With Two Supplements consistin g of é

,
Two Plates in Colors and One Large Sheet of Details. | NOVEMBER 1885. $1.50 a Year —Single Copies [5 cents
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New York: Published by MUNN & CO.. 364 Broadway, corner Franklin Street.
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 RICHARD DUDGEONW,
24 Columbia Street, - - - - New York, U.S.

HEAT! FROST! FIRE! VERMIN! SOUND!!!

MAKER AND PATENTEEOF
Improved Hydraulic Jacks, Punches, Roller-Tube Expande
DIRECT ACTING STEAM HAMMERS.

Slag Wool.
COMMUNICATIONS BY LETTER WILL RECEIVE PROMPT ATTENTI
Jacks for Pressing on Car Wheels or Crank PinsMade to Order.

Rock Wool.
We make two kinds of Mineral Woolas above. The
| Slag Wool is me nt for a TAREE

Insulating, Deadening Fire-prooing ovr 8,00 nowt

Rapid in_grinding —They mus
The walls and floors of dwellings, public im
profitable. Built of iron and steel—
must be desirable. The spindles
"14: ~ a ning in oil—They must run cool.
buildings, and passenger cars. cull
orihut oe
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easily run—They must be econon*
The Rock Wool is specially made for use on Not liable to get out of order—
must bea goodinvestment. Thest
being well selected—They must dc
steam and water pipes, to prevent CONDENSA-= work required. Built on scientific:
ciples—They must be perfect in all
TION and FREEZINC. parts. The bearings being easily
- perfectly lubricated—They must taki
power. The hangings not suspe
This Material will not Burn, Rot, stift on the cockhead—They must ah
be adjustable. The mils being d
Char, or Crack. cated in all their parts—They must 1
the requirements of those who havet
inuse. Thestones being of an e
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pees true with the face—They 1

U. S. Mineral Wool Co.

e perfect in balance.
Flour, Feed, Fine Meal, Middli
Cements, Starch, *arble ‘Dust, ¢

22 CORTLANDT ST., N. Y.
#2) Facing, and allkinds of hard substar
? See illustrated notice, ScientificAr
<a == can, july, 1879, page 54.
< = = MUNSON BROS.
AI GHEST AAWAR D—First Miller af Z :
Cincinnati, Ohio,1Tavernational gest Uteca, New York,U.S.

THE GUILD & GARRISON VACUUM PUMP.

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ys JAMES LEFFEL & CO.,

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 +S Bie SINT EEET N/aes er

PATENT BRICK OR TILE ROOFS.

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ist Building, Exchange Place; Tiffany & Co., 15th St.; The Florence, 18th 8St., Madison Ave. and 52d St.; No. 80 Madison Ave.; The Bryant Building, Cor. Nas-
1 Ave.; Smith Building, 3 and 5 Cortlandt St.; C. Vanderbilt, 36 and 388 E. 58th sau and Liberty Sts.; The Metropolitan Opera House, Broadway and 7th Ave.,
; New York Hospital, 15th St.; New York Stock Exchange, Broad 8t.; and 39th to 40th Sts.; The New York Produce Exchange; The Standard Oil
O. Mills’ Building, Wall and Broad Sts.; Livingstone & De Forest, 512 to 516 Building; The Massachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Building, Boston, Mass.:
oadway, and 56 to 66 Crosby St.; Private Residence of H. Brehm, 15 E, 386th 8t.; now under construction, The Potter Building, New York, and The Northwestern
_ se F. de Navarro, 5 and 7 E. 57th St.; R. Goelet, 48th St. and 5th Ave.; O. Mutual Life Insurance Co.’s Building, Milwaukee, Wis.
velet, 49th St. and 5th Ave.; C. Vanderbilt, 57th St. and 5th Ave.; Robert L. x

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Independent Condensers. Water Meters.
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Sale U. §. Agent for MONCRIEP'S SCOTCH GAUGE GLASSES. co

St. Louis, Philadelphia,

Send for Catalogue. |

 NOVEMBER-—JUNE,
1885-86.

MUNN & CO., PUBLISHERS,

No. 38G1 Broadway, New york.

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THE NEW AQUEDUCT TUNNEL FOR THE CITY OF NEW YORK.—[Seep

 2 Scientific American. {NovemMBER, 1885. |
————————
rn
Scientific American,
GOVERNMENT INVESTIGATION OF THE BELL PATENTS. decisions will make the ground of attack doubly hard
The Bell telephone patents seem to be peculiarly for the next suitor. Thus it appears that there is lit:
ESTABLISHED 1845. favored by fortune. After adverse action by the cir- tle chance for a decision that will be satisfactory,
cuit courts, their opponents sought the aid of the gov- because a complete one, for many months; and when
MUNN & CoO., Editors and Proprietors, ernment, endeavoring. to make it assume the role of the time for such action arrives, the court will quite
public prosecutor, so as to decide the validity of the probably have behind it and be guided by a series of
No, 361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
——__. patents finally on their merits. The Attorney-Gene- decisions in the patent’s favor. All this shows how
0. D. MUNN. A. E. BEACH.
ral’s department was manifestly the proper one to well the case has been engineered by the eminent
prosecute the case. But on reference to him, it was counsel retained by the Bell Company. The patent,
NEW YORK, NOVEMBER, 1885. in itself, is far from being the basis of the prosperity
found that he owned some outside telephone stock, was
DHE therefore interested in the defeat of the Bell patents, of its owners. It has not merit enough .n it to give
and so could not properly act as prosecuting officer. it that position. Buta combination «f great business
Scientific American, Hence a suit that had been begun by his subordinates,
and which was started on such a basis as would, if any-
with great legal talent has made it the cornerstone
for an unprecedented structure. One hundred mil-
ARCHITECTS AND BU LDERS EDITION. thing has that power, insure the full trial of the case, lions of dollars at the time of the hearing of the
had to be discontinued. Their fortune did not desert Drawbaugh suit was commonly assigned as the value
This is a Special Trade Edition of THE SCTENTIFIC AMERICAN, issued
Monthly,—on the first Saturday of the month. the Bell Company. The most menacing suit ever insti- of the interest. Since that period it has certainly in-
It goes directly into the hands of those who have the ordering of the great
bulk of Building Materials and Appliances, namely, the Architects, Builders, tuted against them was stopped. creased in value and in apparent stability. This im-
Constructing Kngineers, and Contractors.
It has the largest circulation of any Architectural or Building paper in
a R
It is of imperative necessity to the public that these mense monopoly rests on and is based on the theory
the world. The publishers guarantee the regular issue of every number to patents be impartially investigated by a competent that in all telephone systems speech
is reproduced
be over twelve thousand copies. ~
Of the November number we cites over twenty-five thousand copies ;and tribunal. The suit just discontinued was a public by ‘‘an undulatory current of electricity.” A more
of the December number we shall print over twenty-five thousand copies.
Advertisements for the December number should reach us on or before need. What the Attorney-General’s duty is in the slender basis, owing to the absence of a rational theory
November 2th. Terms very moderate. Address the undersigned.
An Increase of Trade will necessarily accrue to all Manufacturers matter is hard to say. It would seem asking too much of electricity, could not be imagined.
and Dealers whose establishments are conspicuously represented in this
important edition of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. to suggest his resignation. If, while owning stock in an The Department of the Interior has at last taken
TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION: adverse company, he was to prosecute the suit, public cognizance of the state. of affairs. Secretary Lamar
For Architects and Builders Edition of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, $1.50
ayear. In Clubs, four copies for $5.00. Single Copies. 15 cents each. opinion would be clamorous against him, would make and Commissioner Montgomery are to have the
Sold by all Newsdealers. him waver in his action, and would unquestion- counsel and representatives of several telephone com-
TEUNN & CO., Publishers,
361 BRoADWAy, NEW YORK. ably bias the mind of the court strongly against him. panies appear before them for the consideration of
{2 Two Supplements, consisting of two plates in colors and one large
sheet of details, go with the November number of our ARCHITECTS AND He might sell his stock, but even if he did so, he would the following questions: 1. Has the government a
BUILDERS EDITION without extra charge.
still appear as one working for the cause of his friends. right to institute proceedings to set aside the Bell
{@~T wo corresponding Supplements will go with the December number.
The ownership by the public prosecutor of afew shares patents? and 2. Ifso, are the facts such as would war-
Contents, of telephone stock has become lifted into the dignity rant the bringing of such an action? If the questions
Of the November number of the ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS EDITION of a national misfortune. are decided in the affirmative, and the Attorney-Gen-
of SCLENTIFIC AMERICAN. ;
(lustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) The rejection of Morse’s claims to the transmission of eral is requested to prosecute, he will do it more
Atlantic, origin of..............+.-. 10 ;Fuel, liquid. in California..... seecele signals by electricity is historic.
Aqueduct, new, map and profile of* 7 |Glass, stained, tests of....... Bae He was trying to pat- gracefully than before, bnt still will be overshadowed
Aqueduct, Croton*®..............s+6 7 |Houses, Warwick, old*....... a5 ent a natural force. The patentee of the telephone has by his ownership of telephone stock. ‘The courts will
Aqueduct tunnel for New York*.. 1 | Interior, at the................ . 10
Bag holder for trucks*............- Inventions, agricultural..... in effect doue this very thing. His claim as construed be influenced in favor of the Bell patents by it, just
Blue print process, the... .... Inventions, engineering...
Boat, submarine, Nordenfelt* Inventions, miscellaneous. by the circuit courts covers the transmission of articu- as was feared in the discontinued suits.
Bolt, new, Taylor’s*...........-- Jail, iron, rotary.... sieht
Book list, SCLENTIFIC AMERICA Keyhole guard, improved* late speech by electricity. His lawyers, with wonder- | ee
Ladder, improved*..........
Link movement for rev ful ingenuity, have captured the minds of the judges. “THE DOLLAR MEDICAL SHOP,”
Buildings, Albany, Southport*.. . 25 engines*
Buildings, firepoof, in New York. 17 |McClellan, Gen. Geo. B... They have evolved a theory of an undulatory current, Expenses for medical services forin an important
Buildings in glass*..........----se0+ 26 | Medical shop, the dollar.
Buildings of prominence in New Mutual Life building*.......... ... and of corresponding movements of the two telephone item in the family account of theartisan and the work-
TORK CUy icons. ccsccrs scssenee New books and publications....... 1
Notes and queries............. Ree 12| diaphragms, that they can stretch to cover any electric ingman. A growing family has many aches and ail-
Caisson, timproved*.......... Ohio River, improvement of...... 3
Casing for PIPOS* ee vevenkese Paperin Tonkin. so. Os veenseuree . 10 telephone. <A point of such abstract theory as this is ments, which, not being understood, seem the more
Central Park apartments*...
Check for blind slats*........
Patents, Bell, government inves-
CHEAHOR OF. «S205. eerececseeneera 2 made one of the centra! features of their defense. The serious—hence the physician and his bill.
Chimney cap, improved*. . Photographic notes...... There is reason to believe that not once in five times
Chimney, paper Pians and contributions probability that there is no such thing as an electric
Chimneys, domestic, relation of
to the construction of roofs.*.
Produce Exchange*
5 Residence, village. | current, the incapacity of an induction coil for gene- when the physician is called to attend one of these
Clock, the, ticking of...............
Concrete construction, improyve-
3 Shade roller hanger’
Shelving, improved, Rei
rating a continuous current in any sense, the probable families is his presence required. A simple remedy
,
EIONOS 1". sods ces ses ved se sisse Sky, night—October and Novem- inoperativeness of any undulatory feature that may be that the more intelligent would quickly have bethought
Corn planter, Agee’s.... 43 DBI soescuer.ss sencccocstnetecnne 3
Cottage costing $150*................ Soil, the, as a filter......... 3 accidentally present in telephone currents, are all lost themselves of is prescribed by the physician, and the
Country residence, with two Spontaneous combustion. . 21
plates in colors and large Squirrel, the, westward.... 6 sight of, or cleverly evaded, and the fiction of an un- pain is stopped. But his bill goes on. The items in-
sheet of details.....:.. .....00« 17; Star in Andromeda........ ......+. 10
Dakota apartment house*. .. 20| Structures, movable, for fairs, dulatory current is kept up. A number of suits have crease and multiply, and his services, like good seeds
Desk, portable, new............ 18 markets, Cbe.*.......0.ss0.scccrce 19
Drain and ventilator, cellar*....22, 23 |Submarine boat, experiments*. 9| been decided on final hearing by the circuit courts, and sown in the ground, bring forth their fruits in their
Drawing, our, and colored sheet Suggestion, a special
details cade ‘Tent, improved... always with the same result, a victory for the patents. season, his crop ripening at the end of the year. Un-
Drawirgs. Tomatoes, drying..
tion o Ao 18 Tunnel, aqueduct f But just as inevitable as the result was an incomplete- happily, the physician has no regular system of prices.
Drawings in blue lines on white
ground, reproduction of........ 25 ness in the issue as presented. The defendants always
Sometimes a poor family is charged only two dollars
Eden Musée™............s.0+6- 4 Warwick houses, some old*,.
Exg register and tester*.. -. 4] Weather ae ieacoaee $scxseemae ens 18 made admission of some of the points of attack. for a single visit, but usually three, and operations, even
In-
Eggs, preserving........... «sees. 3] Wells, drilled, machines for put-
Fence, improved*............e06 22, 23 ting GOWN: icescacosseseee’ cee a|fringement was admitted in one case, claims of other of the most simple description, are often charged for
ANG ORCANO Ts, sca <ckasnadpasasce cas 4] Window sash and frame*., 22, 23
Fireplace attachment*.......... 22, 233 |Wool, mineral.....s.cesees inventors were left out in others. The question of according to what the patient is supposed to be able
Flower Market, Madeleine, Paris* 19! Wool, slag......
validity never yet came to trial upon its merits. At to pay. The apothecary may also be regarded as an
OTHER PUBLICATIONS. last, in the western district of Pennsylvania, such a case unknown quantity.
came up on motion for preliminary injunction.
The wind, we are told, is tem-
Every pered to the shorn lamb, but the apothecary knows no
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN effort was made to meet the motion by a full defense. such merciful rule. He gets what he can, and in the
All the points that could be raised against the Bell getting has little regard apparently to what the article
Weekly, $3.20 a Year; $1.60 Six Months,
Sixteen large pages elegantly illustrated. patents were to be used. Even a series of Reis and costs him. Those familiar with the market price of
other telephones were prepared for exhibition, and per- drugs and simples have often been pained and sur-
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT sonal auricular trial by the court to prove anticipation. prised to see him charge sixty cents and even a dollar
Is a distinct paper from the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. THE SUPPI.E-
MENT is issued weekly. Every number contains 16 octavo pages, uniform The case was opened by the patentee’s counsel, in for what could searcely have cost him so much asa
in size with the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. $5.00 a Year.
Combined Rates,—The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SUPPLEMENT, an elaborate address, Jasting several days. After the shilling.
one year, $7.00.
er safest way to remit is by draft, postal order, or registered letter. opening had been only commenced by the defendants, This indefinite system of charge is a serious matter
A ress
MUNN & C0O., 361 Broadway, corner of Franklin Street, New York. the juage announced that he should in any ease be to the workingman with a family. If a rash breaks
guided In his decision by what his brethren of the out on the baby, it costs him three dollars for a physi-
Table of Contents of circuit courts had already done, and should grant cian, and perhaps sixty or eighty cents for medicine;
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT the injunction. This action was taken in the face of and if Mary Jane be suddenly taken with chills, several
mo. S14, the fact that a new set of issues, because a complete visits and prescriptions are presumably required, which
Fer the Week Ending November 7, 1885. set, were open for the judge’s consideration. Of course between physician and druggist mayhap cost the poor
Price 10 cents. For sale at this Office and by all Newsdealers. in the normal course of things the suit will come man a week’s earnings. ,
PAG
1. CHEMISTRY.—Chlorides in the Rainfall of T884..................0c00e
Apparatus for Evaporating Organic Liquids.—With description
214 eventually to a final hearing, but the treatment of the Attempts have been made to protect the working-
IMLS) SURWOR «ole S oti a «.c6S xg ul = tw basigskse.cavabeerenc
eeOdeToeMeneS elaborate and full resistance to a preliminary injunc- man with a family from these impositions. Some of
IL. ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS.—Relative Costs of Fluid and
MMM IUORN, Sip cccss sos os cees shee caice tion is a good illustration of the remarkable prestige the workingmen’s clubs connected with the churches
The Manufacture of Steel Casting
Science in Diminishing Casualties 1% a xtract of a paper held by the owners of the Bell patents. From the employ skillful andreputable physicians, who give their
read before the British Association ‘vy DON ARTURO DE MAR-
SRNR IURUDE os. s haan one cade bs San ev'e ovens Aah sepvaShehhsunwetnsie sheen 8202 character of the counsel and capitalists engaged and services to members at nominal prices. The most suc-
Improved Leveling Machine.—9 figures. 5204
The Span of Cabin John Bridge............ ze 8209 interested in this suit, much may yet be hoped for cessful attempt thus far to protect poor families is per-
Improvements in Metal Wheels.—3 figures............. . 8209
Apparatus for the Production of Water Gas.—3 figures............ 8209 from it haps that of the directors of: the New York Hospital,
Ill. TECHNOLOGY.--The Blue Print Process.—R. W. JONES.......... 8201
Distinct allegations of fraud in the granting of the who have established an out-patient dispensary, where,
Bell patents bring them within the province of action for a fee of only one dollar a month, a poor family may
The Secholar’s Compasses...... of the Attorney-General. He could have tried the have twelve consultations during the same period; the
The Integraph.—With full descriy
Apparatus ease in the circuit and eventually in the Supreme prescriptions that are made up costing from ten to
EN SS A ae a re
Sandmann’s Vinegar Apparatus.—l figur Courts, as no one else could. The action would come twenty cents extra. The physicians employed at the
Field Kitchens.—8 figures................. from such a new quarter that the circuit court judges
A New Cop Winding Machine.—3 figures. .., ae hospital, where all consultations take place, are, in all
The Preservation of Timber.—Report of the Committee of the
American Society of Engineers.—The Boucherie process.—Experi-
would be to a greater or less extent free from the cases, the most skillful practitioners in the city, the
SOME MOCRMTOTMMIGE, «5 apscess cceseasoccasscsanchateci
cc, cee influence of former decisions. A way seemed to have medicines and drugs are the best, and the prescriptions
IV. PHYSICS, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, ETC.—Apparatus for Meas-
been found in which to try the case de novo, upon carefully compounded.
its merits, unaffected by decisions in other cases, Un- Experience has shown that this system is much to be
Brown’s Electric Speed Regulator.—1 figure fortunately, it had to be abandoned. preferred to that of the public dispensary, because the
Magneto-electric Crossing Signal.—2 figures
The Chromatoscope.—An aid to microscopy The natural tendency would be to look to the dollar a month fee keeps away the malingerer and the
Vv. ART AND ARCHITECTURE.—The Barb
REEL (TORIIY 0 aies clesong c'sears accacvardecme Supreme Court for the remedy. The Bell patents have tramp, and, better still, does much to remove the feel-
never appeared before that tribunal. When they do, ing of alms-taking, which it has been found is so re-
in the natural order of the different suits, the first pugnant to many worthy and deserving people as to
decisions will be rendered upon incomplete issues. keep them away from the public dispensary.
The Absorption of Petroleum Ointment and Lard by the Skin. .._ 8212
VIL. MISCKELLANBOUS.—The Missing German Corvette Augusta.— =
Before a full presentation of the case is made, the It is much to be regretted that this out-patient de-
ey Pi WOME as oe sasscunantwacss
The Tails of Comets.—The effect
eee
disturbance of sola
Bell Company in every probability will have se- partment of the New York Hospital has excited the
Waves, and not by special matter.......... seeeeererecvereeresoeesers cured several Supreme Court decisions, Eachof such oper hostility among a certain class of the medical

