BIOENERGETICS

THERMODYNAMICS

Biologic Systems Conform to the General Laws of Thermodynamics

 ►  The total energy of a system, including its surroundings, remains constant

 ►  The total entropy of a system must increase if a process is to occur spontaneously

GIBBS FREE ENERGY

  If ΔG = (-): Exergonic Reaction

 ►  If ΔG = (+): Endergonic Reaction

 ►  If ΔG = 0: Equilibrium

COUPLING
- Endergonic processes proceed by coupling to exergonic processes

► Endergonic process cannot exist independently

► Metabolism
► Catabolic

► Anabolic

COUPLING IN BIOLOGIC SYSTEMS

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

 Adenine + Ribose (=Adenosine) + 3 Phosphate groups

 ►  Energy Currency of the cell

ORGANOPHOSPHATES

 ATP acts as high energy phosphate donor

 ADP acts as high energy phosphate acceptor

SOURCES OF HIGH -ENERGY PHOSPHATE GROUPS

Oxidative Phosphorylation ► Glycolysis

 ►  Phosphoglycerate Kinase

 ►  Pyruvate Kinase

► Citric Acid Cycle

► Succinate Thiokinase

PHOSPHAGENS  ►  Arginine Phosphate

Storage of High energy Phosphate groups

 ►  Creatine Phosphate
  ►  Nucleoside Monophosphate Kinase

ADENYLATE KINASE

Myokinase

► Maintains energy homeostasis in cells

PHOSPHATE CYCLES

OTHER NUCLEOTIDE TRIPHOSPHATES

 UTP, GTP, CTP

 ►  Nucleoside Diphosphate

Kinase