2023-2024 B Level Intermediate Grammar Pack Student's

B LEVEL INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR PACK
GEBZE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES
INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR PACK

FOR B LEVEL
STUDENT’S COPY
2023-2024 ACADEMIC YEAR
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2B HOW LONG/ HOW MANY/HOW MANY TIMES/ HOW MUCH
HOW LONG (for something HOW MANY [HOW MANY

that is still happening) TIMES]/HOW MUCH
(for completed actions)
 Use present perfect continuous tense  Use present perfect tense to express
with an action verb to ask a question quantities: how much we have done
with How long. of something.
1. A: How long have you been driving? 1. A: How much of that book have you
B: About ten years. read?
B: I’ve read only 50 pages.
2. A: How long have you been studying
English? 2. A: How much food have you bought?
B: I’ve been studying English for two years. B: I’ve bought a little food, but I think it
will be enough for us.
3. A: How long have you been living in Korea?
B: I’ve been living in Korea since I was 8 3. A: How much homework have you given
years old. to the students this week, Mrs. Taylor?
B: Not much, just a little bit.
 Use present perfect tense with a non-  Use present perfect tense to express
action verb to ask a question with How quantities: how many times an action has
long. taken place.
1. A: How long have you known her? 1. A: How many times have you seen that
How long have you been knowing her? movie?
B: I’ve known her since I was five. B: More than 10 times.
2. A: How long has she owned her car? 2. A: How many times has the boss visited
How long has she been owning her car? Scotland?
B: She has owned her car for a month. B: He’s visited Scotland twice.
3. A: How long have they had this luxurious 3. A: How many books have they read so
house? far?
How long have they been having this B: They’ve read just a few books.
luxurious house?
B: I don’t know exactly but I guess they have
had it for a long time.
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EXERCISES
A. For each situation, ask a question using the words in brackets.
1. You have a friend who is learning Arabic. You ask:

(how long / learn / Arabic?) How long have you been learning Arabic?
2. John tells you that his mother is in hospital. You ask him:
(how long / be / in hospital?) _____________________________?
3. Some friends of yours are having a party next week. You ask them:
(how many people / invite?) ______________________________?
4. You meet a woman who tells you that she teaches English. You ask her:
(how long / teach?) _____________________________________?
(how many students/ have?) _______________________________?
5. You see somebody fishing by the river. You ask him:

(how many fish / catch?) _________________________________?
(how long / fish (verb)?) ___________________________________ ?
6. A friend of yours is saving money to go on a world trip. You ask her:

(how long / save?) _____________________________________ ?
(how much money / save?) _______________________________?
7. Tim always wears the same jacket. It’s a very old jacket. You ask him:
(how long/have/that jacket?) ________________________________?
(how many times/ wear?) ___________________________________?
B. Read the situation and complete the conversation. Use How long/ How many/ How
much.
1. Tom is reading a book in the library. Andy comes and asks him:
Andy: ____________________________________________________?
Tom: I’ve been reading the book for two hours.
Andy: ____________________________________________________?
Tom: I’ve read 53 pages so far.
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2. Rachel is from Australia. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. She
visits one of her friends from high school in Europe. Clara asks her:
Clara: _____________________________________________________?
Rachel: I’ve been travelling for three months.
Clara: _____________________________________________________?
Rachel: I’ve visited six countries so far.
3. Patrick is a famous tennis player, and he has had some championships so far.
The interviewer asks him:
Interviewer: ________________________________________________?
Patrick: I’ve been playing tennis since I was ten years old.
Interviewer: ________________________________________________?
Patrick: I’ve won the national championship four times.
4. Lisa and Sue started making films together a long time ago and they still make
films. The film director asks them:
The director: ________________________________________________?
Lisa: We have been making films since we left college.
The director: ________________________________________________?
Lisa: We’ve made five films since then.
5. Alice is doing her homework in her room. Her mom comes and asks her:
Mom: ___________________________________________________?
Alice: I’ve doing it for about an hour.
Mom: ___________________________________________________?
Alice: I’ve done just the half of the homework so far.
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C. Work on your own. Make questions with “you” with these words. Use How long ….? or
How many/ much …? and the Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous.
Then work with your partner and take turns to ask and answer the questions.
1. /countries/ visit?
____________________________________?
2. /live/ in your house or flat?

____________________________________?
3. /phone calls/ make/ today?

____________________________________?
4. /know/ your oldest friend?

____________________________________?
5. /money/ spend/ on food/ today?

____________________________________?
6. /novels/ read/ in English?

____________________________________?
7./have/ your mobile phone?

____________________________________?
8./time/ spend/ watching TV/ this week?

____________________________________?
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4B CAN / COULD / BE ABLE TO
Modals for Ability: Can and Could
Statements
Subject Modal (Not) Base Form
I can paint with acrylic on glass.
You can’t
She could speak before the age of two.
They couldn’t
Yes/No and Wh- Questions

Wh- Modal Subject Base
Word Form
Can Liza sing? Yes, she can.
Could you see the stage last night? No, I couldn’t.
What can babies do at age one? Not much.
When could you speak Italian so well? Three years ago.
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 Modals do not change form. Don’t add X She cans speak two foreign languages.
-s,-es to the end of modals.
 Can you speak a little louder?
 In questions, put the modal before the X Do you can speak a little louder?
subject. Don’t use do/does.
 In negative statements, use not after  He couldn’t understand the teacher today.
the modal. Don’t use a form of do. X He didn’t could understand the teacher
today.
 Use “can” to express ability or Larissa can write both poems and novels.
possibility in the present or future. (Ability-present)
I can come and see you tomorrow if you like.
(Possibility-future)
 Sometimes could is the past of can. We had a lovely room in the hotel. We could
see the bridge.
As soon as I walked into the room, I could
smell the flowers.
 We also use “could” to say that My uncle could speak 6 languages.