/
 NovemMBER, 1885.] Scientific American,
profession, who, forgetting the advantages it offers to Improvement of the Ohio River. NIGHT SKY—OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER.*
the poor, seem inclined to look only to the fees which The Davis Island Dam was formally opened on Octo- i BY RICHARD A. PROCTOR,

are lost to the physician. ber 8. This dam, on the Ohio, six miles below Pitts- The Dipper lies low, the pointers a little east of
In arecent editorial in the Medical Record on ‘* The burg, Pa., designed to maintain a navigable
stage of north. Between the pointers and Pole Star lies the
Dollar Medical Shop,” a writer says: ‘‘As is learned water at that city the year round, was begun August tip of the Dragon’s Tail. Sweeping around the Little
from the annual report of the year 1884 (of the New 18, 1878, and since then, with many interruptions and Bear (Ursa Minor) we find the stars of the Dragon
York Hospital), 5,169 persons availed themselves of this delays, the national government has spent nearly (Draco) curving back by the star 6 to the Dragon’s
imposition during that year, and the total number of $1,000,000 on the structure. The dam’s distinctive fea- Head with the two bright eyes, y and 6. Above is the
visits was 27,565. No encouragement should be ture is its movability. Itis in reality 300 little dais, inconspicuous constellation Cepheus; and somewhat
given to this class, who seek to evade their dues to phy- each so hinged that it can lie prone upon the river bed. higher, the stars of Cassiopeia, @ and #, marking the
sicians.” This line of movable dams, or ‘“ wickets,” extends the top rail of the Seated Lady’s Chair.
The italics are ours. entire distance across the river, 1,223 feet. Of this dis- Low down in the northwest, Hercules is setting.
This is assuredly an extraordinary view of the mat- tance, 559 feet only is the navigable pass or pathway Above is the Lyre, with the bright steel blue Vega;
ter. Is there any class of the community which is un- for all craft when the lock is not used. The rest of the and above that the stars of the Swan (Cygnus), which
der obligation to pay overa certain amount in ** dues” dam is designated as ‘‘ weirs,” of which there are three, has sometimes been called the Northern Cross.
to physicians? And isit an injustice to these physicians divided by solid piers of masonry. To raise the wick- Nearly due west we find the Eagle (Aquila), €and «
if a certain number of possible patients combine to- ets of the navigable pass, a ‘‘maneuvering boat” is marking its tail, 6 the head. Above the Eagle is the
gether to protect themselves against extortion and mal- used; to raise the ‘‘ weir” wickets, a ‘‘surface bridge” pretty little constellation Delphinus, the Dolphin.
practice? Certainly not. is called into play. In the southwest, rather low, is the Sea Goat (Cap-
If the writer of this article in the Record had shown Like the wickets, this bridge lies upon the bed of the ricornus); above and to the south of him the Water
that the subscribers to this dispensary were not pro- river when not in use, and is raised and joined section Bearer (Aquarius), with his pitcher, marked by the
perly treated and could not be properly treated under by section. To raise the wickets and tilt them into po- stars, a, v, and € The head of the Winged Horse,
the conditions, then surely he would have done some- sition, where they are retained by a prop, calls into Pegasus, now upside down (in fact,’ he is seldom
thing to make out a case. But_ as it is, he argues only play an ingenious device, the Pasqueau ‘‘hurter.” A otherwise), is just above this group. The ‘‘ Square of
for dollars and cents, and Pegasus” will be noticed
against the interests of the NIGHT SKY: OCTOBER & NOVEMBER high up, due south. The
poor patient. Continuing, SIO WOZ MOH ULIY2LOA7 LE star a, of Andromeda, one
he says: “If the present eae oe, of the corners of this
abuse be not soon checked, square, used to be also
it may be that each physi- called 6 of Pegasus.
cian will have his own dis- Much attention need not
pensary, that is, treat peo- aa be directed to the lowly
ple free at his own office a
Phenix, low in the south-
during certain hours. In ee ern horizon. The River
uvaa J
that case, the dispensaries FTLLIT Fog Eridanus is coming well
would soon find their occu- “ed 9 into view; and the great
pation gone, and their Sea Monster -(Cetus) now
spheres of usefulness pro- shows finely, his head at
perly narrowed.” aand y, his paddles‘at €
Now, if physicians should and rt. The fishes (Pisces)
treat the poor free at cer- are aboye, the Ram (Aries)
tain hours as suggested, above them and eastward,
they would be doing no lying toward the south-
more than many eminent east, then the ‘Triangle
French physicians like (Triangula, or the Trian-
Ricard and German phy- gles, according to modern
sicians like Trubmann maps) and the Chained
have done before them; Lady, Andromeda, too
and should such a condi- nearly overhead to be very
tion of things come to pass, pleasantly observed. The
Western
Horizon great nebula in which the
and the public dispensary,
as the writer prophesies, new starrecently appeared
find its occupation gone, PEGASUS is near the point overhead.
the projectors of these ad- $e The grand giant Orion
mirable institutions will at aa ‘ .
,
is rising in the east; above
least have the satisfaction fae ye him the Bull (Taurus) with
227ae =e OL
of knowing that they x
Ls& Y Soe
ae” the Pieiades. Low down
brought about a very de- in the northeast the Twins
sirable change in the treat- WATER BEARER (Gemini) are rising; above
ment of the poor sick. is the Charioteer (Auriga),
—____—~» +@ and above him the Rescu-
The Soil as a Filter. ing Knight (Perseus), * of
The conclusions from ex- fair haired Danae born.”
periments made by the The Camelopard is hardly
National Board of Health worth noticing, except as
At 9 O'Clock: Nov,7
of New York, and con- At 11 O’Clock: Oct. 7
At 81¢ O'Clock: Nov.14
marking a barren region
ducted by Raphael Pum-
At 10% O'Clock: Oct. 15
At 8 O’Clock: Nov, 2? of the heavens.
At 10 O’Clock: Oct, 22 —_——-e#e
pelly, corroborate the = = pe <e
SS Preserving Eggs.
opinion of every sanitarian Horizon
in this country, that Now is the time the egg
though natural soil is an At 91g O’Clock: October 30 preserver may get in his
excellent filter for impure magnitude (a work. Inmany towns, both
In the map, stars of the first magnitude are eight-pointed; second magnitude, six-pointed; third magnitude, five-pointed; fourth
East and West, shrewd
air that may pass through few), four-pointed; fifth magnitude (very few), three- pointed, counting the points only as shown in the solid outline, without the intermedi-
it, it is a poor filter for ate lines signifying star rays, men are packing eggs by
infected water. The ex- the thousands at a cost of
perimenters say: ‘‘ From these results it appears that deft pull upon the prop dislodges it, and permits the|less than one cent each. Next winter they will sell at
sand interposes absolutely no barrier between wells and wicket to recline upon the bed wrested from the river. two cents each, when fresh eggs are 50 per cent higher.
the bacterial infection from cesspools, cemeteries, etc., Between each wicket is a space of an inch or two, Eggs packed and treated as follows can be kept three
lying even at great distances in the lower wet stratum which can be batted if desired, but which will pro- months, and seem and look like fresh eggs:
of sand. And if appears probable that a dry gravel bably be left open to permit the passage of surplus Take a common box, such as is used for packing
or possibly a dry very coarse sand interposes no bar- water. canned tomatoes; upon a two inch layer of fresh, clean
rier to the free entrance into houses built upon them The monster gates of the lock are closed by force oats place the eggs, large end down, and leave space of
of these organisms, which swarm in the ground air generated in a turbine wheel fed by water stored in at least an inch between the eggs; cover witha layer
around leaky drains,” ete. Other experiments have huge tanks. Each gate rolls upon its track, and when of oats and then place another layer of eggs as before,
shown that ground air will take up infectious germs in position they form the upper and lower extremes of until the box is nearly full; fill it with oats, packing
from water that is disturbed. a lock 110 feet wide and 600 feet long; a space sufficient the grain in neatly and serew on the top; place your
et ee to accommodate a tow boat and average tow of canal box inacool cellar, and turn it upside down every
The Ticking of the Clock, boats and barges. ‘To fill the lock requires but four other day. If strictly fresh eggs are used, and the
Slight though the ticking of a clock may be, says a minutes’ time; to empty it, the same. turning is attended to as directed, few persons will
writer, its sudden cessation has a wonderful influence The great dam is experimental in that, should its know them from fresh eggs, and they will certainly be
onal
upon the inmates of a room in which the time keeper success be assured, others will follow, and a series of much superior to limed or pickled eggs.—NVati
is located. A dim realization of something wrong steals pools will render the Ohio steadily navigable, as has Stockman.
over the senses—a feeling as if something of value had been the case on the Monongahela, —$_$<—<>
+--+ ____——-

been lost, or a friend had gone away perhaps never to
return, or as if some of the children were sick, until
suddenly one looks up and exclaims, ‘‘ Why, the clock’s
stopped!” And immediately the ill-defined forebod-
ings dissipate, the little shadow of gloom melts away,
and as the winding up process is completed and the
cheery ticking reeommences, the family cirele regains
its wonted buoyancy of spirits, and the members won-
der what it was that made them feel so gloomy a few
moments before,
t+ Oe In the Smithsonian Institution, at Washington, is the
small nugget of gold, a little larger than a pea, that
F Rom experiments performed by Prof. Bauschinger, eyes of James Marshall in the sawmill
first met the
of Munich, it was found that of all the materials used in
raceway at Sacramento, and was the beginning of
columns for supporting portions of buildings, cast iron
those discoveries in California that have added nearly
and cement concrete best endured the test of great
$1,500,000,000 in gold to the world’s stock of the precious
heat, as in fires, and sudden cooling with water.
metals.
Wrought iron columns failed much more quickly.
Brick pillars showed great resistance, but granite, * For further details about the various constellations, the reader is re-
limestone, and sandstone were not fireproof. ferred to the author’s “ Easy Star Lessons.”
 4 Scientific American. (Novemner, 1885.
AN IMPROVED KEYHOLE GUARD. Drying Tomatoes, EGG REGISTER AND TESTER,
An ingeniously contrived keyhole guard, recently In Italy an extensive business is carried on in drying The object of this invention is to provide a device by
patented by Mr. Joseph Krejci, of Armstrong, Neb., tomatoes to use during those portions of the year when means of which the dealer may, at a glance, separate
affords a double protection against interference with fresh fruit cannot be obtained. According to the the bad from the good eggs; the device also automati-
the lock. In the engraving, Fig 1 shows the outside Rural Record, tomatoes are grown, for the most part, eally registers the number tested. In the engraving it
of a padlock to which the device has been applied, and between rows of grape vines. Sometimes the toma- is shown attached to an ordinary egg case. To use
Fig. 2 the interior mechanism which operates the toes are trained on the Jower bars of the trellis to the tester, three eggs—that is, a quarter dozen—are
guards. A metal door over the keyhole, and two but- which the vines are attached. The tomatoes are al- placed inthe holes in the pivoted top, which swings
lowed to remain on
tons on each side of the door, are the only parts visible the branches until they are quite down to a horizontal position, thereby causing an arm
on the outside. ripe; they are then
After turning the key in the lock, and picked and pressed in bags made of
removing it from the keyhole, the outside door is coarse cloth, which allows the pulp to pass through,
closed, and a hook on its inner side near the free end but which retains the seeds and skins. The pulp is
passes through a slot in the :ront face of the padlock. then thinly spread out on cloth, boards, or in shallow
The upper right hand button is raised to bring an in- dishes, and exposed to the sun to dry. When it has
ner plate under this hook, and the lower right hand become quite dry, it is broken up fine, or ground, and
button is then turned to the right to bring the shallow put into boxes or bags and sent to market. A large
part of it is used for makingsoups, but a considerable
portion is employed as we do tomatoes when preserved
in tin or other cans. It is soaked for a few hours in
warm water, and then cooked in the ordinary manner.

E
There is a great prejudice against canned tomatoes.

i
dl
a)

i
many being unwholesome. The acid juice which they
contain unites with the solder of the tin cans, and forms

“Y
a disagreeable compound.—TZhe Garden.
—__
—9 +8
i
ig
a
FIRE ESCAPE.
The object of the invention herewith illustrated is
il
mM
De mtnl

ole
to provide a fire escape which can easily be transported
to the fire, elevated to reach to the tops of the highest
ie aiooe
ee ‘a
buildings, and inclined toward or from the buildings as
required. Arranged to turn on the wagon platform is
KREJCI’S IMPROVED KEYHOLE GUARD. MARTI’S EGG REGISTER AND TESTER,
a box, and on one edge of the top of the base the lower
notch on its inner disk under a downwardly projecting edge of the bottom section of the telescopic tower is to move the large numbered wheel a distance of one
lug on the locking plate. When notch and lug are op- hinged. ‘The tower consists of several sections; one
tooth. The candle illuminates the eggs, the figures of
posite each other, the plate is forced down by a spring section slides
which are refiected in an inclined mirror in the oppo-
above it, and is locked in place by the engagement of within the
site end of the tester, and can be seen distinctly. The
the lug and notch. other, and all
good and bad eggs can be readily distinguished. When
The second guard is a horizontally movable plate, are of the same
the large wheel has made one revolution, the smaller
which may be brought over the inside of the keyhole. height, so that
one is moved one tooth. By means of the knob on the
For this purpose, the upper left hand button is raised when the tow-
side, the register ay be thrown out of gear.
to disengage its inwardly projecting pin from the cen- er is lowered
This invention has been. patented by Mr. Casper
tral notch in the top of the plate, and the lower left the upper ends
Marti, of 511 Washington Av. South, Minneapolis, Minn.
hand button is then turned to the right, to cause its of the sections i
toothed disk to engage the teeth formed in the lower | areflush. A BAG HOLDER FOR TRUCKS.
edge of a recess in the guard plate, as shown in the sec- | cable froma This bag-holding attachment for trucks serves to
ond figure. When the plate has been moved far enough | winding drum hold the bag while it is being filled and transported.
to cover the keyhole, a spring forces the pin on the up- journaled in The side bars of the truck have recesses on their front
per button into a second notch in the top of the guard the sides of the edges, over which are secured rods, A. On each rod is
plate, and thus locks it in place. When it is desired to box passes over a sliding clip, Fig. 2, formed with one forked and one
unfasten the padlock, the upper buttons are raised, as a pulley on top hooked end. At the hook the clip has a slot, the ends
before, and the lower buttons are turned about a half of the lowest of which are beveled, as shown in Fig. 38, and between
revolution, but in a reverse direction. The outer door section, and is the jaws of the forked end is pivoted a semicircular
ean then be opened, and as the inner guard plate has secured to the steel bow, B. When the holder is not in use, the clips
already been moved to one side, the key can readily are moved to the upper ends of the rod, and the bows
be inserted. Although this invention is shown applied folded up between the handles. When the holder is to
to padlocks, it is evident that it is equally applicable be used, the clips are moved down, according to the
to other locks. length of the bag, and the bows are swung down to
a project from the front of the truck. The mouth of the
am
\)
AN IMPROVED CARPET STRETCHER. bag is then clamped between the bows by raising one
The illustration herewith plainly shows the opera- of them, passing a portion of the upper edge of the bag
tion of a simple and effective device for lessening the around the lower one, and then lowering the raised
labor of laying carpets. A grooved bar is placed on bow, when the bag will be firmly clamped. The weight
the floor, and in the groove is a sliding rack, pivoted at of the bag presses the edges of the beveled slot and the
its front end in the grooved bar. A U-shaped frame, hooks against the opposite sides of the rods, thereby
having heads at each end, with their lower ends point- SANDBERG & AKESON’S FIRE ESCAPE.
ed, is held above the sliding rack by a V-shaped wire
or fulerum rod held between the open and closed ends
lower part of the second section. On the opposite
of the frame, and this fulerum rod is connected with
side of the tower a cable is secured to the upper
the upright handle or lever. The grooved bar has at its
part of the second section, and passed over a pul-

