.46 0.54 0.49 0.46 0.49 0.45 0.44
D 0.58 0.48 0.42 0.38 0.48 0.42 0.38 0.42 0.38 0.36
Class of E 0.52 0.42 0.35 0.30 0.41 0.35 0.30 0.35 0.30 0.28
luminaires F 0.48 0.35 0.29 0.24 0.36 0.29 0.24 0.29 0.24 0.22
G 0.50 0.38 0.31 0.26 0.38 0.31 0.28 0.31 0.26 0.24
H 0.46 0.37 0.30 0.25 0.36 0.29 0.25 0.29 0.24 0.23
I 0.43 0.30 0.23 0.17 0.30 0.22 0.17 9.22 0.17 0.15
J 0.42 0.30 0.22 0.16 0.29 0.22 0.16 0.22 0.15 0.14
J = 1/3
K = 0.80
Reflection Ceil. 70 70 70 70 50 50 50 30 30 30
factor wall 70 50 30 10 50 30 10 30 10 00
A 0.87 0.82 0.79 0.77 0.82 0.79 0.77 0.79 0.76 0.75
B 0.80 0.74 0.70 0.66 0.73 0.69 0.66 0.69 0.66 0.65
C 0.73 0.64 0.69 0.55 0.64 0.59 0.55 0.59 0.55 0.54
D 0.67 0.58 0.52 0.47 0.57 0.51 0.47 0.51 0.47 0.45
Class of E 0.62 0.51 0.44 0.40 0.51 0.44 0.40 0.44 0.39 0.37
luminaires F 0.60 0.49 0.42 0.37 0.48 0.42 0.37 0.41 0.37 0.35
G 0.58 0.47 0.40 0.34 0.46 0.39 0.34 0.39 0.34 0.32
H 0.56 0.45 0.37 0.31 0.44 0.37 0.31 0.36 0.31 0.29
I 0.53 0.41 0.32 0.27 0.40 0.32 0.27 0.32 0.27 0.24
J 0.51 0.38 0.29 0.23 0.37 0.29 0.23 0.29 0.23 0.21
K=
Reflection Ceil. 70 70 70 70 50 50 50 30 30 30
factor wall 70 50 30 10 50 30 10 30 10 00
A
B
C
D
Class of E
luminaires F
G
H
I
J 0.14
12
13
14
3. CHOICES OF LIGHTING DEVICES
Range of Luminous
General
Category Type power and efficiency Utilization
characteristics
flux Lifetime
General use: for decorative or
25 to 2000 localized lighting.
Standard Opalescent up to 300 9 to 20 lm / W
Watts 250 to Economical installation but for
lamps Watts clear above according to the
INCANDESCENT 40000lumens limited duration (intermittent
power
LAMPS occupancy)
Lifetime 1000
Mostly used in recess mode
Lamps with 40 to 300 hours
Directed light beam Extraction / fans to include if in
reflectors Watts
ceiling
High luminous Exterior lighting
Industrial efficiency Industrial lighting: stores /
white or Low color rendering shops / warehouses where
white 4500 Unpleasant ambient good color rendering is not
25 to 75 lm / W 50
coloring necessary
lm/W as an
Offices
Color rendering average
White Z or 20 to 120 Workshop where good color
acceptable Lifetime higher
FLUORESCENT white "de Watts rendering is necessary
Pleasant ambient than 4000 hours
TUBES Luxe" 75 to 8000 (care !: low rendering with
coloring (with a reasonable
lumens weak lighting)
frequency of
"Sun" white Exalt the warm colors
switching on and Offices
or slightly Pleasant lighting
off) Food industry
pink effects
High efficiency in color
Daylight Testing shop / laboratory
rendering at high level
"de Luxe" Paint-shop
(1000 lux)
15
Category Type Advantages Inconvenience's Luminaires choices
Standard Direct connection on supply Offices:
Low luminous efficiency
lamps (no intermediate "auxiliary") decorative diffusers and
Costly in use.
INCANDESCENT Low price reflectors
"Warm" colors (red, yellow).
LAMPS Lamps with Low dimensions Workshops:
Heat when strong lighting
reflectors Immediate lighting reflectors in aluminium or
required
metal sheet
Industrial Offices:
white or Ambient coloring displeasing - Diffusers
white 4500 Recessed
White Z or Semi recessed
white "de Suspended
Luxe" Economical use and Requires more space than - Luminous lines
"Sun" white maintenance incandescence for the tube and - Luminous ceilings
FLUORESCENT or slightly High luminous levels for the auxiliaries (ballast's)
TUBES pink Possibility to change or Installation to avoid in workshop Workshops:
