PROBABILITY

Randem expenment
An expeaiment i oclled Yandom expexim ent
t satishes the ollowng Htoo tondldtons
) t h a s more than 0ne o ible outeome
c) Tt not poible to predict the oulcome in adumce
Rotpuiments other than Yandom epeuimenu are called
delumuniuc expuimunts
Sample Spate (S)
1he &t o al ble outcomes of a rando m
the Baople space ú denokd
eheuinent called
by ihe irobol S'
Sarmple point
Each elumint óf thr 6ample Apae oufceme
Nandom ecperimeot L clled sample potrt
Otbe
anrople
a ranclom epermeot 6t throwng a die
Conder
hen t Lampe a ce - 2,3/4, 56

. Coni dr a randorn
eupoiment of Aosin a Coto
Heve, the sotle pace t S H,T
 Event
Any &ubset E of the 6cumple pac i called an event

ecq: Coneider a
yandom expeiment 6t fbxouwing a die
S- 1,9,3,4,5,6
Let A be the event d an odd number
getiog
ben A- 3/53
clay A CS
lupes of evenls
oopoible ewept.: be empty set i enlled an iroporeible
event
Sure
. went lbe ample space S called sune eveot
9Simpleeweot f an evept has odly one Saple pocnt o
a baple Apae it i called iple event
4Coopound event: f an eweot bas more han one Aaople
boint ,it is (alled a coropsund event

Algebra o evens Notalions)

Corople roert on event> A' - S-A

be event A or B AUB
9 be event A and B AOB
be eevent A but ot B A-B AOB'
Toe event Bbut nt A9 B-A oB
Mutcuely ecluive kahaustive event
Let A and Bbe fu ewents akocialed wctb
aYandom expetiment
A0B= Ctty AoB are dieint aeli)
then
hen A and B ave Called mulually erclusive eveot.
AUB =S, thern AsB are called
haustve eveny
11f AOB-¢ AUB=S, then A$B are called
mutuallexcusiv exhauswe eveot
Co nrider a rantom expaioent of throuweng ade

Sh 1,93/4,5,6
Let A be tbe event o geting an oddnumber,
of gcthipg even number
and Bbe the event an

A-3,5'y
B 2 4 ,6
Hert, AOB ¢
AUB
.'. AoB are alled mutualluy cncusive exbaustive
eVenls

Probabilili 61 an event
be charnCe o ocuance of an event i catled

sbbi lila d hat NUnt

 Let sbe the space and k be an
eert
Phobabilit of P) - Number é outomes avouable
fo E

btl pevible outcomes

e E)mEE)

hoperties
04PE)41, kor an ewentE
PS) = I
9P)0
4 Le S be the sample ápace Cootainung oufcomes
w1Wa) Wg .Wh 1ben
P(w) +P()+? ()+--- + Po) = |
5 r cu eveot A PA) + P{A) - I
6 Hor an went A and B,

PGAUB) PA)+Pb) - P(AOB)

le know that nCAOB)-nA)4 n3) -(AoB)
DiM diogbeotugh out by m)
CAUB) -n (A)1n(B)- (AnB)
ns) m(S)
P(AUB) PO) + P[B)-PAOB)
ASB ae tcoo mulually txclusve eveots (08)=4)
then D CAUB) P A) +P(8)
Problemts
Descaibe the sample spacu to the {ollowtng enpoiment
aA cotn tosed 1br times
Apns S= HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT,
TTHTTF
b) A Coi) ú tossed and a die i tbrouon
Aps S- HI, H2 H3, H4, H5, H6
T, T2 T3, Tt T5) T6
cA coin tosged and 1ben a du ù rolled ooly 1o
Con a bead shown oD he toin
Ans S-T, HI, H2, H3, H4,HS, H6f
dj An ezpiment conist of ecordve boq-qir
Coopoviliwo 6 famtlius Cotb a children.
h o t is 1be sanpl¢ Apace 4 e are totereslesf
kroweng cshether t is a bey egl o tbe ader
thei birtbg 9
) lhat br sample space. Y t e ae 1oterested
in be nurobr o
gals in be Joomily
J

Ans 1)6BB, B1,GiB,C11 f 6-Gigly

B-Bays
t) Heve Soople space Conats nooh gils
be 4amily
eA bo contains IYed and identtesl cshrte bal
Two balls are dvawn at Yancdom in uccemon wlhot
Yeplacement nlte Ahe Sampe pact
Ans Let R denot be Red bal and
dtrptr the cohii bel wo bal ae daawn at
YDto
S- RW, WR,WW
1) An cape imert tonast of o s i a cofn ard bep
tbaocotna tsocond ime a head ocus8 Tfa
tail occns on 4be s t toos thep a dii t rolled
onund be Aample <pace
Ars HH, HT, TI, T2,13,T4, 75, T6

uppose 3 bulbe cre alected at ropcloro Siom a

Jot kach ballb Hesed ad clasnfjed as
duecve (0) or lon deeckive (N) Klule tbe
Aople Apa.a of fhú apeuimeot

S , DDD, DpN,DND, NDD ,DNN, NDAI,NAUD

AIN
t) A Coco loged 4 tbe oeetcope ahead ,a
die u Abao wn 1 I de sbows up an even number
the de ú brovdn agat Khat t he sample sprce
fo the erperioent
An S T , Hl, H21, H22, H2 3,H24, H26, tH2G
H3,H4 H42 Hy 3, H44H45 H46, HS)
Hel H62, HG9 HG4 H65, H66
 An erpeiment Conets YoYo|ling a du and ben
fosing c oc one f be number on 1he dê eNen
f tbe number on 1be de Odd be cocn i toesed twice
Alutt the sample spac
Ans
S IHH, IHT, THITT 2H,2T,: 3H) 3HT
3HT,
3TH 3TT AH, 4 T 5 HH ) SHT 5TH, 5TT,
6T 6H
Two due are brocon lbe even AB and c
ore as folows
A: gethiog am even numher oolbe fict dui
Bgeting an edol number onthe s t due

C:gcti be sum df -be numbers on he dicez5

Descaibe tbe event

t) mot B tuu) A o» B
) A
iv) A and B A bul bot C vi AoBoc
Answer
Here A- { ) , 6,2) 0,3) ,Ó4) @5) 6 )
4. 4.2) A) ) 5) )
G1)(619) (63) {t14) ,G15) 6)
 (2)
B-iCu1), (v3) (v1) )5) , 6)
1 ) , (32) (3,3) ,(3/4) (3/5) (36)
,

61), 5)p) ,(b13) Ñ61) 5 ) 516)

2i)
C 4 ) 5 ) ,(16) (2,9) 24) S215)
9)813), 34) ,65) 316), 41)
42)3) 1 (45) 6),61)
614) (515), 616) 61)
612),3)
(62)63), (t15) ,Ct,6)
) A-B
ic) mot B- B A
hi) Ao B AUB= S
iv) AO B
Abut omel C=h(21),2)
A-C
v AnBoc AA AOC= AOc'-
-

(B-A) i e ) oa).
A d rolled let E be 1be event "dir showr 4
and be he evemt "die shows even number
Are E and f mulually (xctuçive

Answer
Here E {4 and F-,416}
En F-43 +¢
' t aiL ot mutually excuive
A Too dice are lbowo and the sum f be nuobeas
whh Come tup oo he dice ti ncted. Let us tconkicler
Abe ollowmg oven avsocialed wctb lhu expeumed

A:tbSum s NUn
mulupe 6| 3
B: h um a

C:the suo s less han 4

D: tbeum qreader-lhanI
envents are mutually ene lusive
lheb pauns obese
ADseY
ber are 86 elemens b saople<pmce

S-3y) 1=q= ,2,3/4,5,6

hen
A= (h1),(L3) 5 ) ,(»2) e,4),(6)
(8),,3),()(4,2) 4), (44)
(511),(6,3) (55) ( 612) (614) 6 )
2) D, (n5) (51), G3) 2 ) ,
B
4),(63) 1),(a5) 54), (66)}
C 2) (a)
D 6,6)
Here
AoD44
AOB + Anc f ,
Boc4 BOD CoD=
evemt
So
So C D art mutuall erclui ve
 (10
Arsiqpmumt
Knercis t6 - qustion mo- 6 , 1 13,5

Eercisc 162 questron mo 3

Preblems
Acocn ú tossed toice , hlbat is tbe paobabilut
thnt atleast one tail occus 9
Ans Sample pace S HH) TH, HT, TT
tal
ket A be the
event of geing atleast ome
A-TH HT, TT
n(A) = 3

PAobabily ckgeting alluast ome lail P 84

A cad is lected rom a peck ot 58 cadt
poots AYt tbere t tbe smple Spa ce.
D Ho manc
paobability 4bat tbe cand twill be
) Calculale th
a diamo
an ace
b mot
c)abhckcaad
d)mot a dtanond
nol a black cd
4) tof pade
Answer
bere are 52 potns t6-he sample xpaca
 i) a) heye are 13 diamond Cads
pobabi lte of sel ertin diaond Cads 13
A

b) No-6 au cads =4
No CF non ace cands - ba-4-4
Cads 4 12
pyobabrliij of scleceting
=
non ace
52 13

)Noof black cads= Rt

coads a52
Paohabtlilq st scleching black
=
-.

d) rsbablutq 6t seleckin' arond cauds

=1- probacbaly oelectine dramond Cards
= I-

ePasbabully of leching non black caac

Toobablity of sclectiog blhck cauds

) Namber of au fapade cand 1

7obnbeluliy ef aleetog au
ofspade
3A fau oin cotb 1 maked on One
lace aoad
G on -1he other onda fa de aue bolb tossecf.
r be pmbabluliu that -1be u d tumbershat
tun up à () 3 ii) 12

Apgwer Heve Saople spmce- {Cu Dve ),3) A4

Ct) 6),i)»(12,s)» o/4) K5),66) }
 m(S) 2
Lef A be tbe event o1 geting um 3
A- C2)D nA) 1
RA)- 2
Let Bbe lbe event of gelig <um 12

8616) n(B)
. PCB)

4If h probabilli ot ou event A,ohat ts

th remblily of fbe event "not A
Ang wer
Gtiven PCA)= 2_
hen
hen PCmo t A)= PGA)= 1-PM)- I
5 A leHer u chocn at random from be uword
ASSASSINATION ind beprsbabluliy tbat kttris
t ) a vouwe

Answer
Tbere are 13 lelas t 1he qiven toord
Souople pau Conlauns 13powls

() No yocarls
PCVouel )- G13
t) No ot ConSonant =
Y
PCConkonants)
G A arY Coin Hossed Hour timesand a
Perron win Re i fov each head and Loe R 50
for each tail 1had tuans up. Aum he sample
space, calul ate ho man ouffren t amoun
0t mopey you Cah howe
howe akter tour tosses and
he pro hbiluly hai ng each f bese amounG.
Ansoer
Here, the random erpeiment i tosing a CDin
our tmu
S- HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HTHH, THHH,
HHTT, HTHT HTTH, THTH, TTHH,
THHT, TTTH, TTHT THTT, HTTT
TTTT
1G
a percon cck four bads 1be amoust is "Rs 4