=
ley on the top of the third section, and fastened to the
lower part of the third section. Cables are similarly
arranged on the remaining sections. In the forked end
SSS
of the upper section is journaleda pulley having spikes
on its rim. On one side of this section is a pulley over
which passes a rope, from one end of which is suspend-
ed a strong wire basket having one side flattened, so ae to
that it can slide up the side of a building. The
other end of the rope is wound upon a drum on the
side of the bottom section. The hoisting rope is placed
at the hinged side of the tower; on the other side a
cable is secured to the bottom section at the top and
bottom, and is passed a number of times around two
winding drums.
The apparatus is simple to operate; the truck is
placed in front of and parallel with the building, when
the box carrying the tower is turned until the side
TAYLOR’S CARPET STRETCHER, pieces are at right angles to the building. The tower YOTHERS’ BAG HOLDER FOR TRUCKS,
is then raised by winding the hoisting cable upon the
front end a flattened part, over which the edge of the drum; the cable pulls upward the second section, holding the clips and bows in place. Springs, ©,
carpet is lapped, where it is clamped by the pulling backwhich in turn pulls up the third and so on, all the bearing against the eyes formed inthe ends of the
of the lever; moving back the lever further stretches sections being raised at the same time. If desired, the bows hold them in any position; and shoulders formed
the carpet toward the wall, and the stretcher is locked tower can be swung over until the spiked pulley on the ends of the bows, by striking the ends of the
in place by pressing the frame down to engage its cross- rests against the building; to incline the tower, the springs, prevent the bows from swinging down too far.
piece with the teeth of the rack, the outer ends being drums are so revolved as to wind that part of the rope This invention has been patented by Messrs. Walte1
held by the points of the heads driven into the floor, ’ connected with the bottom of the lower section and to 8. and Joseph W. Yothers, of Karthaus, Pa.; further
at the baseboards. The handle, shown upright, is a unwind that part connected with the top. Before particulars can be obtained from the former.
hammer as well as a lever, being made in suitable tack raising the tower the lower part is securely braced.
—_—_—
s+ a
hammer form. The entire apparatus can be made of wood or metal. A COURSE in sanitary engineering has been created
This invention has been patented by Mr. John J. This invention has been patented by Messrs. J. E. in the School of Mines, Columbia College. The course
Taylor, 2d, and the stretchers are manufactured by Sandberg and Magnus Akeson, of Butte City, Mon- will occupy four years, and the graduating students will
Messrs. Pickett & Rogers, of Warren, Pa, tana Ter, receive the degree of Sanitary Engineer.
 N OVEMBER, 1885.| Scientific American,
5
SOME OLD WARWICK HOUSES. the center of the apartment to the wall, and the fire opposite direction, would createan up draught. Fig. 2
The two sketches which we produce froin the pencil itself placed against a reredos, beneath a capacious shows a flat roofed house, which has no influence upon
of Mr. Prince, of Manchester, afford a good idea of the chimney. These chimneys, in their infancy, were con- the working of the chimneys.
Midland timber framed house, though they have not structed of wood, lined or pargeted with clay, as may Fig. 3shows an ordinary row of houses, with an ordi-
the ornate character of those within the walls of the still be seen in our rural districts; or they were of brick, nary pitched roof, The flues at the ridge will work
old borough. The tree depicted in front of the old inn being independent constructions to the half timber under all _ cir-
in Coton is one of the many trees in the neighborhood buildings, as seen in Gainsborough Old Hall. At the cumstances (so far
which is reported to mark the “center of England.” Queen Anne period, when houses were built of brick, as their outward
The house in Mill Street, just under the Castle Tower, the chimneys, although amalgamated with the build- construction is
is larger and more pretentious. In its rear is a court- ings, remained- important features of construction, concerned), while
and as such were carried toa those placed at a
great height above the roofs distance from
In some cases these Queen that point will
Anne chimneys were carried siuoke, as they are
up with the gables, in others within the influ-
| they rose from the level of the ence of the falling FIGS
eaves; but in every instance air; and henee it
| their height was far superior is customary to-see the outside flues (if regularly used)
to that of the ridge of the raised or surmounted with cowls. Fig. 4 shows a very
roof. From this date there bad style of chimney, viz., that placed upon the eaves
was a gradual reduction in of a roof. If
the capacity of the flues, a the roof is of
movement warranted by the flat pitch, and
introduction of grates, one not very long
which reduced the height and on the span,
strength of the chimneys, and such chimney
made them secondary fea- may be relied
tures in house building. upon to work
It is to this custom, the one if carried up a
followed, with few exceptions, good height;
> — ¥ Z a Si Ye $ i
=
==
ee
_— Seas ay
<4 1B as .
by the builders of to-day, butif the pitch
~ COTTAGESsyCEAMINCTON RY WARWICK. that we wish to confiny our is high orsteep,
remarks, and the span
Perhaps there has been no large, the evil
former period in the history is intensified; and such chimneys may be seen raised
of house building in which stage after stage, and surmounted with patent cowls,
smoky chimneys have been so the whole stayed with iron bars tothe roof, presenting
common as they are at the appearances truly dangerous. Fig. 5 shows a familiar
present day. Certainly there form of placing
has been no period when chimneys on the
chimney doctors, patent eaves of steep
roofed houses.
coals, ete., were so numerous.
Fig. 6 shows the
This, in large measure, is
roof plan of a
owing to the use of gables
house where
and steep-pitched roofs, de a
steep pitch is in-
tails credited to the so-called
revival of Gothic architecture, dulged in. The
a style which introduced long chimneys A and
and artificial lines of ridges, B will not work
which act as screens for the when the wind is
wind, and disturbing details traveling from left to right, because a vacuum is cre-
in the working of chimneys. ated at that end of the building, which causes a strong
The steep pitch of such roofs down draught in the air passing the line of the ridge.
disturbs the passing wind, at The other chimneys, so
one time raising it over the long as they are the height
ridge, and at another depres- of the ridge, will work un-
SUGGESTIONS IN ARCHITECTURE._OLD WARWICK HOUSES. sing it, and causing down- der any circumstances.
draughts in the adjoining We have this case actually
yard of considerable dimensions, and was of some im- flues. If the chimneys of a house are to work, a flat before us: A and B are the
portance when the highway from Brantmery to War- roof is of all kinds the best. The second best is a roof only chimneys which have
wick passed by it, when the old bridge was in existence with a low pitch hipped at all points. The third best been raised on the build-
Tt G 6
a century ago. In its selected position it is little is a high pitched hipped roof, and the worst of all is a ing, and these flues are fitted with smoke-preventing
known, save to architects and artists, with whom it is high pitched roof freely gabled. = pots and cowls of various patterns. The Bflues are
a favorite subject.—Build. and Eng. Times. In the relation of domestie chimneys to the construc- much the worse, owing to a fall in the ground, the
ae tion of roofs, it must be borne in mind that defects house being much the
THE RELATION OF DOMESTIC CHIMNEYS TO THE only present themselves in certain states or directions highest at this point.
CONSTRUCTION OF ROOFS, of the wind, and that, however a builder might try, he The chimney stacks are
There is no detail in house construction so perplex- cannot succeed in constructing a chimney that will a dangerous height
ing as that of chimneys, especially with those addicted smoke under all circumstances. The wind in certain above the eaves, and
to so-called smoking, that is, to not passing the smoke directions is favorable to the working of a defective are supported by iron
in the way intended, but periodically admitting it into chimney; in other cases it is opposed to it, and hence stays. There are lad-
the apartments. By the same rule, there is no detail the construction of a chimney that will work under al. ders on the roof, and
about which so little is known, or which is subject to states of the wind is a desideratum. reared against the chim-
so much neglect in house planning and building. There There are certain sites of houses in which it is impos- ney at B, as if per-
are few who will deny the assertion that faulty chim- sible to construct chimneys which will satisfactorily manently in use. With
neys are the rule, and that perfect ones are the excep- work under all circumstances, such as that of a hill- all this paraphernalia,
tion, or that their faults arise from a variety of causes. side. In certain states of the wind it will come over the passer-by may see at a glance that these chimneys
In the present chapter we propose to deal with the the top, and pass down the hill, falling to the gradient are not satisfactory in their working.
relation of chimneys to the construction of roofs, and of the land; in such cases, down draughts are created In house planning, the disposition of the chimneys is
to leave the character of the grate, the construction of in the chimneys. In proof of this we can point toa a matter of great importance. Steep pitch roofs may
the chimneys, the temperature of the rooms, the supply steep pitched gabled house on a hillside, on the skirt be indulged in if the
of air, the sit- of an important town; it is the highest house of all, flues are carried up in
ivtas aisclose oexi Uation of the and its chimneys are black over with smoke, and a the ridges. Gable-cre-
-
eh ee flue in internal great number of them are surmounted with smoke pre- ating cross ridges should
Bee oot Vip ea Enel Ob eonhenmal | venting cowls. be avoided; but where
me ae Mottite
¢ oe, a
iss eerie
- walls, and their. The best sites necessary, two gables
1.0, ane size and form, are those on are advised. The chim-
'
’

- for subsequent the summit of ney, when not conven

Iii = review. There hills or on ient to be at the ridge,
is a common open level may be placed between
belief that in land, those in the two, as in Fig. 7.
WY); Ves whatever
Yj 7
po- valleys being Where it is imperative
sition a’ chim- superior to to place the flues on the fF/G.8
“tit ney is situate, those on hill- ‘ eaves, asin A, Fig. 7, the
it is only necessary to carry it up to the height of the sides. All outward circumstances being in favor, we roof should be gabled at the back to support the chim-
roof ridge; this is a popular error, and one that has in- we will consider the various forms of chimneys in re- ney, as at B, Fig. 7, by which a greater height may be
tensified during the last century. lation to the construction of roofs by the aid of dia- safely indulged in, a further improvement being
From the period of the old open fires of our ances- grams. In doing so, we must assume there is no «1- wrought by hipping the front gables. When the wind
tors, when the inmates breathed the wood or peat joining property overtopping the chimneys, as in Pig. is coursing left to right, it falls on passing the ridge to
smoke, which mainly escaped from penthouses on the 1, which shows a 40 foot street, with two story houses fill the vacuum ate, and in avoiding this down draught
ridges of the roofs, there was a gradual advancement on one side and a tall mill upon the other. Here we the chimney must be carried a great height. The forge
in the detail of chimney construction to the time of see the wind passing over the tall building, damping of hipping the main gables and shortening the ridge is
Queen Anne. The fire hearth had been moved from down the chimneys of the houses, which, were it in an | , thus seen, as it tends to give the chimney an increased
 6 Scientific American. [N OVEMBER, 1885.
eee
eee

height in connection with the falling current of air. A IMPROVED CHIMNEY CAP. PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES,
very stupid arrangement is commonly carried out in For durability in exposure to the weather, nothing INTENSIFER FOR NEGATIVES.
middle class houses, of the kitchen being built out at seems better than the glazed surface of good, well It is reeommended that a plate whitened with a weak
the back, and the range being placed at right angles burned brick. Butin the upper courses of chimneys solution of bichloride of mercury be washed, and im-
with the back wall, some two or three yards distant. the end joints of the brick lack this quality of en- mersed in a weak solution of pyrogallic acid and water.
The flues are here gathered over to the back wall, by durance; the mortar in these joints gives way, the The density is greatly increased, and from three to four
which they are particularly horizontal at their junction loosening extends, and the whole chimney top falls plates may be successively immersed in the single solu-
with the main building, up which they are conveyed to pieces. To protect these weak points and still tion,after which a fresh solution of pyro should be made.
toa chimney at the eaves, as at Fig. 4. Asis well known, utilize the brick surfacein the chimney capping, is the Simple Pneumatic Release for Shutters.—At a recent
such flues rarely work, and are most difficult to clean. object of the device shown in the accompanying en- meeting of the Society of Amateur Photographers in
A far better plan would be to place the range along the graving, and for which letters patent have been this city, Mr. Grisdale presented a simple form of
back wall of the main building, giving the full width| granted to Mr. J. W. Wetmore, of Erie, Pa. pneumatic release, constructed from a common com-
to the narrow kitchen, and carrying the flue past the One of the caps is about 4 inches in length, and bined patented metal pen and pencil holder. The han-
line of the eave to a height superior to the ridge, crosses a joint from the outside to the inside of the dle or cylinder of the pen hada punched up coarse
and protecting it with a gable, as at Fig. 7, B. Fig. 8 chimney; it is held in place by a thin shank project- thread at each end, into which the shorter tubes hold-
shows the roof plan of Fig. 7, where A is the ordinary ing from the under side down into the mortar be- ing the pen and pencil screwéd, their threads being half
faulty mode of construction, and B the improved mode tween the ends of the brick. A flange extends from an inch from their extreme rearends. ‘The handle was
of gables supporting the taller chimneys. the outer end, as shown in Fig. 4, anda flange may shortened and the screw thread was cut off, both on it
We have said sufficient to show that the subject of also be made from the inner end, as represented in and the pen tube holder; the latter was then inverted
“The relation of domestic chimneys to the construction Fig. 3, down a short distance along the joint. The and fitted like a cap piston loosely into the han-
of roofs” is one worthy of great and careful considera- cap is convex on the upper and concave on the dle. The accompanying illustration explains the con-
tion. That it has not had the attention it deserves is under side; but Fig. 2 shows a flat cap designed for struction more fully.
most true, proof of which is furnished every day. We covering a joint in an offset. In manufacturing chim- A is the handle with both screw threads cut off. B
can instanee a large builder of fifty years’ standing, ney caps from stone and cast iron, the sizes must vary is the lead pencil cap inverted and soldered to tube, A.
who resided in a house in which the chimneys were in order to adapt them to different chimneys. The Through its center is seena small
constructed on the principle of Fig. 7, A. He darenot advantage of this device is that the cap fits all chim- metal guide tube, over the end of
raise the brickwork of the chimney, and trust only to neys built of brick of ordinary size. A builder who which is a rubber tube leading to a
stays from the roof. The only course which appeared rubber bulb, F. C represents the
open to him was to fix pots and cowls designed for the penholder cap inverted, soldered to
prevention of smoky chimneys. This he did, indulging the guide wire, D, which passes
in about half a dozen varieties in three years; they all through its center and also outside
failed, and he had to leave, having built himself a house downward to the release trigger, E.
on adjoining land, on the same roof and chimney The wire, D, also fits loosely in the
model.—Building News. lower guide tube. When the bulb,
+2 F, is compressed, the air passes
Tests of Stained Glass. through the guide tube around
I have discovered a simple mode of testing whether, wire, D, and raises the piston cap,
on the one hand, glass is sufficiently opaque so as not C, thereby elevating the wire, ope-
to appear flimsy or watery when put up in a window, rating the release lever, E, and let-
unassisted by shading, according to the practice of the | Ml ting off the shutter. When pres-
flat style of glass painting; on the other, whether it is 1 | sure on the bulb is released, the cap,
sufficiently clear to produce as brilliant an effect as the C, drops back. The cylinder, A, and eap, C, are nickel
old does. As follows: If the glass, when held at arm’s plated, making scarcely any friction to the movement
length from the eye, and at the distance of more than of the cap.
a yard from an object, does not permit of that object The object of the lower guide tube is to prevent the
being distinctly seen through it, the glass will be suffi- cap, C, from binding against the sides of the cylinder.
ciently opaque. And if when held at the same distance The release worked as perfectly as if it had been ex-
from the eye, and at the distance of not more thana pensively made. ;
yard from the object, permits of its being distinctly Orthochromatie Photographs.—No better proof of
seen through the glass, it will be sufficiently clear and the failure of ordinary gelatine dry plates to accurately
transparent. register the varying intensity of different colors is

a
I have found this to be the case with a great many found than when one attempts to copy a brilliant oil
pieces of glass of the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth painting or a chromo. Improvements in this direction

