EC5040

Electrical Machines
1st Class on “Introductive Lecture to the subject”

Professor Arulampalam Atputharajah

30th June 2023

1
Overview of this
subject
Syllabus and ILOs

2
Overview of the Semester 5

3
Subject Overview - ILOs

4
Subject Overview – Syllabus

5
Subject Overview – Syllabus

6
Subject Overview – Syllabus

7
Subject Overview – Assessment

8
Break for any
Question OR
Discussion

! 9
 Recalling the
Previous Learning
outcomes
Directly relevant to this
subject, from GCE(A/L)
10
 Relevance from GCE(A/L)
(A/L Physics Syllabus: 2017 – 2019)
Competenc No. of
Content Learning outcomes
y Level Periods
Student will be able to;
- demonstrates the laws of electromagnetic
- Electromagnetic induction
induction.
- Magnetic flux and flux linkage
- derives expressions for induced
- Laws of electromagnetic induction (Faraday's law, Lenz's law)
electromotive force of a rod moving/
- Demonstrating the laws of electromagnetic induction
rotating in magnetic field
- Electromotive force induced in a straight rod moving in a uniform magnetic field
- derives expressions for induced
(Expression for induced electromotive force, Fleming's right hand rule)
electromotive force of a disc rotating in
- Electromotive force induced in a rod rotating in a magnetic field
magnetic field
- Electromotive force induced in a disc rotating in a magnetic field
- derives expressions for maximum value of
- Electromotive force induced in a rectangular coil rotating in a magnetic field and
induced electromotive force of a rectangular
8.8 Uses expression for maximum value
coil rotating in a magnetic field.
the laws - Alternating current generator (Arrangement, Graphical representation of the
- describes the structure of the alternating
and rules in variation of electromotive force with time, Introduction to alternating current and
current generator.
electromag voltage, r.m.s value and peak value of current and voltage, average power in watts
- expresses graphically the variation of e. m.
netic in a resistive circuits.) 20
f. of alternating current generator.
induction - Eddy currents and their uses
- Explain the formation of back e. m. f.
for - Back e.m.f. of an electric motor
- explains the purpose of starter switch.
technical - Demonstration of back e. m. f. of electric motor
- explains the structure and function of a
needs. - Effect of the back e.m.f. on the armature current
transformer.
- Controlling the initial current /starter switch
- carries out calculations related to
- Transformers (Structure, Relationship between the number of turns and the
transformers.
voltages of primary and secondary coils for ideal transformers.
- explains elements of alternating current.
- Step-down and step-up transformers
- States the relationship between r. m. s.
- Input and output power of the transformer
value and peak value of the voltage of the
- The product VI, as input / output power of a transformer
voltage and current.
- Energy loss in a transformer (Loss due to Joule heating, Loss due to eddy
- explains transmission of electric power
current, Method to minimize energy loss, Uses of transformers)
qualitatively.
- Transmission of electric power
- carries out numerical calculations to
solve related problems. 11
 Relevance from GCE(A/L)
(A/L Physics Syllabus: 2017 – 2019)
Compet No. of
ency Content Learning outcomes Period
Level s
Student will be able to:
- Back e.m.f. of an electric motor
- derives expressions for maximum value of
- Demonstration of back e. m. f. of electric
induced electromotive force of a rectangular coil
motor
rotating in a magnetic field.
- Effect of the back e.m.f. on the armature
- describes the structure of the alternating current
current
8.8 Uses generator.
- Controlling the initial current /starter
the laws - expresses graphically the variation of e. m. f. of
switch
and alternating current generator.
- Transformers (Structure, Relationship
rules in - Explain the formation of back e. m. f.
between the number of turns and the
electro - explains the purpose of starter switch.
voltages of primary and secondary coils for
magneti - explains the structure and function of a 20
ideal transformers.
c transformer.
- Step-down and step-up transformers
inductio - carries out calculations related to transformers.
- Input and output power of the transformer
n for - explains elements of alternating current.
- The product VI, as input / output power of
technica - States the relationship between r. m. s. value and
a transformer
l needs. peak value of the voltage of the voltage and
- Energy loss in a transformer (Loss due to
current.
Joule heating, Loss due to eddy current,
- explains transmission of electric power
Method to minimize energy loss, Uses of
qualitatively.
transformers)
- carries out numerical calculations to solve
- Transmission of electric power 12
related problems.
 Relevance from GCE(A/L)
(A/L Physics Syllabus: https://nie.lk/dispbook, Page 119 section 6.10)

Note:
1. In the step down transformer the primary coil has a higher number of turns and the
secondary has a fewer number of turns.
2. The soft iron core of the frame guides the magnetic flux emitting from the primary
to the secondary minimizing leakages of flux to the outside.
3. The transformer when operating can get heated due to following reasons
- Production of eddy currents: This is minimized by laminating the soft iron core
- Joule heating: This heat (I2.R.t) is liberated due to the resistance of the coil
wound round the soft iron frame.
- Hysteresis: A coil wound round a magnetic medium when carrying a current
which is subjected to a cycle, liberates heat due to certain complex actions
taking place. 13
 Relevance from GCE(A/L)
(A/L Physics Syllabus: https://nie.lk/dispbook, Page 121 section 6.10)
Electric Motor
The motor can be regarded as the instrument used for the conversion of electric energy
to mechanical (kinetic) energy. The function of the electric motor is opposite to the
simple current generator (dynamo). The armature placed between the magnetic polls of
the direct current generator and the split ring commutator connected to it contains in the
electric motor too. When the current from the direct current source passes through the
commutator to the armature, as the current flowing through the armature force acts on
the two arms of the armature, the directions of which are decided by the Fleming’s left
hand rule. Accordingly a couple of forces is setup on the armature which makes it to
rotate.
At the end of each of a turn the positions of the
arms of the armature interchange their positions
in the rotating space and at the same instant,
according to the plan of the commutator the
current gets reversed in the armature. Due to
this the sense of the couple and also of the
rotation, the armature continues without
interruption.
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 Relevance from GCE(A/L)
(A/L Physics Syllabus: https://nie.lk/dispbook, Page 122 section 6.10)
Dynamo effect of a motor
When a motor is working the rotation of a coil in a magnetic field fulfils the conditions
of a generator (dynamo). The result is that an electro motive force (emf) develops in the
armature due to induction. According to the laws of induction, this emf acts in the sense
opposite to that of the input emf. Hence it is known as a “back emf”. If the back emf is
E and input voltage is V, the armature current is Ia = (V-E)/Ra, where Ra is the armature
resistance.
This back emf is proportional to the flux density of the magnetic field and the speed of
rotation of the armature. When the motor is activated, its back emf is zero. But the
current develops fast along with the speed of the armature. This instantaneous increase
of initial current would be harmful to the armature. Hence in order to control it, a device
called the “started switch” is set up along with a resistor in the motor circuit.

Initially the switch K is connected to the terminals (Start)

and the starting current is controlled. Then, when the back
emf too has developed along with the speed of the armature,
the switch K is connected to the terminal R (Run).
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 Relevance from GCE(A/L)
(A/L Physics Syllabus: https://nie.lk/dispbook, Page 122 section 6.10)

Example:
A motor with an armature of resistance 2Ω is connected to a supply of 240V. Without a
load the armature turns at a rate of 300rpm and the armature current is 5A. With a load
if the current becomes 35A, what is the rate of rotation in rpm of the armature.

E without the load is 230V; and E with the load is 170V,

Speed = (170/230).300 = 222rpm

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 End of
First Class
atpu@eng.jfn.ac.lk
https://www.eng.jfn.ac.lk/staff/
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