AQA Level 1/2 Certificate

Chemistry 8402

Sample specimen questions

Version 1.0 December 2012

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Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

1 The diagram shows atoms of three different elements.

Use the periodic table to help you answer this question.

1 (a) Choose words from the box to complete the sentences.

electrons ions protons shells

The nucleus contains particles called neutrons and positively charged particles

called ............................................................ .

The negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus are called ..................................... .
(2 marks)

1 (b) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentences.

1 (b) (i) The atomic number of carbon is 9

12
(1 mark)

1 (b) (ii) Calcium is in Group 4

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(1 mark)
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1 (c) Use the periodic table to identify the name of element A.

Element A is .................................................. .
(1 mark)

1 (d) Calcium and carbon are two of the elements present in the compound calcium
carbonate.

The formula of calcium carbonate is CaCO3

1 (d) (i) Complete the table.

Number of atoms present

Element
in calcium carbonate
Calcium 1

Carbon
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3
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(2 marks)

1 (d) (ii) Calcium carbonate decomposes when heated.

The symbol equation for the reaction is shown below.

Complete the word equation.

calcium carbonate calcium .............................. + ..............................................

(2 marks)
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2 The diagrams represent the structures of five substances, A, B, C, D and E.

2 (a) Give the letter of one substance, A, B, C, D or E that:

2 (a) (i) is an element with the formula H2 .......................................................

(1 mark)

2 (a) (ii) is a hydrocarbon with the formula C2H6 ..........................................................

(1 mark)

2 (a) (iii) will not conduct electricity when it is solid but will conduct electricity when it has been
melted.

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(1 mark)
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2 (b) Substance D conducts electricity when it is solid.

Draw a ring around the type of bonding in substance D.

covalent ionic metallic

(1 mark)

2 (c) Explain why substance E is extremely hard

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(2 marks)
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3 This question is about the periodic table.

Use the periodic table to help answer these questions.

3 (a) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentences.

atomic (proton) number.

3 (a) (i) The elements are arranged in order of their number of neutrons.

relative atomic mass.

(1 mark)

identical

3 (a) (ii) The table is called a periodic table because elements with the same chemical

similar
properties occur at regular intervals.
(1 mark)

blocks.

3 (a) (iii) The horizontal rows are called groups.

periods.
(1 mark)

3 (b) The diagram shows an outline of the periodic table. The letters are not the symbols of
elements.
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Choose the letter from the box that contains:

3 (b) (i) an element that forms an ion with a 1+ charge .....................................................

(1 mark)

3 (b) (ii) an element that is useful as a structural material ....................................................

(1 mark)

3 (b) (iii) the most reactive non-metal ........................................................

(1 mark)

3 (b) (iv) the element with the electron arrangement 2, 8, 8, 2. .............................................

(1 mark)

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4 The picture shows an oil rig in the North Sea. The underwater legs of the oil rig are
made of steel, an alloy containing iron. It is very important to prevent the iron in the steel
from rusting.

4 (a) (i) Tick () the correct answer to complete the sentence.

Tick ()
air
The two substances necessary for iron to rust are water and hydrogen
salt

(1 mark)

4 (a) (ii) The tower (above the water) is also made of steel.

Tick () one method from the list that could be used to prevent the iron in the steel from
rusting.

Tick ()

cracking

electrolysis

painting

polymerisation

(1 mark)

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4 (b) A student did an experiment to investigate how metals of different reactivity can be used
to prevent the iron in the steel legs from rusting.

She put salty water into three test tubes and set them up as shown in the diagram.

After two weeks she recorded the results in the table.

Appearance of the steel nail Other observations

Tube 1 Slightly rusty -

Tube 2 Very rusty Copper had not reacted

Tube 3 No rust Magnesium had reacted.

4 (b) (i) Use the results to put the three metals, steel, copper and magnesium, in order of
reactivity

..................................................... most reactive

.....................................................

..................................................... least reactive

(1 mark)
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4 (b) (ii) The student wanted to make sure the results were valid.
Suggest one variable she should control.

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(1 mark)

4 (b) (iii) Tube 3 had a white jelly-like solid in it. Describe a chemical test the student could use to
show the contents of the tube still contained water.

Test ....................................................................................................................................

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Result .................................................................................................................................

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(3 marks)
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5 In the Californian Gold Rush many prospectors thought they had made their fortunes.