centuries, which had been rendered clear by polishing}
the surface, or which were already quite clear; for it is
a great mistake to suppose that all old glass has been
rendered dull on the surface by exposure to the atmo-
sphere. I have seena good deal of glass of the twelfth
and thirteenth centuries that is as clear now as when
it was first made, its surface not having been corroded
in the least. But the glass of which these imitative
works are made is either smooth on the surface and so
pellucid or watery as, when held at arm’s length, to
permit of any object being perfectly seen through it
which is at the distance of 100 or even 1,000 yards, or
more; or else is artificially roughened on the surface, a
practice which reduces the condition of the glass nearly
to that of ground glass, for, when held at arm’s length,
it will not permit of any object being seen distinctly
through it which is distant more than an inch from the
glass.
The practice, not unfrequently resorted to by the
imitators of old glass, of antiquating simooth surfaced
glass—that is, dulling it with the enamel color used for
painting the outlines—renders it, when held at arm’s
length, nearly if not quite as opaque as rough surfaced
glass; indeed, almost the only perceptible difference in
this respect between rough surfaced glass and smooth
surfaced glass that has been antiquated is that the
former is free from the tint necessarily imparted to the
latter by the enamel color with which it is antiquated.
Thus we find that imitations of glass of the twelfth,
thirteenth, or fourteenth century, if executed in
smooth surfaced glass that has not been antiquated,
are very poor and watery in comparison with original
work of the period; and that, if executed in glass that
has been antiquated, or rough surfaced glass, they are
much too opaque. In the one ease, to speak popularly,
the vision passes too uninterruptedly through the glass;
in the other it is stopped at the surface of the glass, in-
stead of passingabout a yard through it, as in the case
of ancient work.—C. Winston, in The Architect.
a inder around until the cell appears in which is the de-
Westward the Squirrel.
Millions of squirrels are stated to he emigrating from
Mississippi to the more elevated grounds in Arkansas.
The plucky little animals swim the Mississippi River,
beginning at a point about five miles below Memphis,
and continuing from there twenty miles down stream.
Thousands of them have been killed by the farmers,
who use clubs in place of guns, on account of the im-
mense numbers. A similar emigration occurred
1872,
\ Ee a
=
WETMORE’S IMPROVED CHIMNEY CAP.
has used these caps, which are manufactured by the
Chimney Cap Company, of Erie, Pa., says: ‘‘I exam-
ined them in thespring, and found them in good con-
dition. The caps were perfectly firm in their places,
the rain and gases and the freezing and thawing not
having affected them in the least. There is nothing
more to be desired for a complete chimney cap.”
a unusually long.
The Rotary Iron Jail.
The new jail just completed cost $30,000. Its peculiar
feature is that the cells are arranged in the form of a
great iron cylinder, which revolves about, so that only
one cellis at the opening at any one time. This cyl-
inder is three stories high, there being ten cells on each
floor. Its weight is forty-five tons, and this ponderous
weight is hung from above instead of turning ona
track below. The strangest part of the arrangement
is that the great cylinder can be turned by a simple
crank with very little foree—a man with his left hand
moving it readily. When all is complete, it is the in-
tention to have a little water motor in the basement,
and then by simply moving a lever the eylinder will be
set to rotating.
It is suggested that when there are prisoners who it
is feared may be trying to cut out, the cylinder ean by
a motor be easily kept moving slowly all night, so that
the prisoners do not remain long enough in one place
to do any mischief, or even to crawl out if they had
made a partial break. It seems that prisoners have lit-
tle chance for escape from this new jail. A cageof iron
bars completely surrounds the cylinder in which the
cells are. The entrance on each floor is guarded by
two doors. The officer standing outside does not have
to unlock even the first door, but can swing the cyl-
sired prisoner, and then by a simple movement the in-
ner door is opened, and the prisoner can step out of his
cell. Then the officer can open the other door and let
the man out, but the other prisoners are way beyond
any possible reach of the officer, and it is impossible for
them to make any break on him while he is taking a
man out or putting one in. He can handle any num-
ber of men in the same way, and they cannot get within
in reach of him until he chooses to let them.—Omaha
Bee,
are always interesting, and to Mr. Fred’k E. Ives, of
Philadelphia, inventor of the Ives phototype process,
belongs the credit of the development of chlorophy] as
a sensitizing medium.
We were recently shown a few comparative speci-
mens made by this process, which were remarkable for
their softness and the brilliancy with which ordinary
non-actinic colors, such as red and yellow, were brought
out. Under each orthochromatie photograph was
mounted an ordinary one. One of the drawbacks of
the process is that the solution has to be freshly pre-
pared shortly before use, and the exposure necessary is
;
In explanation of the specimens shown us, Mr. Ives
states that a wide angle rectilinear lens with the larg-
est stop was used. The exposure was jive minutes in
direct sunlight. When the picture is particularly
bright colored, only one or two mninutes are necessary;
but if, instead of a wide angle lens, a rapid rectilinear
lens is used, it is possible, with a brilliant light, to re-
duce the exposure to less than a minute.
A curious fact observed was that the plates were re-
latively much less sensitive in a weak light than with
bright sunlight, so much so as to require at least
twenty times more exposure, while the proportion in
an ordinary rapid gelatine plate would not be more
than four or five times.
Speaking of the emulsion, he says: ‘t The most sensi-
tive plates are prepared with a fresh chlorophy] solu-
tion, which has been made up with-alcohol tinted with
eosine. But no eosine should be used in making up
chlorophyl solutions which are to be kept more than a
week, because an o/d chlorophyl solution gives more
accurate photographs when it contains no eosine.”
Regarding some of his recent experiments, he con-
tinues: ‘‘ Lately I have had some emulsion. which
would not work clear except when the tea organifier
was used with it. I would therefore advise any who
experiments with the process to use the tea organifier,
not only because it increases the sensitiveness to light,
but because it may insure better results.”
It is probable the line of experiments commenced by
Mr. Ives nay be followed up by some other interested
experimentalist, who may discover a way of making
color sensitive plates which will retain their sensitive-
ness, similar to the ordinary gelatine plate, for any
length of time.
There is an ample field for improvement in this di-
rection, and the subject is worthy the attention of all
photographers and amateurs.
 Novemser, 1885.] Scientific American. 7
THE NEW CROTON AQUEDUCT. ing in depth from 28 to 3850 feet,
For many years the present Cro OLD RECEIVING Fig. 1 of the engravings is a longi-
RESERVOIR
ton Aqueduct—the line of which tudinal section through shaft No.
NEW RESERVOIR
from Croton Dam to the Central NEW GATE HOUSE 10, showing the heading, the tim-
Park reservoir is indicated by the \ 97TH.ST.& 8TH.AVE. bering in the shaft, and the loca-
heavy dotted line in the accoim- tion of the hoisting machinery.
panying map—has been forced to Fig. 6is an enlarged view of the
carry a quantity of water much same heading. Fig. 8 shows the
greater than its builders designed boilers, air compressors, and hoist-
it for, and asanatural consequence ing engines. The shaft is 171g feet
it has been so weakened that no- 31V09
4O
S31IW by 8 feet in the clear, with the
thing but the skill and incessant longer dimension parallel with the
eTSHAFT NO.30
watchfulness exercised by those in ~ axis of the tunnel. In the shaft
2
charge have.prevented it from long run two cages, operated by a dou-
ago yielding to the burden thrust ble drum Dickson hoisting en-
upon it. The necessity for quickly gine, on one of which the loaded
providing greater carrying capacity ear is brought to the surface, while
is, therefore, apparent.
4.
M RIVER on the other an empty ear is low-
SHAFT NO.24(A)
It is estimated that, even in years NOV
MIN
1900
rs weeseeeeeeee ered
LNISIUd
NOLOHUD
LONGANOY into the tunnel. Steam for
of the greatest drought, the Croton hoisting, pumping, and compress-
:SHAFT NO.23(B) ing air is furnished by two 90 horse
watershed, from whence almost all
of the present supply is obtained, power Ingersoll return tubular
ean be relied upon to furnish boilers. The Ingersoll ‘ Straight
250;000,000 gallons daily, or 100 gal- Line” air compressors and ‘*Eclipse”
lons per head per day for 2,500,000 drills are here used; and so well
people. The building of Quaker thought of are the products of the
Bridge Dam* would increase the Ingersoll Company, that on the
available area of watershed to line of the aqueduct there are now
361°82 square miles, and the reservoir in use 200 drills, 18 compressors,
BKGHAFT NO.20(E)
thus formed would have a eapacity and 30 boilers of their make. 'The
i
i
of 32,200,000,000 gallons—water suf- air compressors at shaft 10 have 18
ficient to cover 9,400 acres, 10 feet I by 30 inch cylinders, supplying air
1 Wey. Gif Line
Na
Ve
aar
deep. The dam will be built of Yonkera City Line at 80 pounds pressure per square
SHAFT NO.10(F) inch, the air being first discharged
solid masonry, will be 178 feet high
above the bed of the river, and TAAng into a condensing air receiver,
wazinds
OF
since the foundation will have to where it is freed from all moisture,
extend to bed rock—100 feet—the and then conducted down the
total height for a distance of about shaft and into the headings
400 feet in the lowest part of the through 3 and 344 inch pipe. Each
CUT NO.18
valley will be about 300 feet; the heading is driven by four 314 inch
width of the dam at the base will drills, mounted two on one column,
be about 200 feet, and the extreme to which they are attached by
length 1,300 feet. means of swinging arms, which can
The aqueduct now being built be moved up and down or around
> the column; thus with two columns
has a maximum flowing capacity of 2
and four machines, the entire face
320,000,000 gallons per day from c
mn
o =< SHAFT NO.16 is commanded at one setting of the
Croton Dam to a point near the ¢
°cat columns. From 19 to 20 holes, 5
New York city boundary line,
ge to 6 feet deep, are drilled for the
where it is designed to construct a >
Ss SNOI'LOaS center cut and squaring up. Two
large distributing reservoir to sup- ®
ra) drills, mounted on tripod, drill
ply the annexed district; a part of E
>
° from three to five holes 8 feet deep
the supply being there diverted,
y
quouLIeLgy
mn
in the bench, some being vertical
the remaining portion of the aque- =4
and others flat or lifting. The
duct has a flowing capacity of 250,- Vv

000,000 gallons per day. The north-

ul
mz =e" holes are then’ charged with No. 1
= giant powder in the cut and No. 2
ern portion, shown in section in Fig. |
:
m in the side and bench, and exploded
4, is 13°6 feet high and 13°6 feet
by electricity.
wide; the semicircular arch has a WOUSUTAIT
@
radius of 6°8 feet, the concave sides The foremen are required to have
SAW MILL RIV, a round of holes drilled and blasted
are on a radius of 20°92 feet, and the G3 SHAET NO. 12N.Y.C.& N.R.R4}))
) once each shift of ten hours, it being
invert has a radius of 18°5 feet.
left to their judgment to decide the
Where necessary, the rock walls
depth of cut they shall undertake
are evened with concrete, and a
36, —SHAFT NO.11(B) to drill, square up, and blast in
masonry lining built 12 inches | (Goutbs swamp
that time. By thismethod an aver-
thick at the sides and arch and 6 32 “SHAFT NO.11(A)

inches thick at the invert; but age of about 10 lineal feet of tun-
nel is completed every twenty-
where the character of the rock [4]
$1] TT
(LOd]Sua
SNOILO3S four hours in each face through
justifies it, no masonry is needed. N.Y¥.C.& N.«ReRe
SHAFT NO,10 very hard gneiss and granite. This
The other part of the aqueduct, +¥eCud& NoReRe
1d is a higher rate of progress than is
about 61g miles in length, will be
attainable by the deep cut system,
circular in section, as shown in Fig.
which does not permit of each
3, 12 feet in diameter, and lined
IK POCANTICO CUT NO.9 shift finishing its own work.
with masonry 12 inches thick. Ow- URSA:
OT
TTA}
Extending down the shaft is a
ing to the insufficient elevation of POCANTICO RIVER
CUT NO.8 rough looking square wooden box,
the land, this section will be de- SHAFT NO, 7
which branches at the bottom, one
pressed about 100 feet below the
part extending along the tunnel to
other, as indicated on the profile.
¥]
£] one heading, and the other part to
The Harlem River is to be crossed SNO|LO3S
bw NO, the other heading. At the bottom
by an inverted siphon, the depth
of the vertical portion, exhaust
below the river being about 200
steam is admitted; this produces a
feet. All the masonry will be of GNV
AWA0Ud
LONGANDV
AO
AHL
dvwW
MAN
BOL
PNISVAUONI
AHL
UALYM
MUN
ATadNS
MHOA
JO
‘KLIO strong current along the branches
hand made, hard burned brick, SHAFT NO, 5
and up the shaft. The smoke re-
laid in cement mortar, one part ce-
sulting from each blast is thus
ment to two parts clean sharp
sand. eTTTAsiozuny drawn into the boxes and delivered
plospod
“8S
From Croton Dam to Harlem aavuD'biwia
Lonaanoy
LO
Yad
“31IW SHAFT NO. 4 at the top of the shaft.
River the aqueduct is 284 miles ~— Where the aqueduct is under pres-
sure, special provision is made in
long, and to Central Park reser-
the manholes for guarding against
voir 8314 miles; the total length of
the upward pressure, and drain
open cuts—varying from 0 to 40 or
pipes are provided for emptying the
50 feet between the arch and
shaft and air pipes for the escape of
ground surface—north of the Har- puodu01
9
air during the refilling of the tun-
lem is but about 3,000 feet; all the
nel. A generalidea of the construc-
rest of the line is through solid
tion of one of these shafts may be
rock. The method of building the
obtained from Fig. 7, which is a
aqueduct is by sinking shafts about
section at right angles to the line of
one mile and a quarter apart, and
working both ways from each. the aqueduct.
Fig. 2 is a view of the work as it
There are 24 shafts north of the
GATE-HOUSE Ta) ©syau0gs now appears at the Pocantico cut—
Harlem and 8 south of it, vary- & BY PASS Snoilo3s
SECTION 1. the most extensive on the line, as it
* The proposed dam at Quaker Bridge was has a length of about 1,800 feet.
Wlustrated and described in the ScrenTIFIC NOLOND
BxAYT
The aqueduct here is similar in sec-
p,buzZ
fig
@J0N
“OD
MBN
UDO!4eMY
"W404
YUDG
AMERICAN of May 8, 1884
 8 Scientific American, [NOVEMBER, 1885.
tion to one in rock, as may be seen by comparing Figs. A NEW LINK MOVEMENT FOR REVERSIBLE ENGINES, for hoisting, propeller, or traction work; and besides
4and5. It hasaclear height of 13°53 feet and an ex- In the reversible engine shown in our engraving, the the great advantage of the simplicity of its parts,
treme widthof 13°6 feet. The arch is 12 inches thick cylinder is of the usual slide valve order, and operates makes less noise, even when much worn, than the or-
at the crown, 16 inches thick at the center of the sides, the valves by its oscillation on the supporting trun- dinary link movement when new. The motion of the
and 20 inches thick at the spring lines. The concave nions. The inner trunnions form the inlet pipes, and valve being derived from the sliding of the sleeve up
sides are 8 inches thick and are secured by walls, as the outer the exhausts. The slide valve rod is flexibly and down on the inclined rod of the link, there is no

vii| el| =
= 3
/

—(
: | : | ' |

| i a Ht | Se ia |
oe : i

ec ee I
ye ur am ati ea ih
|

LO BH Wl
mn

(TATU INTL
i
ITOSEATTENEOTN!
ny
IONSETULIAOLINE IE mu
Tame
i
bi
OU my A —<

tl
if UT ITUATION
UTCTTOOTOOON
ni

shown in the cut. The invert is 12 inches thick, and connected with the sleeve, B, which slides up and down
sudden stop, and consequently no hammering. We
rests upon a concrete foundation. have shown the movement applied to a double cylin-
on the rod of the link, A. This flexible connection
At 135th Street a gate house will be located. Con- permits the sleeve to adjust itself to any inclination of der hoisting engine, but it will also operate with a
tracts have been let for all the work, with the excep- the link. single cylinder for stationary work.
tion of this gate house and the inverted siphon under To the ends of a transverse axle supported in the Any further information concerning this invention
the Harlem. The Quaker Bridge project has not yet standards, D, the links are rigidly attached, and are may be obtained from Mr, T. J. Baum, 79-81 Race St.,
been definitely settled upon. The contracts have been thus capable of a backward or forward motion, their Cincinnati, Ohio.
awarded as follows: Sections A and B to Mr. Herman positign being determined by that of the reversing ——
OOO