Probabulwty ot getng Ra 4- 16

14opoon qa ehuads and omu toul tben tbe

amount u 4141-|50 = Rs |.50

pobabdaky 9etin R 150 =

Apeveo9 geá aheads and 2als 1ben tbe
amount ú H 15o -|'50= -I - Rs l Los
P Om upee oc) 6 =3
16
 Abe poson qes 8 Hoils and one head
the amount u -|:50 150 -|50 +| "8 50=
Rs 3 50 Lose
PRA8 50 use) » 4 -

the peson gcts 4 ails amount ú 15Ox4

Aose
PR &Aoc) 6

Two studuents At and Ashima appeaud i

an exonation . e rubablla 1hot anel wll
quaytbe eaarn u .05 and hat Achima
wll quaku he tanm u 0 10 be pabbabulil
hat both will qual 1be ezam O0202

i d he prababulilz hot
a) Both Anil and Akhima well not qualky
the eram

Atleast ane them will not qua

the ean)
Only om Qdbem coell qualuhy 1be eram
Angwer
Let A and B denote 4be eveots hat
And and Ashima wil qualugy be eaaro
YOpecimely
Given that
P(A) = 05 P(B)- 0 l0 ?CAo8)=0-02.

t) The ewent botb Ani and Ashima wcll mot

qualy fhe exam u donoted be AnB
PCA'OB) = PCAuB) [9 DeMorqans loud

=I- PAUB
=l -Peb +PB)-P(A0s)]
-10 054 010 002
- 13 =0 87

(1) PCaileast ooe fthmd nat quauby)

- P Cbotb «f tbem will quala)
=I- P(A0B)
I-0-02 = 0:48

The went Oonly one o hery wil quslty

(1tt)
the taao' demoted by (Ans')utAoB)
P((A08') Uao8) PCAOB') t P[(A%8)
evemle)
(AoB oB m dussoirt
PA-8)4 PcB-A)
= PA)- PtAOB) + P(B) - P(Ao8)

= O05 O 02 O 10-0 02 =
O:|
 A Cormmiltke of Jwo peron clecfed ror
two mep abdtwo ho men. hat ú lae pobahlcty

hat 4be toomitfc wihowe

a Mo man
b Ome man
ctwo men
Ansnoe
Here, th Yarolon eaperiment u tbe elettoo
peKons out o 4

.Sample Space contou 4C = urople pount

a) P selectiog no roan)- P(selectinq tepaoroen)

AC
b PCselecting one maD
0oman
-PCedatrog one man 4 Om

=C X 2C x2
6
AC2
PCSelecfing two mem

6
AC
Mnd e pobabiluly hat wben a hand df 7
Caxcls is drawn froro a well shuAfled deck o
5a CaRds I Contains
1) al kings
) 3 kings
të) atleast kings
Ansuoty
Tot a huober of poible bandls =
52C
4 kings 4 Ca x 48
i) Numbtr f hands wth
-

roust be chonrom the vest 48 card)

(othr 3 Cads

P a kings)
= 4 C4 X48 3
135
52 C

) Nuober of hards weth 3 kungs - CA

4Cs X 48C4
PC3kungs) = 4G148C4
5a C 1541
) PCatleat 3 tings)- PCakngs or 4 kungs
PCakungs) + PC4 kungs)

7735 547
4C
13S
o Tn a Hoy ,a perwoo choscs sin daerent ratural
huobos at rando ro to Qo) and f ber
numbers match Cwcth 4be in numbers
alreadey ixed by be lottcr Commutee he uotns
tbr pix Klhai s the pvobablly Gwtntn
tbe paixe b be qame
Answer
20
Tot a number of lottry cket =
&0C 6 14
38 160
Paixe L qiven to Omly one 1bee ticku

PCcoupniog be iaroe) =
38 760

. bnumber lock t a rutcase has A

wbels,
each labelld witb ten dugds 1e, fo O to q.
ne lock Opens wdb a equenee df four dugls
wdb no repeals hat the pmbabuula of
a
pero gettng -be Aigbt seqepe to opep
the i t c a

