Electricity and Magnetism: Lesson Outline

10/12/2023
LESSON OUTLINE
▪ Electrostatics ▪ Electromagnetism
▪ Electrostatic Laws ▪ Electromagnetic
▪ Electric Potential Induction
LESSON 1 ▪ Electrodynamics ▪ Electromechanical
ELECTRICITY AND ▪
▪
Electric Circuits
Electric Power ▪
Devices
The Transformer
MAGNETISM ▪
▪
Magnetism
Magnetic Laws
Ms. Alyza Bryna M. Juan, RRT ▪ Magnetic Induction
Ms. Alyza Bryna M. Juan, RRT 2023
Conversion of Energy Principles of Electricity

▪ The primary function of the x-ray imaging ▪ This conversion follows the science of
system is to convert electrical energy into electrostatics, electrodynamics and
electromagnetic energy. electromagnetism.
▪ Electric energy is supplied to the imaging ▪ Electrostatics tackles on stationary electric
INTRODUCTION system with a well-controlled electric current. charges.
Electricity and Magnetism ▪ The conversion of electric energy takes place ▪ Electrodynamics on charges in motion.
in the x-ray tube. ▪ Electromagnetism on how electrons in
motion create magnetism.
Ms. Alyza Bryna M. Juan, RRT 2023 Ms. Alyza Bryna M. Juan, RRT 2023 Ms. Alyza Bryna M. Juan, RRT 2023
10/12/2023
Electricity and Magnetism Matter Has Electric

▪ Most of the energy is transformed into thermal and Magnetic Properties
energy, some into electromagnetic energy.
▪ Magnetism became significant as a ▪ Matter: anything that occupies space,
diagnostic tool because of the introduction of has mass, and made up of atoms.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). ELECTROSTATICS ▪ As these charges move within the atom,
▪ Laws govern the nature of both electricity and Electricity and Magnetism
magnetism. it exhibits characteristics of magnetism.
Electric Charge Electrostatics Electron Charge

▪ Electric Charge: Physical property of matter ▪ Electrostatics: study of stationary electric ▪ Earth: called an electric ground; serves as a
that exhibit electrostatic attraction or charges. reservoir of stray electric charges.
repulsion in the presence of other matter. ▪ Electrons are free to travel and protons are ▪ Electron: smallest unit of electric charge; too
▪ Discrete units of positive or negative. fixed within the nucleus. small to be used as unit
▪ Protons and electrons are the smallest units ▪ An object is said to be electrified if the object ▪ Coulomb (C): fundamental unit of electric
of electric charge. has too few or too many electrons. charge
▪ Concentrated on surfaces of sharpest ▪ Electrification: created by contact, friction ▪ Named after Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
curvature. and induction. ▪ 1C = 6.3 x 1018 electron charges
▪ Outer shell electrons are easily removed.
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Coulomb’s Law Electrostatic Laws Electric Potential

▪ States that Electrostatic force is directly ▪ I. Unlike charges attract, like charges repel. ▪ A system with PE has stored energy; if the said
proportional to the product of electrostatic Electric Field: associated with each electric energy is released, then the system has the
charges and inversely proportional to the charge; positive points outward towards negative. ability to do work.
square of the distance. Electrostatic Force: force of attraction of ▪ Applying voltage to the circuit causes the
unlike charges and repulsion of like charges. electrons to flow.
▪ Formula: F = k[(QAQB)/d2]
▪ II. Electric charge distribution is throughout ▪ Volt/Voltage (V) Unit of electric potential.
▪ Can be considered as the Inverse Square law
(located on the surface) of the conductor. ▪ Volt = PE/Unit charge = Joule/Coulomb
adaptation of electrostatics.
▪ III. Electric charge of a conductor is concentrated ▪ X-ray imaging system needs 220V or higher to
along the sharpest curvature of the surface. operate
Electrodynamics Conductor Insulator

