DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL
SS 1 FURTHER MATHS FIRST TERM
FIRST TERM
WEEK TOPIC
1 INDICES
2 LOGARITHMS
3 SURDS
4 SETS
5 SETS
6 BINARY OPERATIONS
7 MID-TERM BREAK
8 MAPPING AND FUNCTIONS 1
9 MAPPING AND FUNCTIONS 2
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SS1
CONTENT
(a) Laws of indices.
(b) Application of indices- solution of indicial
equations up to quadratic equations.
(a) Laws of logarithms.
(b) Change of base of logarithms.
(c) Use of tables (greater than one and less than
one).
(d) Logarithmic equations.
(a) Definition of Surds.
(b) Rules for manipulating surds.
(c) Rationalization of the denominator.
(d)Equality of surds.
(e) Equations in irrational forms
(a) Definition of set.
(b) Set notation methods.
(c) Types of sets: Null set, Singleton set, Finite and
infinite set, Subsets, Universal set and Power set.
(d) Law of algebra of sets.
(a) Set operations: union, intersection,
complement, disjoint and cardinality.
(b) Venn diagrams and applications up to 3 set
problem.
(a) Definition of binary operation.
(b) Properties of binary operations: Closure,
Commutative Law, Associative law, Distributive
law.
(c) Laws of complementation as in a set: Identity
elements and Inverse of an elements.
(d) Multiplication tables of binary operations
(a) Mapping and types.
(b) Function and types: one to one function, onto
function, Inverse function, identity function,
Constant function, Circular function, Logarithmic
function, Exponential Function and Composite
function.
(a) Inverse of a function.
(b) Application of functions -solutions
to problems of functions
Page 1
 10 REVISION
11 EXAMINATION

WEEK ONE
LAWS OF INDICES:
CONTENT:
1. Laws of Indices
2. Application of Indices Linear Equations
3. Application of Quadratic Equations
LAWS OF INDICES
There are laws governing the use of indices. These are useful in other subjects. They are;
1. an x am = an+m
Therefore
a3 x a3 = a x a x a x a x a x a = a 6 i.e a3+3 = a6
In general, when multiplying indices with same base, you add the power

2. an ÷ am = an-m .
a5 ÷ a4 = a5-4 = a1
a ×a × a × a× a
Also, a5 ÷ a4 = =a
a × a ×a × a
In general, when dividing indices with the same base, you subtract the power

3. (an)m= an×m = amn

(a3)2 = a3x2 = a6

4. a0 =1
a5 ÷ a5 = a5-5 = a0
a ×a × a × a× a
Also, a5 ÷ a5 = =1
a ×a × a × a× a
This implies that anything to power zero is equal to 1, i. e 50 = 1, 20 = 1

5. a-n= 1/an
Consider a5 ÷ a6 = a5-6 = a-1
a x a xa x a xa 1
But a5÷ a6 = =
a xa x a x ax a x a a
1
a-1 = .
a
1
In the same way a-2= 2 ,
a
1
6. a n/m =(a m )n = ¿)
Consider (8) 1/3 = (23) 1/3 = (23) 1/3 = 2
√3 8 = 2,
Example1:
Simplify (i) (a5 x a6) /a5 (ii) (26 ÷27 x 24)1/3 (iii) 321/5 (iv) 216 ÷ 34
Solution:
i. (a5 x a6) /a5 = a3 +6 -5 = a9-5 = a4
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 ii. (26÷ 27 x 24)1/3 = (26-7+4)1/3

Re arrange the indices

(26+4-7)1/3 = (23)1/3 = 2

iii. 321/5 = 321/5 but 32 = 25

(25) 1/5 = 25x 1/5 = 2

iv. 216 ÷ 34
216 = 23 x 33
23 x 33 ÷ 34 = 23 x 33-4 = 23 x 3-1
23/3 0r 8/3

Example2:
−x 2 x−2
4 . 16
Simplify 2 x−3
4 .128
Solution
2 x−2
−x (2¿ ¿ 4)
2 −x
4 . 16
2 x−2
(2 ) . ¿ 2−2 x .2 8 x−8 2−2 x+8 x−8
= 2 2x 1 7 = = 4 x+1 =
4
2 x−3
.128 (2 ) . 3 . 2 4x
2 .2 2
4
6 x−8
2 6 x−8−4 x−1 2 x−9
4 x+1
=2 =2
2

CLASS ACTIVITIES:
1. Evaluate each of the following
(a) 80 (b) 5-1 (c) 82/3 (d) (x3)-2/3 (e) (43)5
2. Evaluate each of the following
(f) (625)-1/4 (g) 642/3 (h) 91/3 x 91/6 (i) 36 ÷ 37 x 22 (j) (1000)-5/3

SUB TOPIC: APPLICATION OF THE LAWS OF INDICES.

Examples:
1. Solve (1/2)x = 8
Solution:
(1/2)x = (2-1)x = 2-x
8 = 23 since we have same base, then –x = 3.
Multiply the equation by (-1)
X = -3
2. Solve the equation 8x = 0.25
Solution:
8x = (23)x = 23x
0.25 = 25/100 = ¼ = (1/2)2 = (2-1)2 = 2-2
23x = 2-2
3x = -2
X = -2/3

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 3. Solve for x in the equation: (0.25)x+1 = 16
(1/4)x+1 24
(2-2)x+1 = 24
2-2x-2 = 24
Equate the power
-2x – 2 = 4
-2x = 4 + 2 = 6
X = -6/2 = -3
X = -3
If 10-x = 0.001. what is the value of x?
0.001 = 10-3
–x = -3
x=3
4. If 25(5x) = 625, what is x.?
(52)5x = 54
510x = 54
10x = 4
X = 4/10 0r 2/5

CLASS ACTIVITIES:
Solve for x in the following equations
1. 3x = 81
2. 2x = 32
3. 9x = 1/729
4. 25(5x) = 625
5. 2x x 4-x = 2

SUB TOPIC: APPLICATION OF INDICES LEADING TO QUADRATIC EQUATION

Some exponential equations will lead to quadratic equations as you will see in the following
examples.

1. 52x -30 x 5x + 125 =0

Solution:
Re-write the equation
(5x)2 -30 x 5x + 125 =0
Let 5x = p, then
P2 – 30p + 125 = 0
Solve for p by factorization
(p-5)(p-25) = 0
P – 5 = 0 or p – 25 = 0
Then p = 5 or 25,
Recall that p =5x
Therefore 5x = 51, then x = 1
or 5x = 25 this means that 5x = 52, x = 2

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 Solve the equation 22x + 4(2x) – 32 = 0
22x + 4(2x) – 32 = 0
(22x)2 + 4(2x) – 32 = 0
Let 2x = y, then
y2 + 4y – 32 = 0
(y + 8)(y - 4) = 0
y = 4 or -8
Then 2x = 22 or 2x = -8. But this (2x = -8) has no solution
Therefore x = 2

2. Solve for x in the equation

32(x-1) – 8(3(x-2)) = 1
Solution:
Re write the equation
3 x 3-2 – 8 x 3x x 3-2 – 1 = 0
2

32x x 1/32 – 8 x 3x x 1/32 – 1 = 0

Multiply the equation by 32
32x – 8(3x) - 32 = 0
Lep p = 3x
P2 – 8p – 9 = 0
(p-9)(p+1) = 0
P = 9 or -1
Recall that p = 3x
3x = 32, 3x = -1 has no solution
x=2
CLASS ACTIVITIES:
Solve the following equations
1. 22x – 5(2x) + 4 = 0
2. 32x+1 + 26(3x) – 9 = 0
3. 22x – 6(2x) = -8
4. 72x – 2 x (7x) = -1
5. 2x+3 – 15 = 211-x
PRACTICE EXERCISE:
Objective Test:
Choose the correct answer from the options
1. Simplify (105)0 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 5 (d) 3 (e)-1
2. Evaluate 3432/3 (a) 7 (b) 49 (c) 343 (d) 3 (e) 9
3. Simplify (28 x 4-3) / 26 (a) 1/16 (b) 16 (c) 220 (d) ¼ (e) 2/4
4. Solve the equation 3-x = 243, x = ? (a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) -5 (e) -3
5. Solve the equation 32x - 9 = 0, x = ? (a) ±3 (b) 2 (c) -2 (d) 1 (e) 0
Essay questions:

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 1
1. Simplify (a) ( )4
3
2. (1/3)4 x 36 ÷ (2/3)2
3. Solve for x, if 125x-1 = 252x-3
4. If 92x+1 = 81x-2/3x, what is x?
5. Find the value of x satisfying
6. 32x – 30(3x) + 81 = 0

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
Simplify the following
3 ( 5n+1 ) +5 n
1. n−2 n−1
5 −5
2. ¿

√
3 5
y 8
3. If x 4 ( ) y = x m y n , find nm
x
4. Solve 4 ( 3 x+1 )−32 x =27
5. If 5 x− y =125 ,∧3 4 y−x =243 , find the value of 2 x−2 y

KEY WORDS:

 INDEX (plural INDICES)

 INDEX FORM
 BASE

WEEK TWO

SS1 FURTHER MATHS FIRST TERM

LOGARITHMS

CONTENTS:

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 1. Laws of Logarithms
2. Change of Base of Logarithms.
3. Use of Tables (greater than one and less than one).
4. Logarithmic Equations.

SUB TOPIC: LAWS OF LOGARITHMS

In the last topic indices, we learnt that p = ax , e. g 1000 = 103 where 3 is called the index. We
can express the same in logarithms form. Log a p = x or log 10 1000 = 3
What then is logarithms?
The logarithms of a number p to base a, where a is a positive number not equal to 1 is the index
to which a must be raised to give p. This shows clearly that indices and logarithms are the same.

