DIGITAL SELF

 Self in the Cyberspace

DITIAL LITERACY - the capabilities processed by individuals who are learning and working in the digital
society.
 In the cyberspace
People are more willing to speak out and misbehave. Authority is minimized.

ONLINE DISTRIBUTIONS - lack of restraint one feels when communicating online

TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION

BENIGN DISTRIBUTION TOXIC DISTRIBUTION

 Speaking about emotions, fears and wishes  Rude language, harsh criticism, anger, hatred
 Showing kindness and helping others and threats.
 Combating loneliness through online  Pornography and violence
interactions  Cyberbully
 Finding emotional support  Threatening, humiliating, spreading rumors,
making fun of others
 Cuber harassment or exploitation

MANAGING TOXIC DIRTRIBUTION

 Be careful about sharing
 Do not hang with the wrong crowd online
 Consider your emotional state before posting
 Consider other’s possible reaction

TYPES OF SELF-PRESENTATION
 Self-promotion
 Ingratiation
 Exemplification
 Intimidation
 Supplication

POLITICAL SELF
TWO TYPES OF MOTIVES OF SOCIAL INFLUENCE
1. Normative Influence - based on confirming to positive expectations of others; helps avoid punishment
2. Informational Influence - based on accepting their information obtained from others as evidence of
reality.

LEADERS is a process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group.

THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP

A. PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS (David McClelland)

1. Need for Power (nPow)
2. Need for Affiliation (nAff)
3. Need for Achievement (nAch)
B. THREE LEADERSHIP MOTIVATION PATTERNS (Chand and Drasgow, 2001)
1. Affective identity motivation - motivation to lead as a result of a desire to be incharge and lead
others.
2. Non-calculative motivation - those who seek leadership position because they will result in personal
gain.
3. Social-normative motivation - the desire to lead out of a sense pf duty or responsibility.

C. TYPES OF LEADERS ACCORDING TO PATH-GOAL THEORY

1. Instrumental - leaders who plan and organizes fro their subordinates
2. Supportive - leaders who show concern to their subordinates.
3. Participative - leaders who allow subordinates to participate in decision making.
4. Achievement-oriented - sets challenges and rewards achievement.

SPIRITUAL SELF
Two things are considered in the evaluation of one's spiritual self:

 BELIEF - sets the foundation for one's actions. Unlimited, no boundaries.

 PRACTICE - action which manifests one's belief. Limited by the laws and rules

Problem arises when practice and belief are inconsistent. When such happens, a person will either
abandon belief or follow belief.

Beliefs in Supernatural Beings and Power

 Belief guides one in his moral decisions and actions.

 (example: Live in a community of same faith, marriage, voting, political etc.)

Question: If you are not a member of a religious group or do not agree with any religious beliefs, what are
the things you would do differently?

1) Christians - Man was created in the image of God

2) Buddhism and Hinduism - Man's goal is to reach Nirvana. There is no personal God.
3) Muslim - one who surrenders and submits to Allah and his laws.
4) Protestantism -Salvation through Jesus Christ
5) Indigenous beliefs - Animism, inanimate objects are worshiped
PRACTICE
 Worship
 Celebrations
 Matrimonial They become religious practices when they are considered
sacred by the practitioners. Hence, relative on the religion.
 Rituals
 Funeral Example: Burning incense, Holy communion.

 Sacrifices Wine can be profane but when used in mass, it becomes holy
 Baptismal services
 Fiestas
 Trances
 Dances
 Meditations

Case Analysis: Ebralinag vs Superintendent of Cebu

Students who are members of Jehovah's Witness refused to participate in the flag ceremony
because saluting the flag is considered idolatry. Because of this, they were kicked out.

Court Decision: Ruled in favor of students. The practice of religion is of paramount importance.

Trivia: In the Philippines, one can be imprisoned for committing the crime of Offending the Religious
Feelings (Art 33 of Revised Penal Code)

RELIGIOUS PRACTICE IN THE PHILIPPINES

 Often incorporates different religious practices. Thus in one home one can see Buddha, incense, altar,
Sto Nino etc.
 The mixture and blending of different religious practices made it confusing as to what is biblical,
spiritual, traditional or cultural.

CONCEPT OF DUNGAN/SPIRIT/SOUL
1. Socrates and Plato - man is soul only
2. Aquinas - each living thing has a soul
3. Hinduism - the soul (Atman) is the universal, eternal self
4. Buddhism - An eternal soul is illusory
5. Animism - Dungan (soul) gives life, animation and sensibilities to a person. It leaves the body during
sleep and roams. It has a will of its own though it resides in the body.

Do you agree with the idea that man has a soul that will survive a bodily death?

Rituals and ceremonies: Why do we need them?

Sosis 2004 Main benefit of rituals:

1. Promotion of cooperation
2. Signifies commitment (I will not be doing these sacrifices if I wasn't committed)
 3. Gives assurance that members will not be free riders. (Why will I do this if you cannot trust me? Only
believers and those who will do their share will do some of the rituals.

RELIGION, MAGIC AND WITCHCRAFT

According to Durkheim, religious rituals involve the community, whereas magic involves the individual
only.

Magic (not the same as the illusion or tricks). It is a method that interface with the supernatural and by
which people can bring about particular outcomes. Gives people a sense of control on what is going to
happen.

How does magic affect our spiritual self?

Ex. During exam: Student can go either to religion and pray. Or go to magic and do a ritual. How does one
do magic? Student will wear a shirt that has brought him luck or use a ballpen, etc. thinking that, by wearing
that shirt, one will pass.

Is there any magic ritual that you do? What are those? Do you think it has affected the way you make your
decisions?

Why do people go to magic?

a. In the past those set of actions might have brought good ending, hence to make sure the result would
also be good- person will replicate all the acts done.

b. If magic did not work, it will be rationalized as saying, that person might have done some procedures
wrong and not. because the magic did not work.

WITCHCRAFT
 For as long as somebody wills evil in another, that is witchcraft.
 Often associated with the work of the devil.
 One person might be practicing all three at the same time. (Religion, magic and witchcraft)

Ex. Go to church but knock on wood to ward off bad luck

"The main motivation why men continue to live is the will to meaning." A person must see meaning in life.

We can discover meaning in three ways:

1. By experiencing something or encountering someone. When people experience something positive like
goodness, love, beauty or just merely experiencing culture and nature.

2. By the attitude we take toward unavoidable suffering. This emphasizes that even in suffering, one can
find meaning in life where one can turn one's predicament into triumph. (ex, Sacrifice)

3. By creating a work or doing a deed-find value in the things that we do.

Summary

The spiritual self is shaped by our beliefs and practices which can be religion, magic or witchcraft.

The way we define ourselves shape the choices we make.

Thus, in the definition of our spiritual self, we should not ask what is the meaning of life, but rather
understand that it is life that is asking us- what is the meaning we give to life?