Bioenergetika

Prof. Ir. Zaenal Bachruddin, M.Sc., Ph.D., IPU.

Prof. Dr. Ir. Lies Mira Yusiati, SU., IPU.
Dr. Chusnul Hanim, M.Si., IPM.
Ir. Asih Kurniawati, S.Pt., M.Si., IPM.
Muchlisin, S.Pt., M.Agri., Ph.D.
Dr. Muhsin Al Anas, S.Pt.

Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry

Faculty of Animal Science
• Energy is defined as the capacity to do work
• Different kinds or states of energy : potensial, kinetic,
thermal, electrical and radiant energy
• Different kinds of work: mechanical, electrical and
osmotic work.

Bioenergetics is the term to designate the study of

energy transformations in living organisms.
 entrophy

sun
Work
Done
Radiant energy in the
Envir.

Photosynthetic
cells Chemical Heterotrophic
energy cells
 Fuel, ATP
Molcules,
O2

TRANSPORT
Bio WORK
Respiration synthesis
Mechanical
work

CO2
H2O ADP + Pi
The surroundings
Entrophy may increase,
Stay constant or decrease

THE SYSTEM
FREE ENERGY
ALWAYS DECREASES
ENTROPHY MAY INCREASE,
STAY CONSTANT OR
DECREASE

HEAT MAY PASS BETWEEN THE SYSTEM AND THE SURROUNDINGS

Entropy : disorder/ randomness (s)
Free energy (g).
G is the changes in free energy of the system alone
E is the change in total energy of the system
G = E –T S

G negative = Exergonic/ Spontant

G positive = endergonic

H = enthalpy heat content

 A+C B+D
A
HEAT
D
Free
Energy

B
C
• The first law of thermodynamics :
energy can be neither created nor destroyed
the total energy of the universe is constant

• The second law :

the entropy of the universe always increases
ATP and Energy
Pyrophosphate

Phosphoenol pyruvate
Creatine phosphate

Acetyl phosphate
Hydrolisis of ATP to ADP and ADP to AMP
Hydrolysis of phosphoenol pyruvate
COMPOUNDS G Direction of
Kcal/mole phosphate group
transfer
PEP -14.8
1,3-DIPHOSPHO -11.8
GLYCERATE

PHOSPHO -10.3
CREATINE
ACETYL PHOSPHATE -10.1
 ATP -7.3
G-1-P -5.0
F-6-P -3.8
G-6-P -3.3
3-PHOSPHO -2.4
GLYCERATE
GLYCERALDEHIDE-3-P -2.2

ATP - ADP: DONOR AND ACCEPTOR PHOSPHATE INTERMEDIATE

Phosphorylated Compounds in The Cell

• High energy phosphate and low energy phosphate

• There is no such sharp division
• ATP - ADP system act as an intermediate linking system between
phosphate compounds having a high phosphate group transfer
potential and a low one.
 16
PEP
14
1,3-D P G
12 PC
DELTAG (KCAL)

10 ACP
ATP/A D P
8
G-1-P
6 F-6-P
4 G -6-P
3-PG
2
G LY- 3 - P
0
0 5 10 15
• X-P + ADP X + ATP
• ATP + Y ADP + Y-P
• X-P denotes a high energy phosphate donor molecule
• Y is a phosphate acceptor
• ATP is the common intermediate
• NAD - Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide is non-protein
component of certain enzymes and is called the cofactor.
• If the cofactor is organic, then it is called a coenzyme.
• Coenzymes are relatively small molecules compared to the
protein part of the enzyme.
• Many of the coenzymes are derived from vitamins.
• The coenzymes make up a part of the active site, since
without the coenzyme, the enzyme will not function.
Nicotinamide is from the niacin vitamin.
The NAD+ coenzyme is involved with many types of
oxidation reactions where alcohols are converted to
ketones or aldehydes.
It is also involved in the first enzyme complex 1 of the
electron transport chain.
 Role of NAD+:
• To initiate the electron transport chain by the reaction with an
organic metabolite (intermediate in metabolic reactions).
• This is an oxidation reaction where 2 hydrogen atoms (or 2
hydrogen ions and 2 electrons) are removed from the organic
metabolite.
• The organic metabolites are usually from the citric acid cycle
and the oxidation of fatty.
• The reaction can be represented simply where M = any metabolite
• MH2 + NAD+ NADH + H+ + M: + energy
• One hydrogen is removed with 2 electrons as a hydride
ion (H-) while the other is removed as the positive ion
(H+).
• Usually the metabolite is some type of alcohol which
is oxidized to a ketone.
• FAD is similar to NAD+ in that it contains a vitamin-
riboflavin, adenine, ribose, and phosphates.
• As shown it is the diphosphate, but is also used as
the monophosphate (FMN).
• In the form of FMN it is involved in the first enzyme
complex 1 of the electron transport chain.
• A FMN (flavin adenine mononucleotide) as an
oxidizing agent is used to react with NADH for the
second step in the electron transport chain.
The simplified reaction is:

NADH + H+ + FMN FMNH2 + NAD+

• The two hydrogens and 2e- are "passed along"
from NADH to FMN.
• NAD+ as a product is back to its original state as an
oxidizing agent ready to begin the cycle again.
• The FMN has now been converted to the reducing
agent and is the starting point for the third step.
Alma Martelli et al., 2020
Protoheme IX Cytochrome c Cytochrome a
Cytochrome a and a3
• The enzymes of the terminal portion of respiratory chain.
• Pass the electrons on to oxygen
• Called the cytochrome oxidase system
• Rotenone block the flow of electrons from the NADH-
linked flavoproteins to CoQ.
• Cyanide and Carbon Monocoxide inhibite the final
transfer of electron to oxygen by the cytochrome
oxidase system
Bioenergetics of the
electron transport chain
and the TCA/Kerbs cycle

Laura D Osellame et al., 2012. Cellular and

molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial function
catabolism of proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates in the three stages of
cellular respiration.
 (a) Pyruvate produced in
glycolysis is oxidized in
(b) the tricarboxylic acid (TCA)
cycle.
(c) Electrons liberated in this
oxidation flow through the
electron-transport chain and
drive the synthesis of ATP in
oxidative phosphorylation.
In eukaryotic cells, this overall
process occurs in mitochondria.

Christian Worlview, Molecular biology of the cell

 SELAMAT BELAJAR
SUKSES UNTUK SEMUA