Log28 = 3 because 8 = 23
Log 39 = 2 because 9 = 32

Laws of Logarithms
1. Loga(pq) = Logap + Logaq = Multiplication rule
e.g. if Log3(6x5) = Log36 + Log35
2. Logaa = 1 e.g Log1010 = 1
3. Loga(x/y) = Logax - Logay = Division Rule
4. Loga(x)n = nLogax
5. Loga1 = 0
6. Loga(1/x) = Logax-1 = -1Logax
7. If Logby = 1 then y = b
8. If Logba = 1/Logab
9. Logb√n x = 1/nLogbx
10. Logby. Logyb = 1 for b and y positive and not equal to 1
11. Log by = Log by / Log ab

Examples:
1. Simplify Log39 + Log321 – Log37
Solution:
Log39 + Log321 – Log37
= Log3(9x21÷7)
= Log3(9x21/7)
= Log327
= Log333 = 3 Log 33
But Log33 = 1
Therefore 3 x 1 =3
Log39 + Log321 – Log37 = 3
2. Solve completely for x in the equation 4Logx5 = Log5x
Solution:

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 4Logx5 = Log5x
4Logx5 = 4/Log5x since Logyx = 1/Logxy
therefore 4/Log5x = Log5x = 4 = (Log5x)2
take square root of both sides
x = ±2
Therefore Log5x = ±2
Hence, Log5x = 2 or Log5x = -2
x = 52 or 5-2
x = 25 or 1/25
3. Solve the equation Log4(x2 + 6x + 11) = 1/2
Solution:
Log4(x2 + 6x + 11) = 1/2
x2 + 6x + 11 = 41/2 = 2
x2 + 6x + 11 – 2 = 0
x2 + 6x + 9= 0
(x +3)(x + 3) = 0
x = -3 twice
CLASS ACTIVITIES:
1. Simplify the following
(a) Log327 + 2Log 39 (b) Log x x9 (c) Log5√ 125
2. Solve the following
(i) Log10(x2+4) = 2 + Log10x – Log1020 (ii) Log22n – 2Log8n = 4

SUB TOPIC CHANGE OF BASE OF LOGARITHMS

To change the base of logarithms, we follow the procedure below
Let Logax= y then x = ay
Logbx = yLogba
yLogba = Logbx
y = Logbx/Logba
Therefore Logax = Logbx/Logba
Example:
Change the base of the following logarithms to base 10
(a) Log381 (b) Log5125 (c) Logcx = d
Solution
(a) Log381 = x
Log381 = Log1081/ Log103
= Log334/ Log103
= 4Log103/ Log103 = 3
Therefore Log381 = 4
(b) Log5125 = Log3125/ Log105
Log5125 = Log1053/ Log105
Log5125 = 3Log5/ Log5

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 Therefore Log5125 = 3
(c) Logcx = d
d = Log10x/ Log10c
therefore Logcx = Log10x/ Log10c

CLASS ACTIVITICES:
1. Show that log a b × log b a=1

SUB TOPIC: USE OF TABLES (GREATER THAN ONE AND LESS THAN ONE)
Generally logarithms with base 10 are universal. This is why we have the table of logarithms in
base ten. The logarithm of any number has two parts. These are the characteristics and
mantissa. The characteristic is the integer part.
Consider the Log10530, Log1053 and Log105.3.
The mantissas of all of them are the same. The difference is in the characteristics.

530 = 5.3 x 102 , 53 = 5.3 x 101 whereas 5.3 = 5.3 x 100.

No Log
530 2.7243
53 1.7243
5.3 0.7243

This is useful to evaluate problems of multiplication and division

To check from table of logarithms, you will need to follow the examples
Example:
1. use tables to evaluate the following
(a) 65.43 x 1453 (b) 86.31 x 0.6218 (c) 0.07304 ÷ 0.8931

Solution:
No Standard form Log
65.43 6.543 x 101 1.815
1453 1.453 x 103 3.1623
4.9781

-we look up 65 under difference 3

8 1 5 6 Add the difference
+ 2
8 15 8

14 under five difference 3

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16.14 + 9 = 1623
--For multiplication we add
--Look up the antilog table
0.97 under 8 difference 1
9506 + 2 = 9508
The characteristic is used to determine the decimal point location.
Antilog of 0.9781 = 9.508, Hence 9.508 x 104 = 95080
65.43 x 1453 = 95080

2. 86.31 x 0.6218
No Standard form Log
86.31 8.631 x 101 1.9361
0.6218 6.218 x 10-1 1.7937
1.7298
-note: 1 is called bar 1.
Mantissa is always positive but characteristic can be negative or positive; we put the
negative sign on it. When there is no sign then, it is positive.
9360 + 1 = 9361
7931 + 6 = 7937
From Antilog table
.7298 = 5358 + 10 = 5368
5.368 x 101 = 53.6886.31 x 0.6218 = 53 .68

3. 0.07304 ÷ 0.8931
No Standard form Log
0.07304 7.304 x 10-2 2.8635
0.8931 8.931 x 10-1 1.9509
2.9126 subtract for division
8633 + 2 = 8635
9509 + 0 = 9509
Antilog of .9126 = 8166 + 11 = 8177
8.177 x 10-2 = 0.08177

CLASS ACTIVITIES:
Use tables to solve the following
1. 23.82 x 142.8
2. 0.03167 x 102.8 x 0.325
3. 14.87 ÷ 2.314
4. (12.31)2
5. (33.28) ÷ 4.689

SUB TOPIC: LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS

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EXAMPLE 1: Solve for m in the equation
5 m +1
1 2m +3 3
log 2( ) =log 2 8
16

Solution
5 m +1
1 2m +3 3
log 2( ) =log 2 8
16
3(5 m+1 )
− 4(2 m+3 ) 3
log 2 2 =log 2 2

Equating powers

3(5 m+ 1)
-4(2m+3) =
3

- 4(2m + 3) = 5m+1

-12 – 1 = 5m + 8m

-13 = -13m

-1 = m

EXAMPLE 2: Given that log 4 ( y−1 ) +log 4 ( 12 x)=1∧log ( y +1) +log x=2, solve for x and y
2 2

respectively.

Solution

Applying the laws of logarithm

log 4 ( y−1 ) +log 4 ( 12 x)=log 4 4

log 4 ( y−1 ) × ( 12 x )=log 4 4

We can now equate terms

( y−1 ) ( 12 x)=4 1

( y−1 ) x
4=
2

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8 = yx – x ………………………………………………….. (i)

Also, log 2 ( y +1 ) +log 2 x=2

Applying the laws of logarithm,

2
log 2 [ ( y +1 ) x ]=log 2 2

We can now equate terms

2
2 =( y +1 ) x

4 = yx + x ………………………………………………………(ii)

Solving (i) and (ii) simultaneously, we eliminate yx.

8 = yx – x
-(4 = yx + x)
4 = -2x
4
X= =-2
−2

Put x = - 2 into (2)

4 = yx + x will become

4 = y(- 2) + (- 2)

4 = - 2y – 2

4 + 2 = - 2y

6 = - 2y

6
y= =−3
−2

x, y means – 2, - 3.

CLASS ACTIVITIES:

1. Find n if log 2 4 +log 2 7−log 2 n=1

2. If log 8 10=x , log 8|5∈terms of x .
PRACTICE EXERCISE
Objective test:
Choose the correct answer from the alternatives
1. Evaluate Log0.258 (a) ½ (b)2/3 (c) -2/3 (d) -3/2
2. If 2Log42 = x + 1, find the value of x. (a) -2 (b)-1 (c) 0 (d) 1
3. Given that Log3(x-y) = 1 and Log3(2x +y) = 2, find the value of x. (a) 1 (b)2 (c) 3 (d) 4

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 Essay Questions:
Solve for x giving your answer correct to 3 S. F.
1. 2Log10x + 3Log105 = 2
2. Using logarithm table, evaluate
√3 1.376÷√4 0.007 correct to 3 s.f
3. If log x 27 +log y 4=5∧log x 27−log y 4=1, find x and y respectively.
4. Given that 10 x =0.2∧log 10 2=0.3010 , find x
26.81× 0.0734
5. Using logarithm table to evaluate 2
0.573

ASSIGNMENT

1. Without using tables, simplify log 9 3+ log 9 243+ 2 log 9 3

2. If m and n are positive real numbers such that 3 log 4 m=4 log 8 n
Find: (i) a relation between m and n which does not involve logarithms; (ii) the value of n if m =
16. (leave your answer as in surd in the simplest form).
2
3. If log 10 x ≤ 2+log 10 y , express y ∈terms of x .

4. Using logarithms table, evaluate

5. Use tables to evaluate 13.81×142.8

√ (0.762)2 giving your answer to three significant figures.
3.023

KEY WORDS
 LOGARITHM
 ANTILOGARITHM
 CHARACTERICTICS
 MANTISSA
 DIFFERENCE
 BAR

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 WEEK THREE
SS1 FURTHER MATHS FIRST TERM
SURDS

CONTENTS
1. Definition of Surds
2. Rules for manipulating surds
3. Rationalization of the denominator.
4. Equality of surds.
5. Equations in irrational forms

SUB TOPIC: DEFINITION OF SURDS

p
Certain numbers can be expressed as ratios of two integers, i. e . Where p and q belong to
q
the set of integers and q ≠ 0, such numbers are called rational numbers.
Examples of rational numbers are; 3, 11/2, 3.5, -7.1 etc. Each of them can be expressed in the
p
form , where p and q are integers such that q ≠ 0 as follows:
q
3 3 7 −71
(a) 3 = (b) 11/2 = (c) 3.5 = 31/2 = (d) -7.1 =
1 2 2 10

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 Some numbers however, cannot be expressed as ratios of two integers, i.e p/q such that q ≠ 0,
p and q belonging to the set of integers. Examples of such numbers are √ 2 , √3 5, √ 7 , √4 11, etc
such numbers are said to be irrational. Other examples of irrational numbers are pi( π )and the
number exponential (e ). Their exact values cannot be determined. Their approximate values
can only be determined.
π ≅ 3.142 and e ≅2.7183.
SURDS are irrational numbers which are roots of rational numbers. Examples of surds are √ 2 ,
√3 4 , √4 7 , √11 , etc.
We shall consider only expressions which contains one or more square roots of prime
numbers of their multiples. Such expressions are called quadratic surds.

CLASS ACTIVITIES:
1. What is a surd?
2. Write out the examples of surd
3. Differentiate between rational and irrational numbers.

SUB TOPIC: RULES OF MANIPULATING SURDS

(a) √a x b = √a x √b
Example:
1. √ 15 = √ 3 x √ 5
2. √ 144 = 12 or
√ 144 = √ 9 ×16 = √ 9 x √ 16
= 3 x 4 = 12

(b)
√ a √a
=
b √b
Example 1:
√169 √ 169 13
=
16 √ 16
=
4
2:
√144 √ 144 12
9
=
√9
=
3
=4

(c) √n ab = √n a x √n b
Example 1 : √4 81 = √4 27 × √4 3
2: √3 100 = √3 25 x √3 4

√ a √a
n
n
(d) =
b √n b

√ √3
27
3 27 3
Example 1: = 3 =
125 √125 5
2:
√
5 243

32
√5 247 = 3 = 11/
= 3
√ 32 2
2

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CLASS ACTIVITIES:
1. State and give examples of the rules of surds
2. Express the following in basis form:
(a) √ 75 (b) √ 600 (c) √ 512 (d) √ 200

SUB TOPIC: RATIONALIZATION OF THE DENOMINATOR

a
To rationalize the denominator of the fraction is to remove the radial (the square root sign)
√c
from the denominator. This is accomplished by multiplying the fraction by
√c = 1
√c
a a √c
Thus = x
√c √c √c
=¿ a √ c
a
Therefore
√c √c

3 √2 3 √2 √5
Example 1: = x
√5 √5 √5
= (3√ 2 x √ 2 ¿/5
3 √ 10
=
5
To rationalize the denominator of the fraction of the form
√ a+ √ b , we multiplied by the
√ c+ √d
numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator.
Two surds are said to be conjugate of each other if their product gives rise to a rational
number.

e.g, to simplify
√ a+ √ b , we rationalize by the conjugate of the denominator i.e multiplied the
√ c+ √d
fraction by
√ c−√ d thus
√ c−√ d
√ a+ √ b = √ a+ √ b x √ c−√ d
√ c+ √d √ c+ √d √ c−√ d
= ( √ a+ √ b ) ¿ ¿ . Thus we observed from the solution above that the conjugate of the
denominator is just the changing of the basic arithmetic sign in between (i.e + is changed to –
and viz versa).
Examples
10
1. Rationalize the denominator of
√2
Solution:
10 10 √ 2 10 √ 2 10 √ 2
= × = = =5 √ 2
√2 √ 2 √ 2 √ 4 2

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 √ 3 in the form p + q , where p and q are integers
2. Express √
√3−√ 2
Solution:
√ 3 = √ 3 x √3+ √2
√3−√ 2 √3−√ 2 √3+ √2
√ 3(√ 3+ √ 2)
=
( √ 3− √2)¿ ¿
3+ √ 6
= = 3+ √ 6
3−2

CLASS ACTIVITIES:
3+2 √ 3
1. If = p + q√ 3, where p and q are constants, find the value of p and q (WAEC)
3−2 √ 3
2 √ 2−√ 5
2. Given that = p + q√ 10 where p and q are constants, find the value of p –q
3 √ 2+2 √ 5
3 √ 2−2 √ 2
3. Simplify
4 √ 3+3 √ 2

SUB TOPIC: EQUALITY OF SURDS

Given two surds
p+ √ m∧q + √ n , what conditions must be satisfied if the surd p+ √ m is¿ be equal ¿ q+ √ n ?
Suppose p+ √ m=q + √ n ,then p−q= √ n−√ m
The LHS of the equation is a rational number while the RHS is not and can only be equal if they
are both equal to zero.
Thus p–q=0
∴ p=q
And √ n− √ m=0
The concept of equality of two surds enables us to determine the square roots of a surdic
number.
EXAMPLE: Find the square roots of 12+2 √ 35
SOLUTION
Let the square root of 12+2 √ 35 be √ m+ √ n ,then
2
( √ m+ √ n) =12+ 2 √35
∴ m+ n+2 √mn=12+ 2 √ 35
m+n=12… … … … … . ( i )
mn=35 … … … … … … … .(ii)
Solving simultaneously, m= 5, n = 7
Hence the square roots of 12+2 √ 35 are √ 5+ √ 7(twice).
CLASS ACTIVITIES:
1. Find the square roots of each of the following 30+12 √ 6
2. 8−2 √15

SUB TOPIC: EQUATIONS IN IRRATIONAL FORM

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 EXAMPLE: solve the equation √ ( 3 x+1 ) −√ ( x + 4 ) =1
SOLUTION:
Rearrange the equation
√ ( 3 x+1 ) =1+ √ ( x + 4 )
Square both sides
2
3 x+ 1=[1+ √ ( x+ 4 ) ]
¿ 1+2 √ (x +4)+ x + 4
¿ x +5+2 √ ( x + 4 )
x−2=√( x + 4 )
Squaring both sides again, we obtain
2
(x−2) =x +4
2
x −5 x=0
x=0∨5
Let x=0. then √ ( 3 x+ 1 )−√ ( x+ 4 )=1−2=−1
∴ x=0 is not a solution .
let x=5. then
√ ( 3 x+1 ) −√ ( x + 4 ) =4−3=1
∴ x=5 isa solution.
NOTE: squaring an equation alters the equation and since we squared the equation
twice above, it should not come as a surprise that one of the possible values of x does
not satisfy the ORIGINAL equation.

CLASS ACTIVITIES:
1. Solve the equation √ 4 x −3−√ 2 x−5=2

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
Objective Test:
1. ..................... are irrational numbers which are roots of rational numbers.
(a) Conjugate (b) Rationalization (c) Surds (d) Quadratics
2. .....................surds contain one or more square roots of prime numbers of their multiples.
(a) Rational (b) Quadratic (c) Rational (d) Simultaneous
Essay Test:
3. Rational numbers are ----------, ............, ............, .............. etc
4. Irrational numbers are .............., ..............., ................, ............. etc
5. Other examples of irrational numbers that their exact values cannot be determined
are ...., .......
6. Simplify
√3+ 2 √ 48 (WAEC)
√6
2
7. Express in the form a + √ b where a and b are integers (WAEC)
3+ √ 7
8. Simplify 2 √ 12+3 √ 48 - √ 75
9. Find the square root of 31−4 √ 21
10. Solve √ x 2+3 x−28+ √ x 2−2 x−8=√ 6 x 2−11 x−52

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ASSIGNMENT:
1. Find √ 5+2 √ 6
xy
2. Rationalize
√x 2
+ y2 + x
3. Rationalize
√ 1−x+ √1+ x
√1−x−√ 1+ x
1 1
4. Given that = √ 3− , simplify without using tables q
2
q √3
5. Express √ 147 in its basic form.

KEY WORDS:
 SURDS
 RATIONAL NUMBERS
 IRRATIONAL FORMS
 INTEGERS
 SIMILAR SURDS
 CONJUGATE SURDS
 RATIONALIZE
 EQUIVALENT
 EQUALITY
 RADICAL EQUATION
 RADICAND
 EXTRANEOUS ROOT

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 WEEK FOUR
SS1 FURTHER MATHS FIRST TERM
SETS
CONTENTS:
1. Definition of set
2. Set notation methods
3. Types of sets: Null set, Singleton set, Finite and infinite set, Subsets, Universal set
and Power set.
4. Law of algebra of sets

SUB TOPIC: DEFINITION OF SET

A set is a collection of distinct objects, things, objects or numbers.
Examples includes:
1. A collection of books in public or private library
2. A collection of tools in a carpentry workshop
3. Letters of the alphabet
4. The collection of all positive numbers
Basically we can conclude that any clearly defined collection of things, objects or numbers
constitutes a set.
When the number of elements in a given set is countable, the set is called a FINITE SET. E.g
whole numbers lying between 1 and 10, members of a football team, etc. but if the number of
elements in a set is not finite/countable, then the set is called an INFINITE SET. E.g real
numbers, rational numbers, etc.

CLASS ACTIVITIES:
1. Define set
2. List five (5) examples of sets
3. Differentiate between a finite set and an infinite set with five (5)examples each.

SUB TOPIC: SET NOTATION METHODS

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Each member of a set is called an element of the set. Capital letters (X , Y , Z , …) will be used to
denote sets while small letters(x , y , z ,…) will be used to denote the elements of a set.
When an element x , belongs to a set X , we write x ∈ X and say that x is a member or element
of X . If x is not a member or element of X , we write x ∉ X and say that x does not belong to X .
Example:
If X is the set of all prime numbers and p=7 then p ∈ X . If a=6 , then a ∉ X .
A set is completely specified in the following ways:
a. By lising all the members of the set;
b. By describing the elements of the sets;
c. By enclosing the members or elements in curly bracket or braces: {} or ∅ .
CLASS ACTIVITIES:
1. (a). What is an element of a set? (b). Write out another name for element of a set
2. What is the meaning of the following signs in set notations:
(a) .∈ (b). ∉
3. If Y is the set of even numbers and Q=9, then Q is what to Y .
SUB TOPIC: TYPES OF SET
i. Null or empty set: When a set contains no element or member is said to be null or
empty set and denoted by {}∨ ∅ .
Examples:
(a) A={Human beings with tails} ¿ {}∨ ∅
(b) B=¿ {all prime members of SS1 class divisible by 4}¿ ∅ ∨{}.
ii. Singleton or unit set: A set which consist of only one element or member is called
unit or singleton set.
Example: A={x } is a unit or singleton set because it contains only one element.
iii. Finite set: When the number of elements in a given set is finite can be be listed or
stated.
Example:
A={ positive integers greater than1 but less than 10 } is finite.
The members of the set A={2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ,7 ,8 , 9 }
iv. Infinite set: If the number of element in a set is not finite or cannot be listed.
Example:
B={all positiveintegers }, since we can not list all the element in the set B .
v. Subset: if all the elements of the set A are members of a set B , the set A is a subset
of B . We denote this by a set notation' ⊆ ' . Thus, A ⊆ B means A is a subset of B .
vi. A proper subset of B: If the set A is a subset of B and there is at least one element
in the set B which is not in A , then the set is called a proper subset of B or B is
superset of set A . Thus A ⊂ B means A is a proper subset of B . Thus B⊃ A means is
a superset of A .
vii. Universal set: The set which contains all the possible elements under consideration.
The universal set is denoted by μ∨ε .
viii. Power set: The set of all subsets of a set X . The power set X is usually denoted by
P(X).
CLASS ACTIVITIES:
1. Mention the types of sets you know.
2. Explain with example a universal set.
3. What is a subset?
4. Explain the difference between a proper subset and superset.

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SUB TOPIC: LAWS OF ALGEBRA OF SET
Consider the diagram below involving three sets A , B∧C .

Commutative Laws
(i) A ∩ B=B ∩ A
(ii) A ∪ B=B ∪ A
Associative Laws
(i) A ∩ ( B ∩C ) =( A ∩B ) ∩C
(ii) A ∪ ( B∪ C )=( A ∪ B)∪ C
Distributive Laws
(i) A ∩ ( B ∪ C )= ( A ∩ B ) ∪( A ∩ C)
(ii) A ∪ ( B∩ C )= ( A ∪ B ) ∩( A ∪ C )
Idempotent Laws
(i) A ∩ A=A
(ii) A ∪ A=A
De Morgan’s Laws
(i) ( A ∩ B ) ' = A ' ∪ B’
(ii) ( A ∪ B )' =A ' ∩ B'
Laws of Complementation
'
(i) A ∩ A =∅
'
(ii) A ∪ A =μ
'
(iii) μ =∅
(iv) ∅ ' =μ
Additional Properties
(i) ∅ ∩ A= ∅
(ii) ∅ ∪ A= A
(iii) μ ∩ A= A
(iv) μ ∪ A=μ
Laws of Inclusion
(i) IF A ⊂ B∧B ⊂C then A ⊂C
(ii) IF A ⊂ B∧A ⊂ C then A ⊂ B ∩C
(iii) IF A ⊂ B then A ⊂ B ∪ C for any set C

EXAMPLE:
μ= { m, a , g , n , e , t , i, c }

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X ={ a , g , e , n , t }
Y = { m, a , g , i, c }
Z={ e ,n , i , g , m , a }
List the members of
(i) X ∪Y ∪Z
(ii) X ∩Y ∩ Z
'
(iii) X ∩Y ' ∩Z '

CLASS ACTIVITIES:
Using the information from the above example, list the members of the following;
(i) (X ∪ Y ∪ Z )'
(ii) (X ' ∩Y ∩ Z)
(iii) X ∩Y ' ∩ Z '

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
Objective Test:
1. ………………is a collection of distinct objects, things or numbers
A. Set B. elements C. members D. universal E. notation
2. Each member of a set is called an……………..
A. Subset B. superset C. elements D. finite E. singleton
3. Which bracket is use in enclosing the elements of a set?
A. Big bracket B. small bracket C. open bracket D. curly bracket E. set bracket.
4. The sign of subset is………… A. ⊆ . B. ⊂ . C.⊃ D. μ E. ε
5. …………….set is a which contains all the possible elements under consideration?
A. Universal B. power C. finite D. singleton E. null
Essay Questions
μ=¿{all the days in a week}; B=¿ {all the days whose letters begin with T}
1. List all the elements of μ
2. List the members of B .
3. List the members of B'
4. What is n(B)?
5. What is n(B' )?

KEY WORDS
 SETS
 COLLECTION
 ELEMENT
 MEMBER
 UNION
 INTERSECTION
 UNIVERSAL
 PRIME/COMPLEMENT
 VENN DIAGRAM
 SUBSET
 NULL SET
 POWER SET

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  CARDINAL SET
 NOTATION
 OPERATIONS

WEEK FIVE

SS1 FURTHER MATHS FIRST TERM

SETS

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CONTENT:
1. Set operations: Union, Intersection, Complement and number of elements in a set.
2. Venn diagram and Applications up to 3 Set Problem

SUB TOPIC: SET OPERATONS

UNION OF SETS: The union of set A and B is the set which consists of elements that are either
in A or B or both. The set notation for the operation of union ∪ . Thus, A union B is written as
A ∪ B . In set theoretical notation: A ∪ B= { x : x ∈ A∨x ∈ B∨x ∈ both A∧B } .
Example:
Given that μ : { all thenletters of the English alphabet }
X ={ a , e ,i , o ,u } Y ={e , b , c , d , f , h }
Then , X ∪ Y ={a , b , c , d , e , f ,i , o , u}
INTERSECTION OF SETS: The intersection of two sets A∧B , is the set which consists of the
elements that are in A as well as in B .The set notation is written as ∩. Thus, A ∩ Bmeans
A∩B . In set theoretical notation, the set A ∩ B= { x : x ∈ A∧x ∈ B } .
Example:
Given that μ : { all thenletters of the English alphabet }
X ={ a , e ,i , o ,u } Y = { e , b , c , d , f , h }
X ∩Y ={e }
COMPLEMENT OF A SET IN A UNIVERSAL SET: Let μ be a universal set and A is a subset. The
complement of A is the universal set written A c or A ' is the set of elements in μ which are not
contained in A .

A ’means A complement

¿’¿ A c is the blue shaded part).

CARDINALITY OF A SET OR NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN A SET:
Consider the set A={ a , m, b , d , h } . There are five elements in the set. The numbers of elements
in a set is called cardinality. Since the set A has five elements, its cardinal number is 5. The
cardinality of the set is denoted n ( A ) . Hence in the given set A above, n(A)=5.
CLASS ACTIVITIES:
1. μ= { natural numbers } , F={ factors of 20 } , S= { all multiples of 3 less than∨equal¿ 36 } ,
Find: (i) F ∩ S (ii). F ∪ S (iii). n(F ∪ S ) (iv). n(F ∩S ) (v). n ( F )+ n ( S ) .

2. μ= { s , p , l, e , n ,d , o , u , r } , H ={ s , p , e ,n , d } , K={ p ,o ,u , r }
Find : (i). H∪ K (ii). H ∩ K (iii). H ' ∩ K ' (iv). H ' ∪ K ' (v). (H ∪ K )' (vi). (H ∩ K )'

SUB TOPIC: VENN DIAGRAMS AND APPLICATIONS UP TO THREE SET PROBLEM

Sets can be represented diagrammatically by closed figures. This method of set
representation was developed by John Venn. A Venn diagram is therefore a pictorial

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 representation of sets. The operations of intersection, union, complement of sets can easily
be demonstrated by using Venn diagrams.

1. A∩B∨ A ∩ Bis the shaded part

A B

2. A∪B or A∪ B is the shaded portion.

A B

3. B is a subset of A or B⊆ A

A
B

4. A Complement or A ' is the shaded part.

A’

5. A∩B complement ∨(A ∩B)'

A B

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 6. A∪B complement ∨( A ∪ B )' is the coloured portion .

A B

7. A∩B complement ∨ A ∩ B' is the coloured portion shown below .

A B

8. A complement ∩B∨ A ' ∩ B is the shaded part shown below.

A B

APPLICATION OF VENN DIAGRAMS INVOLVING TWO SETS.

Examples:
1. In an examination, 18 candidates passed Mathematics, 17 candidates passed Physics, 11
candidates passed both subjects and 1 candidate failed both subjects, find:
i. The number of candidates that passed mathematics only;
ii. The number of candidates that passed Physics only;
iii. The total number of candidates that sat for the examination.
Solution:
Let μ= { all candidates that sat for the examination }
M = {number of candidates that passed Mathematics only } P={number of candidates that passed Physics only .
Then, n ( M )=18 , n ( P )=17 , n ( M ∩ P )=11, n ( M ∩ P )=1
Let n ( M ∩ P' )=x∧n ( M ' ∩ P ' ) = y
Then, x +11=18 ; x=7 also , y +11=17 ; y=6
n ( μ )=n ( M ∩ P ) +n ( M ∩ P' ) +n ( M ' ∩ P ) + ( M ∩ P ) . n ( μ )=11+7+6+ 1=25
'

The solution can be represent in Venn diagram thus:

M P
7 11
6 1

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 2. A survey carried out on 25 adult showed that 18 of them ate fried rice, while 20 of them
ate jollof rice. Find the number that ate fried rice and those that ate jollof rice, if each of
them did eat least one of the two food.
Solution:
Let ¿ { all adult that ate food } ; F= { all adult that ate fried rice } ; J={all adult that ate jollof } .
n ( μ )=25; n ( F )=18 ; n ( J )=20.

Let, n ( F ∩ J )=x ; n ( F ∩ J ' ) =18−x ; n ( F ' ∩ J ) =20−x ; n ( F ∩J )' =0.

Then, ( 18−x )+ ( 20−x ) + x=25 ; 18+20+ x−x−x =25 ; x =13.
n ( F )=18−13=5 ; n ( J )=20−13=7
Class Activity:
1. Represent the solution of example 2 in a Venn diagram.
2. In a music competition, each competitor could play at least one brand of musical
instrument. Two brands of musical instrument; keyboard and jazz band set were asked
to play that day. 10 of the competitors could play key board, while 14 of the competitors
could play jazz band set. If 4 of the competitors could play both brands of musical
instruments, find: (i). the number of competitors that could play keyboard; (ii). the
number of competitors that could play keyboard; (iii). The total number of people
involved in the competition.

Example:
In a certain class, 22 pupils take one or more of Chemistry, Economics and Government.
12 take Economics (E), 8 take Government(G), and 7 take Chemistry(C) nobody takes
Economics and Chemistry and 4 pupils take Economics and Government. (a) Using set
notation and the letters indicated above, write down the statement in the last sentence.
Ii. Draw a Venn diagram to illustrate the information. (b). How many pupils take: i.
both Chemistry and Government. Ii. Government only.
Solution:
a. n ( E ∩C )=0 ; n ( E ∩G )=4

b. Let
'
n ( C ∩G )=x ; n ( E ' ∩G ∩C ' )=4−x ; n ( E ' ∩G ∩C ) =7−x ; n ( E UGUC ) =0 ; n ( μ )=22

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 8+ 4+ ( 4−x )+ x+ ( 7−x )=22 ; x=1.
Hence, the number of pupils that took both chemistry and Government is 1. The number of
pupils that took government only is 4−x =4−1=3.
CLASS ACTIVITIES:
1. All the 50 science students in a college in Ibadan were asked their subject combinations.
18 of the students offered further Mathematics, 21 offered Chemistry while 16 offered
Biology. 7 students offered Further Mathematics and Chemistry, 8 students offered
Further Mathematics and Biology, 9 students offered chemistry and biology while 5
students offered the three subject combinations. Using Venn diagrams, find: (a). the
number of students that offered Further Mathematics but offered neither Chemistry nor
Biology; (b). the number of students that offered Biology but offered neither Further
Mathematics nor Chemistry; (c). the number of students who did not offer any of the
three subject combinations.
2. A survey conducted recently showed that of the 100 final year science students of
International school, Accra-Ibadan, 63 entered for Agricultural science, 47 entered for
Biology and 40 entered for Chemistry, 25 entered for Agricultural science and Biology,
18 entered for Agricultural science and Chemistry, while 22 entered for Biology and
Chemistry. If 10 students entered for the three subject combinations, use Venn diagram
to find: (i). the number of students that entered for agricultural science only; (ii). the
number of students that entered for Biology only; (iii). the number of students that
entered for Chemistry only; (iv). The number of students who did not enter for any of
the three subject combinations.#
PRACTICE EXERCISE:
Objective Test:
'
1. Which of the following is equivalent to { P' ∩ ( Q ∪ Q' ) } ?
a. P b. P ' c. Q d. Q ' e. P ∩Q
2. …………….diagram is a pictorial representation of sets.
a. Union b. intersection c. null d. Venn
Essay Questions:
3 4
1. of the girls in aschool play Handball, play Volleyball. Every girl plays at least one of
4 7
these games. If 27 girls play both games, how many girls are in the school?
2. If M x¿ { multiples of x }∧F x¿ { factorsof x } .
a. M2∩F6 (b). M2∩F8 (c). M3∩F6 (d). M3∩F12
3. If μ= { k , m, n , p ,r } ; X ={ k , m ,n , r } ; Y = { k , n , p } . Find X ' ∩Y ' .
ASSIGNMENT:
1. Explain the following terms:
(i) Union sets. (ii) Intersection of sets (iii) Complement of set (iv) Number of a set
(v) Venn diagram.
2. P and Q are non-empty sets such that n(P) =10 and n(Q) = 6. Find the smallest possible
value of n(PUQ).
3. In a class of 40 students, 25 speak Hausa, 16 speak Igbo, 21 speak Yoruba and each of
the students speaks at least one of these three languages. If 8 speak Hausa and Igbo, 11
speak Hausa and Yoruba and 6 speak Igbo and Yoruba: (a) draw a Venn a diagram to
illustrate this information, using x to represent the numbers of students who speak all
three; (b) calculate the value of x.

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 4. In an examination, 31 candidates passed chemistry, 29 passed physics and 3 failed both
subjects. If 50 candidates sat for the examination, how many of them passed chemistry
only?
5. List any three algebra laws of set and explain with the use of Venn diagram

KEY WORDS
 SETS
 COLLECTION
 ELEMENT
 MEMBER
 UNION
 INTERSECTION
 UNIVERSAL
 PRIME/COMPLEMENT
 VENN DIAGRAM
 SUBSET
 NULL SET
 POWER SET
 CARDINAL SET
 NOTATION
 OPERATIONS

WEEK SIX
SS1 FURTHER MATHS FIRST TERM
BINARY OPERATIONS
CONTENT
Definition of Binary Operation
Properties of Binary Operations: Closure, Commutative law, Associative law,
Distributive law,
Laws of Complementation as in a Set: Identity Elements and Inverse of an Elements
Multiplication tables of Binary Operations

SUB TOPIC: DEFINITION OF BINARY OPERATIONS

A binary of operation is any rule of combination of any two elements of a given non-
empty set. Asterisk symbol (¿) is used to denote binary operation. Some authors uses
degree symbol (°) or zero symbol(o) to denote binary operation. However, the most
commonly use is Asterisk symbol(¿).
In binary operation, the most common operations include:
Addition of real numbers ¿
Subtraction of real numbers ¿
Multiplication of real numbers (×)

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 Division of real numbers(÷).
CLASS ACTIVITIES:
1. Define binary operation
2. List the possible operations in binary operation.

SUB TOPIC: LAWS OF BINARY OPERATIONS:

The laws of binary operations are also known as properties of binary operations.
i. Closure Property:
Given a non-empty set S is said to be closed under a binary operation ¿ if for all
a , b ∈ S , a∗b . Where a and b are elements in (belonging to) set S and ∈ means
belong.
For example, the set Z of all integers is closed under addition¿, subtraction ¿ and
multiplication (×) except for division(÷).
To illustrate non-closure of real numbers under division operation(÷), lets consider this
1 1
Example: Given2 , 4 ∈ Z , then 2÷ 4 ¿ , but is not Z . Hence, the Z is not closed under
2 2
the division operation ( ÷ ) .
Example 1:
Let the operation ¿ be defined on the set of real numbers R by a∗b=a+ b+2 ab .
evaluate:
(a) 1∗2
(b) 3∗4
(c) (3∗4 )∗5
(d) 3∗(4∗5)
Solutions:
(a) 1∗2=1+2+2 ( 1 )( 2 )
¿7
(b) 3∗4=3+ 4+2 ( 3 ) ( 4 )
¿ 31
(c) ( 3∗4 )∗5=3+4 +2 ( 3 ) ( 4 )∗5
¿ 31∗5
¿ 31+5+2 ( 31 ) (5 )
¿ 36+310
¿ 346
(e) 3∗( 4∗5 )=3∗{4 +5+2 ( 4 ) (5 ) }
¿ 3∗{ 9+ 40 }
¿ 3∗49
¿ 3+ 49+2 ( 3 )( 49 )
¿ 52+294
¿ 346
Exampled 2:
Supposed D={odd integers } and ¿ is defined on such that for every
a , b ∈ D ,a∗b=a+ b . Is D closed under ¿?

Solution:
For every a , b ∈ D

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 a∗b=a+ b ∈ D since when two odd integers are added the result is an even
number. Hence D is not closed under. in other words D is not closed under addition.

ii. Commutative Property:

A binary operation ¿ is said to be commutative if for each x , y ∈ S , x∗y = y∗x ,the
operations addition and multiplication are commutative since x + y= y + x and
x . y=y. x

Example: 2+3=5∧3+2=5.
Also, 2 .3=6∧3 .2=6
However, the operations ‘subtraction’ and ‘division’ are not commutative. For
instance, x− y ≠ y−x∧x ÷ y ≠ y ÷ x .
Example: 2−3=−1∧3−2=1 ;−1≠ 1
2 1 1
Similarly, 2 ÷3= ∧3 ÷2=1 ; 3 ≠ 1
3 2 2

iii. Associative Property:

A non- empty set S which is closed under a binary operation ¿ is said to be
associative if for every a , b , c ∈ S , ( a∗b )∗c=a∗(b∗c) . The operation of addition and
multiplication of real numbers are associative if R is the set of real numbers and
a , b , c ∈ R then:
(a+ b ¿+c=a+ ( b+ c )
( ab ) c=a(bc)
Example:
1. The operation ∇ on the set R of real numbers is defined by:
x ∇ y=3 xy , for x , y ∈ R . Determine whether or not :
a. ∇ is commutative in R ?
b. ∇ is associative in R ?
Solution:
a. x ∇ y=3 xy
y ∇ x=3 xy
Hence, the operation ∇ is commutative in R .
b. ( x ∇ y ) z=( 3 x y ) ∇ z
¿ 3 (3 x y ) z
¿ 9 xyz
x ∇ ( y ∇ z )=3 x ( y ∇ z )
¿ 3 x ( 3 yz )
¿ 9 xyz
∴ ( x ∇ y ) z=x ∇ ( y ∇ z ) . Hence ,the operation ∇ is associative∈ R .

iv. Distributive Property:

Given a non-empty set S that is closed under two binary operations ¿and ∇ , if for all
a , b , c ∈ S , a∗( b ∇ c )=( a∗b ) ∇ ( a∗c ) , then the operation ¿ is said to be left-
distributive over the operation.
Similarly, if (b ∇ c)∗a=( b∗a ) ∇ ( c∗a ), then the operation ¿ is said to be right-
distributive over ∇ .
Example 1:

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 Consider ordinary multiplication and addition on the set R of real numbers:
8 × ( 4+1 )=( 8 × 4 ) + ( 8 ×1 )
But ( 4 ×1 ) ≠(8+ 4)×(3+1)
8+
So, while multiplication is distributive over addition in R , the set of real numbers,
addition is not distributive over multiplication.
From the above example, we can generalize that; if p , q , r ∈ R , then :
p × ( q +r )=( p × q ) + ( p ×r )
But p+ ( q × r ) ≠( p+q)×(p +r )
Example 2:
Consider multiplication and subtraction on the set R of real numbers:
5 × ( 7−4 )=( 5 ×7 )−(5 ×4 )
but 5−( 7 × 4 ) ≠ ( 5−7 ) ×(5−4)
From example 2 above, we can also generalize that, if a , b , c ∈ R then:
a × ( b−c )=( a × b )−(a × c)
but a−( b × c ) ≠ ( a−b ) ×(a−c )
Hence, while multiplication distributes over subtraction, subtraction does not
distribute over multiplication.

Example 3:
The operations ¿∧∇ are defined on the set R of real numbers by:
a+b
a∗b= for all a , b ∈ R and a ∇ b=ab for a , b ∈ R .
3
Does the operation ∇ distribute over the operation ¿?
Solution:
Let a , b , c ∈ R
b+c
a ∇ ( b∗c )=a ∇
3
a ( b+ c )
¿
3
ab+ ac
¿
3

( a ∇ b )∗(a ∇ c )=ab∗ac
ab+ ac
¿
3
∴ a ∇ ( b∗c ) =( a ∇ b )∗(a ∇ c). Hence, the operation ∇ distributes over ¿ in R .

CLASS ACTIVITIES:
1. The operation ¿ on the set Q of rational numbers is defined by:
1
p∗q=¿2 +q−3 pq ¿ ; p , q ∈Q .
2
1
∗4
Determine: (i) 2∗1 (ii) −4∗5 (iii) 2
3

2. Verify that the operation of union of sets distributes over the operation of
intersection of sets and vice visa.

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 3. Given that a set R of real numbers is closed under the operations ¿ and ∇
defined by:
a∗b=a+ b−3 for all a , b ∈ R
a ∇ b=5 ab for all a , b ∈ R .
a. Does ¿ distribute over ∇ ?
b. Does ∇ distribute over ¿?

SUB TOPIC: PROPERTIES OF COMPLEMENTATION AS IN A SET

The binary operations under the complementation comprises of two elements

namely; identity and inverse elements.

The identity elements:

A non-empty set S that is closed under a binary operation ¿ is said to have an
identity element if there exists an element(e ) that belong to the set S, that is
e ∈ S :e ¿ x=x∗e=x for all e ∈ S .
The identity element is also called neutral element. Following the uniqueness of
identity elements, a set S can not have more than one identity element under the
operation ¿ if it exists.

Example 1:
An operation ∆ is defined on the set R of real numbers by:
pq
p ∆ q= for all p , q ∈ R . Find the identity element.
3
solution:
let the identity element in R be e .
If a∈ R then,
p ∆ e=e ∆ q=a
ae
∴ a ∆ e= =a
3
ae
∴ =a
3
∴ e=3

Hence, the identity element in R under ∆ is 3.

Example 2:
4 m+ 4 n−2
The operation ¿ on the set S of real numbers is defined by m∗n= for all
4
m , n∈ R. Find the neutral element in S under the operation¿.
Solution:
Let the neutral element sought for be e .
m∗e=e∗m=m
4 m+ 4e-2
∴ m∗e=
4
but m∗e=m
4 m+ 4e-2
m=
4
4 m+ 4 m−2=4 m

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 8 m−2=4 m
8 m−4 m=2
4 m=2
4m 2
=
4 4
2
m=
4
1
¿
2

The inverse elements:

Given a non-empty set S, that is closed under a binary opeartion ¿, if x ∈ S , and an element x '
can be found in S (i.e. x ' ∈ S . ¿: x∗x ' =x '∗x=e . Where e is the neutral element in S under ¿, then
x ' is called inverse element of x in S.
Example 1.
The operation ¿ on the set R of real number is defined by: p ∈q= p+q for all p , q ∈ R , find the
inverse of p .
Solution:
We first look for the neutral element in R under *. If the neutral element in R under ¿ , is e
Then: p∗e= p+e= p
p∗e= p
p+e= p
e=0

Let the inverse of p be p-1

Then: p∗p -1¿ e
p+ p-1 ¿ 0
p-1 ¿−p

CLASS ACTIVITIES:
1. Let ¿ be a binary operation defined on the set of real numbers by: a∗b=2 ab .
Obtain the inverse of an element x .
2. Let Θ be a binary operation defined on the set of real numbers by:
a Θ b=a+b +13. obtain the inverse of an element x .

SUB TOPIC: BINARY OPERATION TABLE

The tables of the rule of binary operation for any modulo can be drawn for addition and
multiplication using the appropriate rule of combination. The table helps to detect, whether or
not a particular set is closed under a binary operation.
Example:
The tables below show addition and multiplication in modulo 7.
Solution:
In modulo 7, the set of numbers to be considered is: S7¿ {0 ,1 , 2 ,3 , 4 ,5 , 6 }.
Modulo 7 addition operational Table. Modulo 7 Multiplication Operational Table
¿ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 (×) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

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 2 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 0 2 4 6 1 3 5
3 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 0 3 6 2 5 1 4
4 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 0 4 1 5 2 6 3
5 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 5 3 1 6 4 2
6 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 6 5 4 3 2 1

CLASS ACTIVITIES:
1. Construct addition and multiplication operation tables for modulo 5.
2. The operation ¿ on the set R of real numbers is defined by:
2 m−1
m∗n= +n for all m , n∈ R .
2
a. Is the set R closed under ¿?
b. Is the operation ¿ commutative in R ?
c. Determine the identity element in R
d. Is the operation ¿ associative?
e. What is the inverse of the element x , if x ∈ R?
PRACTICE EXERCISE:
Objective Test:
1. The operation ¿ on the set Q of rational numbers, is defined by: a∗b=a+ b−1 for all
a , b ∈ Q. Find the neutral element in Q under ¿ .
A. 1 B. −1 C. 2 D. −2 E. 3
An operation is defined on the set,
∆ S={0 , 1 ,2 , 3 , 4 , 5 } by x ∆ y=x + y−xy . Find:
2. 2 ∆ 5. A. 1 B. 2 C.−3 D. 3 E. −1
3. 0 ∆ 4. A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5
4. 4 ∆ 5. A. −11 B. 11 C. −12 D. 12 E.13
5. 3 ∆ 1. A. 5 B. 4 C. 3 D. 2 E. 1
Essay Questions
An operation ¿ is defined on the set X ={a ,b ,c , d } by the following table:
¿ a B c d
a a B c D
b b C d A
c c D a B
d d A d C
1. Is X closed under ¿?
2. Is the operation ¿ commutative in X
3. What is the identity element if it exists?
2 q−3
An operation ¿ on the set Q , of rational numbers is defined by: p∗q=p + for all
3
p , q ∈Q ?
4. Is Q closed under ¿
5. Is ¿ commutative in Q ?

ASSIGNMENT
1. Let the operation ¿ be defined on the set of real numbers R by a∗b=a+ b+2 ab .
evaluate: (i) 12∗21 ( ii )−4∗5 .
2. Determine whether or not
a∗b=4 ( a+b ) ; a ,b ∈ R of real numbers is closed on the set R

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 3. A binary operation * is defined on the set of R of real numbers by:
a∗b=a+ b−2 ab , wherea ,b ∈ R . (i) is the operation * closed on the set of R? Give a
reason for your answer. (ii) Find the identity element of R under the operation *. (iii)
determine the inverse under * of a general element a∈R stating which element has
no inverse.
4. A binary operation is * defined as shown in the table. Find the inverse of c, under
the operation *.
* a b c d
a d c b A
b c a d b
c b d a C
d a b c d

5. An operation * is defined on the set of real numbers,

R , by x∗y=x + y +3 xy .if ∗is commutative , (a) find the identity element e of R under
the operation, (b) determine the inverse of an element x ∈ R for which no inverse exists.

KEY WORDS
 OPERATION
 BINARY
 CLOSED
 COMMUTATIVE
 ASSOCIATIVE
 DISTRIBUTIVE
 REAL NUMBERS
 ELEMENT
 SET
 INVERSE
 IDENTITY
 RATIONAL NUMBERS

WEEK SEVEN SS1

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 FURTHER MATHEMATICS FIRST TERM

MID-TERM BREAK

WEEK EIGHT
SS1 FURTHER MATHS FIRST TERM
MAPPING AND FUNCTIONS

CONTENT
Definition OF Mapping and Functions
Types of Mapping and function

SUB TOPIC: DEFINITION AND PROPERTIES OF MAPPING AND FUNCTION

A mapping f , is a rule which assigns every element in a set A to a distinct element in a
set B, given that A and B are two non- empty sets. In set notation form, the rule which assigns
an element x ϵ A a unique element y ϵ B, is called a mapping. The set A is called the Domain of
the mapping while the set B is called the Co-domain.
The operative rule in all such assignment must be that “no child can have two fathers”,
meaning, no one elements in the domain should be mapped to two elements in the co-domain.
If the rule which associates each element x ϵ A, a unique element y ϵ B is denoted by f , the
mapping between the set A and the set B can be represented by any of the following notations:

A →f B or f :A–––>B or f ( x )= y
Where y is the unique element in B which corresponds to the element x in A.
A Subset of the co-domain, which is a collection of all the images of the elements of the
domain, is called the range.
A mapping whose co-domain is a set of numbers is called a function.