someone had the general ability or We were completely free. We could do what
permission to do something in the past. we wanted. (= we were allowed to do)
 You can also use be (not) able to + a

base form of a verb to express ability They’re able to read the Russian text.
and possibility. (*can is more I’m not able to hear the speaker.
common)
 You can use it especially when there is I haven’t been able to sleep recently.
no form of can. Would you like to be able to join our trip?
She loves being able to go to her summer
house with her friends.
Will you be able to use your arm functionally
next month?
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Past Ability: Any Difference Between Could and Was/Were Able to?
Could (Not) Was/Were (Not) Able to
He could walk before he was one. He was able to walk before he was one.
A: Could you draw well as a child? A: Was she able to draw well as a child?
B: Yes, I could. / No, I couldn’t. B: Yes, she was. / No, she wasn’t.
 Use both was/were able to and “could” to Bao could run 15 miles when she was 25.
express general ability in the past. As kids, we were able to swim every day.
 But(!) if you want to say that someone did Although I’d hurt my leg, I was able to swim
something in a specific situation with back to the shore. (Not: …. I could swim
effort, use was/were able to. back…)
She was able to put out the fire before the
firemen came. (Not: ……… She could put
out….)
A man fell into the river yesterday. The police

 The negative “couldn’t” is possible in all couldn't save him. (a particular situation)
situations. (Either generally or in a particular She couldn’t finish the project last night. (a
situation) particular situation)
My little brother couldn’t ride a bicycle when he
was two. (generally)
Let’s Compare:
 Jason was an excellent player when he was younger. He could beat anybody. (= he had the
general ability to beat anybody)
 Tim and Amy played chess yesterday. Tim played well, but Amy was able to beat him. (= he
managed to beat him in this particular game.)
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Permission: Can/ Could
Asking for Permission Answers
Can I borrow your pen? (informal) Sure, no problem.
Could I ask you a question, please? (more polite) Of course.
Can we sit in these seats? I’m sorry. They’re taken.
Note that we can also use might/ may (the most formal) for permission!
A: May we go to the library, Ms. Smith?

B: Yes, you may. Return by 3:00, please.
Expressing Permission and Prohibition
You can play video games after you have done all your homework. (You have the permission to do
that)
He can come to work late as he is the boss in the company. (He has the permission to do that)
We can’t watch reality tv shows or sitcoms. (It is prohibited for us)
I can’t change the channel unless I get permission from my dad. (It is prohibited for me)
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Requests: Can / Could
Questions Answers
Of course. (+)
Could you move here, please? (more polite) I’m afraid I can’t. (-)
Could you help me with this?  Yes, I can.

(Use can in short answers. Don’t use could) X Yes, I could.
Yes, I can.
Can you come here, please? I can’t right now. Hold on.
Note that we can also use will and would (more polite) for requests.
A: Will you call me later?

B: Yes, I will. / Sorry, I can’t.
A: Would you tell me the problem?

B: Sure, I’ll tell you later. / No, I am sorry. I can’t.
EXERCISES
A. Rewrite the following sentences by using (be) able to/ can/ can’t.
1. Chris can play the piano fairly well.

_________________________________________________
2. Clare hasn’t been practicing, so she can’t dance next week.

_________________________________________________
3. The children are not allowed to ride their bikes alone.

_________________________________________________
4. The teachers have the permission to share the exam papers with the students.
_______________________________________________________________________________
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5. Maths exam was the most difficult one in 2022-2023 academic year, but Andrew managed to
get A level in the exam.
_______________________________________________________________________________
6. Once we set everything up, we will be able to relax and enjoy the reception.
_______________________________________________________________________________
B. Read the passage from a podcast. Find and correct 7 errors with can (not), could (not), and
was/were (not) able to for ability.
ABOUT ART: Podcast 22
Host: Welcome to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. This is Ava Paterson and I2m
talking to visitors here about this week’s question: Can art keeps us young? What do you think, sir?
Are people able fight the effects of aging with art?
Man: Yes, I think so. My grandmother was able to recognize her thoughts vividly, and she thought art
helped her. She was a painter. A lot of older people have trouble with their memories. People with
Alzheimer’s disease sometimes can’t remember anything, for example. My grandmother was 93
when she died, and she can remember everything! The last time I saw her, I could ask her many
questions about her whole life, and she gave me each single detail from her life. I was absolutely
amazed!
Host: And what do you think, miss? Can art have positive effects on people as they get older?
Woman: Well, research shows that people are able to live longer in the future, but is art the reason?
I’m not sure. I like to believe that it can helps. I love to see and create art, so I hope when I’m older, I
will able to think clearly.
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5B GET USED TO / BE USED TO
Be used to and get used to are used to talk about being accustomed to something or getting
accustomed to something.
When Giovanni moved to London from Italy, it took him long to get used to the cold.
For Ivan, who moved from Moscow to London, the cold was not a problem because he was used to it.
! While get used to talks about the process, be used to talks about the result.
BE USED TO GET USED TO
MEANING You have been doing this for You started doing something
some time and now you’re new and it’s becoming
familiar with it. familiar.
(=it’s familiar) (=it’s becoming familiar)
PATTERN Be used to + ing verb Get used to +ing verb
Be used to + noun Get used to + noun
(+) I am used to living in a big city.
I am getting used to living in a
(I have been living here for 2 big city. (I moved here a month
years.) ago)
I am used to the traffic. I am getting used to my online
classes.
(-) Even after 3 years, I am not I haven’t got used to studying
used to studying online. (I hate online.
online classes.)
I am not used to the loud I didn’t get used to winter in
music. Canada, so I moved to Brazil.
(?) Is he used to studying English Has he got used to working
online every day before going from home?
to work? Have you got used to Teams?
Are you used to the snow?
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More Examples:
• Susan has lived in London for years, so she is used to driving on the left.
• I have been going to this class for a year now, so I am used to waking up at sunrise.
• She doesn’t think Dami is strange. She is used to him.
• Look! The bird is frightened. It is not used to large crowds.
• I hated this haircut at first. But I got used to it now!
• The baby will not get used to the new sitter. I think she misses her dad.
EXERCISES
A. Complete the sentences with the correct form of used to or be/get used to.
1. At first, I hated working at night, but now I __________ it and I don’t mind.
2. When I lived in Singapore, it took me a long time _________ the climate.
3. In my previous job, we ____________ (work) very closely in teams.
4. This work doesn’t bother me. I __________ (work) hard. I’ve worked hard all my life.
5. We like living in Spain, but we _____________ the mealtimes yet.
6. When I was a child I __________ (think) anyone over 40 was old. Of course, now that I’m
middle-aged, I agree with those who say, “Life begins at 40.”
7. Marge and Fred _____________ (commute) into the city to work every day. They’ve been
doing it for two years and do not seem to mind the one-hour drive each way.
8. There was a lot of unhappiness about the ban on smoking in the Office, but now we
__________ it.
9. I never thought I could use a Word processor instead of typewriter, but in fact I __________ it
very quickly.
10.He starts his new job in America next month, but I don’t think he ______ ever _________
working abroad as he loves Britain so much.
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B. Write five of these things on a piece of paper.
Something that you ……
 are used to doing at the weekend