Some had found gold but others had found a shiny mineral that looked like gold but in
fact it didn’t contain any gold at all. They called this mineral Fool’s Gold.

Fool’s Gold is actually a compound that contains iron (II), Fe2+, ions.
When broken up into small pieces, Fool’s Gold is slightly soluble in water.

5 (a) Describe and give the result of a chemical test to show that a solution of Fool’s Gold
contains iron(II) ions (Fe2+)

Test ....................................................................................................................................

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Result .................................................................................................................................

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(2 marks)

5 (b) The table shows some properties of gold and Fool’s Gold.

Type of Electrical conductivity

Melting point
structure when solid
Gold Metallic 1064°C Good

Fool’s Gold Ionic 1100°C Poor

Use your knowledge of structure and bonding to explain the following:

5 (b) (i) Why gold is a good conductor of electricity

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(2 marks)
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5 (b) (ii) Why Fool’s Gold has a high melting point.

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(3 marks)

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6 The table shows some data about two isotopes of chlorine, chlorine-35 and chlorine-37.

Number of protons Number of neutrons

Chlorine-35 17 18

Chlorine-37 17 20

6 (a) Show how an atom of chlorine-37 is represented.

Cl
(1 mark)

6 (b) Both isotopes of chlorine react with hydrogen forming molecules of hydrogen chloride
gas.

Explain why both isotopes of chloride react in the same way.

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(2 marks)

6 (c) Complete the outer shell electrons in the diagram of a molecule of hydrogen chloride.
Use the periodic table to help you

(2 marks)
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6 (d) Simple molecules like hydrogen chloride have low boiling points.

Explain why, in terms of molecules.

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(2 marks)

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6 (e) A teacher made some hydrogen chloride gas and dissolved it in water. It dissolved to
form a solution of hydrochloric acid.

6 (e) (i) Which ion causes hydrochloric acid to be acidic?

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(1 mark)

6 (e) (ii) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information
clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.

The teacher had some 1.00 mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide solution.

She did a titration to find out the concentration of the hydrochloric acid.

Describe the method of titration that the teacher would use to find the volume of
hydrochloric acid that reacts with 25.0cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution.

You should include:

 the names of the pieces of apparatus used
 appropriate safety precautions.

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(6 marks)
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7 Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. The diagram shows how the mixture is
separated by fractional distillation.

Use the diagram to describe how crude oil is separated by fractional distillation.

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(3 marks)
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7 (b) Long chain hydrocarbons can be converted into shorter chain hydrocarbons by a
technique known as cracking.

The equation shows an example of cracking:

C14H30 C6H12 + C6H14 + C2H4

Hydrocarbon A Hydrocarbon B Hydrocarbon C Ethene

7 (b) (i) Give two conditions for cracking.

1 .........................................................................................................................................

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2 .........................................................................................................................................

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(2 marks)

7 (b) (ii) Hydrocarbon B and hydrocarbon C are both colourless liquids at room temperature.
Hydrocarbon B is an alkene and hydrocarbon C is an alkane.

Give a chemical test and result to show that hydrocarbon B is an alkene.

Test ....................................................................................................................................

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Result .................................................................................................................................

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(2 marks)

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7 (c) Ethene is used to make the polymer poly(ethene).

7 (c) (i) Describe two problems with the disposal of polymers such as poly(ethene).

1 .........................................................................................................................................

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2 .........................................................................................................................................

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(2 marks)

7 (c) (ii) Complete the equation to show the formation of poly(ethene) from ethene.

(3 marks)
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8 Zinc oxide can be reduced by heating it with carbon.

ZnO + C Zn + CO

8 (a) (i) Use the equation to explain why zinc oxide is reduced in this reaction.

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(1 mark)

8 (a) (ii) Calculate the maximum mass of zinc that could be produced from 162 tonnes of zinc
oxide.

Relative atomic masses (Ar): C = 12; O = 16; Zn = 65.

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Maximum mass of zinc = ......................... tonnes

(3 marks)

8 (b) The actual mass of zinc produced from 182 tonnes of zinc oxide was 94 tonnes of zinc.

Use your answer to part 8(a)(ii) to calculate the percentage yield.

(If you did not answer part 8(a)(ii) assume that the maxiumum theoretical mass of zinc
oxide is 110 tonnes. This is not the correct answer to part 8(a)(ii).)