choose the adapted with high height - Industrial reflector's
required colour Bad performances when Note dual tube device is
ambient temperature is either recommended to avoid
Daylight
too cold or too warm stroboscopic effect
"de Luxe"
Tube with integrated
reflectors are available
16
Range of Luminous
General
Category Type power and efficiency Utilization
characteristics
flux Lifetime
50 to 2000
DISCHARGE Open areas
Color rendering Watts 30 to 60 lm / W
LAMPS Store yards
acceptable in industrial 2000 to Lifetime: 6000
MERCURY WITH Workshops with heights
BALLASTS installation 125000 hours
Tall halls and warehouses
lumens
160 to 500 Big workshops, warehouses
COMBINED LAMP 20 lm / W
Color rendering not Watts Used to increase efficiency in
INCANDESCENT Lifetime: 6000
constant 3000 to 11000 "old" installation equipped with
AND MERCURY hours
lumens incandescence
40 to 200 Best efficiency
SODIUM LOW Open areas
Yellow (orange) color Watts 80 to 150 lm / W
PRESSURE Plants wit smokes, dusts,
rendering very poor 2500 to 30000 3000 to 5000
LAMPS vapors (mining, smelting,…)
lumens hours
250 to 400
SODIUM HIGH "Golden" color Exterior lighting
Watts
PRESSURE acceptable color 80 to 100 lm / W Road lighting
20000 to
LAMPS rendering Halls (with height)
40000 lumens
17
Category Type Advantages Inconvenience's Luminaires choices
DISCHARGE Workshops:
Good luminous efficiency
LAMPS Industrial reflectors
Small dimensions Ignition delay 5 minutes
MERCURY WITH Open areas:
BALLASTS High lifetime
Weatherproof devices
No auxiliary apparatus Available only in 220 Volts Workshops:
COMBINED LAMP
required Lower efficiency than Industrial reflectors
INCANDESCENT
AND MERCURY Can replace "immediately" fluorescent tube Open areas:
incandescent lamp Ignition delay 5 minutes Weatherproof devices
Workshops and outside:
Impossibility to distinguish
SODIUM LOW Industrial reflectors
Good visibility in smoggy / colors under the
PRESSURE Note: this type of lamp works
foggy / dusty surrounding 'monochromatic' yellow / orange
LAMPS in an horizontal position with
light of the lamp
little deviation.
SODIUM HIGH
PRESSURE High efficiency Limited power range Reflectors or projectors
LAMPS
18
4. TECHNICS AND LIGHTING APPARATUS 4.1 Luminous sources
Characteristics Electrical Luminous Colour Colour Shape Luminous Comments and used
Type / method reference flux rendering Temperatur Aspect efficiency
e And
P Lumens Ra Lifetime
°K
Incandescence 50 to 350 to Good colour 2800 to Many 10 to 20 Soft lighting
2000W 37000 rendering 3000 shapes lm/W The most used in domestic lighting
Clear, 1000 to High energy lighting (halogen)
Frosted 2000 hours Heating (infra-red lamps)
Opalescent
Discharge 50 to 1700 to Average 3300 to Fluorescent 30 to 60 Open areas in plants / factories
Mercury vapour 2000W 125000 Acceptable 4300 coating lm/W Storage yards
in industrial 5000 hours Halls, warehouses, tall workshops
environment
Metal halide 400 to 30000 to Good 4000 to Tubular 75 to 100 Reach spectrum in white lighting
2000W 190000 5000 Ovoid satin lm/W Television shows
4000 to Sport grounds, tennis, parking
6000 hours Industrial plant, road lighting
Combined 160 to 3000 to Poor colour 4000 to Fluorescent 20 lm/W Big warehouses
Mercury and 500W 12500 rendering 4500 coating 6000 hours Increases number of lumens when
incandescence substituting incandescent lamps