 don’t think you’ll ever get used to
 will have to get used to in the future
 will find it impossible to get used to
 weren’t used to doing at one time, but you are now
 are getting used to at the moment
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
a. Work in pairs. Swap papers. Take turns to ask your partner about the things he/she has
written. Ask follow-up questions if possible.
b. Tell the class two things about your partner.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
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6A PASSIVE VOICE (ALL TENSES) IN INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
Yes/No Questions
Active Voice Passive Voice

Simple Present Tense They shoot a lot of films on location. Are a lot of films shot on location?
Present Continuous Tense The repairman is repairing my car today. Is your car being repaired by the
repairman today?
Present Perfect Tense Somebody has stolen Andy’s bike. Has Andy’s bike been stolen?
Past Continuous Tense The film was being made when the Was the film being made when the
director died. director died?
Simple Past Tense Batman Begins was directed by Was Batman Begins directed by
Christopher Nolan. Christopher Nolan?
Future Tense One of their staff will pick me up at the Will you be picked up at the airport
airport. by one of their staff?
One of their staff is going to pick me up Are you going to be picked up at the
at the airport. airport by one of their staff?
Have To Do you have to pay this bill tomorrow? Does this bill have to be paid
tomorrow?
Wh- Questions
Here are some examples with Wh-Questions:
Where is your car being now? In Brooklyn.

repaired
When will you be picked at the airport? At 13:45 p.m.
up
Why were many damaged? Because of the
buildings earthquake.
in the city
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EXERCISES
A. Change the passive to active.

1. Has the kitchen been cleaned yet?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Is the road being mended by the workers this week?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Will the car be stopped by the police?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Do these exercises have to be done by the students at home?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Was the computer being repaired by your brother when you got home?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Was the room painted by the painters?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Where are grapes being grown by farmers?
………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. When are the exam results going to be announced by the head of the department?
………………………………………………………………………………………
9. How has the house been destroyed by the earthquake?
……………………………………………………………………………………….
10. Who was being examined by the examiners when you entered the class?
……………………………………………………………………………………….
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8A INFINITIVE AND GERUND
VERBS BOTH USED WITH GERUND AND INFINITIVE WITH DIFFERENT

MEANING
FORGET TO DO FORGET DOING

To not remember to do something. We use the verb forget+ Ving to mean that
you did something, but you have no memory
 Don’t forget to lock the door.
of it.
 Dad is always forgetting to take his pills.
 I had forgotten going to Paris until I saw the
photos.
REMEMBER TO DO REMEMBER DOING
Remember+ to infinitive means that we We use remember+ Ving to mean that you
don’t forget to do something. have a memory of something you did or of
something that happened in the past.
 Remember to save your work often just in
case your computer crashes.  I remember meeting her once. It must
 Did you remember to buy tea? have been about five years ago.
 I don’t even remember visiting this
museum.
MEAN TO DO MEAN DOING
To intend to do something. To involve something, to make something
necessary or to make it happen.
 I meant to phone your mother, but my
mobile didn’t work.  This new order will mean working
 Whoops! I didn’t mean to step on your toe. overtime.
 You have forgotten your homework again.
That means phoning your mother.
REGRET TO DO REGRET DOING
(formal) used to make announcements of Used to talk about mistakes we’ve made and
bad news. feel bad about.
 We regret to inform you that your  I regret spending so much money last night.
application has been rejected.  I have always regretted not having studied
 British Airways regret to inform you the harder at school.
cancellation of flight BA205 to Madrid.
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TRY TO DO TRY DOING

