Chapter 9 Differential Equations

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
EXERCISE 9.1
Determine order and degree (if defined) of differential equations given in
Exercises 1 to 10
𝒅𝟒 𝒚
1. + 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡(𝒚′′′ ) = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟒
Ans. The given differential equation is,

𝑑4 𝑦
+ sin⁡(𝑦 ′′′ ) = 0
𝑑𝑥 4
⁡⇒ 𝑦 ′′′ + sin⁡(𝑦 ′′′ ) = 0
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is 𝑦 ′′′′ , so its order
is three. Hence, the given differential equation is not a polynomial equation in its
derivatives and so, its degree is not defined.
2. 𝒚′ + 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟎
Ans. The given differential equation is, 𝑦 ′ + 5𝑦 = 0

The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is 𝑦 ′ , so its order is
one. Therefore, the given differential equation is a polynomial equation in its
derivatives. So, its degree is one.
𝒅𝒔 𝟒 𝒅𝟐 𝒔
3. (𝒅𝒕 ) + 𝟑𝒔 𝒅𝒕𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑑𝑠 4 𝑑2 𝑠
Ans. The given differential equation is, (𝑑𝑡 ) + 3𝑠 𝑑𝑡 2 = 0
𝑑2 𝑠
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is 𝑑𝑡 2 . The order is
𝑑2 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
two. Therefore, the given differential equation is a polynomial equation in 𝑑𝑡 2 and 𝑑𝑡 .
So, its degree is one.
𝟐
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
4. (𝒅𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ (𝒅𝒙) = 𝟎

2
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
( 2 ) + cos⁡ ( ) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is 𝑑𝑥 2 .
The order is two. Therefore, the given differential equation is not a polynomial. So,
its degree is not defined.
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
5. = 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟑𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟑𝒙
𝒅𝒙𝟐

𝑑2𝑦
= cos⁡ 3𝑥 + sin⁡ 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2𝑦
⇒ 2 − cos⁡ 3𝑥 − sin⁡ 3𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is 𝑑𝑥 2 . The order is
𝑑2 𝑦
two. Therefore, the given differential equation is a polynomial equation in and
𝑑𝑥 2
the power is 1 .
Therefore, its degree is one.
6. (𝒚′′′ )𝟐 + (𝒚′′ )𝟑 + (𝒚′ )𝟒 + 𝒚𝟓 = 𝟎
Ans. The given differential equation is, (𝑦 ′′′ )2 + (𝑦 ′′ )3 + (𝑦 ′ )4 + 𝑦 5 = 0

The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is 𝑦 ′′′ . The order is
three. Therefore, the given differential equation is a polynomial equation in 𝑦 ′′′ , 𝑦 ′′
and 𝑦 ′ .
Then the power raised to y ′′′ is 2 .
Therefore, its degree is two.
7. 𝐲 ′′′ + 𝟐𝐲 ′′ + 𝐲 ′ = 𝟎
Ans. The given differential equation is, y ′′′ + 2y ′′ + y ′ = 0

The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is 𝑦 ′′′ .
The order is three. Therefore, the given differential equation is a polynomial
equation in y ′′′ , y ′′ and y ′ .
Then the power raised to y ′′′ is 1.
8. 𝒚 ′ + 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙
Ans. The given differential equation is, 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑦′ + 𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑥 = 0
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is 𝑦 ′ .

The order is one. Therefore, the given differential equation is a polynomial equation
in 𝑦 ′
Then the power raised to 𝑦 ′ is 1 .
9. 𝐲 ′′′ + (𝐲 ′ )𝟐 + 𝟐𝐲 = 𝟎
Ans. The given differential equation is, 𝑦 ′′′ + (𝑦 ′ )2 + 2𝑦 = 0

The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is 𝑦 ′′ .
The order is two. Therefore, the given differential equation is a polynomial equation
in 𝑦 ′′ and 𝑦 ′ .
Then the power raised to 𝑦 ′′ is 1.
10. 𝐲 ′′′ + 𝟐𝐲 ′ + 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝐲 = 𝟎
Ans. The given differential equation is, 𝑦 ′′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + sin⁡ 𝑦 = 0

The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is 𝑦 ′′ . The order is
two. Therefore, the given differential equation is a polynomial equation in 𝑦 ′′ and 𝑦 ′ .
Then the power raised to y ′′ is 1.
𝟑
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝒅𝒚
11. The degree of the differential equation. (𝒅𝒙𝟐 ) + (𝒅𝒙) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ (𝒅𝒙) + 𝟏 = 𝟎 is
(A) 3
(B) 2
(C) 1
(D) not defined
Ans. (D) not defined

The given differential equation is,
3
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
(𝑑𝑥 2 ) + (𝑑𝑥 ) + sin⁡ (𝑑𝑥 ) + 1 = 0
𝑑2 𝑦
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is 𝑑𝑥 2 .
The order is three. Therefore, the given differential equation is not a polynomial.
Therefore, its degree is not defined.
12. The order of the differential equation
𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟎 is
(A) 2
(B) 1
(C) 0
(D) not defined
Ans. (A) 2
The given differential equation is,
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 2 2 − 3 +𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is 𝑑𝑥 2 . Therefore, its
order is two.
EXERCISE 9.2
In each of the Exercises 1 to 10 verify that the given functions (explicit or implicit)
is a solution of the corresponding differential equation:
1. 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟏: 𝒚′′ − 𝒚′ = 𝟎
Ans. From the question it is given that 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1

Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥, we get,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 ) … [Equation (i)]
𝑑𝑥
Now, differentiating equation (i) both sides with respect to 𝑥, we have,
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑦 ′ ) = (𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⁡⇒ 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑒 𝑥
Then,
Substituting the values of 𝑦 ′ and 𝑦 ′′ in the given differential equations, we get, 𝑦 ′′ −
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 = RHS.
Therefore, the given function is a solution of the given differential equation.
2. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪: 𝒚′ − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎
Ans. From the question it is given that 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑑
𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝐶)
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 + 2
Then, Substituting the values of 𝑦 ′ in the given differential equations, we get,
⁡= 𝑦 ′ − 2𝑥 − 2
⁡= 2𝑥 + 2 − 2𝑥 − 2
⁡= 0
⁡= RHS
Therefore, the given function is a solution of the given differential equation
3. 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝒙 + 𝑪: 𝒚′ + 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝒙 = 𝟎
Ans. From the question it is given that 𝑦 = cos⁡ 𝑥 + 𝐶
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get,
𝑑
𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (cos⁡ 𝑥 + 𝐶)
𝑦 ′ = −sin⁡ 𝑥
Then,
Substituting the values of 𝑦 ′ in the given differential equations, we get,
⁡= 𝑦 ′ + sin⁡ 𝑥
⁡= −sin⁡ 𝑥 + sin⁡ 𝑥
⁡= 0
⁡= RHS

4. 𝑦 = 𝑣(1 + 𝑥 2 ): 𝑦 ′ = ((𝑥𝑦)/(1 + 𝑥 2 ))
Ans. From the question it is given that 𝑦 = √1 + 𝑥 2

d
y ′ = dx (√1 + x 2 )
1 d
⁡⇒ y ′ = ⋅ dx (1 + x 2 )
2√1+x2
By differentiating (1 + 𝑥 2 ) we get,
2x
⇒ y′ =
2√1+x2
On simplifying we get,
x
⇒ y ′ = √1+x2
By multiplying and dividing √(1 + 𝑥 2 )
x
⇒ y ′ = 1+x2 × √1 + x 2
Substituting the value of √⁡(1 + 𝑥 2 )
Substituting the value of √⁡(1 + 𝑥 2 )
x
⁡⇒ y ′ = ⋅y
1 + x2
xy
⁡⇒ y ′ =
1 + x2
Therefore, LHS = RHS

5. 𝒚 = 𝑨𝒙: 𝒙𝒚′ = 𝒚(𝒙 ≠ 𝟎)
Ans. From the question it is given that 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥

𝑑
𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝐴𝑥)
𝑦′ = 𝐴
Then,
= 𝑥𝑦 ′
=x×A
= Ax
=𝑌 [from the question]
= RHS
6. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝒙: 𝒙𝒚′ = 𝒚 + 𝒙(√(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 )) (𝒙 ≠ 𝟎 and 𝒙 > 𝒚 or 𝒙 < −𝒚)
Ans. From the question it is given that 𝑦 = 𝑥sin⁡ 𝑥

d
y ′ = dx (xsin⁡ x)
d d
⁡⇒ y ′ = sin⁡ x dx (x) + x ⋅ dx (sin⁡ x)
⁡⇒ y ′ = sin⁡ x + xcos⁡ x
Then,
LHS = 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 𝑥(sin⁡ 𝑥 + 𝑥cos⁡ 𝑥)

⁡= 𝑥sin⁡ 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 cos⁡ 𝑥
From the question substitute 𝑦 instead of xsinx, we get,
⁡= 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 ⋅ √1 − sin2 ⁡ 𝑥
𝑦 2
⁡= 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 √1 − (𝑥 )
⁡= 𝑦 + 𝑥√(𝑦)2 − (𝑥)2
⁡= RHS

𝒚𝟐
7. 𝒙𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲 + 𝑪: 𝒚′ = 𝟏−𝒙𝒚 (𝒙𝒚 ≠ 𝟏)
Ans. From the question it is given that 𝑥𝑦 = log⁡ 𝑦 + 𝐶

𝑑 𝑑
(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑑𝑥 (logy)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
⁡⇒ 𝑦 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥) + 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
On simplifying, we get.
1 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
By cross multiplication,
⁡⇒ 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 ′
⁡⇒ (𝑥𝑦 − 1)𝑦 ′ = −𝑦 2
𝑦2
⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 1−𝑥𝑦
By comparing LHS and RHS
LHS = RHS
Therefore, the given function is the solution of the corresponding differential

equation.
8. 𝒚 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝒚 = 𝒙: (𝒚𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝒚 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝒚 + 𝒙)𝒚′ = 𝒚
Ans. From the question it is given that 𝑦 − cos⁡ 𝑦 = 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
− 𝑑𝑥 cos⁡ 𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
⁡⇒ 𝑦 ′ + sin⁡ 𝑦 ⋅ 𝑦 ′ = 1
⁡⇒ 𝑦 ′ (1 + sin⁡ 𝑦) = 1
1
⁡⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 1+sin⁡ 𝑦
Then,
Consider 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = (𝑦sin⁡ 𝑦 + cos⁡ 𝑦 + 𝑥)𝑦 ′
1
⁡= (𝑦sin⁡ 𝑦 + cos⁡ 𝑦 + 𝑦 − cos⁡ 𝑦) × 1+sin⁡ 𝑦
1
⁡= 𝑦(1 + sin⁡ 𝑦) × 1+sin⁡ 𝑦
=𝑦
= RHS

equation.
9. 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ⁡ 𝒚: 𝒚𝟐 𝒚′ + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
Ans. From the question it is given that 𝑥 + 𝑦 = tan−1 ⁡ 𝑦

d d
(x + y) = dx (tan−1 ⁡ y)
dx
1
⁡⇒ 1 + y ′ = [1+y2 ] y ′
By transposing 𝑦 ′ to RHS and it becomes −𝑦 ′ and take out 𝑦 ′ as common for

both, we get,
1
⇒ y ′ [1+y2 − 1] = 1
On simplifying,
1−(1+y2 )
⁡⇒ y ′ [ ]=1
1+y2
−y2
⁡⇒ y ′ [1+y2] = 1
−(1+y2 )
⁡⇒ y ′ = y2
Then,
Consider, LHS = 𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 2 + 1
−(1+𝑦 2 )
⁡= 𝑦 2 [ ] + 𝑦2 + 1
𝑦2
⁡= −1 − 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 1
2
⁡= 0
⁡= 𝑅𝐻𝑆

equation.
𝒅𝒚
10. 𝒚 = √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒙 ∈ (−𝒂, 𝒂): ⁡𝒙 + 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎(𝒚 ≠ 𝟎)
Ans. From the question it is given that y = √a2 − x 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )
2√𝑎2 −𝑥 2
1
⁡= (−2𝑥)
2√𝑎2 −𝑥 2
−𝑥
⁡=
2√𝑎2 −𝑥 2
Then,
dy
Consider LHS = x + y dx
−𝑥
= 𝑥 + √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ×
2√𝑎2 −𝑥 2
On simplifying, we get,
⁡= x − x
⁡= 0
By comparing LHS and RHS
LHS = RHS.
equation.
11. The number of arbitrary constants in the general solution of a differential

equation of fourth order are:
(A) 0
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
Ans. (D) 4
The solution which contains arbitrary constants is called the general solution
(primitive) of the differential equation.
12. The number of arbitrary constants in the particular solution of a differential

equation of third order are:
(A) 3
(B) 2
(C) 1
(D) 0
Ans. (D) 0
The solution free from arbitrary constants i.e., the solution obtained from the
general solution by giving particular values to the arbitrary constants is called a
particular solution of the differential equation.
EXERCISE 9.3
In each of the Exercises 1 to 5 , form a differential equation representing the given
family of curves by eliminating arbitrary constants a and b.
𝒙 𝒚
1. +𝒃=𝟏
𝒂
Solution:-
𝑥 𝑦
From the question it is given that 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1
1 1 dy
+ =0
a b dx
1 1
⁡⇒ a + y ′ = 0⁡ … [Equations(i)]
b
Now, differentiating equation (i) both sides with respect to 𝑥, we get,
1
0+ y ′′ =0
b
1 ′′
⁡⟹ y =0
b
By cross multiplication, we get,
⇒ y ′′ = 0
∴ the required differential equation is 𝑦 ′′ = 0.
2. 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂(𝒃𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 )
Ans. From the question it is given that y 2 = a(b2 − x 2 )

𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎(−2𝑥)
⁡⇒ 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = −2𝑎𝑥
⁡⇒ 𝑦𝑦 ′ = (−2/2)𝑎𝑥
Now, differentiating equation (i) both sides, we get,

⁡⇒ 𝑦 ′ × 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦𝑦 ′′ = −𝑎
⁡⇒ (𝑦 ′ )2 + 𝑦𝑦 ′′ = −𝑎⁡⁡ … [we⁡call⁡it⁡as⁡equation⁡(ii)]
Then,
Dividing equation (ii) by (i), we get,
2
(y′ ) +yy′′ −a
= −ax
yy′
⁡⇒ x(y ′ )2 + xyy ′′ = yy ′
Transposing 𝑦𝑦 ′ to LHS it becomes −𝑦𝑦 ′

⇒ 𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥(𝑦 ′ )2 − 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
∴ the required differential equation is 𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥(𝑦 ′ )2 − 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0.
3. 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒆𝟑𝒙 + 𝒃𝒆−𝟐𝒙
Ans. From the question it is given that 𝑦 = ae3𝑥 + be−2x ⁡ … [we call it as equation (i)]
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑎𝑒 3𝑥 − 2𝑏𝑒 −2𝑥 … [equation (ii)]

Now, differentiating equation (ii) both sides, we get,
𝑦 ′′ = 9𝑎𝑒 3𝑥 + 4𝑏𝑒 −2𝑥 … [equation (iii)]

Then, multiply equation (i) by 2 and afterwards add it to equation (ii),
We have,
⁡⇒ (2𝑎𝑒 3𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑒 −2𝑥 ) + (3𝑎𝑒 3𝑥 − 2𝑏𝑒 −2𝑥 ) = 2𝑦 + 𝑦 ′
⁡⇒ 5𝑎𝑒 3𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 𝑦 ′
2𝑦+𝑦 ′
⁡⇒ 𝑎𝑒 3𝑥 = 5
So now, let us multiply equation (ii) by 3 and subtracting equation (ii),

We have
⁡⇒ (3𝑎𝑒 3𝑥 + 3𝑏𝑒 −2𝑥 ) − (3𝑎𝑒 3𝑥 − 2𝑏𝑒 −2𝑥 ) = 3𝑦 − 𝑦 ′
⁡⇒ 5𝑏𝑒 −2𝑥 = 3𝑦 − 𝑦 ′
3𝑦−𝑦 ′
⁡⇒ 𝑏𝑒 −2𝑥 = 5
Substitute the value of 𝑎𝑒 3𝑥 and 𝑏𝑒 −2𝑥 in 𝑦 ′′ ,

2𝑦+𝑦 ′ 2𝑦+𝑦 ′
𝑦 ′′ = 9 × +4×
5 5
′′ 18𝑦+9𝑦 ′ 12𝑦−4𝑦 ′
⁡⟹ 𝑦 = +
5 5
30𝑦+5𝑦 ′
⁡⇒ 𝑦 ′′ = 5
⁡⇒ 𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑦 + 𝑦 ′
⁡⇒ 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′ − 6𝑦 = 0
∴ the required differential equation is 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′ − 6𝑦 = 0.
4. 𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 (𝒂 + 𝒃𝒙)
Ans. From the question it is given that 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥)⁡ … [we call it as equation (i)]
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥) + 𝑒 2𝑥 × 𝑏 … [equation (ii)]
Then, multiply equation (i) by 2 and afterwards subtract it to equation (ii),
We have,
𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (2𝑎 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏) − 𝑒 2𝑥 (2𝑎 + 2𝑏𝑥)
𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑏𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 𝑏𝑒 2𝑥 ⁡… [equation (iiii)]
Now, differentiating equation (iii) both sides,

We have,
⇒ y ′′ − 2y = 2be2x ⁡ … [equation (iv)]
Then,
Dividing equation (iv) by (iii), we get,
𝑦 ′′ −2𝑦 ′
=2
𝑦 ′ −2𝑦
⇒ 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ = 2𝑦 ′ − 4𝑦
Transposing 2𝑦 ′ and −4𝑦 to LHS it becomes −2𝑦 ′ and 4𝑦

⇒ 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 ′ − 4𝑦 = 0
∴ the required differential equation is 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 ′ − 4𝑦 = 0.
5. 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 (𝒂𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝒙 + 𝒃𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝒙)
Ans. From the question it is given that 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑎cos⁡ 𝑥 + 𝑏sin⁡ 𝑥) .. [we call it as
equation (i)]

⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑎cos⁡ 𝑥 + 𝑏sin⁡ 𝑥) + 𝑒 𝑥 (−𝑎sin⁡ 𝑥 + 𝑏cos⁡ 𝑥)
⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 [(𝑎 + 𝑏)cos⁡ 𝑥 − (𝑎 − 𝑏)sin⁡ 𝑥)]⁡... [equation (ii)]
Now, differentiating equation (ii) both sides,
We have,
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑒 𝑥 [(𝑎 + 𝑏)cos⁡ 𝑥 − (𝑎 − 𝑏)sin⁡ 𝑥)] + 𝑒 𝑥 [−(𝑎 + 𝑏)sin⁡ 𝑥 − (𝑎 − 𝑏)cos⁡ 𝑥)]
On simplifying, we get,
⁡⇒ 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑒 𝑥 [2𝑏cos⁡ 𝑥 − 2𝑎sin⁡ 𝑥]
⁡⇒ 𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑒 𝑥 (𝑏cos⁡ 𝑥 − 𝑎sin⁡ 𝑥)⁡ … [equation (iii)]
Now, adding equation (i) and (iii), we get,