Clark for $2,147,740; sections 9, 8, 7, and 6 to Messrs. lever, C, also rigidly attached to the transverse axle. General George B. McClellan.
O’Brien & Clark for $4,445,447; sections 5, 4, 3, and 2 to A direct or reverse motion is given to the piston by al- Speedily following the death of Gen. Grant has come
Messrs. Brown, Howard & Co. for $5,297,155; and the tering the inclination of the links, and consequently, that of another of the great generals of the Union
gate house at Croton Dam to Messrs. Smith & Brown through the sleeves, of the slide valve rods. Like all Army during the late war, Gen. George B. McClellan,
for $442,000. On the 24th of October the total length other reversing engines, there is a dead center, so that who died very suddenly, from neuralgia of the heart,
of tunnel completed was 22,342 feet, and at the present the steam can be cut off by the reversing lever. The on the morning of October 29, at his home on Orange
time the excavation is Mountain, N. J. He was
growing at the rate of one not quite 59 years of age,
inile per month, and his condition was ap-
The engineer corps is parently so robust that all
composed of the following who knew him thought
named gentlemen: Mr. there were yet many years
Benj. 8. Church, chief en- of an honored and useful
gineer; Mr. A. Fteley, de- life before him; but his
puty chief engineer; Mr. death oceurred in about
H. S. Craven, constructing three hours from the fatal
engineer; Messrs. Chas. 8. attack, after a day of but
Gowen, J. B. McIntyre, ordinary business activity.
J. W.° Wolbrecht, Alfred Since the war, besides hav-
Craven, E. 8: Gould, F. W. ing served a term as Gov-
Watkins, and E. Weg- ernor of the State of New
mann, Jr., division engi- Jersey, Gen. McClellan has
neers; Mr. F. 8. Cook is in filled various important
charge of the draughting positions, in which his
bureau. abilities as an engineerand
eat 'a man of broad executive
Improved Tent, capacity have been con-
New felt tents were re- spicuous. Personally, he
cently introduced in the was loved and honored by
Danish army. ‘They are all who knew him.
composed of rectangular Btls tons Se
wooden frames, on which Agee’s Improved Corn
felt is tightly stretched. Planter,
Being of rectangular form In the SCIENTIFIC
with vertical sides, these AMERICAN of October 24,
tents occupy comparative- 1885, we described and il-
ly sinall space; they are lustrated an improved corn
very stable, need not be planter possessing many
fastened with ropes to the BAUM’S NEW LINK MOVEMENT FOR REVERSIBLE ENGINES, excellent features. Itis
stakes as is the case with simple in construction and
canvas tents, and their erection requires but a few action of the links hastens the opening and closing of reliable in operation. The present address of the
minutes. Felt being a bad conductor, these tents the ports, and the steam therefore works more expan- inventor, Mr. George 8. Agee, is West Plains, Howell
afford a good shelter from cold and heat, and withstand sively than when the ports are operated by an eccen- County, Mo.
action of moisture better than canvas tents. tric. This link movement effects a great saving of tr
—— — + + oe __— friction by dispensing with all eccentrics, crossheads, FRENCH paper makers are highly elated at the Gov- —
Titian R. PRALE, of Philadelphia, died on the 13th of crosshead slides, eccentric yokes, rods, ete., while the ernment’s resolve to abolish the tax on papers, which >
March, 1885, in his 86th year. Mr. Peale was one of the first cost of the engine is fully one-third less than that has been in force since September, 1871. Though not
naturalists of the Wilkes Exploring Expedition. He of the ordinary type. Theabsence of these parts makes coming into operation until December 1, 1886, they are
was for twenty-four years connected with the Patent the engine compact, and reduces the necessary weight still satisfied, as the battle they have been fighting has
Office at Washington. | of the bed plate, It is an engine particularly adapted | been a terribly uphill one,
 NOVEMBER, 1885.] Scientific American,
a a hcl ene. }
THE NORDENFELT SUBMARINE BOAT. , and two to work the propellers on either side, which, used, which is kept at high pressure in two tanks.
In September last, just before leaving Denmark for when set in motion, compel the boat to sink, and main- With this the boat has been driven for five hours at a
the south, the Prince of Wales, with the King and tain her at a certain depth beneath the surface. When speed of three miles an hour. Her speed on the surface
Queen of Denmark and the Czarina, witnessed off it is wished to sink the boat, enoughsea water is taken is eight knots. The erew number three, and during
Landskrona, a town on the Swedish coast, an interesting /in to reduce the buoyancy to 1 ewt., and this suffices to their submarine existence have to subsist on the
and successful trial of the new submarine boat which keep the tower just above the surface. The side pro- amount of air which they take with them in the hull,
has been built at Stockholm upon the plans of Mr. pellers then being set in motion, the vessel can be sunk in which four men have subsisted for six hours without
Nordenfelt, the inventor of the machine gun so exten- to a required depth, there being an automatic arrange- any especial inconvenience. The boat is 64 feet long,

ie
toVs 9 9
THE NORDENFELT SUBMARINE BOAT.
sively used in modern warfare. Ever since the American and the central diameter is 9 feet. The enormous util-
ment by which the engines are stopped directly that
civil war, naval engineers have been striving to solve depth is exceeded. An automatic horizontal steering
ity of such a vessel as this in naval warfare is at once
the problem of submarine navigation, but until now gear also prevents the boat from going down or up apparent. Moving without the slightest apparent sign
with very little success. Mr. Nordenfelt’s invention, head foremost, an even keel being preserved through- of existence, she can launch torpedoes against hostile
however, appears to fulfill the numerous requirements out all the maneuvers. Should a breakdown of the vessels, enter a harbor unperceived, and render useless
for overcoming the difficulties and dangers of maintain- engine occur, the boat from its own buoyancy at once the most complicated system of submarine mines. The
ing, driving, and directing a boat beneath the water. rises to the surface. trial at Landskrona was witnessed by officers represent-
The boat is built of steel, and is cigar-shaped, with a The motive power is steam, and as long as the vessel ing every European power. Admiral Arthur and
glass conning tower in the center, from which the com- is above water the fires can be stoked, the smoke being Major-General Sir Andrew Clarke were among those
mander can keep a lookout. This dome is protected driven through two channels, which pass partly round representing the English services.
by a strong iron cover. There are three engines, one the hull and point aft. When, however, the boat We are indebted to the Illustrated London News and
to work the screw in thestern, which propels the vessel, sinks, the fires have to be sealed, and reserve steam is London Graphic for our sketches.

1. The boat under water, the end moved for launching a torpedo, 2. On the trial trip from Landskrona to Helsingberg. 3. Mr. Nordenfelt, the invento 4, Captain Garret. ‘f Interior of the boat: Mr. Nordenfelt
explaining details to foreign delegates. 6. Towing the boat out of harbor, 7. View of Landskrona.