To attempt to do something. To do smth you haven’t done before to see if
you get the result you want.
 I tried to open the door.
 You haven’t even tried to find it.  Try logging off and logging on again.
 She tried talking about it to Steve, but
he wouldn’t listen.
EXERCISES
A. Fill in the blanks using a gerund / an infinitive / without to.
1. Ali is trying ___________ (repair) the radio, but he has no luck.
2. It looks nice outside, but I might ___________ (take) my umbrella with me.
3. Before I punish you two, I need ___________ (know) who broke the vase.
4. Janice stopped ___________ (make) a phone call before she continued with her shopping.
5. I regret ___________ (tell) you that we are going out of business next month.
6. I cannot ___________ (fill) in this application form. There are some questions I don’t
understand.
7. Jason stopped ___________ (play) the piano at six because it was time for dinner.
8. I certainly did not forget ___________ (ask) him the question because he has already given
me his answer.
9. What is the worst thing you regret ___________ (do) in your life?
10. Have you ever forgotten ___________ (get) a present for your wife on your anniversary?
11. I am very tired tonight. I don’t feel like ___________ (go) out.
12. She refused at first, but then, after a while, I persuaded her ___________ (play) me a song
on her guitar.
13. These suitcases are heavy. Would you mind ___________ (carry) them?
14. I didn’t expect them ___________ (come) to the party. I thought they were abroad.
15. The bodyguard let us ___________ (enter) the disco even though we were not well-dressed.
16. It was a wonderful evening. I really enjoyed ___________ (talk) to his friends.
17. I simply can’t afford ___________ (buy) such an expensive car.
18. On the first day of school, I helped the students ___________(go) to their classes because
all of them were confused.
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19. You are this close to be a workaholic! You should ___________(take) a break because you
have been working for five hours!
20. She loves ___________ (sunbathe) all day on the beach and ___________ (read) magazines.
21. Julia was with her boyfriend in the café where I was sitting, so I pretended ___________
(not notice).
22. We always go out in such a hurry that it always makes me ___________ (forget) my purse.
23. I cannot ___________ (look) for a job with opportunities for travel. I must ___________
(be) at home every night to look after my baby.
24. My mother forced me ___________(iron) the curtains at the weekend. How I hate
___________(iron)!
25. He is such a bore that I always avoid ___________ (meet) him in parties.
26. I have changed the connecting cables of these speakers. They will ___________ (work) this
time.
27. She is so angry that she refuses ___________ (talk) with us. We should ___________
(apologize) to her.
28. I’m planning ___________ (spend) the summer holiday abroad, but I am still short of
money.
29. I am taking an umbrella. It may ___________ (rain) this afternoon.
30. We were able to encourage the children ___________ (ride) on the ponies.
31. Linda is trying ___________ (lose) more weight because she wants her new dress to fit her.
32. He prefers ___________ (ski) than ___________ (swim).
33. This song makes me ______ (think) of my boyfriend so whenever I hear this song, I turn
the radio off.
B. Rewrite the following sentences by using infinitives and gerunds.
1. I was surprised to see Alice at the party. (expect)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Can you wait for a minute? (mind)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Let’s list all the alternatives before making a decision. (suggest)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4. I fancy going somewhere different on holidays. (would like)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
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5. Clara and Robert do not go out anymore. (stop)

…………………………………………………………………………………………
6. I shouldn’t consume too much sugar. (avoid)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Although I couldn’t study hard for the exam, I succeeded in getting a high mark.
(manage)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
8. I have to pay the bills tomorrow; it’s important. (forget)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Teachers do not allow students to look up their dictionaries while they are writing their
first drafts. (let)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
10. He made us think that he was ill. (pretend)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
C. Put the verbs in brackets into to the correct form of the infinitive or gerund
form.
I have always enjoyed ___________ (take) risks, so when I saw some people bungee
jumping, I decided ___________ (give) it a try. It was harder ___________ (do) than I
had expected. At first, I found that I couldn’t ___________ (look) down from the top.
When I finally jumped, it was almost impossible for me ___________ (open) my eyes till
the end of it. I hate ___________ (fail) at anything in life, so I continued ___________
(practice) and finally managed ___________ (go) all the way down with my eyes wide
open. It was then that I realized what a great thing it is, and I advise everybody
___________ (experience) it once in their lives.
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HOMEWORK ON GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
A. Choose the best answer.

1. I cannot afford my time in watching television. I have an exam tomorrow!
A. waste B. wasting C. to waste D. wasted
2. We were very happy when we heard that Ali has given up ____ drugs.
A. to take B. take C. took D. taking
3. you take this vacuum cleaner to Mrs. Water cutter and thank her?
A. Will B. Must C. Shall D. Should
4. At the next gas station, he stopped a newspaper.
A. buying B. bought C. to buy D. buy
5. I don’t think I will get the job, but I ____ as well apply for it. I have got nothing to lose.
A. must B. might C. will D. can
6. If you have finished ______ the dictionary, I’d like it for a while.
A. to use / to borrow B. using / borrowing C. using / to borrow D. use / borrow
7. You’d better stop ______ and get on with your work.
A. daydreaming B. to daydream C. daydream D. to have daydreamed
8. John now regrets school at eighteen. He realizes it was a big mistake.

A. leave B. leaving C. left D. to leave
9. A: I’m having trouble with this exercise.
B: Don’t worry. I help you.
A. could B. might C. will D. should
10. We regret passengers that the 7:30 train for Paris will leave approximately 15 minutes late.
A. to inform B. informing C. inform D. to be informed
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11. You must remember the alarm clock to six before you go to bed.
A. setting B. to set C. having set D. set
12. A: It rain this evening. Why don’t you take an umbrella?
B: That’s a good idea. I borrow yours?
A. will / Do B. might / May C. must / Will D. has to / Can
13. You always keep me I should tidy my room. I like my room just as it is.
A. telling B. tell C. to tell D. told
14. I’m sorry, I take back what I said. I didn’t mean you.
A. offending B. having offended C. offend D. to offend
15. Stop fun of him. He is going to cry.

