1. A special ed teacher wants to determine if her autistic students have IQs that vary from the non-autistic population.

She knows
that for the non-autistic population, the mean score is 100 and the standard deviation is 15. A sample of 36 of her autistic students
scored a mean of 108. At alpha .01, what can she say regarding the IQs of her autistic students compared to those of non-autistic
students?

2. A University president wants to determine the mean family income for all her school's students. She obtains a random sample
of 82 students and finds their mean family income is 82,500. She also knows that the standard deviation for the sample is 15,600.
What would be the 99% confidence interval for the mean family income of all students at the University?

3. Is there a difference among 3 different universities (Iowa, Michigan, and Kansas) in the frequency of students who graduate in
4 years? Using a random sample of 100 students from each of 3 Big Ten schools, researchers obtain the following data. At alpha
= .01 level, is there a difference, and, if so, which universities are more or less likely to have students graduate in 4 years?

IOWA MICHIGAN KANSAS

do graduate in 4yrs 65 85 75

don't graduate in 4yrs 35 15 25

4. An undergraduate professor teaching Economics 101 wants to know if his students know anything about the Federal Reserve
Board and monetary policy before the class begins. He gives a sample of 26 students a 10-item True-False quiz on the topics. He
finds that the mean score is 5.24 with an SD of 2.15. At alpha .05, what can he conclude regarding how much his students know
about the topics?

5. Although sleeping pills may cause users to fall asleep more quickly, do they affect the amount of
REM (rapid-eye movement) sleep over the course of a night? In this study, 24 subjects in a sleep lab were randomly assigned to
receive either a placebo (n = 12) or a sleeping pill (n = 12), and their total minutes of REM sleep were recorded. For those in the
placebo condition, the mean was 90 min., with an SD = 7.77. For those in the sleeping pill condition, the mean was 82 min., and
the SD = 7.54. Use α = .05 to determine what the effect, if any, was. (ind. Samples t).

6. A political science professor wants to determine what the 95% confidence interval is for the difference between NJ and PA
residents’ attitudes toward recent proposed changes toward tougher regulation of gun ownership. She has a sample of 65 NJ
residents and 65 PA residents complete an interval level, 7-point scale assessing their attitude toward the changes. For NJ
residents, the M = 5.1 and SD = 1.4. For PA residents, M = 2.9 and SD = 1.7. What is the confidence interval for the unknown
difference?
 test z-test single-t ind-1 chi-square

when to use: - 1 sample mean - no pop. SD - compare 2 sample means - nominal IV

- pop. parameters - compare 1 sample mean to - no pop. parameters - frequency data
- pop. SD another value

variables: pop parameters - 𝝁 = other value - M = sample mean - N = total # of responses

- 𝝁 = pop. mean - M = sample mean - k = # of columns, cells,
- 𝝈 = pop. SD - there is SD choices
- M = mean - fo = freq. obs.
- SD = standard dev. - fe = freq. exp.
(# of pp. by chance)

formula: 𝑀−µ 𝑀−µ 𝑀1−𝑀2 fe = (# row) + (# col) ÷

𝑧 = 𝑆𝐸𝑚
𝑡= 𝑒𝑠𝑡. 𝑆𝐸𝑚
𝑡= 𝑒𝑠𝑡. 𝑆𝐸𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 total #
σ 𝑆𝐷 2
2
𝑆𝐸𝑚 = 𝑒𝑠𝑡. 𝑆𝐸𝑀 = 𝑆𝐷𝑎 2 𝑆𝐷𝑏 2
𝑥 =
(𝑓𝑜−𝑓𝑒)
𝑁 𝑁−1 𝑆𝐸𝑑 = ( ) +( ) 𝑓𝑒
𝑁𝑎−1 𝑁𝑏−1

df n/a 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1 𝑑𝑓 = (𝑁𝑎 + 𝑁𝑏) − 2 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑘 − 1

effect size (𝑀−µ) 𝑡 𝑑 = 𝑡( 𝑁𝑎 + 𝑁𝑏/(𝑁𝑎 * 𝑁𝑏)

𝑑= σ
𝑑= 𝑥
2
𝑁 𝑑= 2
s: 0.2 𝑁+𝑥
m: 0.5
l: 0.8

conf. inter. C.I = M ± Zcrit. (SEm) C.I = M ± Tcrit. (Est. SEm) C.I = (Ma-Mb) ± Tcrit. (Est. SEdiff) n/a

steps 1. calc SEm 1. calc est. SEm 1. calc SEdiff 1. draw contingency table
2. calc z 2. calc t 2. calc t 2. calc fe for each cell
3. compare z and z critical 3. calc df 3. calc df 2
3. calc 𝑥 for each cell
0.05 or 95% +- 1.96 4. compare t and t critical 4. compare t and t critical and add everything
0.01 or 99% +- 2.58 5. calc effect size (d) (if t beats 5. calc effect size (if t beats critical) 4. calc df
4. calc effect size (if z beats critical) 2 2
critical) 5. compare 𝑥 and 𝑥
critical
6. calc effect size

keywords - population SD - random sample - is there a sig. diff. between ____ and - yes or no outcome
- parameter mean _____ - counts not scores
- compared on continuous outcome

concepts - difference between M and 𝝁 - difference between M and 𝝁 or - difference between 2 sample means - differences between
when you have 𝝈 between M and another value observed and expected
frequencies