Fluorescent 20 to 850 to 8000 Average or 3000 to Tubular 25 to 75 Possibility of choice for colour
tubes 105W acceptable 6000 Miniature lm/W temperature, specially if it is used in
according to tubular >4000 hours offices…
type of Circular
tubes
Sodium 35 to 4600 to Acceptable 2200 Tubular 65 to 185 Industrial plants
400W 40000 if colour Ovoid satin lm/W Motorways, parking
rendering is 8000 hours Working sites
not
important
19
4.2 Main types of tubes
dimensions °K
Type of tube power socket Ra
Dia mm L mm 1 2 3
Fluorescent lamp, 18 26 590 G13 85 2700 3000 4000
chromatic, high efficiency 30 26 894 G13 85 2700
with starter mode 36 26 1200 G13 85 2700 3000 4000
58 26 1500 G13 85 2700 3000 4000
Fluorescent lamp, 8 15 288 G5 85 2700
chromatic, high efficiency 13 15 517 G5 85 2700
with starter, miniature
Fluorescent tube, 20 38 590 G13 85-92 3000 4000 6500
chromatic standard, with 30 38 894 G13 86 3000 4000
starter 40 38 1200 G13 85-92 4000 6500
65 38 1500 G13 85-92 3000 4000 6500
Fluorescent tube, 32 305 85 4000
chromatic standard, with 40 410 85 4000
starter, circular
Fluorescent tube, 20 38 590 G13 85 4000
chromatic standard, 40 38 1200 G13 85 3000 4000
'rapid start' 65 38 1500 G13 85 3000 4000
Chromatic standard, 20 38 590 R 18 S 85 4000
'rapid start' 40 38 1200 R 18 S 85 4000
Chromatic, high 30 38 590 G13 86 4000
efficiency 40 38 1200 G13 86 4000
'rapid start' 65 38 1500 G13 86 4000
20
Luminous flux
Chroma Chroma White Chroma White
Type of tube Power Chroma White Daylight
comfort shining shining shining industrial
W sun 83 sun 32 55
82 84 34 34 33
Fluorescent lamp, 18 1300 1450 1450
chromatic, high efficiency 30 2300
with starter mode 36 3250 3450 3450
58 5350 5400 5400
Fluorescent lamp, 8 450
chromatic, high efficiency 13 1000
with starter, miniature
Fluorescent tube, 20 850 850 800
chromatic standard, with 30 2100 1400
starter 40 2100 2000
65 3250 3300 3300
Fluorescent tube, 32 1400
chromatic standard, with 40 1950
starter, circular
Fluorescent tube, 20 800
chromatic standard, 40 2100 2100
'rapid start' 65 3200 3200
Chromatic standard, 20 720
'rapid start' 40 1800
Chromatic, high 20 720
efficiency 40 2900
21
dimensions °K
Type of tube power socket Ra
Dia mm L mm 1 2 3
Industrial type 14 / 16 26 360 G13 66 4200
Starter mode 18 26 590 G13 66 4200
36 26 1200 G13 66 4200
58 26 1500 G13 66 4200
Industrial type 20 38 590 G13 66 4200
'rapid start' 40 38 1200 G13 66 4200
65 38 1500 G13 66 4200
Industrial type 20 38 590 R 18 S 66 4200
'rapid start' 40 38 1200 R 18 S 66 4200
Industrial type 6 15 212 G5 66 4200
Miniature lamp 8 15 288 G5 66 4200
Starter mode 13 15 517 G5 66 4200
Industrial type 20 38 590 Fa8 66 4200
'rapid start' 40 38 1200 Fa8 66 4200
Industrial type 32 305 66 4200
'rapid start' - circular 40 410 66 4200
22
Luminous flux
Chroma Chroma White Chroma White
Type of tube Power Chroma White Daylight
comfort shining shining shining industrial
W sun 83 sun 32 55
82 84 34 34 33
Industrial type 14 / 16 750
Starter mode 18 1200
36 3100
58 5000
Industrial type 20 1100
65 4900
Miniature lamp 8 450
Starter mode 13 950
'rapid start' - circular 40 2900
23
5. LIGHTING PROJECT 5.1 example 1, office
Room dimensions
L (a) = 9m l (b) = 6m h = 2.85m.
Room colours
Ceiling, white - walls, light yellow -
floor, clear
Required illuminance
500 Lux (table in glossary section)
Choice of lighting system