A. to make B. make C. making D. having made
16. Congratulations, Mrs. Brown. Your healthy appearance should convince people ______
more regularly.
A. exercising B. to be exercising C. to exercise D. exercise
17. We can go to Spain for our summer holiday, but that means _____much more money.
A. to spend B. spending C. spent D. spend
18. I cannot remember you in the ELT conference. Was it in Paris?
A. having met B. meet C. meeting D. to meet
19. I make you a cup of tea as you have taken a break?
A. May B. Must C. Can D. Shall
20. I mind that film again because I can remember how it ends.
A. to watch B. watch C. watching D. watched
21. Don’t forget the bank first thing tomorrow morning.
A. to phone B. phoned C. phoning D. phone
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22. There was a sale in a boutique yesterday. I was in a hurry, so I couldn’t stop ____ at the shop
window.
A. look B. to look C. looking D. looked
23. A: I still have a terrible headache.
B: You’ve already taken two aspirins. You take another one.
A. couldn’t B. wouldn’t C. might not D. shouldn’t
24. Thanks for reminding me John. I would have forgotten it otherwise.
A. phone B. phoned C. phoning D. to phone
25. I’ve been meaning _____ him a copy of my book for a long time, but I have been unable to
do so.
A. to send B. sending C. send D. sent
26. I will never forget _____the Alps for the first time.
A. to have seen B. seeing C. to see D. see
27. I think we can afford that house. We have some savings in the bank.
A. bought B. buying C. to buy D. buy
28. My father always advises me my life in the way that I would like my children
___theirs.
A. living / living B. live / to live C. live / live D. to live / to live
29. Instead of sneaking secretly in her garden, the old lady let us ____all the apples.
A. picking up B. pick up C. to pick up D. picked up
30. I haven’t forgotten ____out with you last summer. It was very nice. I suggest ____it once
more.
A. to dine / to do B. dining / doing C. dine / do D. to have dined / do
23
31. If you have a lot of mistakes in this test, it means ____gerunds and infinitives all over again!
A. to revise B. revise C. having revised D. revising
10A RELATIVE CLAUSES
“When” In Defining Relative Clauses
 We use when to refer to time, usually after nouns such as time, period, moment, day, year,
summer, etc. It can be replaced by that or can be omitted.
Here are some examples:
1. 1976 is the year. I was born then (in that year).

1976 is the year when I was born.
1976 is the year (that) I was born.
2. I remember the day. He left (on) that day.
I remember the day when he left.
I remember the day (that) he left.
3. England won the World Cup in 1966. It was the year (when) we got married.
4. I remember my twentieth birthday. It was the day (when) the tsunami happened.
“When” In Non-Defining Relative Clauses
 The relative pronoun “when” in non-defining clauses cannot be replaced by that and cannot
be omitted from the sentence.
Here are some examples:
1. The best time to visit the island is in May, when it isn’t too crowded.
2. December, when Christmas is celebrated, is a summer month for the southern hemisphere.
Relative Clauses Referring to A Whole Sentence
Example: Chris did really well in his exams, which is quite a surprise.
 As shown in the example, we can use “which” to refer back to a whole sentence.
24
Some more examples:
1. He offered to help me. This was very kind of him.

He offered to help me, which was very kind of him.
2. He studied hard in his youth and that contributed to his success in his life.
He studied hard in his youth, which contributed to his success in his life.
EXERCISES
A. Join each idea in A with the most suitable idea in B using “which” and “when”.
A B
They had to wait for over an hour. I t made us all very hungry.
1666 was the year. The weather is hot.
There was a delicious smell coming from the He would have to give evidence to the court.
kitchen.
There was a bus strike. A great fire destroyed much of London.
He wasn’t looking forward to the time This annoyed them very much.
My favorite time of the year is summer It meant I had to take a taxi.
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2._____________________________________________________________________
3._____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5._____________________________________________________________________
6._____________________________________________________________________
B. Combine the two sentences into one sentence with an appropriate adjective clause by using a
suitable pronoun.
a. Add commas if necessary.
b. Decide if the sentence is defining or non-defining.
25
Example:
a. My sister knows a lot about cars. (I have only one sister)

b. I live with my sister.
My sister, who I live with, knows a lot about cars.
1. a. He gave me the letter. (There was only one letter)
b. It was in blue envelope.

___________________________________________________________
2. a. My sister is 25 years old. (I have only one sister)
b. She spent her holiday in France.

___________________________________________________________
3. a. My brother lives in Sidney. (I have three brothers)
b. He came to see me last month.

__________________________________________________________
4. a. Besiktas JK is a football club.
b. Besiktas JK is trying to transfer a brilliant player.

__________________________________________________________
5. a. Chris did really well in his exams.
b. This (Chris did well in his exams) is quite a surprise.

__________________________________________________________
26
6. a. Tourists want to visit Cappadocia.
b. There are a lot of fairy chimneys there.