▪ When electric potential is applied to a copper ▪ Any substance through which electrons ▪ Any material that does not al low
wire and electrons move along the wire, this is flow easily electron flow
called electric current or electricity. ▪ Variable resistance; obeys Ohm's law; ▪ High resistance; necessary with high
▪ Electrodynamics: study of electric charges at
motion; electric current is opposite to electron
requires a voltage voltage
▪ E.g. Copper (Cu), Aluminum (Al) ▪ E.g. rubber, glass
flow.
▪ Four Electric States of Matter: Conductor,
Insulator, Semiconductor, Superconductor
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Semiconductor Superconductor
▪ Under some (controlled) conditions ▪ Exhibit no resistance below a critical
behave as a conductor or as an insulator. temperature
▪ Can be conductive; can be resistive; basis for William Shockley (1946) ▪ No resistance; no electric potential required,
constructing circuit components of - Demonstrated the properties but must be within extremely low
computers. temperatures.
▪ E.g. Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge)
and effects of semi-conduction. ▪ E.g. Niobium, Titanium (Ti)
▪ Discovered in 1911
Electric Circuit Units Used in an Electric Circuit

▪ Modifying conductor size and inserting ▪ Ampere (A): unit used for electric
circuit elements increases resistance. current; proportional to number of
▪ When resistance is controlled and the electrons flowing in a circuit. Resistance
conductor has a closed path, an electric ▪ [1 Ampere = 1 Coulomb per second] -Inhibition of electron flow
circuit is made. ▪ Volts (V): unit used for electric potential. through a circuit.
▪ Increasing resistance results in reduced ▪ Ohms (0): unit used for electric
electric current. resistance.
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Electric Resistance Electric Power

▪ The manner how electric current behave in an ▪ Watt (W): measurement unit of electric
electric circuit is described by the Ohm's law. power, named after James Watt.
▪ The Ohm's Law
▪ 1 Watt is equal to 1 ampere of current
flowing through an electric potential of 1
Q&A BREAK
▪ States that the partial or total voltage of the
circuit is the product of its electric current and volt.
resistance. ▪ Formula: P = IV or P = l (IR)
▪ Formula: V=IR
The photoelectric process is an In the photoelectric effect, a relatively low-energy The photoelectric process is an
incident photon uses all its energy to eject an inner-
interaction between an x-ray photon and shell electron, leaving a vacancy. interaction between an x-ray photon and
An electron from the shell above will drop to fill the
(A) an inner-shell electron. vacancy, and a characteristic ray is given up in the (A) an inner-shell electron.
transition.
(B) an outer-shell electron. This type of interaction is more harmful to the patient, as
(B) an outer-shell electron.
(C) a nucleus. all the photon's energy is transferred to tissue. (C) a nucleus.
(D) another photon. (Bushong, pp 167-169) (D) another photon.
Ans. A
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Which of the following occurs during Two types of interaction between high-speed 2) If the incident electron were to eject a K-shell
bremsstrahlung radiation production? incident electrons and the tungsten target atoms electron, an L-shell electron would move in to fill
account for the production of x-rays within the x- the vacancy.
(A) An electron makes a transition from an outer ray tube: It releases a photon (K characteristic ray)
to an inner electron shell. (1) In the production of brems ("braking") whose energy equals the difference between the
(B) An electron approaching a positive nuclear radiation, a high-speed electron is attracted to K- and L-shell energy levels
charge changes direction and loses energy. the positive nuclear charge of a tungsten atom. This is characteristic radiation; it is responsible
(C) A high-energy photon ejects an outer-shell In doing so, it is "braked" and gives up for only a small portion of the primary beam.
electron. energy in the form of an x-ray photon. Most of the (Saia, p 224)
(D) A low-energy photon ejects an inner-shell primary beam is made up of brems radiation. Ans. B
electron.
Which of the following occurs during

Tungsten alloy is the usual choice for the anode The x-ray anode may be a molybdenum disc
bremsstrahlung radiation production?
target material of radiographic equipment coated with a tungsten-rhenium alloy.
because it o Because tungsten has a high atomic number
(A) An electron makes a transition from an outer
1. has a high atomic number. (74), it produces high-energy x-rays more
to an inner electron shell.
2. has a high melting point. efficiently.
(B) An electron approaching a positive nuclear
3. can readily dissipate heat. o Since a great deal of heat is produced at the
charge changes direction and loses energy.
(A) 1 only target, tungsten's high melting point (3410ºC)
(C) A high-energy photon ejects an outer-shell
(B) 1 and 2 only helps avoid damage to the target surface.
electron.
(C) 2 and 3 only
(D) A low-energy photon ejects an inner-shell
(D) 1, 2, and 3
electron.
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Heat produced at the target should be dissipated Tungsten alloy is the usual choice for the anode
readily, and tungsten's conductivity is similar to target material of radiographic equipment
that of copper. because it
1. has a high atomic number.
Therefore, as heat is applied to the focus, it can be 2. has a high melting point.
conducted throughout the disc to equalize the 3. can readily dissipate heat.
temperature and thus avoid pitting, or localized (A) 1 only MAGNETISM
Electricity and Magnetism
melting, of the focal track. (B) 1 and 2 only
(Selman, p 138) (C) 2 and 3 only
Ans. D (D) 1, 2, and 3
Origin of Magnetism Electron Spin Atomic Magnetism

