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Microbial Metabolism
A. Basic Concepts of Metabolism
B. Glycolytic Pathways
C. Fermentation
D. Respiration
E. Photosynthesis
F. Chemolithotrophy
An Overview metabolism
metabolism :
catabolism
metabolism
anabolism
catabolism
Complex molecules Simple molecules ATP [H]
anabolism
A. Basic Concepts
Definitions
– Metabolism: The processes of catabolism
and anabolism
– Catabolism: The processes by which a
living organism obtains its energy and raw
materials from nutrients
– Anabolism: The processes by which
energy and raw materials are used to build
macromolecules and cellular structures
(biosynthesis)
A. Basic Concepts
ATP
– ATP hydrolysis is used as an energy source
in many biological reactions that require
energy – for example, active transport in the
sodium-potassium pump
– During catabolism, energy released from the
oxidation of carbon is captured and used to
synthesize ATP from ADP and phosphate.
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ®6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
ADP + Phosphate + Energy® ATP + H2O`
Section 1 Energy Metabolism in Microbes
summarize
Primary Sunlight
Photoheterotroph
A
ATP
Photoautotroph
Energy T
P
Inorganic Compounds
in Reduced State Chemoautotroph
Chemoheterotroph biological oxidation and
energy Release
http://www.genome.jp/kegg/pathway/map/map01100.html
1 The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
PK (phosphoketolase) pathway
B. Glycolytic Pathways
4 major glycolytic pathways found in different
bacteria:
– Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas pathway
“Classic” glycolysis
Found in almost all organisms
– Hexose monophosphate pathway
Also found in most organisms
Responsible for synthesis of pentose sugars used in
nucleotide synthesis
– Entner-Doudoroff pathway
Found in Pseudomonas and related genera
– Phosphoketolase pathway
Found in Bifidobacterium and Leuconostoc
1 ) Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway (EMP)
(Glycolysis, Hexose Diphosphate Pathway)
Ten steps
glucose pyruvate
Symmetrical pathway
Amphibolic pathway
Inhibited by ATP
Inhibited by high levels of glucose-6-P
Inhibited by Ala, an intermediate synthesis
product from pyruvate.
The Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
(EM, glycolysis)
Which ones?
The EM pathway
Which ones?
Uses pentoses
and NADPH
Operates with
glycolysis
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Regulation
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate :
a. through EMP pthway , be converted to pyruvate , into TCA
pthway
b. converted to Hexose Phosphate, be returned to Pentose Phosphate
Pathway
process : ( 4 septs )
1 Glucose glucose 6-phosphates 6-phosphogluconate
6-phosphogluconate dehydratase
KDPG
2-oxo-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate +
Produces NADPH and 1 ATPpyruvate
Does not involve glycolysis
Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Agrobacterium
Entner-Doudoroff Pathway
pyruvate Glyceraldehyde-3-P
pyruvate Glyceraldehyde-3-P
a.Pentose
a. phosphoketolas Pathway
G xylulose 5-phosphate
phosphoketolase
acetyl phosphate + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
pyruvate
ethanol
Lactic
acid
1 G Lactic acid + ethanol + 1 ATP + NADPH + H+
b.Hexose phosphoketolas Pathway (HK)
( Bifidobacterium bifidum )
G fructose 6-phosphates
phosphoketolase
Erythrose - 4-P + acetyl-phosphates
fructose 6-phosphates acetokinase
xylulose -5-P
- ribulose-5-P
Acetic acid
phosphoketolase
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + acetyl-phosphates
1G 2 pyruvate
( Pyruvate formate lyase
)
formic acids + acetyl-CoA
Without Pyruvate decarboxylate
aldehyde ethanol
With aldehyde dehydrogenase
2 ) Lactic acid fermentation
Homolactate fermentation
For example, Lactobacillus delbruckii, Streptococcus faecalis
—— EMP pathway ( pyruvate lactate )
Heterolactate fermentation ( PK pathway )
Leuconostoc mesenteroides ( PK)
generates energy : 1ATP
Bifidobacterium bifidum ( PK、 HK )
CO2 + H2
lactate dehydrogenase
lactate
Pyruvate formate lyase
acetyl-CoA +formyl
phosphotransacetylase
1G pyruvate aldehyde dehydrogenase
acetokinase
Alcohol dehydrogenase
acetate ethanol
Methylmalonyl CoA Propionic
oxaloacetate
carboxyltransferase acid
b. butanediol fermentation
—— Enterobacter, Serratia
(acetolactate dehydrogenase)
pyruvate acetolactate 3-hydroxy butanone
( mixed, acetone:butanol
acetone: : ethanol = 3 : 6 : 1 )
——Clostridium acetobutyricum
2 pyruvate 2 acetyl-CoA
acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase
acetoacetyl-CoA
( acetate CoA transferase )
( acetoacetate decarboxylase ) butanol
acetone +CO2
Respiration
aerobic respiration
Respiration
anaerobic respiration
1. Aerobic Respiration:
Main outline:
electron accepter multiplicity : O2, NO3-, NO2-, NO-, SO42-, S2-, CO32- et al ;
Use Desulfotomaculum
auripigmentum reduces AsO43-
into As2S3
D. Respiration
Features of respiratory pathways
– Pyruvic acid is oxidized completely to CO2.