__________________________________________________________
7. a. She was born on the 29th of October.

b. Turkish Republic was founded on the 29th of October.
__________________________________________________________
C. Fill in the blanks using the correct relative pronouns: who, which, whose, where, when
1
Jane Platt, ______ is travelling to London because of a mysterious letter, is the only person ______
witnesses a murder at Victoria Station. She gives her statement to the detective and then disappears.
Jane goes to an office in Soho to answer the letter _______ she has received. There she discovers that
her uncle Gordon ______ lives in South America, has sent her a small box ______ she is only to open
if she is in trouble. Jane, ______ parents have never mentioned an uncle Gordon, is suspicious of the
box, _______ she gives to her friend, Tony. They go to Scotland Yard, _______ they see Inspector
Groves, _______ hasn’t heard of the Victorian Station murder. Jane gives Inspector Groves the
murdered man’s ticket ______ she has found beside his body. Then Jane and Tony decide to go to
Redhill ______ is the murdered man’s town. On the train, they meet a man ________ is somehow
familiar to Jane, who says he knows her uncle Gordon. It is the moment _______ all the mystery is
suddenly solved. The man has told them a lot about her uncle Gordon, _______ has helped them a lot
to solve the mystery.
2
Dear Mum and Dad,
Hi! Well, here’s my news. The day _______ I arrived, I felt very lonely. I am very happy now though
because the college _______ I’m studying has a computer course. On Wednesday, the boy ______
room I share had a party. It was great fun! Thursday was good. The man _______ teaches us Biology
forgot to come so we had free time! Friday wasn’t so great. I missed a lecture because I was ill in
bed. The photograph _______ I’m sending you was taken on the day _______ I arrived, while I was
waiting for the bus. I’ll have to catch up on my work, so I must go now! Write soon.
27
D. Rewrite the following sentences using a relative pronoun. If the relative pronoun can be
omitted, use parentheses. Add “that” option if possible.
1. The taxi driver was very friendly. He took me to the airport.
________________________________________________
2. The story is called “The Lotus Eater”. We are reading it.
________________________________________________
3. The city was beautiful. We spent our vacation there.
________________________________________________
4. Draw a circle. Its radius is 5 cm.
________________________________________________
5. He walked along the wall on his hands, and that was a very difficult thing to do.
________________________________________________
6. The boy visited the police station. His bike was stolen.
________________________________________________
7. We must arrange a time. Then we can discuss the problem.

______________________________________________
10A REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
What is reduced relative clauses?

It means shortening of relative clause into a relative phrase.
How do we basically reduce relative clauses?

We delete the relative pronouns (who, which, that etc.) and this also causes verbs to change.
There are some ways to reduce a relative clause:
Present Participles:
If the adjective clause has an active form, present participle (Ving) is used in reduction.
Omit relative pronouns and add –ing after the main verb in active sentences.
EXAMPLES:
• The girl who was riding the bike fell off.
The girl riding the bike fell off.
28
• The woman who lives upstairs is making too much noise.

The woman living upstairs is making too much noise.
• The student who is talking to the teacher is very hardworking.
The student talking to the teacher is very hardworking.
• The people who wanted to see the head of the department looked furious.
The people wanting to see the head of the department looked furious.
• The passengers who were waiting for the bus got wet.
The passengers waiting for the bus got wet.
Past Participles:
If the adjective clause has a passive form, past participle (V3) is used in reduction.
Omit relative pronouns and only use past participle!
EXAMPLES:
• I didn’t like the meal which was cooked by Kate.
I didn’t like the meal cooked by Kate.
• I like listening to the songs which are sung in English.
I like listening to the songs sung in English.
• The kid who was punished by her mother was standing in the corner.
The kid punished by her mother was standing in the corner.
• The film festival, which was held in Turkey, attracted people from all over the world.
The film festival, held in Turkey, attracted people from all over the world.
• The boy, who is known as a liar, can’t find anyone to talk.
The boy, known as a liar, can’t find anyone to talk.
29
Perfect Participles:
If there is a time gap between the verb in relative clause and the main verb and if we want
to explain that something happened before the others, we can use Perfect Participles.
(having + V3)
EXAMPLES:
• The students who failed the Math 101 course have to take it again next term.
The students having failed the Math 101 course have to take it again next term.
• The ones who have finished their work can go out.

The ones having finished their work can go out.
• Usain Bolt, who had experienced a failure in 100m final, made no mistake in 200m final.
Usain Bolt, having experienced a failure in 100m final, made no mistake in 200m final.
To Be + Adjective Phrase:
If there is “to be” verb with an adjective phrase in relative clause, we can reduce it by omitting
the relative pronoun and to be verb.
EXAMPLES:
• The girl who is happy with the present is playing joyfully. The girl who is happy with the
present is playing joyfully.
• The person who was responsible for the accident was put in jail. The person who was
responsible for the accident was put in jail.
!!! If there is “to be” verb with an adjective (including only one word) in relative
clause, we cannot reduce it, but we can change the position of adjective in the sentence!!!!
EXAMPLES:
The man who is angry is my uncle.
The man angry is my uncle.
 The angry man is my uncle.
The house, which was beautiful, was sold for $300,000.

The house, beautiful, was sold for $300.000.
 The beautiful house was sold for $300.000.
30
To Be + Prepositional Phrase:
If there is “to be” verb with a preposition in relative clause, we can reduce it by omitting the
relative pronoun and to be verb.
EXAMPLES:
• The books which are on the top of the shelf are difficult to reach.
The books on the top of the shelf are difficult to reach.
• The man who is in the green car is a pilot.
The man in the green car is a pilot.
To Be + Noun Phrase:
If there is “to be” verb with a noun phrase in relative clause, we can reduce it by omitting the
relative pronoun and to be verb.
EXAMPLES:
• Mr. Johnson, who is the owner of the company, is a very strict man.
Mr. Johnson, the owner of the company, is a very strict man.
• Marmaris, which is a popular tourist center, has many places to visit.