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Percentage yield of zinc = .............................. %

(2 marks)

8 (c) Suggest two reasons why the percentage yield is less than 100%.

1 .........................................................................................................................................

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2 .........................................................................................................................................

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(2 marks) 8

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9 Hydrogen – Car Fuel of the Future!

Many people believe that hydrogen is a better car fuel than petrol.

Hydrogen can be made by many different methods. One method of making hydrogen is
the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution.

Hydrogen gas can be used to power fuel cells in cars. Hydrogen can be stored under
high pressure in the car fuel tank.

Recently scientists have found that a very small quantity of carbon nanotubes in the fuel
tank can absorb large quantities of hydrogen gas quickly and can release the gas quickly
when required by the fuel cell.

9 (a) State two advantages of using hydrogen as a fuel instead of petrol.

1 .........................................................................................................................................

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2 .........................................................................................................................................

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(2 marks)

9 (b) (i) It is safer to absorb the hydrogen gas in carbon nanotubes than store it on its own.

Suggest one reason why.

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(1 mark)

9 (b) (ii) A very small quantity of carbon nanotubes is required.

Give a reason why.

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(1 mark)
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9 (c) In the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution, hydrogen ions are attracted to the negative
electrode and reduced to hydrogen gas.

9 (c) (i) Complete the half equation for the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution.

H+(g) + e– H2(g)
(1 mark)

9 (c) (ii) How does the half equation show that hydrogen ions are reduced?

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(1 mark)

9 (c) (iii) Sodium ions are also attracted to the negative electrode.

Why is hydrogen formed rather than sodium?

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(1 mark) 7

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10 A chemical compound has been found in plant roots that can help to reduce pain and
fevers. Scientists have analysed the compound and found it contains:

61.5% carbon; 11.1% hydrogen; 27.4% oxygen.

Calculate the empirical formula of the compound.

To gain full marks you must show all your working.

Relative atomic masses (Ar): H = 1; C = 12; O = 16.

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Empirical formula = .......................................................

(5 marks)

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11 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a brown gas, which can react to produce the colourless gas
dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4). The reaction is shown in the equation:

2 NO2(g) ⇌ N2O4(g)
brown colourless

A teacher put a mixture of the two gases in a gas syringe and sealed the end. After a
few minutes at room temperature the mixture had reached equilibrium. The mixture had
become a pale brown colour.

11 (a) Explain the term equilibrium.

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(2 marks)

11 (b) The teacher put the sealed gas syringe in a large beaker of warm water to gently heat
the mixture of NO2 and N2O4. The plunger remained in the same position.

After a few minutes the mixture of gases became a darker brown colour.

The position of equilibrium had moved to produce more nitrogen dioxide (NO2).

Use the equation to explain why more NO2 had been produced.

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(2 marks)
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11 (c) The teacher let the syringe cool back down to room temperature. The mixture of gases
returned to the pale brown colour.

She pushed the plunger in, increasing the pressure in the gas syringe. After a few
minutes the mixture of gases became a paler colour.
The position of equilibrium had moved to produce more dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4).

Explain why more N2O4 was produced.

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(2 marks)

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11 (d) The structural formulae of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) are
shown in the equation.

Bond dissociation energy

Bond
kJ / mole

N–O 201

N=O 590

N–N 163

Use the bond dissociation energies to calculate the energy transferred in the reaction.

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Energy transferred (H) = .................................... kJ / mole

(3 marks) 9
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12 (a) (i) A student bubbled carbon dioxide into limewater. Calcium carbonate is made.

What is seen when carbon dioxide is bubbled into limewater?

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(1 mark)

12 (a) (ii) The student continued to bubble carbon dioxide into limewater until there was no further
change. The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) reacts with the carbon dioxide and water to
make a solution of calcium hydrogen carbonate (Ca(HCO3)2).

Describe what the student would see.

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(1 mark)

12 (a) (iii) Calcium hydrogen carbonate solution decomposes if it is heated.

The equation for the reaction is:

Ca(HCO3)2(aq) CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Suggest two observations that could be made during this reaction.

first observation: .................................................................................................................

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second observation: ...........................................................................................................

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(2 marks)

12 (b) How could you test sodium hydrogen carbonate solution to show it contains sodium ions
and what would be the result of the test?