𝑦 ′′
𝑦+ = 𝑒 𝑥 [(𝑎 + 𝑏)cos⁡ 𝑥 − (𝑎 − 𝑏)sin⁡ 𝑥]
2
𝑦 ′′
𝑦+ = 𝑦′
2
⁡⇒ 2𝑦 + 𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑦 ′
Therefore, the required differential equation is 2𝑦 + 𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑦 ′ = 0.
6. Form the differential equation of the family of circles touching the 𝒚-axis at
origin.
Ans.
By looking at the figure we can say that the center of the circle touching the 𝑦 -
axis at origin lies on the 𝑥 - axis.
Let us assume (𝑝, 0) be the centre of the circle.
Hence, it touches the 𝑦 - axis at origin, its radius is 𝑝.
Now, the equation of the circle with centre (𝑝, 0) and radius (𝑝) is
⁡⇒ (𝑥 − 𝑝)2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑝2
⁡⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑝2 − 2𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑝2
Transposing 𝑝2 and −2𝑥𝑝 to RHS then it becomes −𝑝2 and 2𝑥𝑝

⇒ x 2 + y 2 = p2 − p2 + 2px
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑝𝑥⁡... [equation (i)]
Now, differentiating equation (i) both sides,
We have,
⁡⇒ 2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 2𝑝
⁡⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 𝑝
Now, on substituting the value of ' 𝑝 ' in the equation, we get,

⁡⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 ′ )𝑥
⁡⇒ 2𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ + 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 2
Hence, 2𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ + 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 2 is the required differential equation.
7. Form the differential equation of the family of parabolas having vertex at

origin and axis along positive 𝒚-axis.
Ans. The parabola having the vertex at origin and the axis along the positive 𝑦 -
axis is 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 … [equation (i)
Now, differentiating equation (i) both sides with respect to 𝑥,

2𝑥 = 4𝑎𝑦 ′ ⁡ … [equation (ii)]
Dividing equation (ii) by equation (i), we get,

2𝑥 4𝑎𝑦 ′
⇒ 𝑥2 = 4𝑎𝑦
On simplifying, we get
2 𝑦′
⇒𝑥= 𝑦
⇒ 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 2𝑦
Transposing 2𝑦 to LHS it becomes −2𝑦.
⇒ 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 0
Therefore, the required differential equation is 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 0.
8. Form the differential equation of the family of ellipses having foci on 𝒚-axis
and centre at origin.
Ans. By observing the figure we can say that, the equation of the family of ellipses
having foci on 𝑦 - axis and the centre at origin.
x2 y2
+ a2 = 1 ... [equation (i)]
b2

2𝑥 2𝑦𝑦 ′
+ =0
𝑏2 𝑎2
𝑥 𝑦′
⁡⇒ 𝑏2 + 𝑎2 = 0⁡⁡⁡. . . [equation⁡(ii)]
Now, again differentiating equation (ii) both sides with respect to 𝑥,

1 y′ y′ +yy
+ =0
b2 a2
On simplifying,
1 1
⁡⇒ + a2 (y ′2 + yy ′′ ) = 0
b2
1 1
⁡⇒ = − a2 (y ′2 + yyy ′′ )
b2
Now substitute the value in equation (ii), we get,

1 𝑦𝑦 ′
𝑥 [− 2
(𝑦 ′2 + 𝑦𝑦 ′′ )] + =0
𝑎 𝑎2
On simplifying,
⁡⇒ −𝑥(𝑦 ′ )2 − 𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
⁡⇒ 𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥(𝑦 ′ )2 − 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
Hence, 𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥(𝑦 ′ )2 − 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0 is the required differential equation.
9. Form the differential equation of the family of hyperbolas having foci on 𝒙-

axis and centre at origin.
Ans. By observing the figure we can say that, the equation of the family of
hyperbolas having foci on 𝑥-axis and the centre at origin is
𝑥2 𝑦2
− 𝑏2 = 1 … [equation (i)]
𝑎2

2𝑥 2𝑦𝑦 ′
− =0
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑥 𝑦𝑦 ′
⁡⇒ 𝑎2 − = 0⁡ … [equation (ii)]
𝑏2
Now, again differentiating equation (ii) both sides with respect to 𝑥,

1 𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′ +𝑦𝑦 ′′
− =0
𝑎2 𝑏2
On simplifying,
1 1
⁡⇒ a2 − (y ′2 + 𝑦y ′′ ) = 0
b2
1 1
⁡⇒ a2 = (y ′2 + 𝑦y ′′ )
b2
Now substitute the value in equation (ii), we get,
𝑥 𝑦𝑦 ′
((𝑦 ′2 + 𝑦𝑦 ′′ ) − =0
𝑏2 𝑏2
⁡⇒ 𝑥(𝑦 ′ )2 + 𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
⁡⇒ 𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥(𝑦 ′ )2 − 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
Hence, 𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥(𝑦 ′ )2 − 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0 is the required differential equation.
10. Form the differential equation of the family of circles having centre on 𝒚-axis
and radius 3 units.
Ans.
Let us assume the centre of the circle on 𝑦 - axis be (0, a).
We know that the differential equation of the family of circles with
centre at (0, 𝑎) and radius 3 is: 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 𝑎)2 = 32
⇒ 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 𝑎)2 = 9⁡.. [equation (i)]

⁡⇒ 2𝑥 + 2(𝑦 − 𝑎) × 𝑦 ′ = 0⁡... [dividing both side by 2 ]
⁡⇒ 𝑥 + (𝑦 − 𝑎) × 𝑦 ′ = 0
Transposing 𝑥 to the RHS it becomes −𝑥.

⁡⇒ (y − a) × y ′ = x
−x
⁡⇒ y − a = y′
Now, substitute the value of (𝑦 − 𝑎) in equation (i), we get,

−𝑥 2
𝑥 2 + ( 𝑦′ ) = 9
Take out the 𝑥 2 as common,
1
⇒ 𝑥 2 [1 + (𝑦 ′)2] = 9
On simplifying,
⁡⇒ 𝑥 2 ((𝑦 ′ )2 + 1) = 9(𝑦 ′ )2
⁡⇒ (𝑥 2 − 9)(𝑦 ′ )2 + 𝑥 2 = 0
Hence, (𝑥 2 − 9)(𝑦 ′ )2 + 𝑥 2 = 0 is the required differential equation.
11. Which of the following differential equations has 𝒚 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒆−𝒙 as the general
solution?
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
(A) 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
(B) 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
(C) 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
(D) 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝑑2 𝑦
Ans. (B) 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑦 = 0
Explanation:
From the question it is given that 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥
Now, differentiating given equation both sides with respect to 𝑥,
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 … [equation (i)]
𝑑𝑥
Now, again differentiating equation (i) both sides with respect to x,
𝑑2 𝑦
= 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑦 = 0
𝑑2 𝑦
Hence, 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑦 = 0 is the required differential equation.
12. Which of the following differential equations has 𝒚 = 𝒙 as one of its particular
solution?
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(A) 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(B) 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(C) 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(D) 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Ans. (C) 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 = 0
Explanation:
From the question it is given that 𝑦 = 𝑥
Now, differentiating given equation both sides with

𝑑𝑦
respect to 𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = 1 … [equation (i)]
Now, again differentiating equation (i) both sides with respect to x,
𝑑2 𝑦
=0
𝑑𝑥 2
Then,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
Substitute the value of 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 2 in the given options,
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
⁡= 0 − (𝑥 2 × 1) + (𝑥 × 𝑥)
⁡= −𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2
⁡= 0
EXERCISE 9.4
For each of the differential equations in Exercises 1 to 10, find the general solution:
𝒅𝒚 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝒙
1. = 𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
Ans. Given
𝑑𝑦 1−cos⁡ 𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 1+cos⁡ 𝑥
We know that 1 − cos⁡ 𝑥 = 2sin2 ⁡(𝑥/2) and 1 + cos⁡ 𝑥 = 2cos 2 ⁡(𝑥/2)

Using this formula in above function we get
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2sin2 ⁡
2
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
2cos2 ⁡
2
We have sin⁡ 𝑥/cos⁡ 𝑥 = tan⁡ 𝑥 using this we get

𝑑𝑦 𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = tan2 ⁡ 2
From the identity tan2 ⁡ 𝑥 = sec 2 ⁡ 𝑥 − 1, the above equation can be written as
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
⇒ = (sec 2 ⁡ − 1)
𝑑𝑥 2
Now by rearranging and taking integrals on both sides we get

x
⇒ ∫ ⁡ dy = ∫ ⁡ sec 2 ⁡ 2 dx − ∫ ⁡ dx
On integrating we get
x
⇒ y = 2tan⁡ 2 − x + c
𝒅𝒚
2. = √𝟒 − 𝒚𝟐 (−𝟐 < 𝒚 < 𝟐)
𝒅𝒙
Ans. Given
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = √4 − 𝑦 2
On rearranging we get
dy
⇒ = dx
√4−y2
Now taking integrals on both sides,

𝑑𝑦
⇒∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4−𝑦2
We know that,
1 𝑥
⇒∫ √𝑎2 −𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 ⁡ 𝑎
Then above equation becomes
𝑦
⇒ sin−1 ⁡ = 𝑥 + 𝑐
2
𝒅𝒚
3. + 𝒚 = 𝟏(𝒚 ≠ 𝟏)
𝒅𝒙
dy
Ans. ⇒ dx + y = 1
⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = (1 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥
Separating variables by variable separable method we get
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑑𝑥
1−𝑦
Now by taking integrals on both sides we get
𝑑𝑦
⇒ ∫⁡ = ∫ ⁡ 𝑑𝑥
1−𝑦
On integrating
⁡⇒ −log⁡(1 − 𝑦) = 𝑥 + log⁡ 𝑐
⁡⇒ −log⁡(1 − 𝑦) − log⁡ 𝑐 = 𝑥
⁡⇒ log⁡(1 − 𝑦)𝑐 = −𝑥
⁡⇒ (1 − 𝑦)𝑐 = 𝑒 −𝑥
Above equation can be written as
1
⇒ (1 − 𝑦) = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑐
1 −𝑥
𝑦=1+ 𝑒
𝑐
𝑌 = 1 + 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥
4. 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 ⁡ 𝒙𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝒚𝒅𝒙 + 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 ⁡ 𝒚𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Ans. Given
⇒ sec 2 ⁡ 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + sec 2 ⁡ 𝑦 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Dividing both sides by (tan⁡ 𝑥) (tan 𝑦 ) we get
sec 2 ⁡ 𝑥tany⁡ dx sec 2 ⁡ 𝑦tan⁡ xdy
∴ + =0
tan⁡ 𝑥tan⁡ y tan⁡ 𝑥tan⁡ 𝑦
On simplification we get
sec2 ⁡ xdx sec2 ⁡ ydy
⇒ + =0
tan⁡ x tan⁡ y
Integrating both sides,

sec2 ⁡ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 sec2 ⁡ 𝑦𝑑𝑦
⁡⇒ ∫ ⁡ = ∫⁡
tan⁡ 𝑥 tan⁡ 𝑦
⁡⇒ let tan⁡ 𝑥 = 𝑡&tan⁡ 𝑦 = 𝑢
Then
sec 2 ⁡ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡&sec 2 ⁡ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑢
By substituting these in above equation we get

dt du
∴ ∫⁡ = −∫⁡
t u
On integrating
⇒ log⁡ 𝑡 = −log⁡ 𝑢 + log⁡ 𝑐
Or,
⇒ log⁡(tan⁡ 𝑥) = −log⁡(tan⁡ 𝑦) + log⁡ 𝑐
𝑐
⁡⇒ log⁡ tan⁡ 𝑥 = log⁡ tan⁡ 𝑦
⁡⇒ (tan⁡ 𝑥)(tan⁡ 𝑦) = 𝑐
5. (𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒙 )𝒅𝒚 − (𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆−𝒙 )𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
Ans. Given ⇒ (ex + e−x )dy − (ex − e−x )dx = 0

On rearranging the above equation we get
(ex −e−x )dx
⇒ dy = ex +e−x
Taking Integrals both sides,
(ex −e−x )dx
⇒ ∫ ⁡ dy = ∫ ⁡ ex +e−x
Now let (ex + e −x )
=t
Then, (𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑡
dt
∴ y = ∫⁡ t
On integrating
𝑑𝑥
∵ ∫⁡ = log⁡ 𝑥
𝑥
So,
⇒ 𝑦 = log⁡ 𝑡
Now by substituting the value of 𝑡 we get
⇒ 𝑦 = log⁡(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝐶
𝒅𝒚
6. = (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )
𝒅𝒙
dy
Ans. ⇒ dx = (1 + x 2 )(1 + y 2 )
Separating variables by variable separable method,

𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑑𝑥(1 + 𝑥 2 )
1 + 𝑦2
Now taking integrals on both sides,
dy
⇒ ∫ ⁡ 1+y2 = ∫ ⁡ dx + ∫ ⁡ x 2 dx
𝑥3
⇒ tan−1 ⁡ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + +𝑐
3
7. 𝒚𝐥𝐨𝐠⁡ 𝒚𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Ans. Given
𝑦log⁡ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
⇒ (𝑦 log 𝑦)⁡𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥⁡𝑑𝑦
Separating variables by using variable separable method we get
dx dy
⇒ =
x ylogy
Now integrals on both sides,
dx dy
⁡⇒ ∫ ⁡ = ∫ ⁡ ylog𝑦
x
⁡⇒ let log⁡ 𝑦 = t
Then
1
⁡⇒ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
⁡⇒ log⁡ 𝑥 = ∫ ⁡ 𝑡
⁡⇒ log⁡ 𝑥 + log⁡ 𝑐 = log⁡ 𝑡
Now by substituting the value of 𝑡
⁡⇒ log⁡ 𝑥 + log⁡ 𝑐 = log⁡(log⁡ 𝑦 )
Now by using logarithmic formulae we get
⁡⇒ log⁡ 𝑐𝑥 = log⁡ 𝑦
⁡⇒ log⁡ 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥
⁡⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑒 cx
𝒅𝒚
8. 𝒙𝟓 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒚𝟓
Ans. Given
dy
⇒ x 5 dx = −y 5

dy −dx
⇒ =
y5 x5
On rearranging
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
⇒ + 𝑥5 = 0
𝑦5

dy dx
⇒ ∫ ⁡ y5 + ∫ ⁡ x 5 = a
Let a be a constant,
⇒ ∫ ⁡ y −5 dy + ∫ ⁡ x −5 dx = a
⇒ −4y −4 − 4x −4 + c = a
⇒ −x −4 − y −4 = c
The above equation can be written as

1 1
⇒ 𝑥4 + 𝑦4 = 𝑐
𝒅𝒚
9. = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ⁡ 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
Ans. Given
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 ⁡ 𝑥

⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = sin−1 ⁡ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Taking integrals on both sides,

⇒ ∫ ⁡ dy = ∫ ⁡ sin−1 ⁡ xdx
Now to integrate sin−1 ⁡ 𝑥 we have to multiply it by 1

to use product rule
𝑑
∫ ⁡ 𝑢. 𝑣𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 ∫ ⁡ 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ⁡ (𝑑𝑥 𝑢) (∫ ⁡ 𝑣𝑑𝑥)𝑑𝑥}
Then we get
⇒ y = ∫ ⁡ 1 ⋅ sin−1 ⁡ xdx
According to product rule and ILATE rule, the above equation can be written as
d
∴ y = {sin−1 ⁡ x ∫ ⁡ 1. dx − ∫ ⁡ (dx sin−1 ⁡ x) (∫ ⁡ 1. dx)dx}
𝑥
On integrating we get ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥sin−1 ⁡ 𝑥 − ∫ √1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
Now
⇒ let⁡ 1 − x 2 = t
Then
⁡⇒ −2x𝑑x = dt
dt
⁡⇒ xdx = − 2
Substituting these in above equation we get
1
⇒ y = xsin−1 ⁡ x + ∫ dt
2 √t
On simplification above equation can be written as
1
1
⁡⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥sin−1 ⁡ 𝑥 + 2 ∫ ⁡ 𝑡 −2 𝑑𝑡
1
⁡⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥sin−1 ⁡ 𝑥 + 2 √𝑡 + 𝑐
Substituting the value of 𝑡, we get

⇒ y = xsin−1 x + √1 − x 2 + c
10. 𝒆𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝒚𝒅𝒙 + (𝟏 − 𝒆𝒙 )𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 ⁡ 𝒚𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Ans. Given ⇒ ex tan⁡ ydx + 1(1 − ex )sec 2 ⁡ y𝑑y = 0
On rearranging above equation can be written as
⇒ (1 − ex )sec 2 ⁡ y𝑑y = −ex tany dy = 0
Separating the variables by using variable separable method,

sec2 ⁡ 𝑦 𝑒𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = − 1−𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
tan⁡ 𝑦
Now by taking integrals on both sides, we get
sec2 ⁡ 𝑦 𝑒 −𝑥
⇒ ∫⁡ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ⁡ 1−𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
tan⁡ 𝑦
Let tan⁡ 𝑦 = 𝑡 and 1 − 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑢
Then on differentiating
(sec 2 ⁡ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑡)&(𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢)
Substituting these in above equation we get

𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑢
∴∫ =∫
𝑡 𝑢
⇒ Log 𝑡 = log⁡ 𝑢 + log⁡ 𝑐
Substituting the values of 𝑡 and u on above equation.
⇒ log⁡(tan⁡ 𝑦) = log⁡(1 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) + log⁡ 𝑐

⇒ log⁡ tan⁡ 𝑦 = log⁡ 𝑐(1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )
By using logarithmic formula above equation can be written as
⇒ tan⁡ 𝑦 = 𝑐(1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )
For each of the differential equations in Exercises 11 to 14, find a particular

solution Satisfying the given condition:
𝒅𝒚
11. (𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙; 𝒚 = 𝟏 when 𝒙 = 𝟎
Ans. Given
dy
⇒ x 3 + x 2 + x + 1) dx = 2x 2 + x
Separating variables by using variable separable method,

2𝑥 2 +𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥+1)(𝑥 2+1) 𝑑𝑥
Taking integrals on both sides, we get

2x2 +x
⇒ ∫ ⁡ dy = ∫ ⁡ (x+1)(x2+1) dx … … 1
Integrating it partially using partial fraction method,
2𝑥 2 +𝑥 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
⁡⇒ (𝑥+1)(𝑥 2+1) = 𝑥+1 + 𝑥 2 +1
2𝑥 2 +𝑥 𝐴𝑥 2 +𝐴(𝐵𝑥+𝐶)(𝑥+1)
⁡⇒ (𝑥+1)(𝑥 2+1) = (𝑥+1)(𝑥 2 +1)
2 2
⁡⇒ 2𝑥 + 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑥 2 + (𝐵 + 𝐶)𝑥 + 𝐴 + 𝐶
Now comparing the coefficients of 𝑥 2 and 𝑥
⁡⇒ 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 2
⁡⇒ 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 1
⁡⇒ 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0
Solving them we will get the values of 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶

1 3 1
A = 2, B = 2,C = −2
Putting the values of A, B, C in 1 we get
2x2 +x 1 1 1 3x−1
⇒ (x+1)(x2+1) = 2 (x+1) + 2 x2+1
Now taking integrals on both sides