Marmaris, a popular tourist center, has many places to visit.
• Doctor James, who is the head of eye department, operated on my father’s eye.
Doctor James, the head of eye department, operated on my father’s eye.
To + Infinitive:
After the expressions “the first, the second, the last, the only”, we use “to do” when we reduce
the relative clause.
EXAMPLES:
• Yesterday, I was the last person who left home.
Yesterday, I was the last person to leave home.
31
• I am usually the first person who arrives at school.
I am usually the first person to arrive at school.
!!! Do not reduce relative clause when the relative pronouns are the object.
Only omit relative pronoun.
The boy who you met yesterday is my son. (There is a subject “you” after “who”)
x The boy meeting yesterday is my son.
√ The boy who you met yesterday is my son.
The book which I lost last week was found.
x The book losing last week was found.
√ The book which I lost last week was found.
EXERCISES
A. Reduce the relative clauses where possible appropriately.
1. The man who lives near my home walks to work every day.
_________________________________________________
2. She is the only person who helps her mom at home.
__________________________________________________
3. The biggest company in Washington State is Boeing, which employs over 100,000 workers.
_________________________________________________________________________
4. Many of the students who had studied hard for the TOEFL® Test passed it.
__________________________________________________________________________
5. The story that was published in today’s newspaper contained several errors.
_____________________________________________________________
32
6. Jack Oharah, who is the President of Edmonds Community College, began working here in
1997.
__________________________________________________________________________
7. The car which was next to mine was gorgeous.

_________________________________________________________________________
8. Miki and Mari are the people who are responsible for registering new ESL students.
_________________________________________________________________________
9. The man who lives near my home walks to work every day.
B. Complete each sentence with a reduced relative clause.
1. My favorite films are the films ________________________________________________

2. I don’t like people __________________________________________________________
3. I love the books ____________________________________________________________
4. The footballer, ____________________________________________________was injured.
5. The car, ________________________________________________ was a vintage Mustang.
EXTRA STUDY
GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT
Read and analyze the texts below. You will see many examples of relative clause. (defining
relative clause + non-defining relative clause + reduced relative clause)
SAINT PATRICK’S DAY
Get ready for green lights, green hats, even green beer! Saint Patrick's Day is on 17 March. Why is
Ireland's national day such a worldwide party?
33
In the 1971 film The Flight of the Doves, an Irish policeman holds a little English girl high
so that she can see the nearby parade for Saint Patrick's Day. He tells her, 'It's a great day for
the Irish.' The little girl exclaims, 'I'm not Irish!', and the policeman replies, 'You don't have
to be Irish to be Irish!' Saint Patrick's Day is the National Day of Ireland. Every 17 March,
the day is celebrated around the globe by millions of people, Irish and not-so-Irish.
Patrick, the man
Did you know that Saint Patrick himself was not actually Irish? It is thought that he was either
Scottish or Welsh, coming from a wealthy Christian family. Ancient documents suggest that,
as a teenager, he was taken by Irish pirates to work as a slave in Ireland.
Patrick and the snakes
Old legends say that years ago, Ireland had a lot of snakes and that Saint Patrick used his powers
to chase them all into the sea. To this day, Ireland has many old statues of Saint Patrick, often
with snakes at his feet.
International popularity
March 17 is a day for huge celebrations in Ireland. However, because of Ireland's history of
emigration, many people around the world consider themselves to be partly Irish because of
their ancestral connections. This means that Saint Patrick's Day parties take place around the
world, from Boston to Tokyo, Sydney to Buenos Aires. In fact, Saint Patrick's Day is
celebrated in more countries than any other national festival.
Big parades
The most famous celebrations on Saint Patrick's Day are the parades. These are carnival-like
events, where people dress up and walk along the street, dancing or playing music. Often
the parades include big lorries, specially decorated in green. Many of the world's major cities
have enormous parades. The largest is in New York, where 150,000 people participate in the
parade and millions of people watch. The second largest is in Dublin, Ireland's capital city.
The people, content with all these events, even call their friends to join them there.
A day for green
Another well-known aspect of Saint Patrick's Day is the color green. Around the world, many
people wear green clothes as a way of marking the day. In major cities, green lights illuminate
famous global landmarks such as the Colosseum in Rome or the Christ, the Redeemer statue in
Rio de Janeiro. In Chicago, thousands of people watch as special boats dye the river a bright
green color. Students at Miami University in Ohio, USA, even have a 70-year-old tradition
of drinking special green 'Saint Patrick's' beer!
Wherever you're from, make sure you celebrate this 17 March by watching your local parade
by drinking some Irish beer or perhaps just by wearing a silly green hat. And don't forget to
wish your friends a wonderful Saint Patrick's Day, or, as they say in Ireland, 'Happy Paddy's
34
Day!' People having attended this festival are already looking forward to the upcoming
celebrations.
HOLI
What is Holi and why is it celebrated?
Holi is an ancient Hindu festival that originated in India and Nepal and is now celebrated in
many places around the world. The date changes each year depending on the full moon, but it
takes place at a time when it is the end of February and the middle of March, and it lasts a
night and a day. It also represents the arrival of spring and the victory of good over evil. An
important part of the celebration is forgiving anyone who has upset you. Holi is sometimes
called the festival of colors.
What happens on Holika Dahan?
The festivities start the night before Holi, which is called Holika Dahan. People build
bonfires which represent good winning over evil and the end of winter. They perform rituals
around the fire. In ancient stories, Holika was a devil whom the God Vishnu destroyed
through fire. People start collecting wood for the bonfires several days before so that they can
build big fires.
What happens on Rangwali Holi?
The next day is called Rangwali Holi. In the morning everyone goes into the streets and people
throw colored powders and water at each other. Some people use water guns and water balloons.
After a few hours everyone is soaking wet and covered in a rainbow of different colors. Many
people prepare themselves by putting oil on their skin and hair to make it easier to remove the
color afterwards. In the evening people put on clean clothes, go, and visit their friends and
family. They exchange sweets and other delicious food cooked by themselves.
Why do people throw colors?
Some people say that colors are a way of celebrating the many colors of the flowers in springtime.
But in the area around Mathura and Vrindavan the people also tell a story about the god Krishna.
Krishna was passionately in love with a girl called Radha, but Krishna, whose skin was not
the same color as Radha, was worried that she would not love him. He didn't need to worry
because Radha let him paint her face the same color as his face to show that she loved him. It is
said that lovers nowadays often paint their faces the same color during Holi to remember this
story. In a way, the lovers having painted their faces the same color long ago are inspiring
many lovers nowadays.
There is a spirit of togetherness and equality during the Holi festival as people from all
backgrounds celebrate and have fun together. If you feel like taking part in these festivities,
35
get your plane tickets in advance and be the first one to share this experience with your
friends!
HOMEWORK ON REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES
A. Combine each pair of sentences by changing one of them to a reduced relative