THE RECENT EXPERIMENTS WITH THE NORDENFELT SUBMARINE BOAT AT LANDSKRONA, DENMARK.
 Io Srientifie American. [NovEMBER, 1885. |
Liquid Fuel in California,
Sorrespondence. origin of rock oil, or petroleum, has led to even greater
discussion than the question of coal; for beyond the A few months since, we gave an account of the ex-
observation that it comes from the rocks iminediately periments which were being made by the Central Pa-
Origin of ‘Atlantic, cific Railroad Company with petroleum as fuel on some
underlying the coal formation, the Devonian system,
To the Editor of the Scientific American: few facts regarding it are known, and the fancies of the of their steamboats. At that time they had tried it
The correction made in your edition of the 17th of upon the freight steamer Thoroughfare, plying be-
theorist have therefore a fertile field for their genera-
the present month, by G. W. R., of the etymology of tion. There are so many possibilities that there is an tween Oakland and San Francisco, and on the transfer
the word Atlantic, from the Nehuatl Atl, water, tlan, boat Solano—the largest ferryboat in the world—on
unusual chance for originality. It is generally conced-
near, between, we gladly would receive, were it not Carquinez Straits, running between Benicia and Port
ed that the oil has not originated i situ, but has come
that it contains tiny wee flaws which greatly want re- Costa.
either from above or below, from the distillation of the
pairs, although of no consequence to the kind corrector. Since that time they have been able to determine
volatile constituents of the coal deposits, which have
He informs his reader that the word Atlantic is de- more in detail concerning the results. On the Thor-
descended and become condensed in the Devonian
rived from the Greek Allantikos pelagos, which means oughfare they saved $7,000 in the cost of fuel in the
sands, or from the destruction of vast beds of seaweed
the open sea Atlantic, though he has rendered it beyond five months they were using oil as compared with the
or other organic matterin the Silurian below. Theidea
Mt. Atlas; but he has forgotten to tell him also where- five months of the saine season last year, when they
that the amount of petroleum is too great to have
from the Greeks have obtained the word Atlantikos, were burning coal. Besides saving 44 per cent in actual
originated from either vegetable or animal deposits has
hence its origin, and he has likewise failed to explain fuel, they got rid of four firemen, which makes an ad-
given rise to still another theory, which supposes that
the etymology of the name of the patient old god ditional saving of $240 per month. On the Solano there
the oil originates from chemical combinations of hydro-
Atlas, who is said to have sustained so long the whole is not so much saving, the cost being lessened but 17
gen and carbon in the interior of the earth.
world on his shoulders. percent. She makes short trips, and they burn the
Our knowledge of the conditions which maintain in
Truly, we would like him to give us the origin of fuel while she isin the slip, to generate necessary steam.
this interior laboratory is still too slight to warrant
these names; for to explain one by the other would The oil costs $1.70 per forty gallon barrel, or about
any definite assertion in regard tothe possibility of
seem like beating the devil round the stump a little four cents a gallon. It is estimated by the engineer of
such a reaction occurring on the large scale; but we do
too much. the big Water Witch, which is also using oil, though a
know that in our surface laboratories the hydrocar-
Auaustus L&E PLoNGEON, M.D. somewhat different kind from that used by the railroad
bons in this series are derived from the decomposition
204 Washington St., Brooklyn, Oct. 22, 1889. company, that 100 gallons of oil is equal to a ton of
of more complicated hydrocarbons, and not from a
$=» ——_____ coal, which latter costs about $7 per ton.
direct synthesis of the component elements. Baron
The Star in Andromeda,
von Richthofen’s explorations in China have disclosed The Oakland ferryboat Piedinont has just been al-
To the Editor of the Scientific American: tered so as to use the liquid fuel. She has not yet been
a single anthracite coal field in one of the provinces of
There does not seem to be the slightest evidence that put at work under the new system, but will be in a few
that empire which contains sufficient material to sup-
the bright star which appeared in 1572 in the constella- days. The oilis sprayed under the boiler by a steam
ply the coal demand of the entire world at the present
tion of Cassiopeia had ever been authentically ob- jet, and is supplied by suitable tanks. A supply tank
rate of consumption for over 2,000 years. These evi-
served before. Most astronomies mention that a star is kept on the wharf, so that the oil may be led into
dences, and those derived from the vast beds of lime-
appeared in the same position in the heavens in 945 the steamer’s tanks. The supply tank is filled from tank
stone found the world over, whose organic origin is
and 1261, but have not been able to prove that it was cars, so there is no handling. ‘There is no smoke or
not questioned, do not lend support to any arguinent
identical with the Pilgrim. soot, and of course no ashes. It is stated-that in addi-
which disputes the organic source of petroleum on the
The present attempt to identify the star recently dis- tion to the lower cost of the liquid fuel, the services of
supposition that such an origin would tax the life
covered in the nebula of Andromeda with this Pilgrim 16 firemen will be dispensed with on the Piedmont.
resources of the planet. :
star of Cassiopea seems very fanciful when one reflects
When any object becomes prominent, it is very The mechanical alterations to effect the change of sys-
for a moment what an incalculable distance separates
natural for us to want to know whereit came from, tem are slight. The other ferryboats will be changed
the two positions, and what an incredible velocity
and its history. If it be a man who attracts our at- to burn oil shortly.
would be required of this wandering star to traverse
tention, we want to know his record, and later of his As the coal used on these steamers was imported,
the space in the brief period of 313 years.
ancestry. The biography of an invention which at- and a good deal of California petroleum will probably
GEO. R. CATHER. be used, the change will be good for this State in uti-
tains a wide application becomes of great interest to
Ashville, Ala., Oct. 19, 1885.
us. The crude materials of large industries or the lizing one of its products. The amount of petrolewn
staples of everyday life have a place in history. Pro- obtained from California has steadily been increasing
At the Interior, ducts of such importance as coal, petroleum, and for the past five years. In 1879, 19,858 barrels were
PORPHYRY DYKE.
natural gas excite a curiosity aside from either sci- produced, and in 1884 more than 100,000 barrels, thus
Cheinistry is still a new science; it was only in 1776 that entific or economie considerations, and to learn their quadrupling the yield in the space of five years. Cali-
Priestley discovered oxygen, and until then the science history means the comprehension of many modifying fornia now ranks third among the petroleum produc-
can searcely be said to have existed; for without a conditions. Our investigations in this direction are ing States; New York is second, and West Virginia
knowledge of this essential element, all systems and still very elementary, for the simple question of tem- fourth. The petroleum resources of the State are be-
methods were purely empirical. But in this little more perature and the varying effects of pressurein modi- ing carefully developed, and the more of the product
than a century many wonderful results have been ac- fying its action are still under discussion. The latest we can use here, the better it will be for California.—
complished, and the new science ranks quite as high effort to obtain some definite information on this point, Min. and Scien. Press.
in its progressiveness as those of more ancient origin. that of the German Government in sinking the deep a
Working with its sister sciences of physicsand geology, shaft near Schladebach, which has gone down nearly Slag Wool,
the life history of our planet is being gradually un- 5,000 feet, has really told us but little. The deduc-
Slag wool is a substance produced by the action of
folded by its aid; the cataclysms which the older phi- tions drawn from this very slight puncture are that
powerful jets of steam upon the melted slag from the
losophers were contented to offer as explanations of all at a depth of about two miles the temperature of
furnace. It is in fact a species of glass blown out by
past operations of nature are now fading altogether boiling water would probably be reached, and at steam into the form of fine threads. It is incombusti-
from sight, and giving place to a belief in the con- forty-five miles the heat of melting platinum would ble, and in England it is much used in buildings as a
tinuity of natural forces. Men are no longer content prevail—that is, the temperatures at which water filling. In Mansard roofs the space between the exte-
with these vivid pictures of the imagination, and ask, boils and platinum melts at the surface; but when rior covering and the interior lath or paneling is filled
instead, the sober deductions from observed facts. The the effect of pressure is considered, we are uncertain with this material. The heat of summer in upper
forces which have been observed in operation during that the temperature of boiling water is ever reached. apartments is thus very much mitigated. Usedaround
the historical period are found to be all sufficient to In the radial race between the actual boiling point water pipes and the like, it prevents their freezing in
explain the present condition of the earth. and the increased temperature of that point due to winter. It is an excellent protection when used as a
This tendency toward the rational method has no- pressure, it is impossible to say that- the one ever covering for steam boilers and furnaces. It is a non-
where been better illustrated than in our study of the catches up with the other. When we are unable to conductor of heat, and thus it is well adapted for use
interior of the globe, and of the reactions which occur decide so simple a point as whether water can in lining the air spaces of refrigerators,
in this subterranean laboratory. No uniformity of ever reach the boiling point in the interior of the
belief has been attained, it is true, but the questions ee
earth, the more complicated processes of chemical de-
have been handled more scientifically. The origin of Paper in Tonkin.
composition and reformation seem quite beyond our
coal isa case in point. The early geologists pictured grasp; but a fuller knowledge of the chemical and The principal material used in the manufacture of
the carboniferous swamps, where the vast stores of fuel physical laws which maintain under ordinary atmo- paper in Tonkin is the ke-yioh or paper tree, which
were accumulated, as covered with great forests of spheric pressure and temperature will go far toward grows in abundance on the mountains in the environs
lepidodendrons, sigillaria, calamites, and gigantic tree the explanation of those hidden processes which take of Sontay. The dried bark of this is brought in bun-
ferns, and enveloped in an atmosphere so saturated place beneath the surface. It is an encouraging sign dles upon the backs of oxen or buffaloes from the
with carbonic acid gas that only the lowest forms of in our scientific progress that we are coming to consult mountains, where it is gathered for the numerous paper
animal life were possible. The ideal foliage of the coal evidence rather than exercising our energy in the mills, whose principal center is in the vicinity of
period is adiagrain familiar to most students, and it is formulation of ingenious theories to take its place. Hanoi. It is worth about two centsa pound, This
certainly very striking. Now, however, patient inves- a bark is macerated and then rubbed up in mortars, so
tigators with the microscope, and in the field, point as to reduce it to a fine pulp. This latter is extended
A Paper Chimney.
out to us the structure of mosses and lichens in the with a certain quantity of water in order to form a
A manufacturer of Breslau is stated to have built a clear paste, which is sized with an infusion made from
apparently structureless coal, mere weeds by the side
of the pictured giants, and show us the undeniable
chimney, over 50 feet in height, entirely of paper. The the shavings of the gomao, a tree which grows in
blocks used in its construction, instead of being of brick abundance on the Black River mountains.
similarity between the ancient swamps of the carboni-
or stone, were made of compressed paper, jointed with
ferous and our present peat beds. The excess of car- The paper is manufactured sheet by sheet by women
silicious cement. The chimney is said to be very
bonic acid gas in the atmosphere, which formed so by means of delicate bamboo screens that they alter-
elastic, and also fireproof. We may add that picture
pleasant and convenient an hypothesis, has been so far nately dip into the paste and take out therewith a thin
frames are now made of paper on the Continent. Pa-
reduced that there is even a doubt whether the amount sheet of paper, which they deposit upona board. At
per pulp, glue, linseed oil, and carbonate of lime or
was any greater than at present. The position of the the end of the day these sheets are put into a press in
whiting are mixed together and heated into a thick
coal beds is no longer ascribed to the sudden sinking of order to extract the moisture from them, and are then
cream, which, on being allowed to cool, is run into
the carboniferous formations and the rapid aceumula- dried by placing them one by one upon a hot masonry
moulds and hardened. The frames are then gilt or
tions of the superimposed strata. wall. Finally they are put up in packages and trimmed.
The gradual settling of the bed of the Pacifie and of
bronzed in the usual way.
Each woman makes a thousand sheets a day. The
portions of the coast of Northern Europe offer a suffici- a thickness of the paper depends upon the consistency
ent explanation for the change of level which in time In Memphis, Tenn., sixty buildings have been con- of the paste. One establishment that was visited by
submerged the coal swamps and permitted the deposi- demned by the authorities as unsafe for habitation. the person who furnished these data was capable of
tion of the Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks, which in turn Owners are required to put them into habitable con- producing 80,000 sheets perday with 80 women and 40
produced by their weight the pressure and heat neces- dition or to demolish them. Most of them will be torn assistants. Paper was being made here worth 65 cents
sary for the consolidation of the peat into coal, The|down and new dwellings erected. per thousand sheets.—Gutenberg Journal.
 _ NOVEMBER, 1885.]
—e_—_—
ENGINEERING INVENTIONS,
A governor for supplying gaseous fuel
has been patented by Mr, Alpheus Darling, of Petrolia,
Pa. This invention covers certain novel features of the
governor and its connections to the gas well and boiler, to
make the governor more sensitive to variations of boiler
pressure, and to more efficiently control the fuel sup-
ply.
A surface condenser has been patented
by Mr. Benjamin 8. Benson, of Baltimore, Md. By
this invention the steam is passed through a set of cells
in one direction, and condensed by acurrent of cold_air
blown forcibly through an alternate set of cells sepa-
rated only by thin metal partitions, the device being
adapted for traction engines or locomotives where water
is scarce.
————_
0 e —__—__
AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS,
A harrow has been patented
Franklin McCoy Jansen, of Sheldon, Iowa. It consists
of a series of frames with toothed sockets, so arranged
that the teeth may be used straight or slanting, so the
harrow may be used on rough or smooth ground, or can
be made to present more or less harrowing surface, as
desired,
A weed pulling machine has been pat-
ented by Mr. Edward L. Rasmusson, of Duluth, Minn.
It consists of two sets of revolving wheels, with an end-
less chain and spurs, made to work in a recessed frame,
and a deyice for imparting rotary motion to the chain
wheels from the main axle, with an adjustable swing-
ing frame and dragging wheel, to pull out weeds by the
roots.
A hay raker and loader has been pat-
ented by Mr. Joseph I. Davis, of Mt. Hamill, Ohio.
The construction is such that the machine may be
drawn behind a wagon, when the hay gathered by a
rake is lifted by the teeth of a reel and carried up on an
elevator and carrier to be delivered into the wagon,
saving time and obviating the necessity of stacking in
the field.
———_4.9-e—___——.
MISCELLANEOUS INVENTIONS.
A sewing machine has been patented
by Mr. Otto L. Schastey, of New York city.
single thread machine, and has a vertically and laterally
reciprocating needle bar, to make across or binding
stitch,especially applicable for sewing edges of material.
A wagon jack and step ladder combined
has been patented by Mr. Frank N. McKean, of Long
Branch, N.J. It consists of a frame so made with bars to
serve as steps as to be readily adjustable for either use,
and to be convenient and reliable with either adjustment.
An adjustable chair has been patented
by Mr, Hamlet §. Felton, of Chester, Ill. It is made
to be folded together very compactly and lowered
through an opening in the floor, whereby a room, hall,
or theater, with such devices, can be cleared to afford
an open floor in a few minutes.
A hat or bonnet support has been pa-
tented by Margret Smith, of Baltimore, Md. The de-
vice may consist, of a bandeau or comb, having elastic
pins so secured that when free they will assume a pro-
jecting position,and when desired they can be held
down out of the way.
A bicycle saddle has been patented by
Mr. Robert E. Humphreys, of Irwin, Pa. This inven-
tion consists in the combination, with a curved piece,
of a spring rod secured and bent to form the supporting
springs and horn, making a saddle which will rock for-
ward and back, up and down, and laterally.
A calcimine compound has been patent-
ed by Messrs. Samuel U. Brunck and George A. Marsh,
dr., of Sandusky, Ohio. It consists of calcined plaster,
cotton seed oil, and water, formed into a paste
afterward dried and ground, for mixing with dry pow-
dered calcimine or other like wall finish materials,
A pencil sharpener has been patented
by Mr. Azel Hatch, of Lexington, Ky. This invention
covers a broad flat file, with a beveled surface on either
of its sides, the broad portion being of a coarse file cut,
and the beveled surfaces finer, to rapidly cut away and
afterward give a smoother finish to the pencil point.
A ealf weaner has been patented by Mr.
Edward P. Henry, of Eagle Rock, Idaho Ter. It is for
attachment on the nose of a calf, and consists of two
plates pivoted to each other at the edges, each plate
having acuryed prong at the upper inner corner, pre-
venting the calf from sucking, but permitting it to eat
grass.
A package has been patented by Mr.
James McCrodden, of New York city. Its body is cyl-
indrical, made of straight staves, the lower ends adapt-
ed to receive a head and the upper ends beveled to re-
ceive a cover, the outer surface to be covered by paper
or pasteboard, and the whole making a package espe-