▪ In Magnesia, discovered Magnetite, an oxide ▪ The clockwise/counter-clockwise ▪ Magnetic Moment: creation of a nuclear
of Iron (Fe304) used as lodestones or leading rotation of an electron on an axis magnetic dipole caused by spinning electric
stones. creating a magnetic field. charges.
▪ Magnetism: named after the ancient village, ▪ Bipolar/Dipolar: has a north and south pole.
▪ Created magnetic field is neutralized in
Magnesia where the stone was located. ▪ Magnetic Dipole: Small magnet created by
▪ Magnetic field: created by any charged
electron pairs. electron orbit.
particle in motion. ▪ Having an odd number of electrons ▪ Magnetic Domain: Accumulation of many
creates a small magnetic field. atomic magnets with dipoles aligned.
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Matter and Magnetism Types of Magnets Natural Magnet

▪ Magnetic Permeability: the ability of a ▪ Magnets can be classified according to ▪ Where its magnetic field occurred
material to attract lines of magnetic the origin of their magnetic permeability. naturally.
field intensity. ▪ The perfect example is the Earth.
▪ Magnetic Susceptibility: the degree of ▪ 1. Natural Magnet ▪ It is the Earth’s magnetic field that
material to be magnetized. ▪ 2. Artificially Induced Magnet moves the hand of a compass.
▪ Hysteresis: “shortcoming“ or “lag” ▪ 3. Electromagnet
Artificially Induced Permanent Magnet Electromagnet Magnetic States of Matter

▪ Produced by aligning their domains in ▪ Consists of a wire wrapped around an ▪ Like the electrical properties of matter, matter
the field of an electromagnet, usually iron core. can also be classified according to its ability
made of Iron (Fe). ▪ Where electric current is conducted
to attract lines of magnetic field.
▪ Magnetism is lost when the domain through the wire that, in turn, creates a ▪ 1. Nonmagnetic
alignment is destroyed. magnetic field. ▪ 2. Ferromagnetic
▪ E.g. compass, horseshoe magnet ▪ The iron core greatly increases the ▪ 3. Diamagnetic
magnetic field intensity. ▪ 4. Paramagnetic
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Nonmagnetic Materials Ferromagnetic Materials Diamagnetic Materials

▪ Unaffected by lines of magnetic field. ▪ Strongly attracted to lines of magnetic field. ▪ Weakly repelled by both poles of a
▪ Un-attracted nor repelled by presence of ▪ Able to be permanently magnetized. magnetic field.
▪ E.g. Iron (Fe), Nickel, (Ni), Cobalt (Co)
magnetic fie ld. ▪ Cannot be artificially magnetized.
▪ Alnico: an alloy of aluminum, nickel and
▪ E.g. wood, glass ▪ Not attracted to magnets.
cobalt; one of the useful type of magnets.
▪ E.g. water, plastic
▪ Rare Earth Ceramics: considerably stronger
magnets.
Paramagnetic Materials Laws of Magnetism Inverse Cube Law

▪ Lie between ferromagnetic and ▪ Attraction-Repulsion: Unlike poles attract, ▪ If magnetic monopoles (individual
like poles repel. magnetic “charges”) existed, they would
nonmagnetic.
▪ Inverse Square Law: Intensity of attraction is
▪ Slightly attracted to magnet. exhibit an inverse square law, just like
inversely proportional to the square of the
▪ Loosely influenced by magnetic field. electrical charges.
distance from the dipole. (explained by
▪ Used as contrast agent for MRI, ▪ Dipoles (of any kind) obey an inverse cube
Maxwell's field theory of EM radiation)
Gadolinium (Gd). ▪ Magnetic Poles: Magnets always have a north law in the far field (distances large
and south pole; magnetic field exits north pole compared to the effective charge separation
then returns to the south pole. in the dipole).
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Maxwell's Field Theory of Magnetic Induction