1 1 1 3x−1
⇒ ∫ dy = 2 ∫ dx + 2 ∫ dx
x+1 x2 +1
On integrating
1 3 𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
⁡⇒ 𝑦 = 2 log⁡(𝑥 + 1) + 2 ∫ ⁡ 𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ ⁡ 𝑥 2 +1
1 3 2𝑥 1
⁡⇒ 𝑦 = 2 log⁡(𝑥 + 1) + 4 ∫ ⁡ 𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑥 − 2 tan−1 ⁡ 𝑥
……… 2
For second term
let x 2 + 1 = t
Then, 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
3 2x 3 dt
∴ ∫ 2 dx = ∫
4 x +1 4 t
3
so, I = 4 log⁡ t
Substituting the value of t we get
3
𝐼 = 4 log⁡(𝑥 2 + 1)
Then 2 becomes
1 3 1
⇒ 𝑦 = 2 log⁡(𝑥 + 1) + 4 log⁡(𝑥 2 + 1) − 2 tan−1 ⁡ 𝑥 + 𝑐
Taking 4 common
1 1
⇒ y = [2log⁡(x + 1) + 3log⁡(x 2 + 1)] − tan−1 ⁡ x + c
4 2
1 1
⇒ y = [log⁡(x + 1)2 + log⁡(x 2 + 1)3 ] − tan−1 ⁡ x + c
4 2
1 1
⇒ y = [log⁡{(x + 1)2 (x 2 + 1)}] − tan−1 ⁡ x + c
4 2
Now, we are given that y = 1 when x = 0
1 1
∴1= [log⁡{(0 + 1)2 (02 + 1)}] − tan−1 ⁡ 0 + c
4 2
1 1
1= ×0− ×0+c
4 2
Therefore,
C=1
Putting the value of c in 3 we get
1 1
y= [log⁡{(x + 1)2 (x 2 + 1)}] − tan−1 ⁡ x + 1
4 2
𝒅𝒚
12. 𝒙(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏; 𝒚 = 𝟎 when 𝒙 = 𝟐
Ans. Given
𝑑𝑦
𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 1
dx
⇒ dy = x(x2+1)
𝑥 2 + 1 can be written as (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) we get
dx
⇒ 𝑑y =
x(x+1)(x−1)
dx
⇒ ∫ ⁡ dy = ∫ ⁡ x(x+1)(x−1) … . .1
Now by using partial fraction method,
1 A B c
⇒ x(x+1)(x−1) = x + x+1 + x−1 K …..2
1 A(x−1)(x+1)+B(x)(x−1)+C(x)(x+1)
⇒ x(x+1)(x−1) = x(x+1)(x−1)
Or
1 (𝐴+𝐵+𝐶)𝑥 2 +(𝐵−𝐶)𝑥−𝐴
⇒ 𝑥(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1) = 𝑥(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)
Now comparing the values of 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶
𝐴+𝐵+𝐶 =0
𝐵−𝐶 =0
𝐴 = −1
Solving these we will get that 𝐵 = 1/2 and 𝐶 = 1/2

Now putting the values of 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 in 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ x(x+1)(x−1) = − x + 2 (x+1) + 2 (x−1)
1 1 1 1 1
Now taking integrals we get ⇒ ∫ dy = −∫ x dx + 2 ∫ (x+1) dx + 2 ∫ (x−1) dx
On integrating
1 1
⇒ 𝑦 = −log⁡ 𝑥 + 2 log⁡(𝑥 + 1) + 2 log⁡(𝑥 − 1) + log⁡ 𝑐
1 c2 (x−1)(x+1)
⇒ 𝑦 = log⁡ [ }
2 x2 ….3
Now we are given that 𝑦 = 0 when 𝑥 = 2
1 𝑐 2 (2−1)(2+1)
0 = 2 log⁡ [ }
4
3𝑐 2
⁡⇒ log⁡ =0
4
We know 𝑒 = 1 by substituting we get
0
3𝑐 2
⁡⇒ =1
4
⁡⇒ 3𝑐 2 = 4
⁡⇒ 𝑐 2 = 4/3
Now putting the value of 𝑐 2 in 3

Then,
1 4(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)
𝑦 = log⁡ [ ]
2 3𝑥 2
1 2
4(𝑥 −1)
𝑦 = 2 log⁡ [ ]
3𝑥 2
𝒅𝒚
13. 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ (𝒅𝒙) = 𝒂(𝒂 ∈ 𝐑); 𝒚 = 𝟏 when 𝒙 = 𝟎
Ans. Given
𝑑𝑦
cos⁡ ( ) = 𝑎
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = cos −1 ⁡ 𝑎
dy = cos−1 ⁡ adx
Integrating both sides, we get

∫ ⁡ 𝑑𝑦 = cos −1 ⁡ 𝑎 ∫ ⁡ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥cos−1 ⁡ 𝑎 + 𝐶 … 1 Now 𝑦 = 1
when 𝑥 = 0
Then
1 = 0cos−1 ⁡ 𝑎 + 𝐶
Hence 𝐶 = 1
Substituting 𝐶 = 1 in equation (1), we get:
𝑦 = 𝑥cos−1 ⁡ 𝑎 + 1
(𝑦 − 1)/𝑥 = cos −1 ⁡ 𝑎
𝑦−1
⇒ cos⁡ ( )=𝑎
𝑥
𝒅𝒚
14. 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒚𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝒙; 𝒚 = 𝟏 when 𝒙 = 𝟎
Ans. Given
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦tan⁡ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = tan⁡ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑦
Taking Integrals both sides, we get
𝑑𝑦
⇒∫ = ∫ tan⁡ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑦
On integrating
⇒ log⁡ 𝑦 = −log⁡(cos⁡ 𝑥) + log⁡ 𝑐

Using standard trigonometric identity we get
⇒ log⁡ 𝑦 = log⁡(sec⁡ 𝑥) + log⁡ 𝑐

Using logarithmic formula in above equation we get
⇒ log⁡ 𝑦 = log⁡ 𝑐(sec⁡ 𝑥)

⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑐(sec⁡ 𝑥) … .1
Now we are given that 𝑦 = 1 when 𝑥 = 0
⇒ 1 = c(sec⁡ 0)
⇒1=c×1
⇒𝑐=1
Putting the value of 𝑐 in 1

⇒ 𝑦 = sec⁡ 𝑥
15. Find the equation of a curve passing through the point (𝟎, 𝟎) and whose
differential equation is 𝒚′ = 𝒆𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝒙
Ans. To find the equation of a curve that passes through point (0,0) and has
differential equation y ′ = ex sin⁡ x
So, we need to find the general solution of the given differential equation and the
put the given point in to find the value of constant.
𝑑𝑦
So, ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin⁡ 𝑥
Separating variables by variable separable method, we get
⇒ dy = ex sin⁡ xdx
⇒ ∫ ⁡ dy = ∫ ⁡ ex sin⁡ xdx … .1
Now by using product rule we get

𝑑
∫ 𝑢. 𝑣𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − ∫ {𝑑𝑥 𝑢∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥} 𝑑𝑥
Now let
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin⁡ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑
⇒ 𝐼 = sin⁡ 𝑥∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (𝑑𝑥 sin⁡ 𝑥∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin⁡ 𝑥 − ∫ cos⁡ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Now by integrating we get
⇒ 𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin⁡ 𝑥 − [cos⁡ 𝑥∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin⁡ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
From 1 we have
⇒ 𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin⁡ 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 cos⁡ 𝑥 − 𝐼
Now on simplifying
⁡⇒ 2I = ex sin⁡ x − ex cos⁡ x
⁡⇒ 2I = ex (sin⁡ x − cos⁡ x)
(sin⁡ x−cos⁡ x)
⁡⇒ I = ex 2
Substituting 𝐼 in 1 we get
(sin⁡ 𝑥−cos⁡ 𝑥)
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑐⁡ … .2
2
Now we are given that the curve passes through point (0,0)
(sin⁡ 0−cos⁡ 0)
⁡∴ 0 = e0 +c
2
1(0−1)
⁡⇒ 0 = +c
2
1
⁡⇒ 𝑐 = 2
Substituting the value of 𝐶 in 2

(sin⁡ 𝑥−cos⁡ 𝑥) 1
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 +2
2
On rearranging
⇒ 2𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (sin⁡ 𝑥 − cos⁡ 𝑥) + 1
Hence
⇒ 2𝑦 − 1 = 𝑒 𝑥 (sin⁡ 𝑥 − cos⁡ 𝑥)
𝒅𝒚
16. For the differential equation 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒙 = (𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒚 + 𝟐)
Find the solution curve passing through the point (𝟏, −𝟏).
Ans. For this question, we need to find the particular solution at point (1, −1) for the
given differential equation.
Given differential equation is
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑦 + 2)

𝑦 (𝑥+2)𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑦+2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥
2 2
Taking Integrals both sides, we get ⇒ ∫ (1 − y+2) dy = ∫ (1 + x) dx
Splitting the integrals
1 1
⁡⇒ ∫ ⁡ 𝑑𝑦 − 2 ∫ ⁡ 𝑦+2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ⁡ 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ ⁡ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⁡⇒ 𝑦 − 2log⁡(𝑦 + 2) = 𝑥 + 2log⁡ 𝑥 + 𝑐 … 1
Now separating like terms on each side,

⁡⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑥 − 𝑐 = 2log⁡ 𝑥 + 2log⁡(𝑦 + 2)⁡
⁡⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑥 − 𝑐 = log⁡ 𝑥 2 + log⁡(𝑦 + 2)2
Using logarithmic formula we get

⇒ y − x − c = log⁡{x 2 (y + 2)2 } − i)
Now we are given that, the curve passes through (1, −1) Substituting the values
of 𝑥 and 𝑦, to find the value of 𝑐
⇒ −1 − 1 − c = log⁡{1(−1 + 2)2 }
⇒ −2 − 𝑐 = log⁡(1)
We know that log 10

⇒ c = −2 + 0
So 𝑐 = −2
Substituting the value of 𝑐 in 1
𝑦 − 𝑥 − 𝑐 = log⁡{𝑥 2 (𝑦 + 2)2 }
𝑦 − 𝑥 + 2 = log⁡{𝑥 2 (𝑦 + 2)2 }
17. Find the equation of a curve passing through the point (𝟎, −𝟐) given that at any
point (𝒙, 𝒚) on the curve, the product of the slope of its tangent and 𝒚
coordinate of the point is equal to the 𝒙 coordinate of the point.
Answer
dy
We know that slope of a tangent is = dx.
So we are given that the product of the slope of its tangent and y coordinate of
the point is equal to the 𝑥 coordinate of the point.
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
Now separating variables by variable separable method,

⇒ 𝑦dy = xdx
Taking integrals both sides,
⇒ ∫ ⁡ ydy = ∫ ⁡ xdx
y2 x2
⁡⇒ = + c⁡
2 2
⁡⇒ y − x 2 = 2c … 1
2
Now the curve passes through (0, −2).

∴ 4 − 0 = 2c
⇒C=2
Putting the value of 𝑐 in 1 we get

⇒ 𝑦2 − 𝑥2 = 4
18. At any point (𝒙, 𝒚) of a curve, the slope of the tangent is twice the slope of the
line segment joining the point of contact to the point (−𝟒, −𝟑). Find the
equation of the curve given that it passes through (−𝟐, 𝟏).
Ans. We know that (𝑥, 𝑦) is the point of contact of curve and its tangent.
𝑦+3
Slope (𝑚1) for line joining (𝑥, 𝑦) and (−4, −3) is 𝑥+4......1
𝑑𝑦
Also we know that slope of tangent of a curve is 𝑑𝑥 .
dy
∴ slope (m2) of tangent = dx … . .2
Now, according to the question, we can write as
(𝑚2) = 2(𝑚1)
dy 2(y + 3)
⇒ =
dx x+4
𝑑𝑦 2𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑦+3 = 𝑥+4
dy dx
⇒ ∫⁡ = 2∫⁡
y+3 x+4
⇒ log⁡(𝑦 + 3) = 2log⁡(𝑥 + 4) + log⁡ 𝑐
Using logarithmic formula above equation can be written as
⇒ log⁡(y + 3) = log⁡ c(x + 4)2
⇒ y + 3 = c(x + 4)2
Now, this equation passes through the point (−2,1).
⇒ 1 + 3 = c(−2 + 4)2
⇒ 4 = 4𝑐
⇒C=1
Substitute the value of 𝑐 in 3
⇒ y + 3 = (x + 4)2
19. The volume of spherical balloon being inflated changes at a constant rate. If
initially its radius is 3 units and after 3 seconds it is 6 units. Find the radius of
balloon after 𝒕 seconds.
Ans. Let the rate of change of the volume of the balloon be 𝑘 where 𝑘 is a constant
dy
∴ =k
dt
d 4 4
( 𝜋r 3 ) = k volume of sphere = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 }
dt 3
On differentiating with respect to 𝑟 we get
4 𝑑𝑟
⇒ 3 𝜋3𝑟 2 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑘
On rearranging
⇒ 4𝜋r 2 d𝑟 = kdt
⇒ 4𝜋∫ r 2 dr = k∫ dt
4𝜋𝑟 3
⇒ = kt + c …… 1
3
Now, from the question we have
At 𝑡 = 0, 𝑟 = 3 :
⁡⇒ 4𝜋 × 33 = 3(k × 0 + c)
⁡⇒ 108𝜋 = 3c
⁡⇒ c = 36𝜋
At t = 3, r = 6:
⁡⇒ 4𝜋 × 63 = 3(k × 3 + c)
⁡⇒ k = 84𝜋
Substituting the values of 𝑘 and 𝑐 in 1
⁡⇒ 4𝜋𝑟 3 = 3(84𝜋𝑡 + 36𝜋)
⁡⇒ 4𝜋𝑟 3 = 4𝜋(63𝑡 + 27)
⁡⇒ 𝑟 3 = 63𝑡 + 27
3
⁡⇒ 𝑟 = √63𝑡 + 27
So the radius of balloon after 𝑡 seconds is √63𝑡 + 27
3
20. In a bank, principal increases continuously at the rate of 𝒓% per year.

Find the value of 𝒓 if Rs 100 double itself in 10 years ( 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 ⁡ 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟏 ).
Ans. Let 𝑡 be time, 𝑝 be principal and 𝑟 be rate of interest

According the information principal increases at the rate of 𝑟% per year.
dp r
∴ =( )p
dt 100
dp r
⇒ = (100) dt
p

dp r
⇒ ∫⁡ = 100 ∫ ⁡ dt
p
rt
⁡⇒ log⁡ 𝑝 = 100 + k
rt
⁡⇒ p = e100+k … .1
Given that 𝑡 = 0, 𝑝 = 100.

⇒ 100 = ek … .2
Now, if t = 10, then p = 2 × 100 = 200

So,
rt
⁡⇒ 200 = e10+k
rt
⁡⇒ 200 = e10 ⋅ ek
From 2
rt
⁡⇒ 200 = e10 × 100
r
⁡⇒ e10 = 2
r
⁡⇒ 10 = log⁡ 2
⁡⇒ r = 6.93
So r is 6.93%.
21. In a bank, principal increases continuously at the rate of 𝟓% per year. An

amount of Rs 1000 is deposited with this bank, how much will it worth after 10
years (𝒆𝟎.𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝟖).
Ans. Let 𝑝 and 𝑡 be principal and time respectively.

Given that principal increases continuously at rate of 5% per year.
dp 5
∴ =( )p
dt 100
dp p
⇒ = 25
p

dp 1
⁡⇒ ∫ ⁡ = 20 ∫ ⁡ dt
p
t
⁡⇒ log⁡ 𝑝 = e20⁡+⁡𝑐
When t = 0, p = 1000
⁡⇒ 1000 = ec
At t = 10
1
⇒ p = e2+c

⁡⇒ p = e0.5 × ec
⁡⇒ p = 1.648 × 1000(e0.5 = 1.648)
⁡⇒ p = 1648
So after 10 years the total amount would be Rs. 1648
22. In a culture, the bacteria count is 𝟏, 𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. The number is increased by 𝟏𝟎% in
2 hours. In how many hours will the count reach 𝟐, 𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎, if the rate of growth
of bacteria is proportional to the number present?
Ans. Let 𝑦 be the number of bacteria at any instant 𝑡.
Given that the rate of growth of bacteria is proportional to the number
dy
present ∴ ∝y
dt
dy
⇒ = ky ( k is a constant)
dt
Separating variables by variable separable method we get,
dy
⇒ = kdt
dt
dy
⇒∫ = k∫ dt
y
⇒ log⁡ 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐. .1
Let 𝑦 ′ be the number of bacteria at t = 0.
⇒ log⁡ 𝑦 ′ = c
Substituting the value of 𝑐 in 1
⇒ log⁡ 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑡 + log⁡ 𝑦 ′
⇒ Log y − log⁡ y ′ = k𝑡
y
⇒ log⁡ y′ = kt … .2
Also, given that number of bacteria increases by 10% in 2 hours. Therefore,

110
⁡⇒ y = 100 y ′
y 11
⁡⇒ y′ = 10 … 3
Substituting this value in 2 , we get

11
⁡⇒ k × 2 = log⁡ 10
1 11
⁡⇒ k = 2 log⁡ 10
So, 2 becomes
1 11 y
⇒ 2 log⁡ 10 × t = log⁡ y′
y
2log⁡ ′
y
⇒t= 11 …4
log⁡
10
Now, let the time when number of bacteria increase from 100000 to 200000
be t ′
⇒ y = 2y ′ at t = t ′
So from 4, we have
𝑦
2log⁡ ′ 2log⁡ 2
′ 𝑦
⇒𝑡 = 11 = 11
log⁡ log⁡
10 10
2log⁡ 2
11
log⁡
So bacteria increases from 100000 to 200000 in 10
hours.
⁡
𝒅𝒚
23. The general solution of the differential equation 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙+𝒚 is
(A) 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒚 = 𝐂
(B) 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆𝒚 = 𝐂
(C) 𝒆−𝒙 + 𝒆𝒚 = 𝐂
(D) 𝒆−𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒚 = 𝐂
Ans. (A) 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝐶
Explanation:
We have
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦
Using laws of exponents we get
dy
⇒ dx = ex × ey
Separating variables by variable separable method we get
⇒ e−y dy = ex dx
Now taking integrals on both sides
⇒ ∫ ⁡ e−y dy = ∫ ⁡ ex dx
On integrating
⁡⇒ −e−y = ex + c
⁡⇒ ex + e−y = −c
Or,
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝑐
So the correct option is A.
EXERCISE 9.5
In each of the Exercises 1 to 10, show that the given differential equation is
homogeneous and solve each of them.
1. (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙
Ans. On rearranging the given equation we get

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦
x2 +y2
Let f(x, y) = x2+xy
Here, substituting 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑦
(𝑘𝑥)2 + (𝑘𝑦)2
𝑓(𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦) =
(𝑘𝑥)2 + 𝑘𝑥. 𝑘𝑦
Taking k 2 common
𝑘2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
⁡= 𝑘 2 ⋅ 𝑥 2+𝑥𝑦
⁡= 𝑘 0 ⋅ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
Therefore, the given differential equation is homogeneous.
(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
= 𝑥 2 +𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥
To solve it we make the substitution.

𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Differentiating equation with respect to 𝑥, we get 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
We have dy/dx, substituting this in above equation
𝑑𝑣 𝑥 2 +(𝑣𝑥)2
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 +𝑥⋅𝑣𝑥
Taking 𝑥 2 common
𝑑𝑣 𝑥 2 (1+𝑣 2 )
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 (1+𝑣)
𝑑𝑣 1+𝑣 2
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1+𝑣

𝑑𝑣 1+𝑣 2 1+𝑣 2 −𝑣−𝑣 2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑣 =
1+𝑣 1+𝑣
𝑑𝑣 1−𝑣
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1+𝑣
1+𝑣 1
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1−𝑣
Taking integrals on both side

1+1−1+𝑣 1
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1−𝑣 𝑥
2 − (1 − 𝑣)
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = log⁡ 𝑥 + 𝑐
1−𝑣
2
∫( − 1) 𝑑𝑣 = log⁡ 𝑥 + 𝑐
1−𝑣
2log⁡(1 − 𝑣)
− 𝑣 = log⁡ 𝑥 + 𝑐
−1
−2log⁡(1 − 𝑣) − 𝑣 = log⁡ 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
putting 𝑣 = 𝑥 − 2 log (1 − 𝑥 ) − 𝑥 = log 𝑥 + c
𝑦 𝑦
2log⁡ (1 − ) + = −log⁡ 𝑥 − 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥−𝑦 2 𝑦
log⁡ ( ) + log⁡ 𝑥 = − − 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥−𝑦 2 𝑦
log⁡ ( ) 𝑥 =− −𝑐
𝑥 𝑥
(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 −𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑥 −6
𝑥
(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 −𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 −𝑐
𝑥
−𝑦
(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = Cx𝑒 𝑧 where 𝐶 = 𝑒 −c
𝒙+𝒚
2. 𝒚′ = 𝒙
Ans. Given
𝑥+𝑦
𝑦′ =
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
The above equation can be written as 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑥+𝑦
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥
Here, putting 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑦
𝑘𝑥+𝑘𝑦
𝑓(𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦) = 𝑘𝑥
𝑘 𝑥+𝑦
⁡= 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑥
⁡= 𝑘 0 ⋅ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
x+y
y′ = x
Then the above equation can be written as

𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
Differentiating equation with respect to 𝑥, we get

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Now by substituting the value of 𝑣 we get
dv x+vx
v + x dx = x
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑣
𝑑𝑣
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1
1
Now taking integrals on both side we get
1
∫ ⁡ dv = ∫ ⁡ x dx
𝑣 = log⁡ 𝑥 + 𝐶
Now by substituting the value of v

𝑦
= log⁡ 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥log⁡ 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥
3. (𝒙 − 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 − (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
Ans. Given (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
On rearranging above equation we can write as = 𝑥−𝑦
𝑑𝑥
x+y
Let f(x, y) = x−y
Now by substituting 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑦
kx + ky
f(kx, ky) =
kx − ky
x+y
f(kx, ky) =
x−y
= k 0 ⋅ f(x, y)
(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 − (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑦
For further simplification we make the substitution.
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Differentiating equation with respect to 𝑥, we get 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑥+𝑣𝑥
Now by substituting the value of dv/dx we get 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥−𝑣𝑥
Taking 𝑥 as common we get
dv 1+v
v + x dx = 1−v
On rearranging
dv 1+v
x dx = 1−v − v
Now taking LCM and computing we get

𝑑𝑣 1+𝑣−𝑣+𝑣 2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1−𝑣
𝑑𝑣 1+𝑣 2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1−𝑣
1−𝑣 1
1+𝑣 2
Now by splitting the integrals we get

1 𝑣 1
∫ 2
𝑑𝑣 − ∫ 2
𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥⁡⁡ … … . 1
1+𝑣 1+𝑣 𝑥
v
Let, I1 = ∫ 1+v2 dv
Put 1 + v 2 = t
2vdv = dt
1
𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑡
2
Now by applying integral we get
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑡
2 𝑡
1
logt
2
Now by substituting the value of 𝑡 we get
1
log⁡(1 + v 2 )
2
From equation 1 we have
1
∴ tan−1 ⁡ v − log⁡(1 + v 2 ) = log⁡ x + C
2
y 1 y 2
tan−1 ⁡ − log⁡ (1 + ( ) ) = log⁡ x + C
x 2 x
𝑦 1 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
tan−1 ⁡ 𝑥 = log⁡ 𝑥 + 2 log⁡ ( )+𝐶
𝑥2
𝑦 1 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
tan−1 ⁡ 𝑥 = 2 (2log⁡ 𝑥 + log⁡ ( )) + 𝐶
𝑥2
y 1 x2 +y2
tan−1 ⁡ = (log⁡ ( × x 2 )) + C
x 2 x2
y 1
tan−1 ⁡ x = 2 (log⁡ x 2 + y 2 ) + C
4. (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Ans. The given equation can be written as 2xy𝑑y = −(x 2 − y 2 )dx

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
On rearranging we get 𝑑𝑥 = − 2𝑥𝑦
𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = − 2𝑥𝑦
Here, substituting 𝑥 = 𝑘⁡𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑘⁡𝑦
k2 x2 −k2 y2
f(kx, ky) = − 2k2 xy
Now by taking k 2 common
𝑘2 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
𝑓(𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦) = − 𝑘 2 ⋅ 2𝑥𝑦
0
⁡= 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
Again on rearranging
2xy𝑑y = −(x 2 − y 2 )dx
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
=−
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑦
To solve above equation and for further simplification we make the substitution.
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
=𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Now by substituting the value of 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 we get
dv x2 − v2x2
v+x =−
dx 2x. vx
Now taking 𝑥 as common
2
dv x2 (1−v2 )
v + x dx = − 2vx
On rearranging
dv 1−v2
x dx = − −v
2v
Now taking LCM and computing
𝑑𝑣 −1+𝑣 2 −2𝑣 2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑣
On simplification
𝑑𝑣 −1−𝑣 2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑣
Rearranging the above equation we get
2𝑣 1
− 1+𝑣2 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Now by multiplying the above equation by negative sign we get

2𝑣 1
𝑑𝑣 = − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑣 2
2𝑣 1
∫ ⁡ 1+𝑣2 𝑑𝑣 = − ∫ ⁡ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥⁡ … .1
2v
Let, I1 = ∫ 𝑑v
1+v2
Put 1 + 𝑣 2 = 𝑡
2vdv = dt
1
vdv = dt
2
Taking integral we get
1
∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
log⁡ 𝑡
From 1 we have
∴ log⁡(1 + 𝑣 2 ) = −log⁡ 𝑥 + log⁡ 𝐶
𝑦 2
log⁡ (1 + ( ) ) = −log⁡ 𝑥 + log⁡ 𝐶
𝑥
By using logarithmic formula we get
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝐶
log⁡ ( 2
) = log⁡
𝑥 𝑥
On simplification
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶𝑥
𝒅𝒚
5. 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚
Ans. The given question can be written as
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝑥 2 −2𝑦 2 +𝑥𝑦
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥2
k 2 x 2 − 2k 2 y 2 + kxky
f(kx, ky) =
k2 x2
Now by taking k 2 common we get
𝑘2 𝑥 2 −2𝑦 2 +𝑥𝑦
𝑓(𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦) = 𝑘 2 ⋅ 𝑥2
0
⁡= 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 −2𝑦 2 +𝑥𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
To solve above equation and to make simplification easier we make the

substitution.
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
Differentiating above equation with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥
Now by substituting the value of d𝑦/dx we get
dv x2 −2v2 x2 +x⋅vx
v + x dx = x2
𝑑𝑣 1−2𝑣 2 +𝑣
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑣 2 + 𝑣
On simplification
dv
x dx = 1 − 2v 2
By separating the variables using variable separable method,

1 1
2
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
1 − 2𝑣 𝑥
1 1
∫ ⁡ 1−2𝑣2 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ ⁡ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
⁡∫ ⁡ 1−(√2𝑣)2 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ ⁡ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
⁡∫ ⁡ 12−(√2𝑣)2 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ ⁡ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
On integrating using standard trigonometric identity we get

1 1 1+√2v
⋅ 2⋅1 ⋅ log⁡ |1−√2v| = log⁡ |x| + C
√2
𝑦
1 1 + √2 𝑥
log⁡ | 𝑦| = log⁡ |𝑥| + 𝐶
2√2 1 − √2 𝑥
On simplification
1 𝑥+√2𝑦
log⁡ |𝑥−√2𝑦| = log⁡ |𝑥| + 𝐶
2√2
6. 𝒙𝒅𝒚 − 𝒚𝒅𝒙 = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙

𝑥𝑑𝑦 = (√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 (√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
(√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑦)
Here, putting 𝑥 = 𝑘⁡𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑘⁡𝑦
(√k2 x2 +k2 y2 +ky)

f(kx, ky) = kx
Now taking k as common
𝑘 (√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑦)
𝑓(𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦) = 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑥
⁡= 𝑘 0 ⋅ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
By separating the variables using variable separable method we get
𝑥𝑑𝑦 = (√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑦)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
To solve above equation we make the substitution.
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥
On rearranging and substituting the value of 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 we get

dv √x 2 + x 2 v 2 + vx
v+x =
dx x
Taking 𝑥 as common and computing we get
𝑑𝑣 𝑥√1 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑣𝑥
𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
On simplification
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = √1 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑣
𝑑𝑣
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = √1 + 𝑣 2
Again separating variables we get

1 1
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
√1 + 𝑣 2 𝑥
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1 + 𝑣 2 𝑥
1
Using ∫ √𝑥 2 2 = log⁡(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 , the above equation can be written as
+𝑎
log⁡ (v + √1 + v 2 ) = log⁡ x + log⁡ C
Now by using logarithmic formula we get
𝑦 𝑦2
log⁡ ( + √1 + 2 ) = log⁡ 𝐶𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
On simplifying we get
y y2
+ √1 + x2 = Cx
x
Taking LCM
𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
+√ = 𝐶𝑥
𝑥 𝑥2
𝑦 √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
+ = 𝐶𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
On rearranging
y + √x 2 + y 2 = Cx 2
𝒚 𝒚 𝒚 𝒚
7. {𝒙𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ (𝒙) + 𝒚𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ (𝒙)} 𝒚𝒅𝒙 = {𝒚𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ (𝒙) − 𝒙𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ (𝒙)} 𝒙𝒅𝒚
𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 {𝑥cos⁡( )+𝑦sin⁡( )}𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 {𝑦sin⁡( )−𝑥cos⁡( )}𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
{𝑥cos⁡( )+𝑦sin⁡( )}𝑦
𝑦
𝑥
𝑦
{𝑦sin⁡( )−𝑥cos⁡( )}𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑘𝑦 𝑘𝑦
{𝑘𝑥cos⁡( )+𝑘𝑦sin⁡( )}𝑘𝑦
𝑘𝑥 𝑘𝑥
𝑓(𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦) = 𝑘𝑦 𝑘𝑦
{𝑘𝑦sin⁡( )−𝑘𝑥cos⁡( )}𝑘𝑥
𝑘𝑥 𝑘𝑥
Now by taking k 2 as common we get

𝑦 𝑦
𝑘2 {𝑥cos⁡( )+𝑦sin⁡( )}𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
𝑓(𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦) = 𝑘 2 ⋅ 𝑦 𝑦
{𝑦sin⁡( )−𝑥cos⁡( )}𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
⁡= 𝑘 0 ⋅ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 {𝑥cos⁡( )+𝑦sin⁡( )}𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 {𝑦sin⁡( )−𝑥cos⁡( )}𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
Differentiating equation with respect to x, we get

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥
Now by substituting dy/dx value and on rearranging we get
𝑑𝑣 {𝑥cos⁡(𝑣) + 𝑣𝑥sin⁡(𝑣)}𝑣𝑥
𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 {𝑣𝑥sin⁡(𝑣) − 𝑥cos⁡(𝑣)}𝑥
Taking 𝑥 as common and simplifying we get
𝑑𝑣 {cos⁡(𝑣)+𝑣sin⁡(𝑣)}𝑣
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = {𝑣sin⁡(𝑣)−cos⁡(𝑣)}
On rearranging and computing we get
𝑑𝑣 {cos⁡(𝑣)+𝑣sin⁡(𝑣)}𝑣
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑣
{𝑣sin⁡(𝑣)−cos⁡(𝑣)}
Taking LCM and simplifying we get

𝑑𝑣 𝑣cos⁡(𝑣)+𝑣 2 sin⁡(𝑣)−𝑣 2 sin⁡(𝑣)+𝑣cos⁡(𝑣)
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⁡= 𝑣sin⁡(𝑣)−cos⁡(𝑣)
𝑑𝑣 2𝑣cos⁡(𝑣)
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⁡= 𝑣sin⁡(𝑣)−cos⁡(𝑣)
Separating the variables by using variable separable method we get
𝑣sin⁡(𝑣)−cos⁡ 𝑣 1
2𝑣cos⁡ 𝑣
Now by splitting the numerator we get
vsinv cos⁡ 𝑣 1
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡2vcosv dv − 2vcosv dv = x dx
1 1 1 1
tanv⁡ 𝑣 d − ⋅ dv = dx
2 2 v x

1 1 1 1
∫ tan⁡ 𝑣𝑑𝑣 − 2 ⋅ ∫ v dv = ∫ x dx
2
1 1
log⁡ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑣 − 2 logv = log⁡ 𝑥 + log⁡ 𝑘
2
log⁡ sec⁡ 𝑣 − log⁡ 𝑣 = 2log⁡ 𝑘𝑥
y y
log⁡ sec⁡ ( ) − log⁡ ( ) = 2logkx
x x
Ahain using logarithmic formula we gte
𝑥 𝑦
log⁡ ( sec⁡ ( )) = log⁡(𝑘𝑥)2
𝑦 𝑥
On simplification
x y
sec⁡ ( ) = k 2 x 2
y x
We know that sec⁡ 𝑥 = 1/cos⁡ 𝑥, by using this in above equation we get
1 2
𝑦 =𝑘
𝑥𝑦cos⁡ ( )
𝑥
On rearranging
𝑦 1
𝑥𝑦cos⁡ ( ) = 2
𝑥 𝑘
Where 𝐶 is integral constant
1
C=
k2
𝑦
𝑥𝑦cos⁡ ( ) = 𝐶
𝑥
𝒅𝒚 𝒚
8. 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝒙𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ (𝒙) = 𝟎
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑥sin⁡ (𝑥 )
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦−𝑥sin⁡( )
𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
𝑦−𝑥sin⁡( )
𝑥
Now put x = k𝑥 and y = k𝑦
𝑘𝑦
𝑘𝑦 − 𝑘𝑥sin⁡ ( )
𝑘𝑥
𝑓(𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦) =
𝑘𝑥
By taking k as common we get
𝑦
𝑘 𝑦−𝑥sin⁡( )
𝑥
𝑓(𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦) = 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑥
= k 0 . f(x, y)
dy y
x dx = y − xsin⁡ (x)
On rearranging the above equation

y
dy y−xsin⁡( )
x
=
dx x
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥
On rearranging and substituting the value of dy/dx we get
𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑣𝑥−𝑥sin⁡( )
𝑥
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 − sin⁡ 𝑣
𝑑𝑣
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −sin⁡ 𝑣
Now separating variables by variable separable method we get

1 1
sin⁡ 𝑣
We know that 1/sin⁡ 𝑥 = cosec⁡ 𝑥 then above equation becomes
1
cosecvdv = − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Taking integration on both side, we get
1
∫ ⁡ cosecv⁡ 𝑑𝑣 = − ∫ ⁡ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
log⁡(cosec⁡ 𝑣 − cot⁡ 𝑣) = −log⁡ 𝑥 + log⁡ 𝐶
𝑦 𝑦 𝐶
log⁡ (cosec⁡ − cot⁡ ) = log⁡
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 𝐶
cosec⁡ − cot⁡ =
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
We know that 1/sin⁡ 𝑥 = cosec⁡ 𝑥 and cot⁡ 𝑥 = cos⁡ 𝑥/sin⁡ 𝑥 then above equation
becomes
𝑦
1 cos⁡ 𝑥 𝐶
𝑦− 𝑦=
sin⁡ 𝑥 sin⁡ 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝐶 𝑦
1 − cos⁡ 𝑥 = 𝑥 ⋅ sin⁡ 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 (1 − cos⁡ ) = csin⁡
𝑥 𝑥
𝒚
9. 𝒚𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝐥𝐨𝐠⁡ (𝒙) 𝒅𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Ans. Given
𝑦
𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥log⁡ (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
The given equation can be written as
𝑦
𝑥log⁡ ( ) 𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥
Taking dy common
𝑦
(𝑥log⁡ (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −𝑦
= 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥log⁡( )𝑑𝑦−2𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
= 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥−𝑥log⁡( )
𝑥
𝑦
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦
2𝑥−𝑥log⁡( )
𝑥
Now put 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑦

ky
f(kx, ky) = ky
2kx−kxlog( )
kx
Taking k as common
𝑘 𝑦
𝑓(𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦) = 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑦
2𝑥−𝑥log⁡( )
𝑥
⁡= 𝑘 0 . 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑦
𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥log⁡ (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦
𝑥log⁡ ( ) 𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥
On rearranging
𝑑𝑦 −𝑦
= 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥log⁡( )𝑑𝑦−2𝑥
𝑥
Simplifying we get
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
= 𝑦
𝑥
y = vx

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
=𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
On rearranging and substituting 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 value we get
𝑑𝑣 𝑣𝑥
𝑣+𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑥
On simplification
𝑑𝑣 𝑣
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2−log⁡ 𝑣
𝑑𝑣 𝑣
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2−log⁡ 𝑣 − 𝑣
𝑑𝑣 𝑣−2𝑣+𝑣𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑣
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2−log⁡ 𝑣
𝑑𝑣 −𝑣+𝑣𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑣
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2−log⁡ 𝑣
By separating the variables using variable separable method we get
2−log⁡ 𝑣 1
−𝑣+𝑣log⁡ 𝑣
2−log⁡ 𝑣 1
𝑣(log⁡ 𝑣−1)
1−(log⁡ 𝑣−1) 1
1 1 1
𝑑𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integrating both sides, we get

1 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥………. 1
1
Let, I1 = ∫ dv
v(log⁡ v−1)
Put, log⁡ v − 1 = t
1
dv = dt
v
On integrating
1
∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
Log t
Substituting the value of t
log⁡(log⁡ 𝑣 − 1)
From equation 1 we have
∴ log⁡(log⁡ 𝑣 − 1) − log⁡(𝑣) = log⁡(𝑥) + log⁡(𝑐)
By using logarithmic formula we get
log⁡ 𝑣 − 1
log⁡ ( ) = log⁡(𝐶𝑥)
𝑣
log⁡ 𝑣 − 1
= 𝐶𝑥
𝑣
𝑦
log⁡( )−1
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥
𝑥
𝑥 𝑦
(log⁡ (𝑥 ) − 1) = 𝐶𝑥
𝑦
𝑦
log⁡ (𝑥 ) − 1 = 𝐶𝑦
𝒙 𝒙
𝒙
10. (𝟏 + 𝒆𝒚 ) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒆𝒚 (𝟏 − 𝒚) 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Ans. Given question can be written as

𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 (1− )
𝑦
= (1+𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 )
𝑑𝑥
x
−ex/y (1− )
Let f(x, y) = y
(1+ex/y )

