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Vice president Scientific Association HFN Chairman Nutrition council NOC Head of International Sport Medicine Center GSH Consultant I IDD2002 Project for Unicef IDD2002 Member of Scientific Board NOPA
Overview
Nutrients fuel for energy supply energy storages Energy Systems Energy transfer High energy phosphates ATP ATP utilization other high energy phosphates ways to produce ATP Electron transfer reduction equivalents
Bioenergetics I
Dr. Michael Scholz (MD) Lectured Dr. Kaveh Khabiri (PhD, NCDFS, MPEA,) MPEA,)
&
2010-2011
most energy is stored as fat Most of the energy used comes from CHO
Anabolism
precursors
Energy
Catabolism
H2O + CO2
Energy systems
Main systems are: Glycolysis TCA- or Krebs-Cycle Electron transport ( chain and oxidative phosphorylation
)
The systems are not isolated They work together and parallel to each other
Energy systems
The different energy systems of the human body are used regarding to different energetic demands The choice of the energy system is influence by the Supply velocity availability oxygen supply
Energy transfer
Metabolic energy is generated by oxidizing different nutrients Principally oxidation is similar to a combustion ( ) C6H1206 + 6O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
This formula describes the over all reaction when the body burns Glucose by aerobic glycolysis
The same formula can be used to describe the reaction when wood is burned in a fire
Energy transfer
Controlled enzymatic reactions are used to convert and transfer the chemical energy of the oxidation to make it utilizable for the metabolism
triphosphate
OH OH
ribose
ATP
ADP + Pi + energy
2 ADP
ATP + AMP
From 2 ADP which cannot be used by the muscle (myosin ATPase) 1 ATP is produced that can be used!
CrP + ADP
Cr + ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation
Energy of oxidation is used to produce reduction equivalents these are oxidized in the mitochondria by oxygen This energy is indirectly used to produce ATP
Electron transfer
Oxidation/Reduction Reduction equivalents are the second energy currency of the cell ( ) They are used to transport electrons (e-) from the nutrient to the final oxidizing agents (in human O2) The most important reduction equivalents are NAD+ FAD NADP+
+ 2 e+ 2 e+ 2 e-
The electron from NADPH + H+ reduction are not used to produce ATP but for the anabolic metabolism
Conclusions
Carbohydrates, fat or proteins are used to generate metabolic energy Different systems work together to guarantee sufficient energy supply under different physiological conditions Nutrients are oxidized and the energy is used to produce ATP and or other high energy phosphates ATP can be produced by substrate level phosphorylation or by oxidative phosphorylation Electron transport especially to the electron transport chain is important for energy utilisation
Literature
McArdle, Katch & Katch Exercise Physiology 5th Edition, Chapter 6 Energy transfer in the body