Electromagnetic Radiation ▪ Induction: means which materials can be
made magnetic.
▪ Theorized by James Clerk Maxwell joining the ▪ The imaginary magnetic field lines are the
concept of electric and magnetic forces. magnetic lines of induction.
▪ Stated that magnetic force is proportional to ▪ Tesla (T): SI unit for magnetic field strength;
the magnetic pole strengths divided by the named after Nikola Tesla; 1 Tesla = 10,000 LESSON 2
square of the distance.
▪ The Inverse Square law of magnetism.
Gauss
▪ Earth's magnetic field: 1ooμT at poles, 5oμT at
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Ms. Alyza Bryna M. Juan, RRT
equator.
Ms. Alyza Bryna M. Juan, RRT 2023 Ms. Alyza Bryna M. Juan, RRT 2023
LESSON OUTLINE The Concept of Electromagnetism

Electrostatics Electromagnetism
▪ ▪
▪ Electricity and magnetism are two
▪ Electrostatic Laws ▪ Electromagnetic
▪ Electric Potential Induction aspects of electromagnetism, which
▪ Electrodynamics ▪ Electromechanical tackles the study of charges and its
▪ Electric Circuits Devices
INTRODUCTION associated forces and fields.
▪ Electric Power ▪ The Transformer ▪ Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity
Electromagnetism
▪ Magnetism established their relationship that they
Magnetic Laws
are of one common phenomenon.
▪
▪ Magnetic Induction
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The Experiment that Shocked the World Alessandro Volta The Electric Potential
▪ Pre-19oos: People believed that ▪ Investigated if two different metals produce electric ▪ Electric Potential: measured in Volt (V)
electricity and magnetism are separate current if brought to contact; Zinc (Zi) and Copper (Cu) or Joules per Coulomb (J/C)
contact produced feeble electric current.
effects. ▪ Sandwiched multiple ZiCu plates produced a voltaic ▪ The investigation of a source of constant
▪ Luigi Galvani (1700s): observed his pile, a source of electromotive force or electric electric current gave rise to the
dissected frog's leg twitched when it potential. investigation on the link of electricity
touched two different metals. ▪ Voltaic Pile: stacked up ZiCu plates; precursor of and magnetism.
battery
▪ Cell: each ZiCu sandwich
Hans Oersted (1820) Electromagnetism Electromagnetism

▪ Produced the evidence of direct link ▪ Any charge in motion induces a ▪ A wire with flowing electric current that
between electric and magnetic magnetic field, like electricity flowing is looped concentrates its magnetic field
phenomena. through a wire. in its very center.
▪ Stated that electricity (electrons in
▪ Right Hand Rule: thumb points the ▪ Stacking even more loops create an even
motion) emits a magnetic field. direction of electric current; fingers stronger magnetic field in the center.
▪ Observed that wire without electric
point the direction of magnetic field.
current has no magnetism, a wire with
flowing current does.
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The Electromagnet The Electromagnet Michael Faraday

▪ Solenoid: coil of wire; induces a magnetic ▪ A current carrying coil of wire wrapped ▪ Demonstrated magnetic field can produce
field. around an iron core that induce a electricity.
▪ Magnetic field is concentrated in its center. ▪ Observed magnetic field without motion
magnetic field.
▪ Iron Core: intensifies the magnetic field produces no electric current, magnetic field
▪ Induces a magnetic only when there is
induced by the solenoid, usually made up of
current traveling through the coil. with motion does.
Iron.
▪ No electricity, no magnetic field is ▪ Formulated the Faraday’s Law.
▪ Magnetic field can again be intensified if the
solenoid is coiled around a ferromagnetic produced.
material like iron.
Faraday's Law Production of Electricity by