Semi-direct, uniformity of lighting
being advisable
Choice of lighting sources

Table of paragraph 4.1 tells that
fluorescent tubes give a colour
temperature between 3000 and
6000°K
Tubes chosen: table 4.2 gives a
"white shining de Luxe" 3800°K and
Ra = 83
Ra > 80 is a requirement for an
office
Choice of lighting apparatus

Luminaires semi-recessed with
semi-direct lighting
Table 2.15 (reflector type) shows
class H and efficiency 0.48 for
opalescent diffusers
Ambience comfort
Kruithof curve 52.10) gives for 500
Lux, a colour temperature from
3000 to 5000 °K
Layout of luminaires
Modern office, in line luminaires is
to be adopted. Height of source: 2
metres
Table 2.13 (repartition of luminaires)
shows for a class H a distance of
1.50m maxi between axis of luminaires, with e = 1.50 x 2 = 3m
Will be installed 3 rows distant of 2m. Number of reflector by row being
N = 900 / 120 = 7 total number 7 x 3 = 21 luminaires
24
Index of premises
axb 6x9
K= = = 1.8
h (a + b) 2(6 + 9)
Table "factor of reflection" (2.2) gives ceiling: 75% - walls: 50%
Depreciation factor (d)

Curves in 2.6 give d= 1.3 (average value)
Suspension ratio (J)
H-h 2.85 - 2
J= = = 0.29 = 1 / 3
H 2.85
Efficiency ŋ =0.48 see above

Tables of "Utilance" (2.16) show for J = 1 / 3 , for K = 1.8,class H, reflection
factors 75 & 50, a value U = 0.70
Total luminous flux
Exsxd 500 x 54 x 1.3

F= = = 100 000 lumens
ŊxU 0.48 x 0.70
S = room surface in m²
Luminous flux by source
F = F /N = 100 000 / 21 = 5000 lm
Fluorescent tubes catalogues show that for a luminaire with two 1.20m tubes
a required power of 60W per tube (with 2 tubes by reflector)
25
5.2 Example 2, workshop
Room dimensions
L (a) = 65m l (b) = 28m h=
7.50m.
Room colours
Ceiling, yellow - walls, cement
painted in yellow
Required illuminance
300 Lux (table in glossary section)
Choice of lighting system and

sources
Necessity to have lamps the
highest possible with well shared
lighting (height becomes 7m.)
Colour rendering not necessary
Nearly 24 hours/day use, needs of
discharge lamps (table 4.1)
Choice of lighting apparatus

Table 2.15 gives a reflector sheet
metal enamel for discharge lamp
extensive class D - ŋ = 0.71
(efficiency)
Layout of luminaires
According to table 2.13 (repartition
of luminaires), height of place,
class of reflectors
E = 1.20 x 7 = 8.4m.
There will be 4 rows distant each
other of 7m. and 65 / 8.4 8
luminaires by row for a total of
8 x 4 = 32 luminaires
Index of premises
axb 28 x 65
K= = = 2.8
h (a + b) 7(28 + 65)
Table "factor of reflection" (2.2) gives ceiling: 50% - walls: 50%
26
Depreciation factor (d)
Curves in 2.6 give d= 1.3 (average value)
Suspension ratio (J)
H-h 7.5 - 7
J= = =0
H 7.5
Efficiency ŋ =0.71 see above

Tables of "Utilance" (2.16) show for J = 0 , for K = 2.8,class D, reflection
factors 50 & 50, a value U = 0.89
Total luminous flux
Exsxd 300 x 1620 x 1.3

F= = = 1 123 278 lumens
ŊxU 0.71 x 0.89
S = room surface in m²
Luminous flux by source
F = F /N = 1 123 278 / 32 = 35000 lm
Catalogues for discharge lamps show that the choice should be for a mercury
discharge lamp of 400W.
5.3 Example 3, classroom

L = 8.60m l = 6.85m h = 3m Walls clear Ceiling white Yearly use 7OOH
Required illuminance 300 Lux
2 versions are presented, fluorescent and incandescent
Calculation common to the 2 projects

Determination of luminous flux
F = Esd / U E = 300 Lux S = 59m²
Depredation coefficient: .3
Room index:: = ab / h(a + b) = 3 - (O.85 + 0.45) = 1.7m.
(O.85= height of working surface ; O.45 = suspension of luminaire)
J = 6.85 x 8.60 / 1.7(6.85 + 8.60) = 2.3
Walls reflection coefficient: 50%
Ceiling reflection coefficient 75%
then U = O. 46
F = 300 x 59 x 1.3 / 0.46 = 50 000 lm
27
In fluorescence:
Choice of semi direct system
Choice of lamp: fluorescent tubes (40W - 1.20m) or (65W - 1.50m) sun white
Luminous flux of tubes
(40W - 1.20m) = 2100 lm
(65W - 1.50m) = 3200 lm
Number of tubes
In 40W : 50 000 / 2100 = 24
In 65W : 50 000 / 3200 = 15
Chosen: 16 tubes of 65W in 8 luminaires of 2x65W (more economical than 24
tubes in 12 luminaires
Layout: 2 rows of 4 luminaires
Verification that L < 1.5h = 1.5 x 1.7 = 2.65m
Note: 16 tubes have been used

instead of the 15 calculated, new
illuminance will be
Fu 3200 x 16 x 0.46
E= = = 310 Lx
Sd 59 x 1.3
Power installed: 65 x 1.25 x 16 =