𝑘𝑥
−𝑒 𝑘𝑥/𝑘𝑦 (1− )
𝑘𝑦
𝑓(𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦) = (1+𝑒 𝑘𝑥/𝑘𝑦 )
𝑥
−𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 (1− )
𝑦
⁡= (1+𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 )
0
⁡= 𝑘 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝑥
𝑥
(1 + 𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 (1 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
On rearranging
𝑥
𝑥
(1 + 𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 𝑦 (1 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 −𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 (1− )
𝑦
= (1+𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 )
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦
Differentiation above equation with respect to 𝑥, we get

dx dv
=v+y
dy dy
On rearranging and substituting for dy/dx value we get
vy
dv −evy/y (1− )
y
v+y =
dy (1+evy/y )
𝑑𝑣 −𝑒 𝑣 +𝑣𝑒 𝑣
⁡⇒ 𝑦 = −𝑣
𝑑𝑦 1+𝑒 𝑣
Now taking LCM and simplifying we get

𝑑𝑣 −𝑒 𝑣 + 𝑣𝑒 𝑣 − 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑒 𝑣
⇒𝑦 =
𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑒𝑣
𝑑𝑣 𝑣+𝑒 𝑣
⁡⇒ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − [1+𝑒 𝑣 ]
1+𝑒 𝑣 𝑑𝑦
⁡⇒ [𝑣+𝑒 𝑣 ] 𝑑𝑣 = − 𝑦
Integrating both sides we get

C
⇒ log⁡(𝑣 + 𝑒 𝑣 ) = −log⁡ 𝑦 + log⁡ C = log⁡ (𝑦)
Using logarithmic formula the above equation can be written as

𝑥
𝑥 C
⁡⇒ [𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦 ] = 𝑦
𝑥
⁡⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑦 = C
For each of the differential equations in Exercises from 11 to 15 , find the particular
solution satisfying the given condition:
11. (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 + (𝒙 − 𝒚)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎; 𝒚 = 𝟏 when 𝒙 = 𝟏
Ans. Given
(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥−𝑦)
= − (𝑥+𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−𝑦)
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = − (𝑥+𝑦)
(kx − ky)
f(kx, ky) = −
(kx + ky)
By taking 𝑘 common from both numerator and denominator we get
𝑘 (𝑥−𝑦)
⁡= 𝑘 ⋅ − (𝑥+𝑦)
⁡= 𝑘 0 ⋅ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = 0
Again above equation can be written as
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥−𝑦)
= − (𝑥+𝑦)
𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
=𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 (𝑥−𝑣𝑥)
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − (𝑥+𝑣𝑥)
Taking 𝑥 common and simplifying we get
dv (1 − v)
v+x =−
dx (1 + v)
On rearranging
dv (1−v)
x dx = − (1+v) − v
Taking LCM and simplifying
dv −1+v−v
x dx = (1+v)
dv −1−v2
x dx = (1+v)
dv −(1+v2 )
x dx = (1+v)
Then above equation can be written as
1+𝑣 1
1+𝑣 2
1+𝑣 1
∫ ⁡ 1+𝑣2 𝑑𝑣 = − ∫ ⁡ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Splitting the denominator,
1 v 1
∫ ⁡ 1+v2 dv + ∫ ⁡ 1+v2 dv = − ∫ ⁡ x dx
1
tan−1 ⁡ 𝑣 + 2 log⁡(1 + 𝑣 2 ) = −log⁡ 𝑥 + 𝐶
Now by substituting the value of v we get
y 1 y 2
tan−1 ⁡ x + 2 log⁡ (1 + (x) ) = −log⁡ x + C
𝑦 = 1 when 𝑥 = 1
1 1
−1
1 2
tan ⁡ + log⁡ (1 + ( ) ) = −log⁡ 1 + 𝐶
1 2 1
The above equation becomes,
𝜋 1
+ 2 log⁡ 2 = 0 + 𝐶
4
𝜋 1
𝐶 = 4 + 2 log⁡ 2
𝑦 1 𝑦 2
⁡∴ tan−1 ⁡ 𝑥 + 2 log⁡ (1 + (𝑥 ) ) = −log⁡ 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝜋 1
where, 𝐶 = 4 + 2 log⁡ 2
y 1 y 2
∴ tan−1 ⁡ + log⁡ (1 + ( ) )
x 2 x
𝜋 1
= −log⁡ 𝑥 + + log⁡ 2
4 2
−1
𝑦 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
2tan ⁡ + log⁡ ( )
𝑥 𝑥2
𝜋
= −2log⁡ 𝑥 + + log⁡ 2
2
𝑦 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝜋
2tan−1 ⁡ + log⁡ ( 2
) + log⁡ 𝑥 2 = + log⁡ 2
𝑥 𝑥 2
y 𝜋
2tan−1 ⁡ + log⁡(x 2 + y 2 ) = + log⁡ 2
x 2
The required solution of the differential equation.
12. 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚 + (𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎; 𝒚 = 𝟏 when 𝒙 = 𝟏
Ans. Given
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
(𝑥𝑦+𝑦 2 )
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = − 𝑥 2
(𝑘𝑥𝑘𝑦 + k 2 y 2 )
f(kx, ky) = −
k2 x2
Taking k 2 common we get
𝑘2 (𝑥𝑦+𝑦 2 )
⁡= 𝑘 2 ⋅ − 𝑥2
0
⁡= 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 0
dy (xy+y2 )
=−
dx x2
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
=𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
On rearranging and substituting dy/dx value we get
𝑑𝑣 (𝑥⋅𝑣𝑥+𝑣 2 𝑥 2 )
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑣 (𝑣𝑥 2 +𝑣 2 𝑥 2 )
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥2
On computing and simplifying
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑣 − 𝑣 2
𝑑𝑣
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑣 − 𝑣 2 − 𝑣
𝑑𝑣
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑣(𝑣 + 2)
1 1
𝑣(𝑣+2)
1 1
∫ ⁡ v(v+2) dv = − ∫ ⁡ x dx
Dividing and multiplying above equation by 2 we get

1 2 1
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = −∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑣(𝑣+2)
Adding and subtracting 𝑣 to the numerator we get
1 2+𝑣−𝑣 1
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = −∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑣(𝑣 + 2) 𝑥
Now splitting the denominator we get
1 2+𝑣 𝑣 1
2
∫ ⁡ (𝑣(𝑣+2) − 𝑣(𝑣+2)) 𝑑𝑣 = − ∫ ⁡ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 1
2
∫ ⁡ (𝑣 − 𝑣+2) 𝑑𝑣 = − ∫ ⁡ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
2
(log⁡ 𝑣 − log⁡(𝑣 + 2)) = −log⁡ 𝑥 + log⁡ 𝐶
Using logarithmic formula,
1 𝑣 𝐶
(log⁡ 𝑣+2) = log⁡ 𝑥
2
𝑦
𝑥 𝐶
log⁡ ( 𝑦 ) = 2log⁡
+2 𝑥
𝑥
𝑦 𝑐 2
log⁡ (𝑦+2𝑥) = log⁡ (𝑥)
y c 2
= (x )
y+2x
x2 y
= C2
y+2x
y = 1 when x = 1
1 1
C2 = 1+2 = 3
x2 y 1
⁡∴ y+2x = 3
3x 2 y = y + 2x
y + 2x = 3x 2 y

𝒚 𝝅
13. [𝒙𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 ⁡ (𝒙) − 𝒚] 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎; 𝒚 = 𝟒 when 𝒙 = 𝟏
Ans. Given
y
[xsin2 ⁡ (x) − y] dx = −xdy
𝑦 𝑑𝑦
[𝑥sin2 ⁡ (𝑥 ) − 𝑦] = −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
On rearranging
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 [𝑥sin2 ⁡( )−𝑦]
𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
We know 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 using this in above equation we get
y
[xsin2 ⁡( )−y]
x
f(x, y) = − x
Now put x = k𝑥 and y = ky
𝑘𝑦
[𝑘𝑥sin2 ⁡( )−𝑘𝑦]
𝑘𝑥
𝑓(𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦) = − 𝑘𝑥
Taking k as common
𝑦
𝑘 [𝑥sin2 ⁡( )−𝑦]
𝑥
⁡= 𝑘 ⋅ − 𝑥
⁡= 𝑘 0 ⋅ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝑦
[𝑥sin2 ⁡ (𝑥 ) − 𝑦] 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
On rearranging
𝑦
[𝑥sin2 ⁡ (𝑥 ) − 𝑦] 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑦
[𝑥sin2 ⁡ (𝑥 ) − 𝑦] = −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 [𝑥sin2 ⁡( )−𝑦]
𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥
𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑣 [𝑥sin2 ⁡( )−𝑣𝑥]
𝑥
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑥sin2 ⁡ 𝑣−𝑣𝑥
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − [ ]
𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −sin2 ⁡ 𝑣 − 𝑣
On computing and simplifying we get
𝑑𝑣
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −[sin2 ⁡ 𝑣 − 𝑣] − 𝑣
𝑑𝑣
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −sin2 ⁡ 𝑣 + 𝑣 − 𝑣
𝑑𝑣
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −sin2 ⁡ 𝑣
1 1
sin2 ⁡ 𝑣
1 1
∫ ⁡ sin2⁡ 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − ∫ ⁡ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ cosec 2 ⁡ 𝑣𝑑𝑣 = −log⁡ 𝑥 − log⁡ 𝐶

−cot⁡ 𝑣 = −log⁡ 𝑥 − log⁡ 𝐶
cot⁡ 𝑣 = log⁡ 𝑥 + log⁡ 𝐶
Substituting the value of 𝑣 we get

𝑦
cot⁡ 𝑥 = log⁡(𝐶𝑥)
𝜋
𝑦= when 𝑥 = 1
4
𝜋/4
cot⁡ = log⁡(𝐶. 1)
1
𝜋
cot⁡ 4 = log⁡ 𝐶
1=C
𝑒1 = 𝐶
𝑦
⁡∴ cot⁡ = log⁡(𝑒𝑥)
𝑥

𝒅𝒚 𝒚 𝒚
14. 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜⁡ (𝒙) = 𝟎; 𝒚 = 𝟎 when 𝒙 = 𝟏
Ans. Given
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
− 𝑥 + cosec⁡ (𝑥 ) = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
= 𝑥 − cosec⁡ (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 − cosec⁡ (𝑥 )
𝑘𝑦 𝑘𝑦
𝑓(𝑘𝑥, 𝑘𝑦) = 𝑘𝑥 − cosec⁡ (𝑘𝑥 )
𝑦 𝑦
⁡= − cosec⁡ ( )
𝑥 𝑥
⁡= 𝑘 0 ⋅ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
− 𝑥 + cosec⁡ (𝑥 ) = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
= 𝑥 − cosec⁡ (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
V = V𝑋
dy d𝑣
=v+x
dx dx
Rearranging and substituting the value of dy/dx we get
𝑑𝑣 𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥
𝑣+𝑥 = − cosec⁡ ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
On simplification
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 − cosecv
𝑑𝑣
𝑥 = −cosec⁡ 𝑣
𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑣 = − 𝑑𝑥
cosecv 𝑥
1
∫ ⁡ sin⁡ 𝑣𝑑𝑣 = − ∫ ⁡ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−Cos⁡ 𝑣 = −log⁡ 𝑥 + 𝐶
Substituting the value of 𝑣
𝑦
−cos⁡ 𝑥 = −log⁡ 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦 = 0 when 𝑥 = 1
0
⁡−cos⁡ 1 = −log⁡ 1 + 𝐶
⁡−1 = 𝐶
𝑦
⁡∴ −cos⁡ 𝑥 = −log⁡ 𝑥 − 1
𝑦
cos⁡ 𝑥 = log⁡ 𝑥 + log⁡ 𝑒
𝑦
cos⁡ 𝑥 = log⁡ |𝑒𝑥|
𝒅𝒚
15. 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎; 𝒚 = 𝟐 when 𝒙 = 𝟏
Ans. Given
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2
=0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2
2𝑥𝑦+𝑦 2
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 2
2kxky + (ky)2
f(kx, ky) =
2(kx)2
Taking k 2 common
𝑘2 2𝑥𝑦+𝑦 2
⁡= ⋅
𝑘2 2𝑥 2
0
⁡= 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0
On rearranging
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦+𝑦 2
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2
y = vx

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
=𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
dv 2x ⋅ vx + (vx)2
v+x =
dx 2x 2
dv 2vxx2 +v2 x2
v + x dx = 2x2
On computing and simplification we get
dv 2v+v2
v + x dx = 2
dv 1
v + x dx = v + 2 v 2
𝑑𝑣 1
𝑥 = 𝑣2
𝑑𝑥 2
1 1
2 𝑣2 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Taking integration on both sides, we get
1 1
∫ ⁡ 2 𝑣2 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ ⁡ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
− 𝑣 = log⁡ 𝑥 + 𝐶
Substituting the value of v we get

2
⁡− 𝑦/𝑥 = log⁡ 𝑥 + 𝐶
2𝑥
⁡− = log⁡ 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦
𝑦 = 2 when 𝑥 = 1
2⋅1
⁡− = log⁡ 1 + 𝐶
2
⁡−1 = 𝐶
2𝑥
⁡∴ − 𝑦 = log⁡ 𝑥 − 1
2𝑥
= 1 − log⁡ 𝑥
𝑦
2𝑥
𝑦 = 1−log⁡ |𝑥| : 𝑥 ≠ 𝑒, 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
16. A homogeneous differential equation of the from 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒉 (𝒚) can be solved by
making the substitution.
(A) 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
(B) 𝑣 = 𝑦𝑥
(C) 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦
(D) 𝑥 = 𝑣
Ans. (C) 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦
Explanation:
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Since, 𝑑𝑦 is given equal to ℎ (𝑦).
Therefore,
𝑥 𝑥
ℎ (𝑦) is a function of 𝑦.
Therefore, we shall substitute, 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 is the answer
17. Which of the following is a homogeneous differential equation?

A. (4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 5)𝑑𝑦 − (3𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥 = 0
B. (𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
C. (𝑥 3 + 2𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
D. 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
Ans. D. 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
Explanation:
We have
𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
On rearranging
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑦2
x2 −xy−y2
Let f(x, y) = − y2
(kx)2 −kx𝑘y−(ky)2
f(kx, ky) = − (ky)2
k2 x2 −xy−y2
⁡= k2 ⋅ − y2
0
⁡= k . f(x, y)
Therefore, the given differential equations is homogeneous.
EXERCISE 9.6
For each of the differential equations given in question, find the general solution:
𝒅𝒚
1. + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
Ans. Given
𝑑𝑦
+ 2𝑦 = sin⁡ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Given equation in the form of 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑄 where, 𝑝 = 2 and 𝑄 = sin⁡ 𝑥 Now, I.F. =
e∫ pdx = e∫ 2dx = e2x
Thus, the solution of the given differential equation is given by the relation
𝑦( I.F. ) = ∫ ⁡ (𝑄 × I. F. )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝑦𝑒 2𝑥 = ∫ ⁡ sin⁡ 𝑥. 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 … … . .1
Let I = ∫ sin⁡ x ⋅ e2x dx
Integrating using chain rule we get
𝑑
⁡⇒ 𝐼 = sin⁡ 𝑥 ∫ ⁡ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ⁡ (𝑑𝑥 (sin⁡ 𝑥) ⋅ 𝑒 ∫ ⁡2𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
⁡= sin⁡ 𝑥 ⋅ − ∫ ⁡ (cos⁡ 𝑥 ⋅ ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
On integrating and computing we get
e2x sin⁡ x 1 d
⁡= − 2 [cos⁡ 𝑥 ∫ ⁡ e2x − ∫ ⁡ (dx (cos⁡ x) ⋅ ∫ ⁡ e2x dx) dx]
2
e2x sin⁡ x 1 e2x e2x
⁡= − 2 [cos⁡ x − ∫ ⁡ [(−sin⁡ x) ⋅ ] dx]
2 2 2
e2x sin⁡ x e2x cos⁡ x 1
⁡= − − 4 ∫ ⁡ (sin⁡ 𝑥 ⋅ e2x )dx
2 4
𝑒 2𝑥 1
= (2sin⁡ 𝑥 − cos⁡ 𝑥) − 4 𝐼
4
5 𝑒 2𝑥
⁡⇒ 4 𝐼 = (2sin⁡ 𝑥 − cos⁡ 𝑥)
4
𝑒 2𝑥
⁡⇒ 𝐼 = (2sin⁡ 𝑥 − cos⁡ 𝑥)
5
Now, putting the value of 𝐼 in 1 , we get,
𝑒 2𝑥
⁡⇒ 𝑦𝑒 2𝑥 = (2sin⁡ 𝑥 − cos⁡ 𝑥) + 𝐶
5
1
⁡⇒ 𝑦 = 5 (2sin⁡ 𝑥 − cos⁡ 𝑥) + 𝐶𝑒 −2𝑥
Therefore, the required general solution of the given differential equation is
1
𝑦 = 5 (2sin⁡ 𝑥 − cos⁡ 𝑥) + 𝐶𝑒 −2𝑥
𝒅𝒚
2. + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝒆−𝟐𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑦
Ans. Given 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
This is equation in the form of 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑄
Where, 𝑝 = 3 and 𝑄 = 𝑒 −2𝑥
Now, I.F. = e∫ pdx = e∫ 3dx = e3x
𝑦( I.F. ) = ∫ ⁡ (𝑄 × I. F. )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝑦𝑒 3𝑥 = ∫ ⁡ (𝑒 −2𝑥 × 𝑒 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝑦 3𝑥 = ∫ ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ ye3x = ex + C
⁡⇒ y = e−2x + Ce−3x
Therefore, the required general solution of the given differential equation is 𝑦 =

e−2x + Ce−3x
𝒅𝒚 𝒚
3. + = 𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
Ans. Given
dy y
+ = x2
dx x
𝑑𝑦
1
Where, 𝑝 = 𝑥 and 𝑄 = 𝑥 2
1
Now, I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 log⁡ 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫ (𝑄 × I.F. )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⇒ 𝑦(𝑥) = ∫ (𝑥 2 ⋅ 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⇒ 𝑥𝑦 = ∫ (𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥4
⇒ 𝑥𝑦 = +𝐶
4
𝑥4
𝑥𝑦 = +𝐶
4
𝒅𝒚 𝝅
4. + (𝐬𝐞𝐜⁡ 𝒙)𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝒙 (𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 < 𝟐 )
𝒅𝒙
Ans. Given
𝑑𝑦
+ (sec⁡ 𝑥)𝑦 = tan⁡ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Given equation is in the form of 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑄
Where, 𝑝 = sec⁡ 𝑥 and 𝑄 = tan⁡ 𝑥 )
Now, I. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ sec⁡ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 log⁡(sec⁡ 𝑥+tan⁡ 𝑥) = sec⁡ 𝑥 + tan⁡ 𝑥
𝑦 (I.F.) = ∫ ⁡ (𝑄 × I.F. )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

