EC5040

Electric Machines

Eng (Ms).S.Nithusiga

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

13th February 2024

 Torque
Torque is produced in a current-carrying loop in a magnetic field due to the interaction between the magnetic field
and the current.

In more detail, when a current-carrying loop is placed in a magnetic field, the magnetic field exerts a force on the
current. This force is perpendicular to both the direction of the current and the magnetic field. This is known as the
Lorentz force. The Lorentz force acting on different sides of the loop can create a turning effect or torque,
causing the loop to rotate.

The magnitude of the torque depends on several factors.

 it is directly proportional to the current flowing through the loop. The greater the current, the greater the force
exerted by the magnetic field, and hence the greater the torque.
 it is also directly proportional to the area of the loop. A larger loop means a larger area for the magnetic field to
act upon, resulting in a larger torque.
 it depends on the angle between the plane of the loop and the magnetic field. The torque is maximum when the
plane of the loop is perpendicular to the magnetic field.
The Rotating Magnetic Field
Rotating magnetic field in a 3-phase coil stator
If two magnetic fields are present in a machine, .then a torque will be created which will tend to line up the two magnetic
fields. If one magnetic field is produced by the stator of an ac machine and the other one is produced by the rotor of the
machine, then a torque will be induced in the rotor which will cause the rotor to turn and align itself with the stator
magnetic field. If there were some way to make the stator magnetic field rotate, then the induced torque in the rotor would
cause it to constantly "chase" the stator magnetic field around in a circle.
How to produce a rotating magnetic field in a three-phase stator?
How can the stator magnetic field be made to rotate?
The fundamental principle of ac machine operation is that if “a three-phase set of currents, each of equal magnitude and
differing in phase by 120°, flows in a three-phase winding, then it will produce a rotating magnetic field of constant
magnitude.”

Three-phase stator
A set of currents are applied to the 3-phase stator coils
The direction of the magnetic field vector is given by the
right-hand rule: If the fingers of the right hand curl in the
direction of the current flow in the coil, then the resulting
magnetic field is in the direction that the thumb points
Flux densities resulting from these currents are;
 Electrical Angle

Mechanical Angle

Electrical Cycle = 360o

The Relationship between Electrical Frequency
and
the Speed of Magnetic Field Rotation
The Relationship between Electrical Frequency and the Speed of Magnetic Field Rotation

Өse : synchronous electrical angle, (rad)

Өsm : synchronous mechanical angle,
(rad) fse : synchronous electrical
frequency, (Hz)
fsm : synchronous mechanical frequency,
(Hz)
ωse : synchronous electrical frequency,
(rad/sec)
ω sm : synchronous mechanical frequency,
(rad/sec)

In general, if the number of magnetic poles on an ac machine stator is P, then there are P/2 repetitions of the winding
sequence a-c' -b-a' -c-b' around its inner surface, and the electrical and mechanical quantities on the stator are related
by

The resulting mechanical speed of the stator magnetic fields in revolutions per minute (nsm)is given by
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒇𝒔𝒆
𝒏𝒔𝒎 = 𝟔𝟎𝒇𝒔𝒎 =
𝑷
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