clause.
1. The paragraph which is above is too boring.
2. Ms. Brown, who is the manager of the company, is a reliable person.
3. Psychologists have studied successful business leaders. The psychologists are interested in
creativity.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Bollywood makes different kinds of films. It was named after Hollywood.
5. The product seemed perfect in many ways. It failed to succeed in the market.
6. The box was on the table. It was made in Italy.
7. Flexibility is the first characteristic. This characteristic is found in very creative leaders.
8. They are usually the first people. They ask questions to the teacher.
9. The people were waiting for the bus. They saw the accident.
36
10. The man lives upstairs. He is making too much noise.
11. The students attended the course. They will get discount next year.
B. Read the memory about a scary movie. Find and correct errors with relative clauses.
A Memorable Movie
I will never forget how I felt the night where I saw the movie “The Birds”. I was watching it on TV
with my family in the house which he grew up. The movie, which was directed by Alfred Hitchcock,
was made many years ago, but to this day just thinking about it scares me to death. I’ll never forget
the moment in when the woman was locked in a room with all the birds which attacking her. My
oldest brother, who wanting to be funny, started making loud bird noises and moving his arms like
wings. The shadows that created by his moving arms frightened me even more. Since then I have
never been able to look at a lot of birds are sitting on a telephone wire or on tree branches without
getting scared. I will never forgive Alfred Hitchcock, or my brother, for that.
37

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B LEVEL INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR PACK

GEBZE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR PACK

2023-2024 ACADEMIC YEAR

2B HOW LONG/ HOW MANY/HOW MANY TIMES/ HOW MUCH

HOW LONG (for something HOW MANY [HOW MANY

A. For each situation, ask a question using the words in brackets.

1. You have a friend who is learning Arabic. You ask:

5. You see somebody fishing by the river. You ask him:

6. A friend of yours is saving money to go on a world trip. You ask her:

Tom: I’ve been reading the book for two hours.

Tom: I’ve read 53 pages so far.

2. /live/ in your house or flat?

3. /phone calls/ make/ today?

4. /know/ your oldest friend?

5. /money/ spend/ on food/ today?

6. /novels/ read/ in English?

7./have/ your mobile phone?

8./time/ spend/ watching TV/ this week?

4B CAN / COULD / BE ABLE TO

Modals for Ability: Can and Could

Yes/No and Wh- Questions

When could you speak Italian so well? Three years ago.

 We also use “could” to say that My uncle could speak 6 languages.

 You can also use be (not) able to + a

Could (Not) Was/Were (Not) Able to

A man fell into the river yesterday. The police

Permission: Can/ Could

Asking for Permission Answers

Can I borrow your pen? (informal) Sure, no problem.

Could I ask you a question, please? (more polite) Of course.

Can we sit in these seats? I’m sorry. They’re taken.

A: May we go to the library, Ms. Smith?

Expressing Permission and Prohibition

Requests: Can / Could

Could you help me with this?  Yes, I can.

A: Will you call me later?

A: Would you tell me the problem?

1. Chris can play the piano fairly well.

2. Clare hasn’t been practicing, so she can’t dance next week.

3. The children are not allowed to ride their bikes alone.

ABOUT ART: Podcast 22

5B GET USED TO / BE USED TO

BE USED TO GET USED TO

2. When I lived in Singapore, it took me a long time _________ the climate.

3. In my previous job, we ____________ (work) very closely in teams.

5. We like living in Spain, but we _____________ the mealtimes yet.

B. Write five of these things on a piece of paper.

Something that you ……

 are used to doing at the weekend

b. Tell the class two things about your partner.

6A PASSIVE VOICE (ALL TENSES) IN INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

Active Voice Passive Voice

Here are some examples with Wh-Questions:

Where is your car being now? In Brooklyn.

A. Change the passive to active.

8A INFINITIVE AND GERUND

VERBS BOTH USED WITH GERUND AND INFINITIVE WITH DIFFERENT

FORGET TO DO FORGET DOING

TRY TO DO TRY DOING

5. Clara and Robert do not go out anymore. (stop)

HOMEWORK ON GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

A. Choose the best answer.