– The final electron acceptor is usually an inorganic
substance.
– NADH is oxidized to form NAD: Essential for
continued operation of the glycolytic pathways.
– O2 may or may not be required.
Aerobic respiration: O2 is the final e- acceptor.
Anaerobic respiration: An substance, usually inorganic,
other than O2 is the acceptor (eg nitrate, nitrite, sulfate)
– A lot of additional ATP are made (up to 36 per
glucose molecule).
D. Respiration
Stages of Respiration
– Preliminary reactions and the Krebs cycle
(TCA or Citric Acid Cycle)
– Respiratory electron transport
E. Photosynthesis
Overview of Photosynthesis
– Light-dependent Reactions:
Light energy is harvested by photosynthetic pigments
and transferred to special reaction center (photosystem)
chlorophyll molecules.
The light energy is used to strip electrons from an
electron donor (the electron donor goes from a reduced
to an oxidized state).
The electrons are shuttled through a series of electron
carriers from high energy state to a low energy state.
During this process, ATP is formed.
In the cyclic pathway of electron transport, electrons are
returned to the electron transport chain
In the noncyclic pathway, the electrons are used to
reduce NAD (or NADP) to NADH (or NADPH)
Photosynthesis
– Light-independent Reactions:
ATP and NADH (NADPH) from the light-
dependent reactions are used to reduce CO2 to
form organic carbon compounds (carbon
fixation).
The reduced organic carbon is usually
converted into glucose or other carbohydrates.
E. Photosynthesis
Oxygenic photosynthesis
– Found in cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
and eukaryotic chloroplasts
– Electron donor is H2O: Oxidized to form O2
– Two photosystems: PSII and PSI
– Major function is to produce NADPH and ATP
for the carbon fixation pathways
E. Photosynthesis
Anoxygenic photosynthesis
– Found in:
Green sulfur bacteria (e.g. Chlorobium)
Green nonsulfur bacteria (e.g. Chloroflexus)
Purple sulfur bacteria (e.g. Chromatium)
Purple nonsulfur bacteria (e.g. Rhodobacter)
E. Photosynthesis
Anoxygenic photosynthesis (cont.)
– Electron donors vary:
H2S or So in the green and purple sulfur bacteria
H2 or organic compounds in the green and purple nonsulfur
bacteria
– Only one photosystem
In green bacteria, the photosystem is similar to PSI
In purple bacteria, the photosystem is similar to PSII
– Primary function is ATP production, chiefly via cyclic
photophosphorylation
F. Chemolithotrophy
Features of Chemolithotrophy
– Electrons are removed from a reduced
inorganic electron donor
– The electrons are passed through a
membrane-bound electron transport
pathway, often coupled to the synthesis of
ATP and NADH
– The electrons are ultimately passed to a final
electron acceptor
– ATP and NADH may be used to convert CO2
to carbohydrate
F. Chemolithotrophy
1 primary metabolism
2 nitric compound
Fermentation type :
1 Natural fermentation:
fermentation ethanol, lacate and so on ,
2 Metabolic control fermentation:
fermentation
terminal products: lysine, guanylic acid, adenylic acid and so on ;
Xlulokinase
Glycolysis
Pentose
Xylulose-5-P phosphoketolas Entner-
Pathway Doudoroff
Pathway
Pyruvate
Ethanol
Using active metabolism in microbes
1 biotransformation,
4 biodegradation
Review of Metabolism Pathways
http://www.genome.jp/kegg/pathway/map/map01100.html
http://umbbd.ahc.umn.edu/naph/naph_image_map.html
http://umbbd.ahc.umn.edu/naph/naph_map.html
http://www.dcs.napier.ac.uk/~cs203/catech.html
References: