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PROGRESS ARTICLE
RUSLAN VALIEV P
P
a b
Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials,Ufa State Aviation Plunger
Technical University,12 K.Marx str.,Ufa 450000,Russia
e-mail: RZValiev@mail.rb.ru
PROGRESS ARTICLE
PROGRESS ARTICLE
high-resolution electron microscopy revealed (Fig. 3) Figure 3Typical images of
that the grain boundaries are not well defined, but are a microstructure of HPT-processed
wavy, curved or corrugated (Fig. 3c), indicating the titanium.a,Bright-field
presence of numerous atomic defects. Moreover, there is transmission electron
a variation in the misorientation angle along the same micrograph (with the selected-
boundary by about 5°, probably as a result of the area diffraction pattern as an
presence of disclinations. inset).b,Dark-field transmission
However, observations after annealing at electron micrograph.c,High-
250–300 °C (this is below the temperature at which any 500 nm resolution electron micrograph
grain growth can start) revealed a rearrangement of demonstrating highly distorted
dislocations: they had moved from the grain interiors to b grain boundaries in this as-
the region near the grain boundaries.A schematic processed metal.This is
illustration of the defect rearrangement is presented in associated with the high
Fig. 4. The figure emphasizes that although the total distortion of the crystal lattice and
density of dislocations is decreased during low- a variation in the misorientation
temperature annealing, the local density of dislocations angle (see the region in the white
at grain boundaries can grow, thus increasing their rectangle and the position of the
non-equilibrium, and this may have a strong effect on 200 nm lines A,A and B).
grain-boundary processes such as sliding, diffusion or
interaction with lattice dislocations23. Hence recent
investigations show that ultrafine-grained metals c
produced by SPD possess a complex microstructure. 0.295 nm A
Their microstructural features are conditioned by
processing routes and regimes. These features should be
taken into consideration when developing bulk
nanostructured materials with improved properties.
PROGRESS ARTICLE
experiments investigating deformation mechanisms in
800 nanostructured materials have confirmed a number of
Nanostructured Ti the results of computer simulation22,36,37.
However, there is a question: why should grain-
boundary sliding in nanostructured materials, in
particular in those produced by SPD, take place at
600 relatively low temperatures? GBS is a diffusion-
controlled process and usually occurs at high
W
Mo temperatures.A possible explanation is that diffusion
may be faster in SPD-produced ultrafine-grained
Yield strength (MPa)
PROGRESS ARTICLE
of complex-shaped parts for new automobiles and a b
planes47 are worth a special mention.
Out of the broad range of possible applications of
advanced nanostructured metals, we focus here on one
that is representative of the high-tech market:
biomedical implants and devices. High mechanical and
fatigue properties are the essential requirements for
metallic biomedical materials, in particular titanium
and its alloys48, which have excellent biological
compatibility and high biomechanical properties.
For example, in trauma cases, plates and screws made c d
of new titanium materials are planned to be widely used
for fixing bones. These plates need very high
compressive and bending strength, and sufficient
ductility. Different implant-plate constructions for
osteosynthesis have been analysed, resulting in the
design and processing of a series of nanostructured
titanium plates (Fig. 6a,b). Figure 6c illustrates another
application of nanostructured titanium for a special
conic screw, which requires high fatigue strength as well.
In this case all the advantages of nanostructured
titanium are fully used49 — high static and fatigue
strength (yield tensile strength ≥ 950 MPa at strain rate ductility in metals processed by severe plastic deformation. J. Mater. Res. 17, Figure 6 Medical implants
10–3 s–1, endurance of more than 500 MPa at 2 × 107 5–8 (2002). made of nanostructured
7. Valiev, R. Nanomaterial advantage. Nature 419, 887–889 (2002).
cycles) and excellent biological compatibility. titanium. a, b, Plate implants
8. Wang, Y., Chen, M., Zhou, F. & Ma, E. High tensile ductility in a nanostructured
for osteosynthesis. c, Conic
metal. Nature 419, 912–915 (2002).
CONCLUSIONS 9. Wang, Y. M. & Ma, E. Three strategies to achieve uniform tensile deformation in screw for spine fixation.
a nanostructured metal. Acta Mater. 52, 1699–1709 (2004). d, Device for correction and
Recent progress in fabricating bulk metallic materials 10. Valiev, R. Z., Islamgaliev, R. K. & Alexandrov, I. V. Bulk nanostructured fixation of spinal column.
using severe plastic deformation, and in understanding materials from severe plastic deformation. Prog. Mater. Sci. 45, 103–189 (2000).
11. Zhu, Y. T. et al. (eds) Ultrafine Grained Materials II (Minerals, Metals and
their fundamental mechanisms, probably brings us
Materials Society, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, 2002); Ultrafine Grained Materials
closer to the revolutionary use of nanomaterials for III (Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, 2004).
structural and functional applications. The atomic 12. Zehetbauer, M. (ed.) Adv. Eng. Mater. 5 (special issue on nanomaterials by
defect structure of SPD-processed metals is complex severe plastic deformation (SPD)) (2003).
and is closely connected with the features of processing 13. Valiev, R. Z., Korznikov, A. V. & Mulyukov, R. R. Structure and properties of
routes and regimes. Nevertheless, tailoring specific ultrafine-grained materials produced by severe plastic deformation. Mater. Sci.
Eng. A 186, 141–148 (1993).
nanostructures (for example with bimodal grain-size
14. Valiev, R. Z., Krasilnikov, N. A. & Tsenev, N. K. Plastic deformation of alloys
distribution or ultrafine grains with high-angle and with submicro-grained structure. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 137, 35–40 (1991).
non-equilibrium grain boundaries) can produce 15. Zhilyaev, A. P. et al. Microhardness and microstructural evolution in pure nickel
unique combinations of properties, such as during high-pressure torsion. Scripta Mater. 44, 2753–2758 (2001).
extraordinarily high strength and ductility, high fatigue 16. Segal, V. M., Reznikov, V. I., Drobyshevskiy, A. E. & Kopylov, V. I. Plastic
life and toughness. These properties may be of great working of metals by simple shear. Russian Metall. (Metally) 1, 99–105 (1981).
17. Langdon, T. G., Furukawa, M., Nemoto, M. & Horita, Z. Using equal-channel
importance if nanostructured metals and alloys are to
angular pressing for refining grain size. JOM 52, 30–33 (2000).
form the next generation of advanced structural and 18. Zhernakov, V. S. et al. A numerical modelling and investigations of flow stress
functional materials. and grain refinement during equal-channel angular pressing. Scripta Mater. 44,
1765–1769 (2001).
doi:10.1038/nmat1180 19. Stolyarov, V. V. et al. Influence of ECAP routes on the microstructure and
properties of pure Ti. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 299, 59–67 (2001).
Acknowledgements 20. Zhilyaev, A. P. et al. Orientation imaging microscopy of ultrafine-grained
This work was supported partly by the Department of Energy NIS-IPP program at nickel. Scripta Mater. 46, 575–580 (2002).
Los-Alamos National Laboratory, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation 21. Tóth, L. S. Texture evolution in severe plastic deformation by equal channel
research award and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. angular extrusion. Adv. Eng. Mater. 5, 308–316 (2003).
22. Valiev, R. Z., Sergueeva, A. V. & Mukherjee, A. K. The effect of annealing on
Competing financial interests tensile deformation behaviour of nanostructured SPD titanium. Scripta Mater.
The author declares that he has no competing financial interests. 49, 669–674 (2003).
23. Nazarov, A. A., Romanov, A. E. & Valiev, R. Z. On the structure, stress fields and
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