Answer
Ananee he Lo digts tp 4 places bis Coo be
done 1Atsu lbere u omly one numberthab Cao
OPEm th uit
Prohabi lLijy of opep 1beSsuitcase .
lo
 Assiqnoent
kertix 16-3 question mo- 1, 3,8, 13,!4 ,15,16,7.
Mucellan eouw e erCue- 9uestiom no - .
Probl ems
A A bo Cootains 1o red mables , Ao blw maable
manbles drauwD
nd 80 green marbles.5 are

rom hbe boz what the probabulsy a t

i) all wil be blue 9

i) atleast one wtll be grun

Anwer
Tota nuober d maubles = 60
No t elemeot b the Sample atpace - 60
C teclion f 5 mubles)

i) PCselechtnq 5 blue mables) =0C

i) P(leetog atleast one green mable

maubles other than greoo
=1- Paleting

-30C
60 C5

and 60
Ouk t too studeot tuo scctions of 40
OL ar H you and your fiend are among
1be 00 sludents what u be probablty hat
aoubath ecr be same seclwo 9
b)you bdlh eer -be dilfreot sectio: 9
 Total ways o mehioq studenti outof too
100 C
C2
a PC botb or tbe same mcliuo) 40 t60 =

100C
(select 2 ther frqo 1sgectio
0Y from seclion)
33

Pbotb eottr tbe defreot cectivo) - AOGX60G

(Select oe atudeot fiorn each
eclbo) 6/8 3

3 1 4- dugit nuo bes greater 1han 5000O

, O J and 7,
Yandom tormed fror be dg1tt o,1,9,5buober
what 1be pro babuil df formunga
dint ble b 5 twhen
he dugtt are Yepeafed ? u not allowed 9
ü)he repetltoo of dgr
Answu
Number 6f 4-dugts
number greeer tbay
and 7
rorned fror he dgl o,\, 3,5
5000
f o 7 i housand
whtn upeti ton is allowe place
2ays 5w_he as1 +lere we
Can't taka
H T the no 5000
Tw to his Qrocp-
d50-1 49
X 5 X5x5-1-
Total uober st dugt number that can be
dins 1ble by 5
soays bpays 5 taysway-|
H T
ehei 5 o 7
Here ll the hous andeplaca
ing
o or 5
and fill unit place wing
100-1
=
99
X5X5 X 2-4=
when
4 dtgt numbr divieble hy 5
PCget.
PCgethog
Yepetun s allowed wed)
5000
of 4 digit rumber greatr han
Number
i) uing
be dugt
Cap be ormd pot allowed
that Tepettion u not
whep
O 1) 3,5a 7
4ways 3ways
d cways
= waup
Th H T
A&
number dinstble by 5
A digit
Tota humber ot
5 io unit pla ce
C a x 1 ia

ways waus 1 wad

Th H T
hu fx 7 i Thousaciplace.
(A7 5 in urut placa
Tota no = 3 Y2 6
 Case & o Drut place
way 3way way

Th H T
tben we can ill
fia 0 tin unut place
CTF w
hous and place using 5 0 7)
3x x l 2
=

otal no =x = &
no
total
Censidexirng batb
cases togdber nst
u
wben repeliin
PCnumber dinible by 5

aNowed)
A A Cards are wel -shufted deck
draun rom a

f 5a Cads hat tbe probablity of obtauruing

diamonds and Gne spade9
Anser
Total nod lecinq 4 caxds n( = 5G

PCobtauning 8 diamonds and one Apade)

13C x 3G
5a C

5be prubability Ahat a studert wi pas tbe fral

enarn inboth Enqliub and Hndi & O'5 and the
pobbabi ypassing neitber u o-1 1f be
pobability of pasing «lbe emush ean O75
what the pobbab1ulq o pasnivg he Hibd

Answey
Le ESH dendte tbe ewert of pawig erglsh
eSpectwel
and Htndi exAD
O5
P(E) 0 15, PCEOH)
=

Gaiven that =

PCR'OH) - O:l
le hve P(E'oH')= PEUH)
I- PEUH
PeoH)
=

1- P(Eo ) =
ol =0:q
PEUH)

he PEuH) PR)+ P(H)-PEOH)

P(EUH) +PEOH) FE
-

P(H)
PH) =
0.4 t05
-

0 15
PH) =0 65

ignmemt
JuasloD no- I&/19,2|
kaenie l6 3
Miscellanebs eaexe ques lian no- 34.