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(2 marks)
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12 (c) A student heated a sample of sodium hydrogencarbonate solution. Every two minutes
the student measured the volume of carbon dioxide gas that had been produced.

The student obtained the results in the table

Volume of carbon
Time in minutes
dioxide in cm3
2 5

4 25

6 33

8 36

10 38

12 38

14 38
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12 (c) (i) Plot a graph of the results the student obtained.

Draw a line of best fit on your graph. Make sure your line goes through the origin (0,0).

(3 marks)

12 (c) (ii) Describe how the rate of the reaction changed during the experiment.

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(2 marks)

12 (c) (iii) Why did the volume of carbon dioxide gas not change after 10 minutes?

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(1 mark)

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12 (d) The equation for the decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate is:

2 NaHCO3(aq) Na2CO3 + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

A student added silver nitrate solution to solution left after he had boiled the sodium
hydrogen carbonate solution.
A precipitate was formed.
The student stated that this showed that there were halide ions in the solution.

The student was wrong.

Explain why.

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(2 marks)
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13 A student was investigating how quickly different alkenes evaporated.

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons.

The student placed 5 cm3 of an alkene in an evaporating basin and warmed it as shown
in the diagram.

13 (a) (i) What is the name of the item of apparatus labelled A?

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(1 mark)

13 (a) (ii) Which item of apparatus would be most accurate for measuring 5 cm3 of the alkene?
Tick () one box.

Tick ()

100 cm3 conical flask

2 cm3 dropping pipette

10 cm3 measuring cylinder

(1 mark)

13 (a) (iii) Suggest one safety precaution that should be taken while the alkenes are being
evaporated.
Give a reason for the precaution.

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(1 mark)
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13 (b) The student was investigating alkenes.

13 (b) (i) Compound X has the formula:

Why is compound X is not an alkene?

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(1 mark)

13 (b) (ii) Compound Y has the formula:

Why is compound Y is not an alkene?

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(1 mark)

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13 (c) The table gives information about some alkenes and the results the student got.

Number of Time for 10 cm3

Boiling point
Name of alkene carbon atoms in to evaporate in
in oC
a molecule seconds
but-1-ene 4 –6 not measured

pent-1-ene 5 30 45

hex-1-ene 6 64 205

hept-1-ene 7 94 442

13 (c) (i) Suggest why the student did not measure the time taken for but-1-ene to evaporate.

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(1 mark)

13 (c) (ii) Draw a bar chart to show the time taken for 10 cm3 of each alkene to evaporate.

(4 marks)
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13 (d) Alkenes are molecular compounds.

13 (d) (i) Complete the dot and cross diagram below to show the covalent bonding in ethene.
Show outer shell electrons only.

(2 marks)

13 (d) (ii) Explain why ethene has a low boiling point.

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(3 marks)

13 (d) (iii) Suggest why the boiling points of the alkenes increases as the number of carbon atoms
in a molecule increases.

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(1 mark)
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14 The table gives the solubility of some compounds in water.

name of compound solubility in cold water

ammonium chloride soluble

copper carbonate insoluble

iron(II) sulfate soluble

lead chloride insoluble

magnesium chloride soluble

potassium nitrate soluble

14 (a) A student mixed together solutions of lead nitrate and potassium chloride.
A white precipitate of lead chloride formed.

Complete the equation by adding the correct state symbols.

Pb(NO3)2 (......) + 2 KCl (......) PbCl2 (......) + 2 KNO3(......)

(1 mark)
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14 (b) What would happen when the following pairs of solutions are mixed together?

Tick () the correct answer.

14 (b) (i) Copper chloride solution with ammonium carbonate solution.

Tick ()

a green precipitate of copper carbonate is made

a white precipitate of ammonium chloride is made

no precipitate is made

(1 mark)

14 (b) (ii) Iron(II) chloride solution with magnesium sulfate solution.

Tick ()

a white precipitate of iron(II) sulfate is made

a white precipitate of magnesium chloride is made

no precipitate is made

(1 mark)

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14 (c) A student investigated the mass of lead chloride precipitate made when potassium
chloride solution was added to lead nitrate solution.

This is the method the student followed.