⁡⇒ 𝑦(sec⁡ 𝑥 + tan⁡ 𝑥) = ∫ ⁡ tan⁡ 𝑥(sec⁡ 𝑥 + tan⁡ 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝑦(sec⁡ 𝑥 + tan⁡ 𝑥) = ∫ ⁡ sec⁡ 𝑥tan⁡ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ⁡ tan2 ⁡ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝑦(sec⁡ 𝑥 + tan⁡ 𝑥) = sec⁡ 𝑥 + ∫ ⁡ (sec 2 ⁡ 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝑦(sec⁡ 𝑥 + tan⁡ 𝑥) = sec⁡ 𝑥 + tan⁡ 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑦(sec⁡ 𝑥 + tan⁡ 𝑥) = sec⁡ 𝑥 + tan⁡ 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶.
𝒅𝒚 𝝅
5. 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 ⁡ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝒙 (𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 < 𝟐 )
Ans. Given
𝑑𝑦
cos 2 ⁡ + 𝑦 = tan⁡ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 + sec 2 ⁡ 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑦 = sec 2 ⁡ 𝑥tan⁡ 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Where, 𝑝 = sec 2 ⁡ 𝑥 and 𝑄 = sec 2 ⁡ 𝑥tan⁡ 𝑥
2 ⁡ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Now, I.F. = e∫ pdx = e∫ sec = etan⁡ 𝑥
𝑦( I.F. ) = ∫ ⁡ (𝑄 × I.F. )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⇒ y ⋅ etan⁡ 𝑥 = ∫ etan⁡ 𝑥 dx + C ………….. 1
Now, Let t = tan⁡ x
𝑑 𝑑𝑡
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑥 (tan⁡ 𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥⁡
𝑑𝑡
⁡⇒ sec 2 ⁡ 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
⁡⇒ sec 2 ⁡ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
Thus, the equation 1 becomes,
⁡⇒ y ⋅ etan⁡ 𝑥 = ∫ ⁡ (et ⋅ t)dt + C

⁡⇒ y ⋅ etan𝑥 = ∫ ⁡ (t ⋅ et )dt + C
Using chain rule for integration we get
𝑑
⇒ 𝑦 ⋅ 𝑒 tan⁡ 𝑥 = 𝑡. ∫ ⁡ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − ∫ ⁡ (𝑑𝑡 (𝑡) ⋅ ∫ ⁡ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶
⇒ 𝑦 ⋅ 𝑒 tan⁡ 𝑥 = 𝑡. 𝑒 𝑡 − ∫ ⁡ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝑡etan⁡ 𝑥 = (t − 1)et + C
⁡⇒ tetan⁡ 𝑥 = (tan⁡ x − 1)etan⁡ 𝑥 + C
⁡⇒ y = (tan⁡ x − 1) + Ce−tan⁡ 𝑥

(tan 𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶⁡𝑒 −tan⁡ 𝑥 .
𝒅𝒚
6. 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠⁡ 𝒙
Ans. Given
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝑥 2 log⁡ 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
⇒ + 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
This is equation in the form of + 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑄
𝑑𝑥
2
Where, 𝑝 = 𝑥 and 𝑄 = 𝑥log⁡ 𝑥
2 2
Now, l.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2(log⁡ 𝑥) = 𝑒 log⁡ 𝑥 = 𝑥 2
𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫ ⁡ (𝑄 × I.F. )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⁡⟹ 𝑦. 𝑥 2 = ∫ ⁡ (𝑥log⁡ 𝑥. 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
The above equation becomes
⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑦 = ∫ ⁡ (𝑥 3 log⁡ 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
On integrating using chain rule we get
𝑑
⁡⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑦 = log⁡ 𝑥 ⋅ ∫ ⁡ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ⁡ [𝑑𝑥 (log⁡ 𝑥) ⋅ ∫ ⁡ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥4 1 𝑥4
⁡⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑦 = log⁡ 𝑥 ⋅ − ∫ ⁡ (𝑥 ⋅ ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
4 4
𝑥 4 log⁡ 𝑥 1
⁡⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑦 = − 4 ∫ ⁡ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
4
Integrating and simplifying we get
𝑥 4 log⁡ 𝑥 1 𝑥4
⁡⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑦 = −4⋅ +𝐶
4 4
1
⁡⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 16 𝑥 4 (4log⁡ 𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶
1
⁡⇒ 𝑦 = 16 𝑥 2 (4log⁡ 𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶𝑥 −2
Therefore, the required general solution of the given differential equation
1
𝑦 = 16 𝑥 2 (4log⁡ 𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶𝑥 −2
𝒅𝒚 𝟐
7. 𝒙𝐥𝐨𝐠⁡ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠⁡ 𝒙
Ans. Given
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑥log⁡ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = log⁡ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
dy y 2
⇒ dx + xlogx = x2
𝑑𝑦
The given equation is in the form of 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑄
1 2
Where, 𝑝 = 𝑥log⁡ 𝑥 and 𝑄 = 𝑥 2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
Now, I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥log⁡ 𝑥 = 𝑒 log⁡(log⁡ 𝑥) = log⁡ 𝑥
Thus, the solution of the given differential equation is given by the relation:
𝑦( I.F. ) = ∫ ⁡ (𝑄 × I.F. )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
2
⇒ y ⋅ log⁡ x = ∫ [ ⋅ log] dx + C … … … … . .1
x2
2 1
Now, ∫ [𝑥 2 ⋅ log⁡ 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = 2∫ (log⁡ 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
On integrating using chain rule we get
1 𝑑 1
⁡= 2 [log⁡ 𝑥 ⋅ ∫ ⁡ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ⁡ { (log⁡ 𝑥) ⋅ ∫ ⁡ 𝑑𝑥} 𝑑𝑥]
𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
1 1 1
⁡= 2 [log⁡ 𝑥 (− 𝑥) − ∫ ⁡ (𝑥 ⋅ (− 𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥]
log⁡ 𝑥 1
⁡= 2 [− + ∫ ⁡ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥]
𝑥
log⁡ 𝑥 1
⁡= 2 [− − 𝑥]
𝑥
2
⁡= − 𝑥 (1 + log⁡ 𝑥)
Now, substituting the value in 1 , we get,
2
⇒ y ⋅ log⁡ x = − x (1 + log⁡ x) + C

is
2
y. log⁡ 𝑥 = − 𝑥 (1 + log⁡ 𝑥) + 𝐶
8. (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭⁡ 𝒙𝒅𝒙(𝒙 ≠ 𝟎)
Ans. Given
(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 = cot⁡ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 cot⁡ 𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 + (1+𝑥 2) = 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
The given equation is in the form of 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑄
2x cotx
Where, p = (1+x2) and Q = 1+x2)
2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 2)
Now, I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 (1+𝑥2 )
= 𝑒 log⁡(1+𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥2
𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫ ⁡ (𝑄 × 𝐼. 𝐹. )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
cotx
⁡⇒ 𝑦. (1 + 𝑥 2 ) = ∫ ⁡ [1+𝑥 2 ⋅ (1 + 𝑥 2 )] 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝑦 ⋅ (1 + 𝑥 2 ) = ∫ ⁡ cotxdx + 𝐶
⇒ 𝑦(1 + 𝑥 2 ) = log⁡ |sin⁡ 𝑥| + 𝐶

𝑦(1 + 𝑥 2 ) = log⁡ |sin⁡ 𝑥| + 𝐶
𝒅𝒚
9. 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒙 + 𝒙𝒚𝐜𝐨𝐭⁡ 𝒙 = 𝟎(𝒙 ≠ 𝟎)
Ans: Given
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦cot⁡ 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦
⁡⇒ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦(1 + 𝑥cot⁡ 𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + cot⁡ 𝑥) 𝑦 = 1
𝑑𝑦
The given equation is in the form of 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑝𝑥 = 𝑄
1
Where, p = x + cotx and Q = 1
1
Now, I.F. = e∫ x𝑑𝑥 = e∫ (x+cot⁡ 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = elog⁡ 𝑥+log⁡(sin⁡ 𝑥) = elog⁡(xsin𝑥) = xsinx
𝑥( I.F. ) = ∫ ⁡ (𝑄 × 𝐼.F. )𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝑦(𝑥sin⁡ 𝑥) = ∫ ⁡ [1 × 𝑥sin⁡ 𝑥]𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝑦(𝑥sin⁡ 𝑥) = ∫ ⁡ [𝑥sin⁡ 𝑥]𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
By splitting the integrals we get
𝑑
⁡⇒ 𝑦(𝑥sin⁡ 𝑥) = 𝑥 ∫ ⁡ sin⁡ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ⁡ [𝑑𝑥 (𝑥) ⋅ ∫ ⁡ sin⁡ 𝑥𝑑𝑥] + 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝑦(𝑥sin⁡ 𝑥) = 𝑥(−cos⁡ 𝑥) − ∫ ⁡ 1 ⋅ (−cos⁡ 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝑦(𝑥sin⁡ 𝑥) = −𝑥cos⁡ 𝑥 + sin⁡ 𝑥 + 𝐶
−𝑥cos⁡ 𝑥 sin⁡ 𝑥 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝑦 = + 𝑥sin⁡ 𝑥 + 𝑥sin⁡ 𝑥
𝑥sin⁡ 𝑥
1 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝑦 = −cot⁡ 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥sin⁡ 𝑥
1 𝑐
𝑦 = −cot⁡ 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥sin⁡ 𝑥
𝒅𝒚
10. (𝒙 + 𝒚) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏
Ans. Given
𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑦 1
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥+𝑦
𝑑𝑥
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 = 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
The given equation is in the form of + 𝑝𝑥 = 𝑄
𝑑𝑥
Where, 𝑝 = −1 and 𝑄 = 𝑦
pdy
Now, l.F. = 𝑒 ∫ = 𝑒 ∫ −𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑥( I.F. ) = ∫ ⁡ (𝑄 × I.F. )𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶

⁡⟹ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑦 = ∫ ⁡ [𝑦. 𝑒 −𝑦 ]𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
d
⁡⇒ xe−y = y ∫ ⁡ e−dy − ∫ ⁡ [dy (y) ∫ ⁡ e−y dy] dy + C
⁡⇒ xe − y = y(−e−y ) − ∫ ⁡ (−e−y )dy + C
On integrating and computing we get

⁡⇒ xe−y = −ye−y + ∫ ⁡ e−y dy + C
⁡⇒ xe−y = −ye−y − e−y + C
⁡⇒ x = −y − 1 + 𝐶ey
⁡⇒ x + y + 1 = 𝐶ey
Therefore, the required general solution of the given differential equation is 𝑥 +

𝑦 + 1 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑦 .
11. 𝒚𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Ans. Given
𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
⁡⇒ ydx = (y 2 − x)dy
dx (y2 −x) x
⁡⇒ = =y−
dy y y
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
The above equation is in the form of + 𝑝𝑥 = 𝑄
𝑑𝑥
1
Where, 𝑝 = y and Q = y
𝑑𝑦
pdy ∫
Now, I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ =𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 log⁡ 𝑦 = 𝑦
𝑥( I.F. ) = ∫ ⁡ (𝑄 × I. F. )𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝑥. 𝑦 = ∫ ⁡ [𝑦 ⋅ 𝑦]𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝑥. 𝑦 = ∫ ⁡ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
𝑦3
⁡⇒ 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑦 = +𝐶
3
𝑦3 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝑥 = +𝑦
3
y3 C
is x = +y
3
𝒅𝒚
12. (𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒚(𝒚 > 𝟎)
Ans. Given
𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 ) =𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥+3𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+3𝑦 2 𝑥
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = = 𝑦 + 3𝑦
𝑦
On simplification
dx x
⇒ dy − y = 3y
𝑑𝑦
This is equation in the form of + 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑄
𝑑𝑥
Where, 𝑝 = −1/𝑦 and 𝑄 = 3𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1
pdy −∫ log⁡( ) 1
Now, I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ =𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 −log⁡ 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑦 =𝑦
𝑥( I.F. ) = ∫ ⁡ (𝑄 × I.F. )𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
1 1
⁡⇒ 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑦 = ∫ ⁡ [3𝑦 ⋅ 𝑦] 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = 3𝑦 + 𝑐
⇒ 𝑥 = 3𝑦 2 + 𝐶𝑦
Therefore, the required general solution of the given differential equation is 𝑥 =

3𝑦 2 + 𝐶𝑦.
For each of the differential equations given in Exercises 13 to 15, find a particular
solution satisfying the given condition:
𝒅𝒚 𝝅
13. + 𝟐𝒚𝐭𝐚𝐧⁡ 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝒙; 𝒚 = 𝟎 when 𝒙 =
𝒅𝒙 𝟑
Ans.Given
𝑑𝑦
+ 2𝑦tan⁡ 𝑥 = sin⁡ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Where, 𝑝 = 2 tan 𝑥 and 𝑄 = sin⁡ 𝑥
2 ⁡ 𝑥)
Now, I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ 2tan⁡ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2log⁡(sec⁡ 𝑥) = 𝑒 log⁡(sec = sec 2 ⁡ 𝑥
𝑦( I.F. ) = ∫ ⁡ (𝑄 × I. F. )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝑦 ⋅ (sec 2 ⁡ 𝑥) = ∫ ⁡ [sin⁡ 𝑥 ⋅ sec 2 ⁡ 𝑥]𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝑦 ⋅ (sec 2 ⁡ 𝑥) = ∫ ⁡ [ sec⁡x.tan⁡x ]𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⇒ 𝑦 ⋅ (sec 2 ⁡ 𝑥) = sec⁡ 𝑥 + 𝐶 … … … .1
𝜋
Now, it is given that 𝑦 = 0 at 𝑥 = 3
𝜋 𝜋
0 × sec 2 ⁡ 3 = sec⁡ 3 + 𝐶
⇒0=2+𝐶
⇒ 𝐶 = −2
Now, Substituting the value of 𝐶 = −2 in 1 , we get,
⁡⇒ 𝑦 ⋅ (sec 2 ⁡ 𝑥) = sec⁡ 𝑥 − 2
⁡⇒ 𝑦 = cos⁡ 𝑥 − 2cos 2 ⁡ 𝑥

cos⁡ 𝑥 − 2cos2 ⁡ 𝑥
𝒅𝒚 𝟏
14. (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 = 𝟏+𝒙𝟐 ; 𝒚 = 𝟎 when 𝒙 = 𝟏
Ans. Given
𝑑𝑦 1
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 2𝑥𝑦 = 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 1
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑥 + (1+𝑥 2 )
= (1+𝑥 2)2
𝑑𝑦
The given equation is in the form of + 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑄
𝑑𝑥
2x 1
Where, p = (1+x2) and Q = (1+x2)2
2x
∫ dx 2)
Now, I.F. = e ∫ pdx
=e (1+x2 )
= elog⁡(1+x = 1 + x2
𝑦( I.F. ) = ∫ ⁡ (𝑄 × I.F. )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
1
⁡⇒ 𝑦 ⋅ (1 + 𝑥 2 ) = ∫ ⁡ [(1+𝑥 2)2 ⋅ (1 + 𝑥 2 )] 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
1
⁡⇒ 𝑦 ⋅ (1 + 𝑥 2 ) = ∫ ⁡ (1+𝑥2) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⇒ y ⋅ (1 + x 2 ) = tan−1 ⁡ x + C…...1
Now, it is given that y = 0 at x = 1
0 = tan−1 ⁡ 1 + 𝐶
𝜋
⁡⇒ 𝐶 = − 4
𝜋
Now, Substituting the value of 𝐶 = − 4 in (1), we get,
𝜋
⇒ y ⋅ (1 + x 2 ) = tan−1 ⁡ x −
4
Therefore, the required general solution of the given differential equation is y.
𝜋
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) = tan−1 ⁡ 𝑥 −
4
𝒅𝒚 𝝅
15. 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚𝐜𝐨𝐭⁡ 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝟐𝒙; 𝒚 = 𝟐 when 𝒙 = 𝟐
Ans. Given
𝑑𝑦
− 3𝑦cot⁡ 𝑥 = sin⁡ 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Where, 𝑝 = −3cot⁡ 𝑥 and 𝑄 = sin⁡ 2𝑥
1 1
log⁡| |=
Now, I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −3∫ cot⁡ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −3log⁡ |sin⁡ 𝑥| = 𝑒 sin3𝑥 sin3⁡ 𝑥
𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫ ⁡ (𝑄 × I.F. )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

1 1
⁡⇒ 𝑦 ⋅ sin3⁡ 𝑥 = ∫ ⁡ [sin⁡ 2𝑥 ⋅ sin3⁡ 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⁡⟹ 𝑦ycosec 3 ⁡ 𝑥 = 2 ∫ ⁡ (cot⁡ 𝑥cosec⁡ 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝑦cosec 3 ⁡ 𝑥 = 2cosec⁡ 𝑥 + 𝐶
2 3
⁡⇒ 𝑦 = − cosec2⁡ 𝑥 + cosec3⁡ 𝑥
⁡⇒ 𝑦 = −2sin2 ⁡ 𝑥 + 𝐶sin3 ⁡ 𝑥 … … … . . .1
𝜋
Now, it is given that 𝑦 = 2 when 𝑥 = 2
Thus, we get,
2 = −2 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝐶 = 4
Now, Substituting the value of 𝐶 = 4 in 1 , we get,
𝑦 = −2sin2 ⁡ 𝑥 + 4sin3 ⁡ 𝑥
⁡⇒ 𝑦 = 4sin3 ⁡ 𝑥 − 2sin2 ⁡ 𝑥

4sin3 ⁡ 𝑥 − 2sin2 ⁡ 𝑥
16. Find the equation of a curve passing through the origin given that the slope of
the tangent to the curve at any point (𝒙, 𝒚) is equal to the sum of the
coordinates of the point.
Ans. Let 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) be the curve passing through origin and let (𝑥, 𝑦) be a point on the
curve.
𝑑𝑦
We know the slope of the tangent to the curve at (𝑥, 𝑦) is 𝑑𝑥 According to the given
conditions, we get,
𝑑𝑦
=𝑥+𝑦
𝑑𝑥
dy
⇒ dx − y = x
𝑑𝑦
Where, p = −1 and Q = x
Now, I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ (−1)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥
Now, l.F. = e∫ pdx = e∫ (−1)dx = e−x
𝑦( I.F. ) = ∫ ⁡ (𝑄 × 𝐼. F. )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 = ∫ ⁡ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶. … .1
𝑑
Now, ∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [𝑑𝑥 (𝑥) ⋅ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
On integrating
⁡= 𝑥(𝑒 −𝑥 ) − ∫ ⁡ (−𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

⁡= 𝑥(𝑒 −𝑥 ) + (−𝑒 −𝑥 )
⁡= −𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)
Thus, from equation 1, we get,
⁡⇒ 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶𝑒 𝑥
⁡⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑥 … … … 2
Now, it is given that curve passes through origin.