▪ Faraday’s Law: States that magnitude of Magnetic Fields
induced electric current depends on four
▪ Actual physical motion of magnetic field
factors:
AMMETER
▪ ▪ 1. Strength of the magnetic field
is not needed, only change in magnetic
▪ 2. Velocity of magnetic field moving past the field intensity.
▪ - a current-measuring device.
conductor ▪ Varying magnetic field intensity induces
▪ 3. Angle of conductor to the magnetic field an electric current.
▪ 4. Number of turns of the conductor
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Contributions of Oersted and Faraday The Induction Motor The X-Ray Tube
▪ Oersted demonstrated that electricity ▪ Induction Motor: the type of motor used in the ▪ Electric current is supplied to the rotor
can produce magnetism construction of x-ray tubes. Has two primary by means of induction.
▪ Faraday demonstrated its vice versa.
parts: ▪ Unlike a conventional motor, electric
▪ - Rotor: rotating part; a shaft made of bars of
Copper and soft Iron fabricated in one mass.
current is supplied to the external
▪ - Stator: stationary part; several fixed
magnets through conduction not to the
electromagnets that supply external magnetic rotor.
field.
As the x-ray tube filament ages, it becomes Through the action of thermionic emission, as
progressively thinner because of evaporation. The
vaporized tungsten is frequently deposited on the
the tungsten filament continually gives up
window of the glass envelope. This may electrons, it gradually becomes thinner with age.
This evaporated tungsten is frequently
Q&A BREAK 1. act as an additional filter.
2. reduce tube output. deposited on the inner surface of the glass
3. result in arcing and tube puncture. envelope at the tube window.
(A) 1 only When this happens, it acts as an additional
(B) 1 and 2 only
filter of the x-ray beam, thereby reducing tube
(C) 2 and 3 only
(D) 1, 2, and 3
output.
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Also, the tungsten deposit may actually attract As the x-ray tube filament ages, it becomes Which of the following is (are) characteristics of
progressively thinner because of evaporation. The the x-ray tube?
electrons from the filament, creating a tube vaporized tungsten is frequently deposited on the 1. The target material should have a high atomic
current and causing puncture of the glass window of the glass envelope. This may number and a high melting point.
envelope. 1. act as an additional filter. 2. The useful beam emerges from the port window.
2. reduce tube output. 3. The cathode assembly receives both low and
(Selman, pp 137-138) 3. result in arcing and tube puncture. high voltages.
(A) 1 only (A) 1 only
(B) 1 and 2 only (B) 2 only
Ans. D
(C) 2 and 3 only (C) 1 and 2 only
(D) 1, 2, and 3 (D) 1, 2, and 3
Anode target material with a high atomic number Which of the following is (are) characteristics of Which of the following circuit devices must be
produces higher-energy x-rays more efficiently. Because the x-ray tube? connected in parallel?
a great deal of heat is produced at the target, the 1. The target material should have a high atomic
material should have a high melting point so as to avoid number and a high melting point. (A) Filament ammeter
damage to the target surface. Most of the x-rays 2. The useful beam emerges from the port window. (B) Milliammeter
generated at the focal spot are directed downward and
3. The cathode assembly receives both low and (C) Voltmeter
pass through the x-ray tube's port window. The cathode
high voltages. (D) Rectifiers
filament receives low-voltage current to heat it to the
point of thermionic emission. Then high voltage is (A) 1 only
applied to drive the electrons across to the focal track. (B) 2 only
(Selman, p 111) (C) 1 and 2 only
Ans. D (D) 1, 2, and 3
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Voltmeters must be connected in parallel within Which of the following circuit devices must be
a circuit, so as to be able to measure the potential connected in parallel?
difference between two points. Ammeters are
connected in series. Rectifiers are located (A) Filament ammeter
between the secondary coil of the high-voltage (B) Milliammeter
transformer and the x-ray tube and function to (C) Voltmeter
change AC to unidirectional current. (D) Rectifiers TRANSFORMER
Electromagnetism
(Selman, pp 51-52)
Ans. C
Transformer Operation of the Transformer Transformer Law

▪ A device that transforms electric ▪ Functions only with changing electric ▪ States that change in voltage is directly
potential and current into a higher or current (AC), applying Faraday's study. proportional to number of turns ratio of
lower intensity. ▪ Applying direct current (DC) to the
secondary coil to the number of turns in the
primary coil.
▪ Does not convert one form of energy into primary coil will induce no current in the ▪ Formula: Vs/Vp = Ns/Np
another. secondary coil. ▪ Describes how electric current and voltage
▪ Changes the intensity of alternating ▪ Follows the Transformer Law. change from the primary coil to the secondary
voltage and current. coil.
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General Classifications of Transformers Step-Up Transformer Step-Down Transformer