Step 1: Place 10 cm3 of lead nitrate solution in a boiling tube.
Step 2: Add a known volume of potassium chloride solution to the boiling tube.
Step 3: Remove the precipitate of lead chloride from the mixture.
Step 4: Wash the precipitate with water
Step 5: Leave the precipitate in a warm place
Step 6: Weigh the precipitate.

14 (c) (i) Draw a diagram to show how the precipitate of lead chloride could be removed from the
mixture in step 3.

(2 marks)

14 (c) (ii) Why was the precipitate washed with water in step 4?

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(1 mark)

14 (c) (iii) Why was the precipitate left in a warm place in step 5?

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(1 mark)
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14 (d) The student repeated the experiment using different volumes of potassium chloride
solution. For each volume of potassium chloride the student did the experiment three
times.

volume of potassium mass of lead chloride precipitate /g

chloride solution /cm3 1 2 3

2 0.27 0.28 0.29

4 0.58 0.54 0.56

6 0.83 0.85 0.81

8 1.09 1.13 0.81

10 1.39 1.41 1.37

12 1.39 1.37 1.41

14 (d) (i) One of the results is anomalous. Circle this result in the table.
(1 mark)

14 (d) (ii) Suggest what could have happened to cause this anomalous result.

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(1 mark)

14 (d) (iii) The student wanted to plot a graph to show the results. She calculated the mean mass of
lead chloride precipitate for each volume of potassium chloride.

What should the student have done about the anomalous result when calculating the
mean?

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(1 mark)

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14 (e) The results the student obtained are shown on the graph.

14 (e) (i) Why did the student know the line should go through (0,0) even though she had not
obtained a result for this point?

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(1 mark)

14 (e) (ii) Use the graph to determine the mass of lead chloride precipitate that would be formed if
5 cm3 of potassium chloride solution had been used.

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(1 mark)

14 (e) (iii) Why is the mass of lead chloride precipitate using 12 cm3 of potassium chloride solution
the same as the mass of lead chloride precipitate using 10 cm3 of potassium chloride.

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(1 mark)
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14 (e) (iv) Predict the mass of lead chloride precipitate that would be formed using 16 cm3 of
potassium chloride solution. Give a reason for your prediction.

mass of lead chloride precipitate: .......................................................................................

reason ................................................................................................................................

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(2 marks)
15

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15 (a) A student compared some information about alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters.
Complete the information in the table by filling in the gaps.

Formula C2H5OH CH3COOH CH3COOC2H5

Name ethanol ethyl ethanoate

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Relative molecular
46 60
mass (Mr) ...................
Number of carbon
2 4
atoms in one molecule ...................

pH of aqueous solution 7 7
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Use alcoholic drinks vinegar

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(5 marks)

15 (b) A chemist analysed an unknown substance and found that it contained 52.2% by mass
of carbon.

Use this information and the information in part 15(a) to show that the unknown
substance is likely to be ethanol.

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(2 marks)
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15 (c) The unknown substance had a pH of 7.

Describe a chemical test that the chemist could do to show that the unknown substance
is ethanol and is not ethyl ethanoate.

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(3 marks)
10

Turn over for the next question

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16 Many components of modern cars are made of magnesium alloys containing small
amounts of aluminium. These alloys are lightweight, and are harder and more corrosion
resistant than pure magnesium.

To make the magnesium alloy, the metals are melted together in an inert atmosphere,
mixed and then allowed to cool and solidify.

16 (a) Suggest why it is useful that components of modern cars are lightweight.

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(1 mark)

16 (b) Suggest why an inert atmosphere is used in the manufacture of the alloy.

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(1 mark)

16 (c) Explain why the magnesium alloy is harder than pure magnesium.

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(2 marks)

16 (d) Magnesium alloys have also been used for the casings of mobile phones and laptops.
They are good conductors of heat, which can help to keep the electrical components
from getting too hot.

Explain how heat is conducted through a metal.

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(2 marks)
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16 (e) Magnesium reacts slowly with water but quickly with steam:

Mg(s) + 2 H2O(l) → Mg(OH)2(s) + H2(g)

Mg(s) + H2O(g) → MgO(s) + H2(g)

16 (e) (i) Explain why magnesium reacts more quickly with steam compared to water.

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16 (e) (ii) Suggest why water should not be used as a fire extinguisher when magnesium is
burning.

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(2 marks)
12

END OF QUESTIONS

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