Thus, equation 2 becomes
1=C
⁡⇒ C = 1
Substituting 𝐶 = 1 in equation 2 , we get,
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 𝑒𝑥
Therefore, the required general solution of the given differential equation is 𝑥 +

𝑦 + 1 = 𝑒𝑥
17. Find the equation of a curve passing through the point (𝟎, 𝟐) given that the
sum of the coordinates of any point on the curve exceeds the magnitude of
the slope of the tangent to the curve at that point by 𝟓.
Ans. Let 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) be the curve and let (𝑥, 𝑦) be a point on the curve. We know the
𝑑𝑦
slope of the tangent to the curve at (𝑥, 𝑦) is 𝑑𝑥 According to the given conditions, we
𝑑𝑦
get, +5=𝑥+𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 5
𝑑𝑦
Where, 𝑝 = −1 and 𝑄 = 𝑥 − 5
Now, I.F. = e∫ pdx = e∫ (−1)dx = e−x
𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫ ⁡ (𝑄 × I. F. )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝑦 −𝑥 = ∫ ⁡ (𝑥 − 5)𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 … … … . .1
𝑑
Now, ∫ (𝑥 − 5)𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 − 5)∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [ (𝑥 − 5). ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑥 − 5)(𝑒 −𝑥 ) − ∫ ⁡ (−𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
⁡= (x − 5)(e−x ) + (−e−x )
⁡= (4 − x)e−x
Thus, from equation 1 , we get,
⁡⇒ ye−x = (4 − x)e−x + C
⁡⇒ y = 4 − x + 𝐶Cex
⁡⇒ x + y − 4 = 𝐶ex
Thus, equation (2) becomes:
0 + 2 − 4 = 𝐶e0
⁡⇒ −2 = 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝐶 = −2
Substituting 𝐶 = −2 in equation (2), we get,
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4 = −2𝑒 𝑥
⁡⇒ 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥
Therefore, the required general solution of the given differential equation is 𝑦 = 4 −

𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥
𝒅𝒚
18. The Integrating Factor of the differential equatior 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 is
A. 𝒆−𝒙
B. 𝐞−𝐲
C. 𝟏/𝒙
D. 𝒙
Ans. C. 1/𝑥
Explanation:
𝑑𝑦
Given 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
⇒ − = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Where, 𝑝 = −1/𝑥 and 𝑄 = 2𝑥
1 −1 ) 1
Now, I.F. = e∫ pdx = e∫ −xdx = elog⁡(x = x −1 = x
Hence the answer is 1/𝑥
19. The Integrating Factor of the differential equation

𝒅𝒙
(𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 ) + 𝒚𝒙 = 𝒂𝒚(−𝟏 < 𝒚 < 𝟏) is
𝒅𝒚
1
(A) 𝑦 2−1
1
(B)
√𝑦 2 −1
1
(C) 1−𝑦 2
1
(D)
√1−𝑦 2
1
Ans. (D)
√1−𝑦 2
Given
𝑑𝑦
(1 − 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑦𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦𝑥 ay
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 + 1−𝑦 2 = 1−𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 𝑎
Where, 𝑝 = 1−𝑦 2 and 𝑄 = 1−𝑦 2
Now, I.F. =
1
𝑦 log⁡[ ]
1
1 ∫⁡ 𝑑𝑦 log⁡(1−𝑦2 ) √(1−𝑦2 )
⁡= 𝑒 ∫ ⁡ pdy =𝑒 1−𝑦2 =𝑒 2 =𝑒
√(1−𝑦2 )
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
1. For each of the differential equations given below, indicate its order and
degree (if defined).
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝟐
(i) 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 (𝒅𝒙) − 𝟔𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠⁡ 𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝟑 𝒅𝒚 𝟐
(ii) (𝒅𝒙) − 𝟒 (𝒅𝒙) + 𝟕𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝒙
𝒅𝟒 𝒚 𝒅𝟑 𝒚
(iii) 𝒅𝒙𝟒 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ (𝒅𝒙𝟑 ) = 𝟎
Ans. (i) Given
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
+ 5𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 6𝑦 = log⁡ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
+ 5𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 6𝑦 − log⁡ 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
d2 𝑦
We can see that the highest order derivative present in the differential is dx2
d2 𝑦
Thus, its order is two. It is polynomial equation in dx2
d2 y
The highest power raised to is 1 .
dx
Therefore, its degree is one. ⁡ 2
(ii) Given
𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 2
( ) − 4 ( ) + 7𝑦 = sin⁡ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 2
(𝑑𝑥 ) − 4 (𝑑𝑥 ) + 7𝑦 − sin⁡ 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦
We can see that the highest order derivative present in the differential is Thus,
𝑑𝑥
dy
its order is one. It is polynomial equation in dx
𝑑𝑦
The highest power raised to 𝑑𝑥 is 3 .
Therefore, its degree is three.
(iii) Given
d4 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
− sin⁡ ( ) =0
𝑑𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
+ 5𝑥 ( ) − 6𝑦 − log⁡ 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑4 𝑦
We can see that the highest order derivative present in the differential is 𝑑𝑥 4
Thus, its order is four. The given differential equation is not a polynomial
equation.
Therefore, its degree is not defined.
2. For each of the exercises given below, verify that the given function (implicit
or explicit) is a solution of the corresponding differential equation.
(i) 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒂𝒆𝒙 + 𝒃𝒆−𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡: 𝒙 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 = 𝟎
(ii) 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 (𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙) ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ∶ 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
(iii) 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ∶ 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒚 − 𝟔𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝟑𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒚
(iv) 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐𝒚𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ∶ (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟎
Ans.(i) Given 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥 2
Now, differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥, we get,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⁡⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 + 2𝑥
Now, again differentiating above equation both sides with respect to 𝑥, we

get,
d d
(y ′ ) = (𝑎ex − be−x + 2x)
dx dx
d2 y
⁡⇒ dx2 = aex + be−x + 2
𝑑𝑦 d2 𝑦
Now, Substituting the values of 𝑑𝑥 ′ and 𝑑𝑥 2 in the given differential equations,
we get,
We have
d2 y dy
LHS = ⁡𝑥 dx2 + 2 dx − xy + x 2 − 2
= 𝑥(𝑎𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 + 2) + 2(𝑎𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 + 2) − 𝑥(𝑎𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑥 2 − 2
= (𝑎𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 2𝑥) + 2(𝑎𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 + 2) − 𝑥(𝑎𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑥 2 − 2
= 2aex − 2be−𝑥 + x 2 + 6x − 2
≠0
⇒ LHS ≠ RHS.
Therefore, the given function is not the solution of the corresponding differential
equation.
(ii) Given 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑎cos⁡ 𝑥 + 𝑏sin⁡ 𝑥) = 𝑎𝑒 𝑥 cos⁡ 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 𝑥 sin⁡ 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 cos⁡ 𝑥) + 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 sin⁡ 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⁡⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑒 𝑥 cos⁡ 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 sin⁡ 𝑥) + 𝑏 ⋅ (𝑒 𝑥 sin⁡ 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos⁡ 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑒 𝑥 cos⁡ 𝑥 + (𝑏 − 𝑎)𝑒 𝑥 sin⁡ 𝑥
Now, again differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥, we get,
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= (𝑎 + 𝑏) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 cos⁡ 𝑥) + (𝑏 − 𝑎) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 sin⁡ 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2
Taking common
= (a + b) ⋅ [ex cos⁡ x − ex sin⁡ x] + (b − a)[ex sin⁡ x + ex cos⁡ x]
Simplifying we get
⁡= 𝑒 𝑥 [𝑎cos⁡ 𝑥 − 𝑎sin⁡ 𝑥 + 𝑏cos⁡ 𝑥 − 𝑏sin⁡ 𝑥 + 𝑏sin⁡ 𝑥 + 𝑏cos⁡ 𝑥 − 𝑎sin⁡ 𝑥 − 𝑎cos⁡ 𝑥]

⁡= [2𝑒 𝑥 (𝑏cos⁡ 𝑥 − 𝑎sin⁡ 𝑥)]
𝑑𝑦 d2 𝑦
Now, Substituting the values of 𝑑𝑥 ′ and 𝑑𝑥 2 in the given differential equations, we
get,
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
LHS = +2 + 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
⁡= 2𝑒 𝑥 (𝑏cos⁡ 𝑥 − 𝑎sin⁡ 𝑥) − 2𝑒 𝑥 [(𝑎 + 𝑏)cos⁡ 𝑥 + (𝑏 − 𝑎)sin⁡ 𝑥] + 2𝑒 𝑥 (𝑎cos⁡ 𝑥 + 𝑏sin⁡ 𝑥)
⁡= 𝑒 𝑥 [(2𝑏cos⁡ 𝑥 − 2asin⁡ 𝑥) − (2acos⁡ 𝑥 + 2𝑏cos⁡ 𝑥) − (2𝑏sin⁡ 𝑥 − 2asin⁡ 𝑥) + (2𝑎cos⁡ 𝑥 + 2𝑏sin⁡ 𝑥)]
⁡⁡⁡
⁡= 𝑒 𝑥 [(2𝑏 − 2𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 2𝑎)cos⁡ 𝑥] + 𝑒 𝑥 [(−2𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 2𝑎 + 2𝑏sin⁡ 𝑥]
⁡= 0 = RHS.
equation.
(iii) It is given that 𝑦 = 𝑥sin⁡ 3𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥sin⁡ 3𝑥) = sin⁡ 3𝑥 + 𝑥 ⋅ cos⁡ 3𝑥 ⋅ 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = sin⁡ 3𝑥 + 3𝑥cos⁡ 3𝑥
Now, again differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥, we get,
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (sin⁡ 3𝑥) + 3 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥cos⁡ 3𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦
⁡⇒ = 3sos⁡ 3𝑥 + 3[cos⁡ 3𝑥 + 𝑥(−sin⁡ 3𝑥) ⋅ 3]
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 6cos⁡ 3𝑥 − 9𝑥sin⁡ 3𝑥
d2 𝑦
Now, substituting the value of in the LHS of the given differential equation, we
dx2
get,
𝑑2 𝑦
+ 9𝑦 − 6cos⁡ 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
⁡= (6 ⋅ cos⁡ 3𝑥 − 9𝑥sin⁡ 3𝑥) + 9𝑥sin⁡ 3𝑥 − 6cos⁡ 3𝑥
⁡= 0 = RHS

equation.
(iv) Given 𝑥 2 = 2𝑦 2 log⁡ 𝑦

𝑑
2𝑥 = 2. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦 2 logy)
Using product rule we get

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
⁡⇒ 𝑥 = [2𝑦 ⋅ log⁡ 𝑦 ⋅ + 𝑦2 ⋅ ⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⁡⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑦logy + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦(1+2log⁡ 𝑦)
dy
Now, substituting the value of dx in the LHS of the given differential equation,
we get,
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 𝑥𝑦 = (2𝑦 2 log⁡ 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) ⋅ 𝑦(1+2log⁡ 𝑦) − 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑥
⁡= 𝑦 2 (1 + 2log⁡ 𝑦) ⋅ 𝑦(1+2log⁡ 𝑦) − 𝑥𝑦
⁡= 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦
⁡= 0

equation.
3. Form the differential equation representing the family of curves given by

(𝒙 − 𝒂)𝟐 + 𝟐𝐲 𝟐 = 𝐚𝟐 , where 𝐚 is an arbitrary constant.
Ans.
Given (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + 2𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
⁡⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
⁡⇒ 2𝑦 2 = 2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2 … … … . .1
dy 2a − 2x
2y =
dx 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑎−𝑥
⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦
dy 2ax−2x2
⇒ dx = … … .2
4xy
So, equation (1), we get,
2𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2
On substituting this value in equation 2 , we get,
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 2 +𝑥 2 −2𝑥 2
=
𝑑𝑥 4𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 2 −𝑥 2
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑥𝑦
Therefore, the differential equation of the family of curves is given as
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 2 −𝑥 2
=
𝑑𝑥 4𝑥𝑦
4. Prove that 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒄(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝟐 is the general solution of differential equation

(𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 = (𝒚𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚)𝒅𝒚, where 𝒄 is a parameter.
Ans. Given (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = (𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 3 −3𝑥𝑦 2
⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 3−3𝑥 2𝑦 … . .1
Now, let us take 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 for further simplification
On differentiating we get
𝑑 𝑑
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑣𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Now, substituting the values of 𝑦 and dv/dx in equation 1 , we get,
𝑑𝑣 𝑥 3 −3𝑥(𝑣𝑥)2
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑣𝑥)3 −3𝑥 2(𝑣𝑥)
Taking common and simplifying we get
𝑑𝑣 1−3𝑣 2
⁡⇒ 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣3 −3𝑣
𝑑𝑣 1−3𝑣 2
⁡⇒ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣3 −3𝑣 − 𝑣
𝑑𝑣 1−3𝑣 2 −𝑣(𝑣 3 −3𝑣)
⁡⇒ x 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 3 −3𝑣
𝑑𝑣 1−3𝑣 4
⁡⇒ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣3 −3𝑣
𝑣 3 −3𝑣 𝑑𝑥
⁡⇒ (1−3𝑣4 ) 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥
On integrating both sides we get,

𝑣 3 −3𝑣
∫ ⁡ (1−3𝑣4 ) 𝑑𝑣 = log⁡ 𝑥 + log⁡ 𝐶 ′ … … … . .2
Splitting the denominator

𝑣 3 −3𝑣 𝑣3 𝑣𝑑𝑣
Now, ∫ (1−3𝑣4 ) 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣 − 3∫
1−𝑣 4 1−𝑣 4
𝑣 3 −3𝑣 𝑣3 𝑣𝑑𝑣
⇒ ∫ (1−3𝑣4 ) 𝑑𝑣 = 𝐼1 − 3𝐼2 , where 𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣 and 𝐼2 = ∫ ………3
1−𝑣 4 1−𝑣 4
Let 1 − 𝑣 4 = 𝑡
𝑑 𝑑𝑡
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑣 (1 − 𝑣 4 ) = 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑡
⁡⇒ −4𝑣 3 = 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑡
⁡⇒ 𝑣 3 𝑑𝑣 = − 4
dt 1 1
Now, I1 = ∫ − = − 4 log⁡ 𝑡 = − 4 log⁡(1 − v 4 )
4
𝑣𝑑𝑣 𝑣𝑑𝑣
and 𝐼2 = ∫ =∫
1−𝑣 4 1−(𝑣 2 )2
Let 𝑣 2 = 𝑝
Differentiating above equation with respect to v
𝑑 𝑑𝑝
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑣 (𝑣 2 ) = 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑝
⁡⇒ 2𝑣 = 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑝
⁡⇒ 𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 2
Using these things we get
1 dp 1 1+p 1 1+v2
∴ I2 = 2 ∫ ⁡ 1−p2 = 2×2 log⁡ |1−p| = 4 | 1−v |
Now, substituting the values of 𝐼1 and 𝐼2 in equation (3), we get,
𝑣 3 −3𝑦 1 3 1+𝑣 2
∫ ⁡ ( 1−𝑣4 ) 𝑑𝑣 = − 4 log⁡(1 − 𝑣 4 ) − 4 log⁡ |1−𝑣2|
Thus, equation (2), becomes,
1 3 1+𝑣 2
⁡− 4 log⁡(1 − 𝑣 4 ) − 4 log⁡ |1−𝑣2 | = log⁡ 𝑥 + log⁡ 𝐶 ′
3
1 1+𝑣 2
⁡⇒ − 4 log⁡ [(1 − 𝑣 4 ) (1−𝑣2) ] = log⁡ 𝐶 ′ 𝑥
4
(1+𝑣 2 )
⁡⇒ (1−𝑣2)2 = (𝐶 ′ 𝑥)−4
Computing and simplifying we get

4
𝑦2
(1+ 2 ) 1
𝑥
⇒ 2 = 𝐶 ′ 4𝑥 4
𝑦2
(1− 2 )
𝑥
⇒ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )2 = 𝐶 ′4 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )4
⇒ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = 𝐶 ′2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
⇒ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ), where 𝐶 = 𝐶 ′2
Therefore, the result is proved.
5. Form the differential equation of the family of circles in the first quadrant
which touch the coordinate axes.
Ans. We know that the equation of a circle in the first quadrant with centre (a, a)
and radius a which touches the coordinate axes is (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑎)2 = 𝑎2 1
Now differentiating above equation with respect to 𝑥, we get,
2(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 2(𝑦 − 𝑎)𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 = 0
⁡⇒ (𝑥 − 𝑎) + (𝑦 − 𝑎)𝑦 ′ = 0
On multiplying we get
⁡⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑎 + 𝑦𝑦 ′ − 𝑎𝑦 ′ = 0
⁡⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 ′ − 𝑎(1 + 𝑦 ′ ) = 0
Therefore from above equation we have
𝑥+𝑦𝑦 ′
⇒𝑎= 1+𝑦 ′
Now, substituting the value of a in equation 1 , we get,
2 2 2
x+yy′ x+yy′ x+yy′
[x − ( ′
)] + [y − ( ′
)] = ( ′
)
1+y 1+y 1+y

2 2
(𝑥−𝑦)𝑦 ′ 𝑦−𝑥 2 𝑥+𝑦𝑦 ′
⁡⇒ [ ] + [1+𝑦 ′ ] = ( 1+𝑦 ′ )
1+𝑦 ′
⁡⇒ (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 ⋅ 𝑦 ′2 + (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 ′ )2
⁡⇒ (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 [1 + (𝑦 ′ )2 ] = (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 ′ )2
Therefore, the required differential equation of the family of circles is

(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 [1 + (𝑦 ′ )2 ] = (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 ′ )2
𝑑𝑦 1−𝑦 2
+ √1−𝑥 2 = 0
𝑑𝑥
6. Find the general solution of the differential equation
Ans. Given
𝑑𝑦 1−𝑦 2
+ √1−𝑥 2 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 √1−𝑦 2
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = − √1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
⁡⇒ = − √1−𝑥 2
√1−𝑦 2
On integrating, we get,
sin−1 ⁡ 𝑦 = sin−1 ⁡ 𝑥 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ sin−1 ⁡ 𝑥 + sin−1 ⁡ 𝑦 = 𝐶
On integrating, we get,
sin−1 ⁡ 𝑦 = sin−1 ⁡ 𝑥 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ sin−1 ⁡ 𝑥 + sin−1 ⁡ 𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 +𝑦+1
+ 𝑥 2 +𝑥+1 = 0
𝑑𝑥
7. Show that the general solution of the differential equation

is given by (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1) = 𝐴(1 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦), where 𝐴 is parameter.
Ans. Given
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 + 1
+ =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1
On rearranging
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 +𝑦+1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = − (𝑥 2+𝑥+1)
Separating the variables using variable separable method we get
𝑑𝑦 −𝑑𝑥
⁡⇒ 𝑦 2+𝑦+1 = 𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
⁡⇒ 𝑦 2+𝑦+1 + 𝑥 2 +𝑥+1 = 0
Taking integrals on both sides, we get,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
⁡∫ ⁡ + ∫⁡ =𝐶
𝑦 2 +𝑦+1 𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⁡⇒ ∫ ⁡ 2 + ∫⁡ 2 =𝐶
1 2 √3 1 2 √3
(𝑦+ ) +( ) (𝑥+ ) +( )
2 2 2 2
1 1
2 𝑦+ 2 𝑥+
−1 2 −1 2
⁡⇒ tan ⁡ [ √3
]+ tan ⁡ [ √3
]=𝐶
√3 √3
2 2
2𝑦+1 2𝑥+1
⁡⇒ tan−1 ⁡ [ ] + tan−1 ⁡ [ ]=𝐶
√3 √3
Using tan ⁡ formula we get
−1
2𝑦+1 2𝑥+1
+ √3
−1 √3 √3
⁡⇒ tan ⁡ [ 2𝑦+1 2𝑥+1 ]= 𝐶
1− ⋅ ] 2
√3 √3
2𝑥+2𝑦+2
√3
⁡⇒ tan−1 ⁡ [ √3
4𝑥𝑦+2𝑥+2𝑦+1 ]= 𝐶
1−( ) 2
3
2√3(𝑥+𝑦+1) √3
⁡⇒ tan−1 ⁡ [3−4𝑥𝑦−2𝑥−2𝑦−1] = 𝐶
2
2√3(𝑥+𝑦+1) √3
⁡⇒ tan−1 ⁡ [ ]= 𝐶
2(1−𝑥−𝑦−2𝑥𝑦) 2
√3(𝑥+𝑦+1) √3
⁡⇒ (1−𝑥−𝑦−2𝑥𝑦) = tan⁡ ( 2 𝐶)
√3
Let tan⁡ ( 2 C) = B
Then,
2B
x+y+1= (1 − x − y − 2xy)
√3
2𝐵
Now, let 𝐴 = is a parameter, then, we get
√3
x + y + 1 = A(1 − x − y − 2xy)
8. Find the equation of the curve passing through the point (𝟎, 𝝅/𝟒) whose
differential equation is sin 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝒚𝒅𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝒙𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝒚𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Ans. Given sin⁡ 𝑥cos⁡ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + cos⁡ 𝑥sin⁡ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