▪ The transformer device can be classified ▪ A transformer with turns ratio greater ▪ A transformer with turns ratio less than
into two main types depending on its than 1. 1.
voltage output. ▪ Increases or steps-up the voltage from ▪ Lowers voltage from the primary to the
▪ These are: the primary to the secondary side. secondary side.
▪ 1. Step-Up transformer
▪ 2. Step-Down transformer
Transformer Law Effect on Current Types of Transformer

▪ Formula: ls/Ip= Np/Ns or ls/Ip= Vp/Vs ▪ Aside from voltage output, transformers
▪ The inverse relation of voltage and can be classified depending on its
current also applies to transformer law. A step-up transformer induces a appearance and confinement of
▪ Change in voltage is inversely lower current; thus, a higher magnetic field. These include:
proportional to current. voltage denotes a lower current. ▪ 1. Closed Core transformer
▪ 2. Shell-Type transformer
▪ 3. Autotransformer
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Closed Core Transformer Shell-Type Transformer Autotransformer

▪ Appears as if it is a square donut, ▪ Confines even more of the magnetic field lines ▪ Consists of an iron core and a winding of wire;
consisting of ferromagnetic material of the primary winding, wrapped around by the the single winding acts as both primary and
(usually Iron). secondary winding of solenoid. secondary winding.
▪ Essentially two closed cores fused together, ▪ - Connections are made at different points;
▪ Made up of laminated layers of Iron.
more efficient than its closed-core generally smaller than the other types.
▪ Primitive design of transformers.
counterpart. ▪ - Restricted only to small step-up or -down.
▪ Most currently used transformer type. ▪ - Cannot be used as a high-voltage
transformer.
Practical Applications of
Electromagnetism
▪ Electric Motor: shows electric current is
PRACTICAL capable of producing mechanical motion. LESSON 3
▪ Electric Generator: shows mechanical motion
APPLICATION produces electric current. THE X-RAY IMAGING
Electromasgnetism
▪ Transformer: shows alternating electric
current and potential can be transformed in SYSTEM
intensity. Ms. Alyza Bryna M. Juan, RRT
10/12/2023
The three main components of an x-ray imaging

▪
system are (1) the operating console, (2) the x-ray OPERATING CONSOLE
tube, and (3) the high-voltage generator. ▪ The part of the x-ray imaging system most
▪ This lesson describes the components of the familiar to radiologic technologists is the
operating console that are used to control the operating console.
voltage applied to the x-ray tube, the current
THE X-RAY IMAGING
▪ The operating console allows radiologic
through the x-ray tube, and the exposure time. SYSTEM technologists to control the x-ray tube
▪ This also discusses the high-voltage generator in its OPERATING CONSOLE
many forms. current and voltage so that the useful x-ray
▪ The final section of this chapter combines all beam is of proper quantity and quality
components into a single complete circuit diagram.
▪ Radiation quantity refers to the number OPERATING CONSOLE

of x-rays in an x-ray beam. It is usually ▪ The operating console usually provides for
expressed in milligray (mGya) or control of line compensation, kVp, mA, and
milligray/ milliampere-second exposure time. Meters are provided for
(mGya/mAs). monitoring kVp, mA, and exposure time.
▪ Radiation quality refers to the energy of ▪ The line compensator measures the
the x-ray beam and is expressed in voltage provided to the x-ray imaging
kilovolt peak (kVp) or, more precisely, system and adjusts that voltage to
half-value layer (HVL). precisely 220 V.
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In order to be used more efficiently by the x-ray Rectifiers (solid-state or the older valve tubes)
tube, alternating current is changed to permit the flow of current in only one direction.
unidirectional current by the They serve to change AC, which is needed in the
low-voltage side of the x-ray circuit, to
Q&A BREAK (A) filament transformer.