1300 Watts
(+ 25% consumption for ballast)
In incandescence
Luminous flux (same) 50 000 lm
Commonly used in classroom is 200W bulb, luminous flux 2950 lm
Number of sources 50 000 / 2950 = 17
Chosen 18 lamps of 200W IN 3 rows of 6 luminaires
Verification that : L < 1.5h = 1.5 x 1.7 = 2.55m
Power installed 18 x 200 =

3600 Watts
Comparison:
Incandescent apparatus and lamps
are cheaper. (in 'classic' design) at
installation time
"Construction" cost is in favour of

incandescent
Lifetime of a bulb is 1000 hours, and 4000 hours for a tube. Power
consumption is 3 times higher for incandescence (KWH involvement)
"Maintenance" cost is in favour of fluorescence
28

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Job Competence Coaching & Development

TOTALFINAELF E&P INDONESIE

1. DOMECTIC DISTRIBUTION : INSTALLATION

2. DOMESTIC DISTRIBUTION : RULES

3. DOMESTIC DISTRIBUTION : GROUNDING

4. DOMESTIC DISTRIBUTION : TYPICAL DRAWINGS

7. LIGHTING CALCULATIONS AND CHOICE

1.2. The power network

The vast majority of power-distribution authorities connect the low-voltage

The power distribution authority connects the LV neutral point of its

Fuses or circuit breaker depending Repartition

Distribution boards (generally one only in domestic premises) usually include

1.3. The incoming-supply circuit breaker

The consumer is permitted to operate this CB if necessary (e.g. to re-close it if

1.4. The control and distribution board (consumer unit)

This board comprises:

Note: to facilitate future modifications to the installation, it is recommended to

1.5. Lightning arresters

Additional lightning surge protector can be installed 'downstream' of the

Where public power-supply systems and consumers' installations form

On TT-earthed systems the protection of persons is ensured by the following

- protection against indirect-contact hazards by RCDs of medium sensitivity

- Where the CB at the origin of an installation has no RCD protection (see

- Obligatory protection by sensitive (30 mA) RCDs of socket-outlet circuits,

2.1 Incoming-supply circuit breaker with instantaneous differential relay

- an insulation fault to earth could result in the shutdown of the entire

2.2. Incoming-supply circuit breaker type S with retarded differential

This type of CB affords protection against insulation faults to earth, but by

In this case the protection of persons must be ensured by:

- Class II level of insulation up to the downstream terminals of the RCDs,

2. Automatic disconnection device

3. RCD of type 30 mA (for

4. RCD of type 30 mA (for

5. RCD of type 300 mA

Standards commonly recommend the sub-division of circuits according to the

- At least 1 circuit for lighting.

- At least 1 circuit for socket-

- 1 circuit for each appliance such as

Room function Minimum number of Minimum number of

The inclusion of a protective conductor in all circuits is required by IEC

1.3 cross-sectional-area (c.s.a.) of conductors

Multiple loads circuits

Type of c.s.a. of Maximum Protective

Type of c.s.a. of Maximum Protective

2. PROTECTION AGAINST OVERVOLTAGES AND LIGHTNING

2.1 The relevance of protective devices

* The kind of installation to be protected.

• the level of the disturbance,

• the cost, as noted above

• the connection to a LV electrical-power network, a telephone system, a

• the kind of installation-earthing scheme

3. RULES IN BATHROOM AND SHOWERS

Precautions to observe are based on three aspects:

• the definition of zones, numbered 0, 1, 2 and 3 in which the placement (or

• the establishment of an equipotential bond between all exposed and

• the strict adherence to the requirements prescribed for each particular

Sub clause 701.32 OF IEC 364-7-701 defines the zones 0, 1, 2 and 3 as

Ones 0, 1, 2, 3 in proximity to a bath-tub

Zone 0, 1, 2, 3 in proximity of a shower with basin

No switch or socket-outlet is permitted within 60 cm of the door opening of a

Individual showers with separate individual dressing cubicles

Communal showers and a common dressing room

Prescriptions for electrical installation!

Electrical conduits / tubing