Example 1:
Given that P¿ { w , x , y , z } and Q¿ { a , b , f ,e , g }. Let the mapping f : P → Q be defined by the
arrow diagram below:
f
b
f
e
g

As f ( w )=b , f ( x )=g , f ( y )=a∧f ( z ) =b . b is

the image of both w∧z , g is the image of x while a is the image of y under the mapping f . We

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observe that although every element of P has a unique image in Q, not all the elements of Q are
images of P. This is one property of mapping.
The set P= { w , x , y , z } is called the domain of the mapping; the set Q= { a , b , f , e , g } is the co-
domain, while the set { a , b , g } is the range. If we denote the set { a , b , g } by R , then
R={ a , b , g }∧R ⊂ Q.
Note the following about mapping: (i) it can be represented by any of the following graphical
form; arrow diagrams, parallel axes, and Cartesian graph. (ii) A mapping may sometimes be
regarded as a set of all ordered pairs { x , f ( x ) }∨( x , y ).
Example 2:
Consider the relation shown in the arrow diagram shown below:
X f Y

p
e
q
f
r
g

The relation f is not a mapping, not because g is not an image of any element in X but because
qϵX has no image in Y .
A function of a variable x is a rule that describes how a value of the variable x is manipulated to
generate a value of the variable y . The rule is often expressed in the form of an equation
y=f ( x ) with a condition attached that for any input x there is a unique value for y . Consider
the mapping (function) below;
f
X Y

2
3 5
4 7
6 9
13

Let’s discover the rule which associates an element from X , a unique image in the set Y. It
appears that when 1 is added to twice an element in X, it produces the corresponding image in
the set Y.
Hence, if y ∈Y is the f −image of x ϵ X , then we can write this as
f : x →2 x +1∨ y =2 x +1.
Note that, though functions are rules, not all rules are functions. Consider the equation y=x 1 /2
which is the same as y=± √ x
The rule ‘take the positive and negative square roots of the value x ’ is a rule that is not a
function because to each value of the input x >0 , there are two different values of output y .

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Example 3:
Which of the following equations express rules that are functions?
−1
(a) y=5 x 2 +2 x 4
(b) y=7 x 1 /3−3 x−1
Solution :
(a) y=5 x 2 +2 x −1/ 4 does not express a function because to each value of x (x >0) there are two
−1 −1
values of x 4 , positive and negative because x−1 /4 ≡± √ (x 2 ). Indeed, any even root produces
two variables.
(b) y=7 x 1 /3−3 x−1 does express a function because to each value of x ( x ≠ 0 ) there is just one
value of y .
CLASS ACTIVITIES:
(1) Let X ={−3 , 0 ,3 }∧Y = {1 , 10 } . The arrow diagram below illustrates a mapping
f : X→Y

XfY

-3
1
0
10
3

(a) Determine the rule of the mapping. (b) What is the range of the mapping?
(2) which of the following equations expresses a rule that is a function: (a) y=6 x −2

( )
5
3x 2
(b) y= √ x (c)
3 y= 2
x +3
(3) Given the two functions f ∧g expressed by :
4
f ( x )=2 x−1 for−2< x < 4∧g ( x ) = for 3< x<5 , find the domain and range of: (a)
x−2
−2 f (x )
h ( x )=f ( x ) −g ( x ) (b) k ( x )=
g( x )
SUB TOPIC: TYPES OF MAPPING AND FUNCTION
(i) One - One – Mapping: This is a mapping where different elements in the domain
have different images in the co-domain. Thus given a mapping f : X−→ Y , if
f ( x 1 ) =f ( x 2 ) implies that x 1=x 2∨x 1 ≠ x 2 implies that f ( x 1 ) ≠ f ( x 2 ) then the
mapping f is called a One-One mapping.

Examples of One – One mapping includes; the mapping which associates each
state in Nigeria with its Governor, the mapping which assigns each university in
west Africa with its Vice-Chancellor and the mapping which assigns each DLHS
campus in Nigeria with its principal.

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 (ii) Onto Mapping: Given a mapping f : X → Y , if every element of the co-domain is
an image of at least one element in the domain, then the mapping f is called an
Onto mapping. This implies that the Range of an Onto mapping is equal to the
co-domain.

Example: Let the mapping h : A → B be defined by the arrow diagram below;

AhB

-1 9
0 0
1 1
3

The range of the mapping is equal to co-domain, hence the mapping is Onto. It is however
not One-One because f (−1 )∧f (1) have the same image i.e. 1.
Example 2: Let R R be defined by( x )=x 2 +2 , where R is the set of real numbers. Find
the domain and range of f and state whether f is One – One or Onto.
Solution: The domain of f are all the set of real numbers, while the range are real numbers
≥ 2 because given x = negative integer, x 2+ 2 will give a positive solution > 2 and x=0 will
make x 2+ 2 to be equal to 2. f is neither One – One nor Onto. It is not Onto because the
range of f is not equal to the co-domain as it excludes negative integers, 0 and numbers≤ 1.
It is not One – One the negative and positive value of a given digit e.g. -2 and 2 when raised
to power 2 will give the same result thereby making x 2+ 2 give the same solution (image);
hence some elements in the domain would have the same image in the co-domain, which is
not a property of a One - One mapping.

(iii) Composite Function: Composite function, which is also known as composition or

product of function is the function (say f : A → B and g :B → C ), from A into C
which assigns each a ϵ A the unique element of g ( f ( a ) ) ϵ C i.e. the range of
function f becomes the domain of function g. This relationship is usually written
as gof or as gf .

Example 3: The functions f , g∧h on the set of real numbers are defined by
2
f ( x )=x +1 , g ( x )=2 x−3∧h ( x )=4 x+5 respectively. Determine the formula for the composite
functions: (a) f [ g ( x ) ] (b) g [ h ( x ) ] (c) fg [ h ( x ) ]

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 Solution: (a) fg ( x )=f ( 2 x−3 )=( 2 x−3 )2 +1
(b) gh ( x )=g ( 4 x +5 )=2 ( 4 x+ 5 )−3
(c) fgh ( x )=fg ( 4 x+5 )=f ( 2 ( 4 x+5 )−3 ) =f ( 8 x +10−3 )=f ( 8 x +7 )=¿
Working method: substitute what f , g∨h was equal to in place of x starting from right to left,
and continue substituting until the last the last x is substituted.
Note the following about composite mapping: (i) the operation of the composition of mappings
is not commutative i.e. fg( x)≠ gf (x ) (ii) the operation of the composition of mappings is
associative i.e. (fog)oh=fo(goh)

CLASS ACTIVITIES:
(1) Let the function f : A → B , g : B→ C∧h :C → D be defined by the arrow diagrams
below :
A f B g C h D

u a 6
3 v b
4 9
x c 11
5 d

(a) Determine if each function is Onto.

(b) Find the composition hofog , writing your result as ordered pairs
2
2. A relation g : R → R is defined by g( x )= , x ≠ 2 where R is the set of real numbers.
x−2
Show that g is One – One but not Onto.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
Objective Test:
(1) Two functions f ∧g are defined by f : x →3 x−1∧g : x →2 x 3 , evaluate fg(−2) (a) -49
(b) -47 (c) -10 (d) -9
(2) Given that the image of p under the mapping x → 3 x+ 2, -10, what is the value of p?
(a) -1 (b) -2 (c) -3 (d) -4
(3) Find the range of f : x → x 2−1 if the domain is { – 2,−1 ,0 , 1 , 2 }.
(a) { – 1 , 0 , 3 } ( b ) { – 2 , 0 1 } ( c ) {−1 , 0 ,1 } ( d ) { 1 ,2 , 3 }
Essay Test:
1. The mapping f : x → a x 2 +bx +c defined on the set of real numbers is such that
f ( 0 )=−4 , f ( 1 )=1∧f (−1 )=−5. Find a , b∧c .
2. If f : R → R be defined by f ( x ) ¿ x 2 +2
where R isthe set of real numbers . ( i ) find s . tenthe domain and range of f. (ii) is f one to
one or onto?
3. Find the range, co-domain and hence determine if it is a one-one or onto function.

AhB

-1 9
0 text]
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Page
1 1
3
 4. What is the difference between a mapping and a function?
5. The zeros of a function are the elements of the domain whose images are equal to zero.
In other words, if x ∈ X ∧f : X → Y a function ,then x is a zero of f if f ( x ) =0. determine
the zeros of the function defined by: f ( x )=2 x−3 , g ( x )=x 2+ x −6

ASSIGNMENT

1. The zeros of a function are the elements of the domain whose images are equal to zero.
In other words, if x ∈ X ∧f : X → Y a function ,then x is a zero of f if f ( x ) =0. determine
the zeros of the function defined by: f ( x )=13 x−13 , g ( x )=x 2−x
2. Determine the domain D of the mapping f : x →2 x−3 , if C={−3 ,−1 , 5 } is the range and f is
defined on D.
3. If f : x →2 x−3 is a mapping defined on the set R of real numbers. Determine the pre images of
(a) 1 (b)-1 (c)7
x +1
4. If g : x → is a mapping defined on the set of real numbers excluding -2, find g(1), g(0.5), g(-
x +2
1).
5. Discuss the terms (a) Relation (b) Mapping (c) Functions.

KEY WORDS
 RELATION
 MAPPING
 FUNCTION
 IMAGES
 DOMAIN
 SUB DOMAIN
 ELEMENTS
 RANGE
 ONE-TO-ONE
 ONTO
 COMPOSITE
 CONSTANT
 INVERSE
 ARROW DIAGRAM.