(B) autotransformer.
unidirectional current. Unidirectional current is
necessary for the efficient operation of the x-ray
(C) high-voltage transformer. tube. The rectification system is located between
(D) rectifiers. the secondary coil of the high-voltage transformer
and the x-ray tube. The filament transformer
functions to adjust the voltage and current going
to heat the x-ray tube filament.
The autotransformer varies the amount of In order to be used more efficiently by the x-ray Characteristic x-rays are produced when
voltage being sent to the primary coil of the high- tube, alternating current is changed to
voltage transformer so that the appropriate kVp unidirectional current by the (A) high-speed electrons are attracted by a
can be obtained. The high-voltage transformer tungsten nucleus and decelerated.
"steps up" the voltage to the required kilovoltage (A) filament transformer. (B) orbital electrons move from an outer shell to
and steps down the amperage to milliamperage. (B) autotransformer. fill an inner-shell vacancy.
(C) high-voltage transformer. (C) orbital electrons move from an inner shell to
(Carlton & Adler, p 78) (D) rectifiers. fill an outer-shell vacancy.
(D) an outer-shell electron is ejected from orbit.
Ans. D
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Characteristic radiation is produced at the Characteristic radiation makes up only Characteristic x-rays are produced when
target when a high-energy incident electron about 15 percent of the primary beam.
ejects a K-shell tungsten electron. Because Bremsstrahlung radiation is produced (A) high-speed electrons are attracted by a
tungsten nucleus and decelerated.
the L-shell electron is at a higher energy when high-speed electrons are attracted by (B) orbital electrons move from an outer shell to
level than the K-shell electron, it liberates a tungsten nucleus and decelerated. Brems fill an inner-shell vacancy.
the excess energy in the form of a K radiation makes up the majority of the (C) orbital electrons move from an inner shell to
characteristic x-ray as it makes its transit primary beam (about 80 to 85 percent). fill an outer-shell vacancy.
to the K shell. (Selman, p 115) (D) an outer-shell electron is ejected from orbit.
Ans. B
All of the following devices are likely to be All of the following devices are likely to be Because the radiographer must be able to select a
located on the typical x-ray unit control located on the typical x-ray unit control different mA, kVp, and exposure time for each
panel, except a(n) panel, except a(n) patient, the typical control panel will have selector
switches for each of these functions. An mA
(A) mA meter. (A) mA meter. meter on the control panel functions to give a
(B) kVp selector. (B) kVp selector. readout of the milliamperage for each exposure. It
is good practice to get a glimpse of this meter
(C) timer. (C) timer. during each exposure to ascertain that there was
(D) filament ammeter. (D) filament ammeter. indeed an exposure and that the meter registers
the selected milliamperage.
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The kVp and timer selectors are required on the All of the following devices are likely to be
control panel for use by the radiographer. The located on the typical x-ray unit control
filament ammeter regulates the amount of panel, except a(n)
current to the x-ray tube filament circuit, and the
equipment serviceperson must make any (A) mA meter.
required adjustment in this device.
(B) kVp selector.
(Thompson et al, p 167)
(C) timer.
Ans. D (D) filament ammeter.

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10/12/2023

Conversion of Energy Principles of Electricity

Electricity and Magnetism Matter Has Electric

Electric Charge Electrostatics Electron Charge

Coulomb’s Law Electrostatic Laws Electric Potential

Electrodynamics Conductor Insulator

Electric Circuit Units Used in an Electric Circuit

Electric Resistance Electric Power

Which of the following occurs during

Origin of Magnetism Electron Spin Atomic Magnetism

Matter and Magnetism Types of Magnets Natural Magnet

Artificially Induced Permanent Magnet Electromagnet Magnetic States of Matter

Nonmagnetic Materials Ferromagnetic Materials Diamagnetic Materials

Paramagnetic Materials Laws of Magnetism Inverse Cube Law

Maxwell's Field Theory of Magnetic Induction

LESSON OUTLINE The Concept of Electromagnetism

Hans Oersted (1820) Electromagnetism Electromagnetism

The Electromagnet The Electromagnet Michael Faraday

Faraday's Law Production of Electricity by

Transformer Operation of the Transformer Transformer Law

General Classifications of Transformers Step-Up Transformer Step-Down Transformer

Transformer Law Effect on Current Types of Transformer

Closed Core Transformer Shell-Type Transformer Autotransformer

The three main components of an x-ray imaging

▪ Radiation quantity refers to the number OPERATING CONSOLE

Q&A BREAK (A) filament transformer.

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