XISTD - Systematic analysis of a simple sal

General Procedure
Inference
Experiment Observation
Blue /Green May be copper salt
I. colour of the salt
Brown May be an iron salt
colourless Absence of copper and iron salts
Presence of carbonate is
Action of heat: Acolourless, odourless gas turning lime water
2.( milky evolves confirmed
A small amount ofa salt
is strongly heated ina Acolourless gas with the pungent small turning
test tube Presence of an ammonium
red litmus paper into blue evolves. It gives a dense
white fumes when a glass rod dipped in Conc. HCI
is brought close to its mouth
A reddish brown gas evolves Presence of a nitrate
Salt is yellow when hot and
white when cold May be a zinc

Absence of carbonate,
No characteristic change
Ammonium, Nitrate, and Zinc
Flame test:
J. Take a small amount of salt in a watch Bluish green flame presence of a copper
glass. Add a drop of Conc. HCl to it Apple green Presence of a barium
and form a paste. Take the paste at the
charred end of the splinter and Brick red Presence of a calcium
introduce it near the Bunsen flame
No characteristic flame Absence of Copper,
Barium and calcium

Action of dil. NaOH solution:

4 Salt +dil. NaOH + Heat Acolourless gas with the pungent smell
giving dense white fumes with a glass Presence of ammonium
rod dipped in dil. HCl evolves

No pungent smelling gas Absence of ammonium

Action of dil. HCI:
5. Salt + dil. HCI Presence of carbonate is
Acolourless, odourless gas turning lime
water milky evolves confirmed
A colourless gas with a rotten egg smell
Presence of sulphide is
turning a paper dipped in lead acetate confirmed
shining black evolves

No characteristic change Absence of Carbonate &

Sulphide
copper turning test : A reddish brown gas evolves Presence of nitrate.
6.
Salt + Copper turnings + Conc. H,SO,
+ Heat No reddish brown gas Absence of Nitrate

Action of MnO, and Conc. H,SO4: A greenish yellow gas turning starch iodide
paper blue evolves Presence of chloride
Salt + Mn02 + Conc. H,SO, + Heat
A reddish brown gas turning moist Presence of bromide
fluorescein paper red evolves
No characteristic change. Absence of Chloride,
Bromide
P.KATHIRVEL, M.Sc,B,Ed, P.G. TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GOVT. BOYS. HR. SEC. SCHOOL,
ANTHIYUR
 Chloride is
Presence of
Chromyl chloride test: Ared orange vapours confirmed. C's
8. salt + potassium dichromate + evolved. Pass the vapours to lead acetate
Conc. H,SO4.+ Heat solution yellow ppt is formed Absence of Chloride
No red orange vapours
evolved

Preparation of sodium carbonate extract:

mms
distilled water to it After boiling the solution for tew
g salt + 3g solid sodium carbonate+ 20g of extract.
filter and collect the filtrate. The tiltrate is called sodium carbonate
1, Test for Silver nitrate : Presence of chloride

sodium carbonate extract +dil. HNO3 (until

Acurdy white precipi
tate(ppt) insoluble in
the effervescence ceases) + AgNO3. about ImL of dil.
ammonia is formed

Apale yellow ppt Presence of bromide is

sparingly soluble in confirmed
ammonia is formed
Presence of sulphide
A black ppt is formed
Nocharacteristic Absence of Chloride,
Bromide and Sulphide
precipitate
2 Test with barium chloride:
sodium carbonate extract + dil. HCI (until A white ppt is formed insoluble Presence of sulphate is
the effervescence ceases) + barium chloride in dil HCI confirmed
solution Nocharacteristic change. Absence of Sulphate
3. Brown ring test: Abrown ring is formed Presence of nitrate is
sodium carbonate extract t dil. H,SO4 (until confirmed
the effervescence ceases) + freshly prepared
ferrous sulphate solution. Then keeping the Absence of Nitrate
test tube in a slanting position add Conc. No brown ring is formed
HSO4 along the sides of the test tube.
4.
Ammonium molybdate test: A canary yellow ppt is formed. Presence of phosphate is
sodium carbonate extract + dil HNO3 confirmed
(until the effervescence ceases) +
ammonium molybdate + Conc. HNO3 No canary yellow precipitate Absence of phosphate

Analysis of cations
Preparation of original solution
Salt + Distilled Water Original solution
[ may be sulphide (or) carbonate salt]
Salt + Dil.HN0; Original solution
Group Separation
|1. Original Solution + NaOH + Nessler's Chocolate brown precipitate is Presence of Ammonium is
reagent formed. confirmed
NoChocolate brown precipitate Absence of Ammonia
2. Whiteprecipitate is formed. Presence of Igroup Lead
Original Solution + dil. HCI
No White precipitate Absence of Igroup Lead
3.
Original Solution + dil. HCl +H,S gas
Black precipitate is formed. Presence of Il group Copper
No Black precipitate Absence of Il group Copper

DVATHIRVEL, M.Sc,B,Ed, P.G. TEACHERIN CHEMISTRY, GOVT. BOYS. HR. SEC.SCHOoL, ANTHIYUR
 Presence of IlIgroup
Original Solution + NILLCI +NH,OIl White precipitate is formed. Aluminium or Ferric iron.
No White precipitate absence of Hgroup Al, Fe
5. Presence of [V group Zinc
Original Solution t NIL,CI NH{OH Dity white precipitate is formed.
+ H,S gas Absence of [V group Zinc
No dity white precipitate
6. Prescnce of V group
Original Soution t NL,CI +NU,OU
White precipitate is formed. Barium or Calcium
+ (NH);CO;
No White precipitate Absence of Vgroup Ba or Ca
7 Prescnce of VIgroup
Original solution NL,CHN,OT White precipitate is formed.
+disodium hvdrogen phosphate Magnesium
Absence of VIgroup
No White precipitate Magnesium

Confirnatory Test For Basic Radicals

Ammonium (Zero Group)
Presence of Ammonium is
Original Soluion +NaOH +Nessler's reagent Chocolate brown precipitate is
formed. confirmed
Lead (Group l) Presence of Lead is
Original solution + Klsolution Yellow precipitate is formed. confirmed

Copper (Group I)
Original solution + potassium ferrocyanide Red brown precipitate is formed. Presence of Copper is
confirmed
Aluminium (Group III)
Gelatinous white precipitate is Presence of Aluminium is
Original solution + sodium peroxide + dilHCI
formed. confirmed
Ferric Iron (Group III)
Original solution + sodium peroxide + dilHCI + Presence of Ferric iron is
Blue precipitate is formed. confirmed
potassium ferrocyanide
Zinc (Group IV) Presence of Zinc is
Original solution + potassium ferro cyanide White precipitate is formed. confirmed

Barium (Group V) Presence of Barium is

Original solution t potassium chromate Yellow precipitate is formed. confirmed

Calcium (Group V) Presence of Calcium is

Original solution+NH OH + Ammonium oxalate Whiteprecipitate is formed. confirmed

Magnesium (Group V) Blue precipitate is formed.

Original solution + NaOH + Magneson reagent Presence of Magnesium is
confirmed

RESULT:
1. The given simple salt contains Acid radical
Basic radical :
2. Thegiven simple salt :