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 WEEK NINE

SS1 FURTHER MATHS FIRST TERM

MAPPING AND FUNCTIONS

CONTENT

1. Types of Function
2. Application of Function

SUB TOPIC: TYPES OF FUNCTION

i. Inverse Function: The inverse of a function f : A → B is usually written as f -1: B → A ,

meaning it is a mapping from B ¿ A . The inverse f -1 need not be a function. The only
occasion where f -1 is a function occurs when f -1 is both one ¿ one and Onto. Suppose

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 f : x →2 x +3 on the set A={−2 ,1 , 3 } into set B={−1 , 5 , 9 } illustrated in set of
ordered pairs and arrow diagrams below.
f
A B

-2 9
1 5
3 -1

If we consider the relation which reverses f i.e. f -1: B → A , f -1¿ {(−1 ,−2 ) , ( 5 , 1 ) , ( 9 ,3 ) } then
f -1 is a function because it is both one – one and onto. This is so because f itself is both One
– One and Onto. Hence, a function f has an inverse, f -1, if it is both One – One and Onto.
In the illustration above, the rule which reverses the function f , (i.e 2 x+3 ¿ i.e the inverse
function can be derived as follows:
y−3 y−3
Let 2 x+3= y ; 2 x= y−3 ; x= . Hence, f -1( x ¿=
2 2

Check:
−1−3 5−3 9−3
f -1(−1 ¿= =−2; f -1( 5 ) = =1 ; f -1( 9 )= =3.
2 2 2
ii. Identity Mapping : The mapping which takes an element Onto itself is called the
identity mapping. The mapping f shown in the arrow diagram below is an identity
mapping.

a c
b a
c b

It is both One – One and onto. It has a unique property that the domain, the co – domain
and the range are equal.

iii. Constant Mapping: A constant mapping g : A → B is a mapping in wich all element in

the co – domain of g are mapping into a single element in the co – domain.

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 A g
B

iv. Circular Functions: Trigonometric functions are circular function. The range of the
function of sine and cosine of an angle is not affected by increasing or decreasing the
value of the angle (i.e the domain) and this range revolves around −1 and 1; though
it is not the case with tangent function. The table below gives the range and domain
of three circular functions.

Let Domain Range

A={( x , y ) : y=sinx } R {−1 , 1}

B={ ( x , y ) : y=cosx } R {−1 , 1}

C={ ( x , y ) : y=tanx } x ∊ R : x ≠ 90+180 n R

Note:
We cannot consider trigonometrically functions as One – to – One mappings, unless we
restrict the domain. Within a domain of {00, 3600}, any line drawn parallel to the x−axis
between y ∈{−1 , 1} is bound to cut the sine and cosine curves in more than one place. This
evidently shows that the sine and cosine functions in the domain 00 to 3600 are not One –
to – One. On the other hand, a One – to –one function can be obtained from
trigonometrically function by suitably restricting the domain.
For example:
P=¿ is not One –to – One,
Q={( x , y ) : y=sinx , x ∈ ¿0,+90 0], y ∈[−1 , 1]}is 1−1.

v. Logarithmic and Exponential Functions: The exponential function f (x)=a x and the
logarithmic function g ( x )=log a x are mutual inverses: f -1( x )=g( x ) and g-1
( x )=f ( x ) .
The exponential function is expressed by the equation: y=ex or y=exp ( x ) , where e is
the exponential number 2.7182818…
The general exponential function is given by: y=ax, where a> 0. and because a=e lna
or a=e logea, the general exponential function can be written in the form: y=exlna. The
inverse function of the general exponential function i.e y -1( x ) ,can be derived thus:

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 Let y -1( x )=g( x )
From y=exlna; ⇒ y=exponentiallna x ; y=ax or log a y=x . ∴ g ( x )=log a x .

CLASS ACTIVITIES:
3 x+ 2
1. If f ( x )= , x ≠ 3∧x ∈ R , find f -1( x ) , stating the value of x for which f -1 is not
3−x
defined. Hence, find f -1( x ) .
2. State the domain and range of the following:
a. y=sin2 x b. y=cos2 x

SUB TOPIC: APPLICATION OF FUNCTIONS – SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS ON FUNCTION.

1. Sketch the graph of f ( x )=¿ x /¿where x ∈ R , state its domain and range.
Solution:
−x ,ifx <0
f ( x )=¿ x /¿ can also be written as: f ( x )={
x , if x> 0
By this definition, f ( x ) can never be negative. It therefore has the following sketch:

Its domain is real line and is range is ¿ ∞ ¿ .

2. If f : x → x ( 2 a−x ) , find:
a. A function g(x ) defined by g ( x )=f (a−x)
b. The function defined by h ( x )=−f ( x ) , find the values of x for which f ( x )=h ( x ) .
Solution:
a. g ( x )=( a−x ) [ 2 a−( a−x ) ]
¿ ( a−x ) [ 2 a−a+ x ]
¿ ( a−x )( a+ x )
¿ a2 – x 2
b. h ( x )=−[−x ( 2 a−x ) ]
¿−¿2¿
¿−2 ax+ x2
¿−x (2 a−x )
The values of x for which f ( x )=h( x) are 0and 2 a .
3. Given the functions f ( x )=3 x 2−x +5 , g ( x )=6 x 3+7 x 2+7 x +15. Simplify, as far as
possible, the expressions:
i. f ( x ) g ( x)
g(x)
ii.
f (x)
Solution:
i. f ( x ) g ( x ) =¿2−x +5 ¿ ¿3+7 x 2+7 x +15 ¿
¿ 3 x 2 ¿3+7 x 2+7 x +15 ¿−x ¿3+7 x 2+7 x +15 ¿+5 ¿3+7 x 2+7 x +15 ¿

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¿ 18 x 5+21 x 4+21 x 3+ 45 x 2−6 x 4−7 x 3−7 x 2−15 x+ 30 x 3+35 x 2+35 x +75.
¿ 18 x 515 x 4+ 44 x 3−73 x 2+20 x +75
g(x)
ii. =¿ ¿3+7 x 2+7 x +15 ¿ ÷ ¿2−x +5 ¿
f (x)
232
32
2
2
0 0 0

¿g(x)
=2 x+ 3
f (x)

1
4. Two functions are defined by: f : x → √ ¿2¿ ; g: x→ where
x+4
x is a real number∧the symbol √ ❑denotes the non−negative square root .
a. Find the largest domain and the corresponding range of each of the two functions.
b. Find the inverse function g-1 of g and hence the composite function fog-1 where fog-1
means g-1 first, then f .
Solution:
a. The largest domain of f ={all real x :/ x /≤2 }, while the range of f :{all real y :/ y /≤2. The
largest domain of g :{all real x except−4 } , while the range of g :{all y except 0 }
1 y ( x +4 ) 1 1 1 1
b. Let y= ⇒ = ,⇒ x+ 4= ⇒ x= −4 , ∴ g-1( y )= −4 Hence, g-1
x−4 y y y y y
1
( x )= −4.
x

( ) 1
fog-1¿ f −4 = √ ¿ ¿2¿
x
+8 +8 6
√ ¿2 + 16 ¿ ¿=√ ¿2 − =? ? ?take this expression to the possible end.
x x 1
CLASS ACTIVITIES:
2 a−x , if −2 a ≤ x <0
1. A function f (x) is defined for the range −2 a ≤ x ≤ 2 a by f ( x ) ={
2 a+ x , if 0< x ≤2 a
Sketch f ( x ) and state the domain and range of f ( x ) .
2. Let f ( x ) : R → R ,∧g ( x ) : R → R be defined respectively as :
1
f : x → 9−x 2 , g: x→ . Find the domain and range of f ∧g . find also f -1¿ g-1.
3 x +5
PRACTICE EXERCISE:
Objective Test:

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 1. Two functions f ∧g are defined on the set R of real numbers by f : x →2 x−1 and g : x 2
11 9
+1. find the value of f -1og ( 3 ) . a. 12 b. 11 c. d. .
2 2
x +3
2. A function f is defined on R , the set of real numbers, by f : x → , x ≠ 2 . Find f -1
x−1
2 x +3 x+3 x−1 3
a). f -1 : x → , x ≠1 b). f -1 : x → , x ≠−2 c). f -1 : x → , x ≠−
x−1 x+ 2 2 x +3 2
x−2
d). f -1 : x → , x ≠−3
x+ 3
Essay Questions:
1. Given that f -1( x )=3 x 2−6 x +1and f ( 3 )=5 , find f ( x ) .
x +3 2
2. If g : x → , x ≠ ,find the value of x for which g-1(x ) is not defined.
3 x−2 3

( ) 1 2
3. Find the image of , , under the mapping ( x , y ) →
3 3 ( x+ y
y )
,y .

4. The mapping f : x → x 2 +bx +c is defined on the set of real numbers. Given that f(0)=-3
and f(1)=2, determine the values of b and c. hence find f(-2) and f(2).
5. If f ( g )( x )=x 2 +2 x +1∧f ( x )=x 2 , find g ( x ) .

ASSIGNMENT

1. If f : x →2 x−3∧g: x → 3 x + p , for what value of constant p is (fog)=(gof)?

2. Two functions f and g are define on the set of R of real numbers by: find f[g(x-1)].
3. State the range and the domain of each of the following: (i) y=3 sin x +4 cos x , y =sin 2 x .
4 x +5 1
4. Let F : R → R∧G : R → R be defined as F ( x )= , x ≠− and G(x) = 2x + 1 respectively.
3 x +1 3
Find FoG and GoF. Hence deduce the inverse mapping FoG.
5. The functions f and g are defined by f ( x )=4 x−1∧g ( x )=2 x +3 respectively . determine the
composite functions g[f(x)] and f[g(x)].

KEY WORDS
 RELATION
 MAPPING
 FUNCTION
 IMAGES
 DOMAIN
 SUB DOMAIN
 ELEMENTS
 RANGE
 ONE-TO-ONE
 ONTO
 COMPOSITE
 CONSTANT
 INVERSE

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  ARROW DIAGRAM.

WEEK TEN
REVISION

WEEK ELEVEN
EXAMINATION

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