THEORY:

Conservation of momentum and energy are two fundamental principles in physics that describe how
the motion and energy of a system of bodies are related. Conservation of momentum states that the
total momentum of a system is constant if no external force acts on it. While , the law of
conservation of energy states that the total energy of a system is constant if all the forces can be
given a potential.

ONE DIMENSIONAL MOTION:

In one-dimensional motion, momentum is a vector quantity but can be simplified to a scalar (having
only magnitude, no direction) when motion occurs along a straight line. The momentum (p) of an
object moving in one dimension is given by the product of its mass (m) and velocity (v):

p=m×v
In one-dimensional motion, energy considerations primarily involve kinetic energy. The kinetic
energy (K.E) of an object in one dimension is given by:

K.E= ½ mv2

where m is the mass of the object and v is its velocity. Kinetic energy represents the energy an
object possesses due to its motion along the line. It depends on the object's mass and the square of
its velocity.

TWO DIMENSIONAL MOTION:

In two-dimensional motion, objects move in a plane and have
velocities with both horizontal and vertical components.
Momentum in two dimensions is a vector quantity, meaning
it has both magnitude and direction. For an object moving in
two dimensions, its momentum (p) is described as:

p =m⋅v
In two-dimensional motion, kinetic energy, like momentum,
involves both horizontal and vertical components due to the
object's motion in a plane. The total kinetic energy (K.E) of an
object in two dimensions is the sum of the kinetic energies
associated with its horizontal and vertical velocities:

K.E = K.Ex +K.Ey

Where:

K.Ex is the kinetic energy associated with the horizontal velocity ( vx ). K.Ey is the kinetic energy
associated with the vertical velocity ( vy ).

• ELASTIC COLLISION IN 2-D:

An elastic collision is a type of collision between two or more objects where both momentum and
kinetic energy are conserved throughout the interaction.
1. CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM:
In an elastic collision the momentum before collision is equal to momentum after collision

Before Collision:

Initiallly when both the balls are at rest the momentum is given by their x-components only. This
simplification is chosen for ease of calculation and doesn't imply that momentum exists exclusively in
the x-direction before the collision; it's just a convenient starting point for analysis.

Pbefore = m1v0x eq.1

After Collision:

The momentum after the first ball collides with the second ball:

P = (m1v1x +m2v2x) ˆx + (m1v1y – m2v2y)ˆy eq.2

Equating eq.1 and 2;

Pbefore=Pafter
m1v0x = (m1v1’x +m2v2’x) ˆx + (m1v1’x – m2v2’y)ˆy

m1v1cosθ = m1v1’cosθ + m2v2’cosθ + m1v1’sinθ – m2v2’sinθ

As;

m1=m2 = m and θ=0o

So;

mv1=mv1’ +mv2’ + 0 +0

mv1=m (v1’ + v2’)

Cancelling ‘m’ on both sides;

v1=v1’ + v2’

x1 / t = x1’/t + x2’/t

x1 = x1’ + x2’

xo = x1 + x 2

The momentum is conserved in an elastic collision if;

θ1 + θ2 = 900

2. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY:
In an elastic collision the kinetic energy of two or more objects before and after collision is also
conserved;

K.Ebefore = K.Eafter

As second ball is initially at rest.So;

½ m1v12 + ½ m2v22 = ½ m1v12 + ½ m2v22

 ½ m1v12 + ½ m2(0)2 = ½ m1v12 + ½ m2v22

½ m1v12 = ½ m1v12 + ½ m2v22

½ m1vo2 = ½ m1v12 + ½ m2v22

Now, we know that v12=v12x + v12y and v22 = v22x + v22y . However, in the x-direction,
v1x=vo and v2x=0
v12 = vo2 + v12y
v22 = 0 + v22y
Since the collision doesn't involve any change in the vertical component of velocities,v1y and
v2y remain the same before and after the collision. Thus, the equation for conservation of
kinetic energy becomes:
½ m1vo2 = ½ m1(v02 + v12y) + ½ m2v22y