Dividing the given equation by cos⁡ 𝑥cos⁡ 𝑦 we get
sin⁡ 𝑥cos⁡ 𝑦𝑑𝑥+cos⁡ 𝑥sin⁡ 𝑦𝑑𝑦
⇒ =0
cos⁡ 𝑥cos⁡ 𝑦
⇒ Tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + tan⁡ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
So, on integrating both sides, we get,

log⁡(sec⁡ 𝑥) + log⁡(sec⁡ 𝑦) = log⁡ 𝐶
⁡⇒ log⁡(sec⁡ 𝑥sec⁡ 𝑦) = log⁡ 𝐶

⁡⇒ Sec⁡ 𝑥sec⁡ 𝑦 = 𝐶
The curve passes through point (0, 𝜋/4)

Thus, 1 × √2 = C
⇒ 𝐶 = √2
On substituting 𝐶 = √2 in equation (1), we get,

Sec⁡ 𝑥sec⁡ 𝑦 = √2
1
⁡⇒ sec⁡ 𝑥 ⋅ cosy = √2
sec⁡ 𝑥
⁡⇒ cos⁡ 𝑦 =
√2
sec⁡ 𝑥
Therefore, the required equation of the curve is cosy =
√2
9. Find the particular solution of the differential equation (𝟏 + 𝒆𝟐𝒙 )𝒅𝒚 +

(𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎, given that 𝒚 = 𝟏 when 𝒙 = 𝟎.
Ans. Given (1 + 𝑒 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 + (1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Separating the variables using variable separable method we get ⇒ 1+𝑦 2 + 1+𝑒 2𝑥 = 0
On integrating both sides, we get,
ex dx
tan−1 y + ∫ = C………..1
1 + e2x
Let 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑡
⇒ e2x = t 2
𝑑 𝑑𝑡
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
⁡⇒ 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
⁡⇒ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
Substituting the value in equation (1), we get,
𝑑𝑡
tan−1 ⁡ 𝑦 + ∫ ⁡ 1+𝑡 2 = 𝐶
⇒ tan−1 ⁡ y + tan−1 ⁡ t = C ⇒ tan−1 ⁡ y + tan−1 ⁡(ex ) = C … … … . . .2

Now, 𝑦 = 1 at 𝑥 = 0
Therefore, equation (2) becomes,
Tan−1 ⁡ 1 + tan−1 ⁡ 1 = C
𝜋 𝜋
⁡⇒ 4 + 4 = 𝐶
𝜋
⁡⇒ 𝐶 = 2
Substituting 𝑐 = 𝜋/2 in (2), we get,

𝜋
tan−1 ⁡ 𝑦 + tan−1 ⁡(𝑒 𝑥 ) = 2
10. Solve the differential equation
Ans. Given
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑦𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑦 2
Taking common
x
dx
⁡⇒ ey [y ⋅ dy − x] = y 2
x dx
[y⋅ −x]
dy
⁡⇒ e ⋅ y
2
= 1 … … … … .1
y
x
Let ey = z
Differentiating it with respect to 𝑦, we get,
𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑧
(𝑒 𝑦 ) =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑𝑧
⁡⇒ 𝑒 ⋅ 𝑑𝑦 (𝑦) = 𝑑𝑦
𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦⋅ −𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑦
⁡⇒ 𝑒 ⋅ [
𝑦
2
] = 𝑑𝑦⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡…….⁡⁡2
𝑦
From equation (1) and equation (2), we have

𝑑𝑧
=1
𝑑𝑦
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑦

From equation (1) and equation (2), we have
𝑑𝑧
=1
𝑑𝑦
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑧 =𝑦+𝐶
𝑥
⁡⟹ 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝐶
11. Find a particular solution of the differential equation (𝒙 − 𝒚)(𝒅𝒙 + 𝒅𝒚) = 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒅𝒚,
given that 𝒚 = −𝟏, when 𝒙 = 𝟎. (Hint: put 𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝒕 )
Ans. Given (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦) = 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦

⇒ (𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = (1 − 𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1−𝑥+𝑦
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥−𝑦+1
𝑑𝑦 1−(𝑥−𝑦)
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 1+(𝑥+𝑦) … … … … 1
Let 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑡
Differentiating above equation with respect to 𝑥 we get

d(x−y) dt
⁡⇒ = dx
dx
dy dt
⁡⇒ 1 − dx = dx
dt dy
⁡⇒ 1 − dx = dx
𝑑𝑦
Now, let us substitute the value of 𝑥 − 𝑦 and 𝑑𝑥 in equation (1), we get,
dt 1−t
1 − dx = 1+t
𝑑𝑡 1−𝑡
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 1 − (1+𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 (1+𝑡)−(1−𝑡)
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 1+𝑡
𝑒 −2√𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
[ − ] = 1(𝑥 ≠ 0)
√𝑥 √𝑥 𝑑𝑦
dt 2t
⁡⇒ dx = 1+t
1+t
⁡⇒ ( ) dt = 2dx
t
1
⁡⇒ (1 + t ) dt = 2dx
On integrating both side, we get,
𝑡 + log⁡ |𝑡| = 2𝑥 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ (𝑥 − 𝑦) + log⁡ |𝑥 − 𝑦| = 2𝑥 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ log⁡ |𝑥 − 𝑦| = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝐶 … … … 3
Now, 𝑦 = −1 at 𝑥 = 0
Then, equation (3), we get,
log⁡ 1 = 0 − 1 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝐶 = 1
Substituting 𝐶 = 1 in equation (3), we get,

log⁡ |𝑥 − 𝑦| = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1
Therefore, a particular solution of the given differential equation
is log⁡ |𝑥 − 𝑦| = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1.
12. Solve the differential equation

𝑒 −2√𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
[ − ] = 1(𝑥 ≠ 0)
√𝑥 √𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑒 −2√𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Ans. Given [ − ] =1
√𝑥 √ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 −2√𝑥 𝑦
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = −
√𝑥 √𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑒 −2√𝑥
⁡⇒ 𝑑𝑥 + =
√𝑥 √𝑥
𝑑𝑦
1 𝑒 −2√𝑥
Where, 𝑝 = and 𝑄 =
√ 𝑥 √𝑥
1
∫
Now, I.F. = e∫ pdx = e √xdx = e2√x
1
∫ dx
Now, I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ pdx = e √x = e2√x
𝑦( I.F. ) = ∫ ⁡ (𝑄 × I. F. )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑒 −2√𝑥
⁡⇒ ye2√𝑥 = ∫ ⁡ ( × 𝑒 2√𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
√𝑥
1
⁡⇒ ye2√𝑥 = ∫ ⁡ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
√𝑥
⇒ ye2√x = 2√x + C
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦cot⁡ 𝑥 = 4𝑥cos⁡ 𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑥
13. Find a particular solution of the differential equation
(𝒙 ≠ 𝟎), given that 𝒚 = 𝟎 when 𝒙 = 𝝅/𝟐
Ans. Given
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦cot⁡ 𝑥 = 4𝑥cosecx
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Where, 𝑝 = cot⁡ 𝑥 and 𝑄 = 4𝑥cosec⁡ 𝑥
Now, I.F. = e∫ pdx = e∫ cot⁡ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = elog⁡ |sin⁡ 𝑥| = sin⁡ 𝑥
𝑦(𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫ ⁡ (𝑄 × 𝐼. 𝐹. )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝑦sin⁡ 𝑥 = ∫ ⁡ 2𝑥cosec⁡ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⁡= 4 ∫ ⁡ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥2
⁡= 4 ⋅ +𝐶
2
⁡⇒ 𝑦sin⁡ 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶 … … . .1
𝜋
Now, 𝑦 = 0 at 𝑥 = 2
Therefore, equation (1), we get,
𝜋2
0 = 2 × 24 + 𝐶
𝜋2
⁡⇒ 𝐶 = 4
𝜋2
Now, substituting 𝐶 = in equation (1), we get,
4
𝜋2
𝑦sin⁡ 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 −
4
Therefore, the required particular solution of the given differential equation is
𝜋2
0=2× +𝐶
4
𝜋2
⁡⇒ 𝐶 = 4
𝜋2
Now, substituting 𝐶 = in equation (1), we get,
4
𝜋2
𝑦sin⁡ 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 −
4
𝜋2
𝑦sin⁡ 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 − 4
𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 −𝑦 − 1
14. Find a particular solution of the differential equation,

given that 𝒚 = 𝟎 when 𝒙 = 𝟎.
Ans. Given
𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 −𝑦 − 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
⁡⇒ 2𝑒 −𝑦 −1 = 𝑥+1
𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
⁡⇒ 2−𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥+1
𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∫ ⁡ 2−𝑒 𝑦 = log⁡ |𝑥 + 1| + log⁡ 𝐶
Let 2 − ey = t
d dt
⁡∴ dy (2 − ey ) = dy
dt
⁡⇒ −ey = dy
⁡⇒ ey dt = −dt
Substituting value in equation (1), we get,

−𝑑𝑡
∫⁡ 𝑡
= log⁡ |𝑥 + 1| + log⁡ 𝑐
⁡⇒ −log⁡ |𝑡| = log⁡ |𝐶(𝑥 + 1)|
⁡⇒ −log⁡|2 − 𝑒 𝑦 | = log⁡ |𝐶(𝑥 + 1)|
1
⁡⇒ 2−𝑒 𝑦 = 𝐶(𝑥 + 1)
1
⁡⇒ 2 − 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑐(𝑥+1) … … … … 2
1
⁡⇒ 2−ey = C(x + 1)
1
⁡⇒ 2 − ey = c(x+1) … … … … .2
Now, at x = 0 and y = 0, equation ( 2 ) becomes,
1
⁡⇒ 2 − 1 = 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝐶 = 1
Now, substituting the value of Cl equation (2), we get,
1
⁡⇒ 2 − ey = (x+1)
1
⁡⇒ ey = 2 − (x+1)
2x+2−1
⁡⇒ ey = (x+1)
2x+1
⁡⇒ ey = (x+1)
2x+1
⁡⇒ y = log⁡ | x+1 | , (x ≠ −1)
2𝑥 + 1
𝑦 = log⁡ | | , (𝑥 ≠ −1)
𝑥+1
15. The population of a village increases continuously at the rate proportional to

the number of its inhabitants present at any time. If the population of the
village was 20,000 in 1999 and 25000 in the year 2004, what will be the
population of the village in 2009?
Ans. Let the population at any instant (t) be 𝑦.

Now it is given that the rate of increase of population is proportional to the number
of inhabitants at any instant.
dy
⁡∴ 𝛼y
dt
dy
⁡⇒ = ky
dt
Where 𝑘 is proportionality constant.
dy
⇒ = kdt
y
Now, integrating both sides, we get,

log⁡ 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶 … … . .1
According to given conditions,
In the year 1999, t = 0 and y = 20000
⇒ log⁡ 20000 = C … … … .2
Also, in the year 2004, 𝑡 = 5 and 𝑦 = 25000
⁡⇒ log⁡ 25000 = k. 5 + C
⁡⇒ log⁡ 25000 = 5k + log⁡ 20000
25000 5
⁡⇒ 5k = log⁡ (20000) = log⁡ (4)
1 5
⁡⇒ k = 5 log⁡ (4) … … .3
Also, in the year 2009, 𝑡 = 10

Now, substituting the values of 𝑡, 𝑘 and 𝑐 in equation (1), we get log⁡ 𝑦 =
1 5
10 × 5 log⁡ (4) + log⁡(20000)
5 2
⁡⇒ logy = log⁡ [20000 × (4) ]
5 5
⁡⇒ 𝑦 = 20000 × ×
4 4
⁡⇒ 𝑦 = 31250
Therefore, the population of the village in 2009 will be 31250 .
𝑦𝑑𝑥−𝑥𝑑𝑥
=0
𝑦
16. The general solution of the differential equation is
A. 𝒙𝒚 = 𝑪 B. 𝒙 = 𝑪𝒚𝟐 C. 𝒚 = 𝑪𝒙 D. 𝒚 = 𝑪𝒙𝟐
Ans. C. 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥
Explanation:
Given question is
𝑦𝑑𝑥−𝑥𝑑𝑥
⇒ =0
𝑥𝑦
1 1
⇒ x dx − y dy = 0
Integrating both sides, we get,
log⁡ |𝑥| − log⁡ |𝑦| = log⁡ 𝑘
𝑥
⁡⇒ log⁡ |𝑦| = log⁡ 𝑘
𝑥
⁡⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑘
1
⁡⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑘
1
⁡⇒ 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥 where 𝐶 = 𝑘
𝑑𝑥
+ P1 𝑥 = Q1 is
𝑑𝑦
17. The general solution of a differential equation of the type is

(A) 𝑦𝑒 ∫ P1𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (Q1 𝑒 ∫ P1𝑑𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 + C
(B) 𝑦 ⋅ 𝑒 ∫ P1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (Q1 𝑒 ∫ P1 𝑑𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + C
(C) 𝑥𝑒 ∫ P1𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (Q1 𝑒 ∫ P1𝑑𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 + C
(D) 𝑥𝑒 ∫ P1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (Q1 𝑒 ∫ P1𝑑𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + C
Ans. (C) 𝑥𝑒 ∫ P1𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (Q1 𝑒 ∫ P1𝑑𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 + C

Explanation:
𝑑𝑥
The integrating factor of the given differential equation 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃1 𝑥 = 𝑄1 is e∫ P1dy .
Thus, the general solution of the differential equation is given by,
𝑥( I.F. ) = ∫ ⁡ (𝑄 × I.F. )𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶

⁡⇒ 𝑥. 𝑒 ∫ ⁡𝑃1𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ⁡ (𝑄1 𝑒 ∫ ⁡𝑃1𝑑𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
𝑥( I.F. ) = ∫ ⁡ (𝑄 × 𝐼. 𝐹. )𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝑥. 𝑒 ∫ ⁡𝑃1𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ⁡ (𝑄1 𝑒 ∫ ⁡𝑃1𝑑𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
18. The general solution of the differential equation 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒚 + (𝒚𝒆𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎 is
A. 𝒙 ey +𝒙𝟐 = C B. 𝒙 ey +𝒚𝟐 = C C. 𝒚 ex +𝒙𝟐 = C D. 𝒚 ey +𝒙𝟐 = 𝑪
Ans. C. 𝑦ex + x 2 = C
Explanation:
Given 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
dy
⁡⇒ ex + yex + 2x = 0
dx
dy
⁡⇒ dx + y = −2xe−x
𝑑𝑦
Where, p = 1 and Q = −2𝑥e−x
Now, I.F. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦( I.F. ) = ∫ ⁡ (𝑄 × I.F. )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

⁡⇒ 𝑦 𝑥 = ∫ ⁡ (−2𝑥 −𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ 𝑦 𝑥 = − ∫ ⁡ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⁡⇒ yex = −x 2 + C
⁡⇒ yex + x 2 = C

Chapter 9 Differential Equations

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Chapter 9 Differential Equations

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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Ans. The given differential equation is,

Ans. The given differential equation is, 𝑦 ′ + 5𝑦 = 0

Ans. The given differential equation is,

Ans. The given differential equation is,

Ans. The given differential equation is, (𝑦 ′′′ )2 + (𝑦 ′′ )3 + (𝑦 ′ )4 + 𝑦 5 = 0

Ans. The given differential equation is, y ′′′ + 2y ′′ + y ′ = 0

Ans. The given differential equation is, 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥

The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is 𝑦 ′ .

Ans. The given differential equation is, 𝑦 ′′′ + (𝑦 ′ )2 + 2𝑦 = 0

10. 𝐲 ′′′ + 𝟐𝐲 ′ + 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝐲 = 𝟎

Ans. The given differential equation is, 𝑦 ′′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + sin⁡ 𝑦 = 0

Ans. (D) not defined

Ans. From the question it is given that 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1

Ans. From the question it is given that 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝐶

Then, Substituting the values of 𝑦 ′ in the given differential equations, we get,

Therefore, the given function is a solution of the given differential equation

Ans. From the question it is given that 𝑦 = cos⁡ 𝑥 + 𝐶

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get,

Therefore, the given function is a solution of the given differential equation.

Ans. From the question it is given that 𝑦 = √1 + 𝑥 2

By multiplying and dividing √(1 + 𝑥 2 )

Substituting the value of √⁡(1 + 𝑥 2 )

Substituting the value of √⁡(1 + 𝑥 2 )

Therefore, LHS = RHS

5. 𝒚 = 𝑨𝒙: 𝒙𝒚′ = 𝒚(𝒙 ≠ 𝟎)

Ans. From the question it is given that 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥

6. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝒙: 𝒙𝒚′ = 𝒚 + 𝒙(√(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 )) (𝒙 ≠ 𝟎 and 𝒙 > 𝒚 or 𝒙 < −𝒚)

Ans. From the question it is given that 𝑦 = 𝑥sin⁡ 𝑥

LHS = 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 𝑥(sin⁡ 𝑥 + 𝑥cos⁡ 𝑥)

From the question substitute 𝑦 instead of xsinx, we get,

Therefore, the given function is a solution of the given differential equation

Ans. From the question it is given that 𝑥𝑦 = log⁡ 𝑦 + 𝐶

By comparing LHS and RHS

Therefore, the given function is the solution of the corresponding differential

8. 𝒚 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝒚 = 𝒙: (𝒚𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡ 𝒚 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡ 𝒚 + 𝒙)𝒚′ = 𝒚

Ans. From the question it is given that 𝑦 − cos⁡ 𝑦 = 𝑥

Therefore, the given function is the solution of the corresponding differential

Ans. From the question it is given that 𝑥 + 𝑦 = tan−1 ⁡ 𝑦

By transposing 𝑦 ′ to RHS and it becomes −𝑦 ′ and take out 𝑦 ′ as common for

Therefore, the given function is the solution of the corresponding differential

Ans. From the question it is given that y = √a2 − x 2

By comparing LHS and RHS

11. The number of arbitrary constants in the general solution of a differential

12. The number of arbitrary constants in the particular solution of a differential

Now, differentiating equation (i) both sides with respect to 𝑥, we get,

By cross multiplication, we get,

∴ the required differential equation is 𝑦 ′′ = 0.

Ans. From the question it is given that y 2 = a(b2 − x 2 )

Now, differentiating equation (i) both sides, we get,

Transposing 𝑦𝑦 ′ to LHS it becomes −𝑦𝑦 ′

∴ the required differential equation is 𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥(𝑦 ′ )2 − 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0.

𝑦 ′ = 3𝑎𝑒 3𝑥 − 2𝑏𝑒 −2𝑥 … [equation (ii)]

𝑦 ′′ = 9𝑎𝑒 3𝑥 + 4𝑏𝑒 −2𝑥 … [equation (iii)]

So now, let us multiply equation (ii) by 3 and subtracting equation (ii),

Substitute the value of 𝑎𝑒 3𝑥 and 𝑏𝑒 −2𝑥 in 𝑦 ′′ ,

∴ the required differential equation is 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′ − 6𝑦 = 0.

Now, differentiating equation (iii) both sides,

Transposing 2𝑦 ′ and −4𝑦 to LHS it becomes −2𝑦 ′ and 4𝑦

∴ the required differential equation is 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 ′ − 4𝑦 = 0.

Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥, we get,

Now, adding equation (i) and (iii), we get,