cially fitted for grocer’s use.
A peach stoner has been patented by
Mr. Cager Hardgrave, of Clarksville, Ark, It has ver-
tically standing steel blades to split the peach, and
spoon shaped blades acting in connection therewith to
open the peach, with other novel features, whereby
peaches may be halved and freed of their stones quick-
ly and neatly.
A boot or shoe protector has
patented by Messrs. Thomas Gribble and Robert Abra-
ham, of Calumet, Mich. It consists of a malleable me-
tal bottom plate with studs, and formed with side and
toe flanges, which inclose the sole edge and the lower
portion of the upper, the invention being especially ap- ented by Mr. Andrew J. Morrison, of Buffalo, N. Y. It machinery and mill supplies by a man of nine years’ ex-
plicable for miner’s boots.
A grinding mill has been patented by loons anchored to the earth, a car being suspended from
Mr. Henry Cutler, of North Wilbraham, Mass. This in- ‘the cable and made to travel thereon by its own gravity, for Rubber and Leather Belts. Greene, Tweed & Co., N.Y.
vention relates to portable mills of the vertical disk type, the balloons being arranged to raise and lower the
and provides novel means for the accurate setting and cables so as to give them the proper inclination.
adjustment of the stones to compensate for their wear
and to allow of the stationary stone being dressed with- by Mr. George M. Robison, of Leadville, Col. Com- facture on contract. Burekhardt & Schneider, makers
out removal from the case.
A bridle blind has been patented by
Mr. Emory Q. Darr, of Shelbyville, Ind. It is made
with a marginal stiffening wire, witha projecting loop
Srientific American. II
to receive the winker stay, and with a stiffening plate pressing the swinging piece upon the teeth, with other Applegate (burglar) Invisible Electric Matting. 1512
pocketed between the facings of the blind and separat- novel features. Chestnut. Philadelphia.
ed from the wire by a row of stitches, all the stitching
A rod and bolt clipper has been patent- “Bookkeeping Simplified.’ The double-entry system
being done before the plate is put in place.
ed by Mr. Harry W. Parker, of Omaha. Neb. The briefly, simply, and practically explained. Nothing like
A gin saw gummer has been patented stock has a fixed lever with a vertical end aperture op- itin print. Sold by booksellers and by Chas. R. Deacon,
by Mr. Wesley F. Collie, of Barren Fork, Ark. Com- posite a bent hook forming a cutting edge near its outer publisher, 1017 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. Price, $1.00.
bined with a handle is across bar integral therewith, end; in connection therewith is pivoted a movable lever Hercules Lacing and Superior Leather Belting made
and flat teeth riveted to the under side of the bar, and to move a cutting blade along a cavity, so that its cut- by Page Belting Co., Concord, N. H. See adv. page 270.
beveled or pointed at their outer ends, the implement ting edge will operate with that of the bent hook, to cut Nickel Plating.—Sole manufacturers cast nickel an
being ased by slipping it in between the saws while the wires, bolts, etc. odes, pure nickel salts, polishing compositions, ete. $100
motion of the latter is reversed. little wonder. A perfect Electro Plating Machine. Sole
A fire screen hinge has been patented
A method of forming packages of paper by Mr. James M. B. Robinson, of New York city. It is
manufacturers of the new Dip Lacquer Kristaline. Com-
plete outfit for plating, etc. Hanson, Van Winkle & Co.,
has been patented by Mr. Willis M. Hunt, of Glen made with plates having horizontal slots, vertical recess- Newark, N. J., and 92 and 94 Liberty, St., New York.
Gardner, N. J. It consists in providing the bags in es, and rounded outer edges, with bolts and nuts, and a
Grimshaw.—Steam Engine Catechism. <A series of
corresponding edges with slits, and placing therein a connecting plate fitting into the slots of the hinge thoroughly Practical Questions and Answers arranged
cord covered with glue or other adhesive material, so plates, with pins working in their recesses, whereby the so as to give to a Young Engineer just the information
the bags can be readily pulled from the package, and edges of the plates will be kept in contact with each required to fit him for properly running an engine. By
the package hangs well, occupying little space. other as the hinges are worked. Robert Grimshaw. 18mo, cloth, $1.00. For sale by
A flat wire netting has been patented A mechanical telephone has been pat- Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, N. Y.
by Mr. by Mr. Emil Rattey, of New York city. It is formed of ented by Mr. Francis R. Shaw, of Chatham Center, O. The Knowles Steam Pump Works, 44 Washington
a series of flat wires or rods woven together, so that at Combined with a diaphragm offibrous material, having St., Boston, and 93 Liberty St., New York, have just is-
the intersections each wire is bent to form a part which small loops held on its back, are fibrous line wire con- sued a new catalogue, in which are many new and im-
is at right angles to the remaining part of the wire or proved forms of Pumping Machinery of the single and
necting strips, crossing each other and having their
duplex, steam and power type. This catalogue will be
rod, the netting to be used for office railing, window ends secured to the loops, the design being to avoid the mailed free of charge on application.
screens, etc. . harsh metallic ring produced by connections of metal
Coiled Wire Belting takes place of all round belting.
A machine for removing snow and ice between the line wire and the diaphragm.
Cheap; durable. C. W. Belting Co., 93 Cliff St., N. Y.
from sidewalks has been patented by Mr. Edmund R. SE
WA es ee ee
Angell, of Derry, N. H. It is made with wheels, axle, NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS. Air Compressors, Rock Drills. J. Clayton, 43 Dey st.,N.Y.
ahd handle, and a spring held shovel hinged to a bail Huiswell’s Engineer's Pocket-Book. By Charles H.
Louis AGassiz: His Lirk AND CORRE- Haswell, Civil, Marine, und Mechanical Engineer. Givy-
rigidly attached to the axle, a cylinder with cutters be- SPONDENCE. Edited by Elizabeth
ing connected with the drive wheels whereby ice and ing Tables, Rules, and Formulas pertaining to Mechan-
Cary Agassiz. 2 vols., pp. 794. Bos- ics, Mathematics, and Physiés, Architecture, Masonry,
crust can be readily loosened. ton: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Steam Vessels, Mills, Limes, Mortars, Cements, etc. {00
A combined blackboard and desk has Although Professor Agassiz was among the greatest of pages, leather, pocket-book form, $4.00. For sale by
been patented by Messrs. James G. Smithand Hiram E. Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, New York.
American naturalists, he already had a wide reputation
Butter, of Jamestown, N. Y. The construction is such
in this field before coming to America in 1846, when he Peerless Leather Belting. Best in the world for swift
that the combined article when open may be used as a was 39 years old. He was of French descent, born at running and electric machines, Arny & Son, Phila.
writing desk and when closed asa blackboard, the board Send for catalogue of Scientific Books for sale by
Motiers, Switzerland, and from his 20th year, while yet
forming the table to the desk when open, and front or Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, N. Y. Free on application.
a student at the University of Munich, to the end of
door of the desk when closed.
his life, in 1873, his name occupied a place of steadily Shafting, Couplings, Hangers, Pulleys, Edison Shafting
A pencil sharpener has been patented growing prominence among the leading naturalists of Mfg. Co.,86 Goerck St., N.Y. Send for catalogue and prices.
by Mr. Eugene Fitch, of Des Moines, Iowa. Combined this century, such as Humboldt, Cuvier, Buckland, Tron Planer, Lathe, Drill, and other machine tools of
with a shell or hollow head is a knife held within its Owen, and Murchison. Beginning with the organiza- modern design. New Haven Mfg. Co., New Haven, Conn.
sides, and a clamping spring and handle, with other tion of plants and their geographical distribution, he Wanted.—Patented articles or machinery to manufac-
novel features, making a device which can be conveni- afterward took up the history of fresh and salt water ture and introduce. Lexington Mfg. Co., Lexington, Ky.
ently held and manipulated, and will be very securely fishes, and in 1833 began the publication of his great
held on the pencil when not in use for sharpening. For Power & Economy, Alcott’s Turbine, Mt. Holly, N.J.
work of five volumes on fossil fishes, which was followed
Itisa Send for Monthly Machinery List
An ointment for the cure of diseases of by numerous yolumes on history and geology, includ-
to the George Place Machinery Company,
the hair or scalp has been patented by Mr. Daniel M ing special studies of glaciers. From 1846 his biography
121 Chambers and 103 Reade Streets, New York.
Allen, of Fort Wayne, Ind. It is composed of Peru belongs more particularly to the scientific history of
Presses & Dies. Ferracute Mach. Co., Bridgeton, N. J.
balsam, benzoic acid, oil of cloves, alcohol, creosote, the United States. The principal object of his coming
iodine, iodide of potassium, water, vaseline, and cal- here was to study the natural history and geology of If an invention has not been patented in the United
cined magnesia, the ointment to be applied by means of the country, as well as to deliver a course of Lowell lec- States for more than one year, it may still be patented in
the finger on the scalp. tures in Boston. To further his aims, Professor Bache, Canada. Cost for Canadian patent, $40. Various other
An apparatus for taking soundings has of the Coast Survey, invited him to use the facilities of foreign patents may also be obtuined. For instructions
address Munn & Co., SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN patent
been patented by Mr. Hermam Schoening, of Antwerp, that department, to visit every point of the coast in
agency, 361 Broadway, New York.
Belgium. The construction is such that as the appara- its well equipped vessels. Agassiz deemed this offer ,
so liberal, and of such importance in a scientific point Machinery for Light Manufacturing, on hand and
tus is lowered in the water the water rises in a groove built to order. E. BE. Garvin & Co., 139 Center St., N. Y.
and compresses air in proportion to the depth to which of view, that it had great weight in determining him
to remain to the end of his days in the United Stutes; Supplement Catalogue.—Persons in pursuit of infor-
the apparatus is lowered, this being indicated by a pro-
perly prepared gauge strip to be affected by the wetting. and he accordingly, in 1847, accepted a professorship mation of any special engineering, mechanical, or scien-
| tifie subject, can have catalogue of contents of the Sci-
in the Cambridge Scientific School, founded by Mr.
A thill coupling has been patented by ENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT sent to them free.
Abbot Lawrence. What he subsequently accom- The SUPPLEMENT contains lengthy articles embracing
Messrs. Benjamin C. Smith and Charles W. Pride, of
plished is matter of too recent history to call for the whole range of engineering, mechanics, and physical
Boston, Mass. It has a specially devised frame attach-
special mention here, but its influence in stimulating science. Address Munn & Co., Publishers, New York.
ed to the axle of the vehicle by a clip, with other novel
thorough scientific examination in the United States Wood Working Machinery. Fullline. Williamsport
features which allow of easy coupling and uncoupling,
has been profound and far reaching. The two volumes Machine Co., “ Limited,” 110 W. 3d St., Williamsport, Pa.
while it cannot be uncoupled when the vehicle is in mo-
now published by Mrs. Agassiz afford a most charming
tion, and is neat and compact. Walrus Leather for polishing. A choice invoice Eng-
biography of her distinguished husband, with just
A spindle for cap spinning and twisting lish tanned just arrived. Greene, Tweed & Co., N. Y.
enough about the many great works in which he was en-
machines has been patented by Mr. William Wardman, Guild & Garrison’s Steam Pump Works, Brooklyn,
gaged to be intensely interesting, without ever becom-
of Bristol, Pa. The construction is such that the bob- N.Y. Steam Pumping Machinery of every description.
ing tedious. These references are, in fact, principally
bin can be made longer and have a longer traverse than Send for catalogue.
in the letters of eminent men, the correspondence with
heretofore, so as to hold more yarn and increase the Send for descriptive circular on lubrication. Charles
Humboldt alone giving the means for a fairly compre-
amount of work done by the machine, as well as im- H. Besly & Co., North American Agents for Reisert’s
hensive review of the most important work undertaken
prove the quality and lessen the expense. by Agassiz, while the biographical portions show the
Celebrated Solid Oil, 175 & 177 Lake St., Chicago, Lil.
A bottle cork attachment has been pa- Planing and Matching Machines. All kinds Wood
difficulties under which he worked, his great perseyer-
Working Machinery. C. B. Rogers & Co., Norwich, Conn.
tented by Mr. John W. Hayward, of St. Johns, New- ance and indefatigable industry, and well depict the en-
and foundland. Combined with a cord having slits on its gaging personality of one who for the last half cen- Iron and Steel Wire, Wire Rope, Wire Rope Tram-
sides is a cord or band in these slits, and passed over tury has occupied a large place among original workers ways. Trenton Lron Company, Trenton, N. J.
the inner end of the cork, so the cork can be readily re- for the advancement of science. % Bradley’s improved Cushioned Helye Hammer. New
moyed without a corkscrew, or the attachment may be design. Sizes from 25 to 500 lb. Bradley & Co., Syracuse,
used as a seal to tie the cork in the bottle. Necks
An adjustable window screen has been
WBusiness and Wersonal. Curtis Pressure Regulator and Steam Trap. See p. 222
wee
patented by Messrs. Forest M. Lampson and George W. Universal and Independent 2 Jaw Chucks for brass
Any person having anew invention may, without charge,
Hogben, of Ripon, Wis. The screen frame has staples work, etc., both box'and round body. Cushman Chuck
consult MUNN & CO., Scientific American Office, Co., Hartford, Conn.
and strips arranged at the side of its end portions,
361 Broadway, New York, for advice how to obtain
headed pins being secured in the strips and working in Crescent Steel Tube Scrapers are made on scientific
a Patent or Caveat. Our Hand Book of Instruc- principles. Crescent Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio.
the staples, the device being intended to fit screens to
tions relating to Patents sent free.
window frames of different widths. The Improved Hydraulic Jacks, Punches, and Tube
A washing machine has been patented Wanted.—Location on RR. for an established ma- Expanders. R. Dudgeon, 24 Columbia St., New York.
by Mr. James S. Jones, of Crutchfield, Ky. It consists chine business requiring 12,000 feet floor space and 25 H. Hoisting Engines. D. Frisbie & Co., Philadelphia, Pa,
P. Address A. T. Co., Woonsocket, R. [.
of a tank in which is hung a drum that is made to oscil- Tight and Slack Barrel Machinery a specialty. John
late and dip in the water of the tank, the head of the For Sale.—Punch Presses, $15.00. Extra Portable Greenwood & Co., Rochester, N.Y. See illus. adv., p. 286.
drum carrying a series of internal ribs, and the drum Forges, $10.00. Lathes, Planers, Drill Presses, etc. York
Cure for the Deaf.
& Benton, Cleveland, O.
carrying pins for separating the clothes and prevent Peck’s Patent Improved Cushioned Ear Drums per-=
them from falling down in a solid mass, Woodworking Machinery, Engines, and Boilers. fectly restore the hearing and perform the work of the
Largest and most complete stock inthe U.S. Prices to patural drum. Always in position, but invisible to
An animal trap has been patented by meet the times. S.C. Forsaith Mach. Co., Manchester,
others, and comfortable to wear. All conversations
Mr. Sylvester S. Green, of Lead City, Dakota Ter. Itis N. H. and even whispers heard distinctly. We refer to those
made with a box Hiaving a platform and a trap door Modern Machine Tools a specialty. Abbe Bolt Forg- using them. Send for illustrated book with testimo-
supported by aspring held lever, engaging a crank driven ing Machines, Bolt and Nut Machinery, Palmer Power nials, free. Address F. Hiscox, 858 Broadway, New
bya cord and weight,the crank working in a slotted cross Hammers, Lathes, Planers, Drills, Shapers. Send for York. Mention this paper.
head at the inner end, the device working to project the estimates. 8S. C. Forsaith Mach. Co., Manchester, N. TH. Pays well on Small Investment.—Stereopticons, Magic
animal caught into a secure inner chamber. Corn Sheller Wanted. Lanterns, and Views illustrating every subject for public
exhibitions. Lanterns for colleges, Senday schools, and
A coal and rock drill has been patented We wish to build the latest and best Corn Sheller in the
home amusements. 136 page illustrated catalogue free.
by Mr. James F. Loftus, of Winton, Pa. It is adapted world on royalty. Send cut and copy of patent with
McAllister, Manufacturing Optician, 49 Nassau St., N. Y.
to bore or drill holes horizontally, perpendicularly, or royalty asked immediately. Manufacturer, Lock Box
Providence Steam Engine Co., Providence, R. I., are
at any desired angle, and is an improvement on that 267, Columbus, Ohio.
been The Scroll Saw advertised by A. H. Pomeroy in this sole builders of the “ Improved Greene Engine.”
class of drilling machines in which the stem or shank
issue is a thoroughly practical machine. He agrees to Catechism of the Locomotive, 625 pages, 250 engray-
of the drill proper is screw threaded and works through
refund the money paid for all machines sold not satis- ings. Most accurate, complete, and easily understood
a nut hinged or swiveled to a suitable support.
factory after testing. book onthe Locomotive. Price $2.50. Send for catalogue
An aerial railway and car has been pat- Wanted.—Situation, on commission or salary, to sell
of railroad books. The Railroad Gazette,7% B’way, N. Y.
Se
eae
a
** To Mechanics.”"—When needing Twist Drills, ask
consists of a wire cable supported at intervals by bal- perience. References given. Box 467, Waverley, N. Y. for “ Standard,” or send for catalogue to Standard Tool
Blake’s Belt Studs. The strongest and best fastening
Co., Cleveland, O. See page xi., Export Edition.
Steel name stamps, 15 cts. per letter; steel figures, $1
per set. F. A. Sackmann, 1099 First Ave., Cleveland, O.
Mineral Lands Prospected, Artesian Wells Bored, by
Pa. Diamond Drill Co. Box 423, Pottsville, Pa. See p. 46. Seam and Looping Machines, patent Burr Wheels,
A carpet stretcher has been patented Brushing Machines. Tubbs & Humphreys, Cohoes, N. Y.
Wanted.—Novelties or patented specialties to manu-
Machinists’ Pattern Letters. Pattern Letters to order.
bined with a plate having teeth on its front edge is a of fine tools, models, and light machinery, 211 and 213 Vanderbugh, Wells & Co., 110 Fulton St., New York.
swinging piece above the teeth, a rack bar resting on Mulberry Street, Newark, N. J. Astronomics] Telescopes, from 6// to largest size. Ob-
the plate witha pin on one end, a pawl spring on the Acme Sash Cord (coiled wire), Cheaper; ten times servatory Domes, all sizes. Warner & Swasey, Cleve-
plate, and a handle piece for moving the plate and more durable. C. W. Belting Co., 93 Cliff St,, New York. land, O,

HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS.
Names and Address must accompany all letters,
or no attention will be paid thereto. This is for our
information, and not for publication.
References to former articles or answers should
give date of paper and page or number of question.
Inquiries not answered in reasonable time should
ye repeated; correspondents will bear in mind that
some answers require not a little research, and,
though we endeavor to reply to all, either by letter
or in this department, each must take his turn.
Special Information requests on matters of
Sew rather than general interest, and requests
or Prompt Answers by Letter, shonld be
accompanied with remittance of $1 to $5, according
to the subject, as we cannot be expec ted to perform
such service without remuneration.
Scientific American Supplements referred
to may be had at the office. Price 10 cents each.
Minerals sent for examination should be distinctly
marked or labeled.
(1) B. 8S. H. asks: 1. What are the
gredients used in flavoring the best smoking tobaccog
A. Various flavoring mixtures are made and sold in
New York. Cristiani’s “‘Perfumery and Kindred Arts”
gives a number of recipes such as the following:
Tincture of cascarilla................ 6 ounces.
4 “e (MORGUB, «sab Bow JP Oeme’ ov 4 +
by $F EON os os 00-058 eI 5k2 Hg
~ MOTI 58 Fer atte oalbnie 2 ze
rtd A yalovians-c..d. teste
ces tase 2
Oil of nutmegs......... Cust otee et K
ett CLOVER Ss cL teass uve ss Tees 6 Chopper. See Cotton chopper.
Rome? SGU sas one se av iwbeet 1 drachm.
2. There was a circus here some time since in whicha
girl walked on a ceiling, apparently of board, in an in-
verted position. By what means was it accomplished?
A. The walking is accomplished by means of electro-
magnets. A patent for this purpose has recently been
issued, a copy of which we cansend to you for 25 cents.
(2) G. W. asks what mercury can
thoroughly dissolved with. A. Nitric acid, even
dilute and in the cold, dissolves ‘t freely.
(3) J. H. L. desires a receipt for frost-
ing silver jewelry. A. Dip the article in a solution of
nitric acid and water, half and half, for a few minutes,
then wash well in clean water and dry in hot sawdust.
When thoroughly dry, brush the sawdust away witha
soft brush, and yarnish the parts required to be
bright.
(4) A.C. asks at what point along the
Atlantic coast the Gulf Stream approaches the nearest.
A. Cape Hatteras.
(5) L. C. B. writes: Will you please tell
me how diastase may be obtained? A. A cold infusion
of malt is heated to 158° Fah. (to coagulate its albu-
men); it is then allowed to cool. and alcohol is added
to the filtered liqnid, when diastase is precipitated un-
der the form of a tasteless white powder which is
freely soluble in water.
(6) J. L. HA. writes: I wish to make
propeller 20 inches in diameter. From which could
I obtain the most speed—from a 2 horse power en-
7 one of 3 flukes or one with 2 flukes? The boat
25 feet over all, 20 feet keel, 3 feet deep, and 5%
pects A. 8 flukes are generally used, and considered
the most efficient.
(7) J. P. K.—The addition of a little oil
of cloves will prevent mucilage from souring.
ic acid, and sometimes carbolic acid, are similarly-used.
You will find in Screntiric AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT,
No. 157, numerous recipes for inks.
(8)«H. C. F.—For long and short
vehicles of the same weight, both being under the same
conditions on a level road, there could be no percep-
tible difference in their pull; but on uneven roads
the long reach vehicle is easier and less jerky upon
the horses, Thisis very perceptible in drawing long
timber on rough roads.
(9) FE. W.8S. asks whether any one has
ever used a continuous screw for propelling boats—a
screw 10 fect or 20 feet long. A. The continuous
screw was tried in the early experiments with screw
propulsion, and found worthless.
(10) P. T. C. asks for a solution
prevent the colors of embroidery on white silk hand-
kerchiefs fading in washing. A. Before washing it is
recommended to soak the articles for some time in
water, to every gallon of which is added a spoonful of
ox gall. Alum added in small qaantities to the wash
water is also used to prevent fading.
(11) M. C. asks: What is the best
paration used by draughtsmen for whitening
wood blocks previous to making drawings? (Blocks
used by wood engravers.) A. Every draughtsman has
his fancy for one or another of the many whites, with
varieties of gums. Our artists find good satisfaction in
cake flaked white or bottled Chinese white.
(12) G. W. F. asks: Is there any better
way to obtain a due east and west course than by turn-
ing a right angle from the true north and south as ob-
tained by observing the North Star? If this is sufficient,
is the mean of repeated angles with a Buff and Berger
transit (444 inch needle) sufficiently accurate to run
such a line sixty miles inlength, a boundary between
States? A. A due east and west line in your latitude is
not astraight line, but rather a great curve
every part shall be at a right angle with the polar axis,
and whose absolute radius shall be the least distance
from the given point in latitude to the earth’s axis. The
curve on the plane of the given latitudé should have a
radius equal to the distance on that plane extended to
meet the polar axis, so that, to run a due east or west
boundary for 60 or more miles, offsets for tangential
departure from the great circle should be made, and a
new meridian established for each section of from 5 to
10 miles. This equation forms one of the difficulties
encountered in rearranging boundary surveys that
were originally described by compass courses,
Scientific American, [|NOVEMBEk, 1885.
!
Buttonhole cutter, C. A. Roder Gate, P. S. Basnett.......--.-. OTTTCT TF .. 328,748
(13) E. B. asks: 1. Can astatie machine Gate, J. PO GNAGGH: 2. oe oeeiieicccccccccnccccacssce + BIB 772
Button or stad, G. H. Bowerman...
be substituted for a battery of cells for galvanoplasty ? Cable grip, roller, G. A. Polhemeus. Generator. See Steam generater.
A. No. 2. The reason why? A. Because galvano- Caisson, M. Malbouhan Glassware, mould for pressed, J. Haley............ 328,482
plastic operations require a current of great quantity Calcimine compound, Brunck & Marsh, Jr... Gold from ores, electrical apparatus for separat-
with low intensity. The electricity of the static ma- : Calendar, W. T. Fenn........... " ing, W. J. Tanner. oS Tee ccccsecncecscss S28 H2
chine has a very high tension, but very little quan- Calendar, memorandum, 8. L. Horton.... Governor for supplying gaseous fuel, A. Darling... 328,468
Calipers for measuring, W. G. Richards.......... .. 328,861 Grain drier, J. C. Klauder 328,785
tity.
Camera. See Photographic camera. Grenades, bracket for hand, A, F. Buchanan... .. 828,874
(14) H. 8. asks: Why do the eyes of a Can cleansing machine, B. Jordan...........++- eee O20,002 Grinding mill, H. Cutler....... ......... Save caves Ox++ 328,656
portrait appear to follow a person around the room? Candy, translucent picture, J: J. Van Leeuwen.... 328,867 Gun barrel, machine, J. W. Petty. coos BB TIS
A. The surface upon which the features are outlined Capsule machine, W. A. Tucker....... Os 55. NEC coe Res 328,028 Hammer, bush, A. NeISOM..........0.2sseeceeees sees 328,009
being flat, no matter at what angle they are observed, Car brake, automatic, W. A. Wilde. acetal 328,870 Hammock supporting device, F. A. Fletcher...... 828,474
Car coupling, C. C. Burton.......ssccccecccscsedes +e. 328,458 Harness breeching stay, H. A. Prickett.. +e. 328,901
we sce the same flat delineation, the lines always bear-
Car coupling, E. T. Hall...... Rai’ asia s . 828,584 Harrow, J. Elliott . 328,576
ing the same relation to each other.
Car coupling, J. W. Johnson .. .. 328,785 Harrow, F. M. JanseD ..ssi ssc ses. dasesecs ses vsccese 328,782
(15) R. J. P. writes: I would like you Car coupling, 8. H. Springer...... . 328,620 Harrow, A. H. & W. Di Briere. canna: 0308. cco 328,519
to answer in your columns a few questions in regard Car coupling, A. W. Van Dorston.. 828,547 Harrow and sod cutter, combined. A.J. Lyons ; - $28,898
Car, railway, R. H. Wyman (r)........ aieetee 10,654 Harvester binder tension device, W. M. Holmes.. 828,887
to the dynamo described in SuppLemENT, No. 161.
Car starter and brake, J. Kubler.............+00+++ $28,493 Harvester, corn and cane, Wilson & Forbes....... 328,910
1. Will it answer to have the magnet and armature
Uar, 000K; Eis AsO caps ceeteagen 18a y nen B28, 74E to 823,747 Hat binding, detachable, Lawrence & Dibble.. 328,694
cast from the same iron, if it is soft, as used in a ma- Hat or bonnet supporter, M. Smith......... 328,729
Carpet stretcher, A. H. Coble...... haste heebionie os. 028,653
chine shop, or would it be better to have the magnet Carpet stretcher, R. Moffitt... Hats, machine for pinning out, T. Sanders 328,719
cast, and to make the armature of soft wrought iron? Carpet sweeper, HE. T. Prindle.. Hay carrier, R. C. Norton.......-....s+eeseee 328,802
A. Both magnet and armature may be made of soft cast Carriage bow slat, J. W. & J. W. Sherwood......... 828,526 Hay elevator and carrier, W. Louden..... ........ 328,896
iron. 2. Are Nos. 14 and 16 wire the best, where ma- Carriage, child’s, Bostwick & Thayer.......... eeeee 028,064 Hay elevator and conveyer, Bigelow & Whitbeck. $28,453
chine isto be used for plating; and run by power? Carriage doors, device for operating, C. Hay rake, horse, S. J. ATMOIG.......0 cesses cere eeeeeee 328,833
HOMASITS Ge. asecesse ter. coseceoa avaeeelSeoeidry 828,731 Hay rakes, etc., securing the teeth of horse, A. J.
A. These numbers are correct, but coarser wire may
in- Carrier., See Hay earriar. race carrier. AQUI 6 o0m000iauasraepenee Mo Wadmten kes ivak tas coat $28,508
be used if desirable. 3. How fast should it run to get
Carrier apparatus, J. F. Downing.........+ Tos Hay raker and loader, J. 1. Davis.......eeeeeee cers 328,658
the best results? A. From 1,500 to 2,000 revolutions
Cartridge loading implement, H. Baxter..... aa é Heater. See Feed water heater.
per minute. 4. Could the machine be used to run a Case. See Fur case. Toilet case. .| Heel trimmer, rotary, J. L. Lord..........-.eee eeeee 328,858
small light, if wound with coarse wire? How many
Cast wheel, Wi IN. WHNtGHY s.55 5... ccscccvcccccpeveace Heel trimming machine, Lord & Ross
gallons of solution will it operate, or how much nickel Cellonite or nitro-cellulose article, J. R. Franee... ¢ Hemp, etc., machine for spreading and drawing,
will it depositin an hour? A. Yes,if the lamp has a Cellulose or paper pulp from wood fiber, appara-
very low resistance. The questions regarding the solu- tus for the manufacture of, Ritter & Kellner... 328,812 Hinge, T. H. Costello..........-...eeeeee
Chair. See Adjustable chair. Hog catching device, F. M. Scrafford...............
tion must be settled by trial.
Chair, L. A. Chichester...... A ADCO ete «528,760, 328,838 Holder. See Broom holder. Pencil holder. Tool
a“. ’ MINERALS, ETC.—Specimens have been Check rower wire anchor or equalizer, A. T. holder.
Be received from the following correspondents, and ex- CLOW Fer cw Gece at cene. arceue ter oe esccn eee 328,879 Hoop driver, M. Naughton........e.ssecscccecceeees 328,706
Horseshoe, C. Heyer.....-. 328,676
amined with the results stated.
Chuck, brace, J. Chantrell....... ecebatioeleeie's Horseshoe machine, L. G. Claude 328,461
¥F. R. S.—The specimen of clay sent is useful for the Churn, T. Machan..........- Sawiaeoelbeeeds clesiece Hub boxing gauge, W. J. Matern... 828,699
manufacture of the commoner grades of earthenware. Churn, E. O. Phillips.. Hydraulic elevator, G. H. Reynolds..... ee -. 328,614
It brings $1.35a ton at Amboy and $1.50 at New York. | Churn power and putter worker, Gornbiner. p Hydraulic pressure regulator and ram, B.
BWOONEY.c.cccagnctencsp sah sccvnese cose sane sees 320,900 MEMOGRA a iach ocr es Saakeaisehesamdases cscs uscsooues 328,730
We would suggest your sending samples to the pot-
fce and apparatus therefor, manufacture of, A.
teries at Liverpool, Ohio.—G. W. S.—The mineral is an Cigar box, F. C. Smalstig............ panes ameciee C<iere 328,617
Cigar bunching machine, A. Gordon.........-...+++ 328,774 Bohnmnited, fe.6 250% ésseeceteidcee
seoate £5 BCOAK
arsenical iron ore, known mineralogically as mispickle.
Clay and separating the stones therefrom, device Ice machine, O. Vezin......-..+++ area rrenacese4se cate 528,624
It is of no commercial value, as arsenicis only smelted Injector, J. M. Marty....... Lc ooccos?Sn beorOeoccn 828,594
for disintegrating, J. A. Boyd
be as a by-product. Clock, electric, F. R. Field.............+ 328,769 Insulator, L. O. Smith........... dass opvee = 328,728
when Clock for machinery, speed, W. H, Lord. 528,592 Iron and steel bar, combined, L. G. Claude.. . 328,652
Clothes drier, lL. E. Hastings....... oy 828,484 Ironing table, M. J. JerOMe........cececccecccecvecers 328,788
INDEX OF INVENTIONS Clothes drier, P. Lockie......... «+ 828,852 Juck. See Wagon jack.
Clothes drier, F. G. Manley....... 828,855 Joint. See Railway rail joint.
Clothes line fastener, A. H. Squires. +. 828,824 Joint for wire, wire rods, cables, etc., C. G.
For which Letters Patent of the Clutch, friction, C. Kaestner......... -». 328,786 RICIUIOOU ssc oWesies en tcsteceencteerenncec
des hocss.cns 328,502
Coal and rock drill, J. F. Loftus............. . 528,495 Key fastener, A. W. Sigerson 828,725
United States were Granted
Concentrating machine, J. E. Westlake. 328,627 Knife, compasses, and ruler, combination, T. W.
Condenser, surface, B. 8S. Benson.............+++0+ 828,752 828,911
Connecting rods, stub end for, L. Griscom......... 328,885 Knitting machine nhial motion mechanism, J. By-
October 20, 1885, Converter, J. C. Dods.............. doles p bixclacisiciexsssa DCO HiGIG TEaSanpcrenad 828,876
Cooler. See Corpse cooler. : Lamp, LL. EB.Klugh. 528,492
AND EACH BEARING THAT DATE. Cords with silk threads, TgeclataS for covering, E. Lamp, switch, Jordan & Curry.............-eeeeeeee 328,490
Hrank@ sas eeoes siiengsens es tudpobamese-eee eas dF 828,884 Lamp switch, incandescent electric, C. R.
Corpse cooler and preserver, H. C. Johnson........ 328,686 SAPNIOMG access. weeicitemtenats+set peremertoie petsiniels sie ataidle 328,831
[See note at end of list about copies of these patcnts.] Corsets, manufacture of surgical, J. W. Batter- Lamps, automatic switch board for electric, C. R.
823,658 MATNOLG cash sincsae obese cores ttecet Supe omc ace sc « eee 828,832
Adjustable chair, H. 8. Felton... Cotton chopper, M. M. MoGregot . 828,595 Lamps, regulating the ame of, 8. c. Wilcox...... 328,869
Advertising wagon, A. Konig......... Cotton Dress, 'G. MCGOVEIN. << iccusccsecccccccccctss 328,798 Land roller, J. W. Jones......-...++5+ bc dpossgeee eae $28,489
Aerial railway and car, A. J. Morrison Coupling. See Car coupling. Thill coupling. Latch, K. Clementsen.............- chat cea eeaper agar: 328,763
Aero steam engine, E. M. Strange........... ee eeees 328,000 Cuff retainer, W. L. Weatherly............0+5+ capiasia 328,735 Level, pendulum, 8. J. Deckurd.... ........--/..... $28,881
Air compressor, C. Monson menieeta 828,598 Cup. See Sponge cup. Leveling instrument, A. G. W. Foster.............5 328,665
Air for the preservation of meat, etc., process of Current motor, floating, W. Main... .328,496, 325,497, 328,593 Lifter. See Transom lifter.
a and apparatus for dehydrating and refrigerat- Cutter. See Buttonhole cutter. Lock. See Seal lock.
ing, H. C. Johnson Dental chair attachment, G. A. Dille..........-... . 328,659 Lock, latch, S. W. Budd...... se n etibe ecaceeessce 328,875
Alum, manufacture of crystal, H. C. Freist. 3 Direct acting engine, R. Welford.. Locking bracket for curtain and ainer rods and
Alumina, manufacture of hydrate of, H. Cc. Ditching machine, F. M. Marquis.... Pails, C23? Beckman. 2% i... seccccnes OS Rot AAP aae 328,562
BM PGG eee ceenen: denen sasleciek sins sievaitionta nena ’eeas wre 828,478 Door, J. W. Moyer........ Locomotive, GH. Griggs. toss. Nestaeee ccce
tec cscs 328,845
Amalgumator and concentrator, B. Tyson Door sill, A. M. Roscoe 4 Locomotive ash pan, H. Beals............... ABs 328,751
Animal trap, S. 8. Greene...........8.cecssee. Dray, three-wheeled, Perry & Sprague ems ee sees 828,514 Locomotive smoke box, G. R. Henderson.......... 328,674
Anvil, vise, and drill, combined, R. Vosburgh. nests Drier. See Clothes drier. Fruit drier. Lubricating rotary motors, upparatus for, C. A.
Awning, window, J. N. Colby.........eeceseseceeeees Drill. See Coal and rock drill. Rock drill. PPAYRONS sc ssc ut eo aniewsvs vnnaee
Axle box, B. M. Johnson...........+e00+ agree Drilling machine, BF. Gut... 2. o. cect ec eee eesceees 328,886 Lumber transporter, W. Waris ;
Salicyl-
Axle skeins, making, R. Gracey... Drinking fountain for poultry, A. K. Bates........ 828,749 Marker, land, T. W. Beal..............- eaislanivcesceses OCGiODL
Bangle for jewelry, C. Gosling............+++ Saoq 55 Dynamometer, J. L. CHEnCYy...+...eeeececeeeccceeeee 828,650 Meat mincing machine, P. Billingham..... SOCOM eye
Barometer, J. Y. McCleary ........00.+.- Educational device for the illustration of longi- Medical rheumatism remedy, 8. Nash
Barrel filler, automutic, C. Ward......... tude and time, D. C. Young............-.-. eens ¢ B28;029 Metal rods, forming grooved, W. A. McCool....... 828,797
Barrel making machine, L. M. Reed.... Egg beater, W. C. Burry......... tS ROSE. eee e 328,457 Meter. See Water meter.
reach
Bath. See Blotter bath. Electric battery, T. L. Kauffer.............0.s.00 . 328,687 Mill. See Grinding mill. Rolling mill.
Bathing cabinet, L. Yancey...... Electric lighting system, T. A. Ndison... 328,578 ae 828,575 Mirror, folding, P. Wiederer..... MECCA St ae 828,742
Battery. See Electric battery. Electric machines, commutator for dyna eee Mirror, hand, P. Wiederer....... et ssemete 528,7139 to $28,741
Bed, Durdad, A. KmiGN.... secs ccck cous wareeserees Mixing, diffusing, leaching, and concentrating ap-
Bed, folding, Tt P. Marstorn cscs. sipaiieee an ' Bleectric machines, commutator for dynamo, C. EB. paratus, C. Hornbostel..............++ Rekitecoece . 328,585
Bed lounge, A. Kulich PUD
OR rete cetanp ee ks ce en annhe<-speneenwad sees 328,859 Mordant, Ms Conrad Stsenn 22 Tea eeabeas dades cures 328,464
Bedstead for wire mattresses, T. 8. Clark Electric signaling apparatus, I. H. Farnham......, 328,578 Motor. See Current motor. Rotary motor. Spring
Beer, apparatus for preserving and pressing, F. Electric switch, 8. 8. Leonard. . - 828,695 motor.
Widmenmistd. iw staves eke date Robnhntsiche ae Hlectrie wires, underground conduit for, G. B. Motor,"Wi. FLORSGUL. cesses en nGeveceanene heeog ae 828,678
Belt, electric, P. Wenigmann. Pennock....... BSR CHRORRR Rone ie ran cés bbcoagyt « 328,712 Motor,G. C. Wickizer F
Belt fastener, J. Spruce........... Elevator. See Hay elevator. Hydraulic ele- Mowing machine corn cutting attachment, J. he
Belt stretcher, D. C. B. Robinson........ vator. WPOPD OS viisa cs vas veces eet tan devas se pacece™ cedecs sas GOETO
Bicycle, G.I. Maspie.: scis ccscsavessstssctneses seees 328,499 Elevator safety gate, C. Sorber....... Se bievaite Cxcars WiOcoee Musical instrument, automata; J. MeTammany.. 328,5)
Bicycle saddle, R. EK. Humphreys.. +++. 828,682 Embalming apparatus, P. 8. Ensworth............. 838,577 Nail, Wael. Perry...<.. ie dine SHUM EUE OMe SURGE Wwe as's v CelOOO
to Bicycle saddle, C. T, Starbuck........ n Pe aioe 6 stains eee 828,893 Engine. See Aero steam engine. Direct acting Nail extractor, Corning & Stackhouse.............. 828,655
Binder, double flat, J. Busacker....... Andis enh seaeewitboS OA engine. Single acting engine. Nail plate feeder, J. H. Dunbar.......... ++. 828,882
Bit. See Bridle bit. Engine reversing device, D. P. Kane............... 328,787 Nail plates, prepairing steel, B. Lauth. + 328,590
Bit braces CUANtKEll 5.50. . sess scascvenescsumnnee 328,649 Erasive rubber, F. H. Holton........... e000 s328,008, 328,779 Necktie fastener, C. A. Turner,........c.eeeceeeeees S25 45
Blackboard and desk, combined, Smith & Butler.. 328,727 Extractor. See Nail extractor. Stump ex- NuGilock, H. G. Buchw ici tecsc cer ctuieecvesccecstrsess Gla Mo0
Blotter bath, L. Bailey.............aisinen vise es oe. 828,63¢ tractor. Oil cup, A. L. Swift...... Vesececevescccsececeacs Geol
Boiler covering, C C. Gilman Fan, automatic,W. H. Mercer.............-- esecviee Gee t0D Ointment, D. M. Allen..........cccsscecesee . 828,681
Boilers, device for purifying the water of, E. W. Fan for ventilating mines, ete., W. Viggers........ 828.549 Organ stop-action, reed, FE, P. Carpenter... + 328,647
pre- WANUULON <ansesscbhlesecere ee EA nals dnundncupe ntosmn eeyOan Fat cutting machine, pork, B. Gloekler............. 328,667 Organ stop knob, R. Alden.......... Rage Sega anew n.ce teen
box- Bolt. See Flour bolt. Faucet, Class & Weatherhead........ seb ectuapiae sees 828,651 Package, J. MeCrodden........ isfete sa «tains o> . 828,700
Boot or shoe protector, Gribble & Abraham....... 828,844 Faucet, beer, M. Singer. .......cccsccereccvncccoecess Oeayoed Packing for stuffing boxes, E. 8. Hough... + 828,846
Boot or shoe stretcher, J. K. Brown.......... seeeee B2O,042 Faucet, fcrce and drain, W. F. Class et al.......... 828,877 Paint, mixed, Li. BrOWM.......ccceccceneceee 828,643
Boots or shoes, rubber sole for, L. & J. W. Hay- Feed water heater, S. R. Hughes................5 +». 328,587 Paint, mixed, C. Miller...... Wivdewceeveuee . 828,857
BOG cron tamed Aah untae eaiees tarde naan . ‘ Feed water heater, O. Rothrock............ -328,902, 828,903 Paint remover, F. P. Foster...... ~ 628,606
Bottle cork attachment, J. W. Hayward.. Felly boring and mortising machine, combined, P. Paint solvent, J. KotrDa.y. cede ctees fusdesvevcccceseds 328,589
Bottle sheath, C. H. Bangs.. Petersen eeecees 329,906 Paper bags, folding and pasting machine for form
Bottle stopper, J. Recktonwalts Fence, portable, W. E. Jones. ing cornucopia, J. N. Chadsey................++ . 828,459
Bottle stopper, C. M. Taylor............ “ Fence stay, wire, W. J. Hutchins.... ARORA 3 Paper bags, forming packages of, W. M. Hunt.... 328,888
Box. See Cigar box. Hub boxing ox Paper Fence wire, machine for applying barbs to, J. Paper box, C. FB. Hatch....-2.....; PeaeaMnaass) cavexss Geb step
box. Post office distribution and delivery Paper calendering rolls, J. H. Beale....... ........ 828,639
box. Fertilizer distributer, ‘a! Mekenney c 2s... sc .ccccs Paving or building blocks, machine for making:
Box fastener, T. F. COmklin.........cscecccceeseceees G25 463 Fiber, machine for reducing quills, feathers, etc., As Ward: s.cecces Sond as ei ceeded iokaonwehs
>«scos's, CONE
Brace. See Bit brace. to, G, Ro Holden. vee tiveccwccsacs covesccecvces GesOO0 Peach stoner, C. Hardgravé. ss; sudhogs : GOO daG
Bracket. See Locking bracket. Filter, oil, J. Baker...... Pen, fountain, J. Blaine. vies cowsceserceseces . 828,454
Bricks, ete., machine or press for pressing, Pencil and scissors holder, combined, R. Thomp- >
Fire escape step rod attachment, W. H. Barr...... 328,636 RON Scaacadenssete kine TRUMMT ERG a rs pe se cd selec ooe COKEOD
in which
Bridge, truss, C. & G. Carr.... Fire extinguisher, automatic, BE. H. Williams...... 328,908 Pencil holder, B. F. Pehelisas:
Bridle bit, E. W. Jackson... Floor cloths, etc., in various colors, machine for Pencil sharpener, E. Fitch......
, Bridle blind, E. Q. Darr..... eee making, G. Schwarzwald.. nach stant] Geet Pencil sharpener, A. Hatch.... ........
| Bridle, harness, M. R. Good....... “ Flour bolt, B. Kniffler. . seees 328,789 Perforating machine, A. G. Burton (r)...
Flour testing apparatus, K. W. Kunis.Hero secceee 325,494 Perforator, electrical, J. E.Munson..... . 828,600
Forks, apparatus for working derrick, C. Stone.... 328,580 Pessary, M. M. Warmoth....... seennsesene wemexssens 328,553
Brush, blacking, ‘G. W. Mowry.. p Fruit drier, J. H. Collins. rr
. duns » 828,462 Photographic camera, M. Flammang............ «.. 328,664
Buckle, surcingle, BE. Deming...........0+seceeeseses B2aytOD Far case, H.W. Helmig: 2%... icc cccccccsccccccnces OeyOtO Photographic plate holder, O. M. Pausch..... ++. 828,M2
Burner, See Gas burner. Gauge. See Weatherboarding gauge.
| Bustle, B. 8. Reed......... eens apoassseseecaenas so BA the Ges burner, W. B. Cole....... Piano string plate, J. W. Brackett.................. 328,455
Button, W. E. Beyerly.. + +» 328,753 Gas generating apparatus, W. F. Browne. Picture frame mouldings, machine for ornament-
| SSIRGLON, “W. DUTADG Loony tase & nx cen teen pccncenee eo So GOs Gas regulator, E. M. Goddard...............+++6+ aay ing, C. Brutech. .«.sscccipacat
|Button, J. Spruce............00+5 Rercanery sotaceeee 328,823 |Gate. See Elevator safety gate. Water —
Button, collar, M,B.Soottssssessesvessensessvevsees SBR Gate,J.Bardin, Irsscycvessvecsecsvecssastsevesdeseee 828,500. Pipe wrench, G.-F. Newell..:.....ceeseceeccecceteres O20 OOR
 NovemseR, 1885.| Scientific American. 13
Pipes, expansion joint or coupling for, D. Fisher.. 328,579 Tool standard fastening, E. M. Whyler . 328,787

TRAVELERS
Piston, hydraulic, G. H. Reynolds....... Riieas 3+e» 828,613 ; Tooth crown and its attachments, artificial, C. 8.
Planing and resawing machine, G. Lhote.......... 328,74 « ee eee et See ae ead. come «ee 328,837
Planter, corn, M. Danaher .............. bin sclaalev«8«.. 328,764 Toy animal figure, mechanical, W. H. Hall........ 528,12
Planter, corn, J. L. Lanum.............+<se+ eens... 328,788 Toy savings bank, Shepard & Adams, Jr..... 328,723
Planters, wire for check row corn, J. C. Barlow... 328,452 \ Trace carrier, J. R. YOUNG. ......ccccevess secuvescoes
Planting machine, A. Mekenney........-....+++5+- 328,597 Train sighter, J. R. Park....

INSURANCE COMPANY,
Piow, sulky, de. Porter. o. ..ddsct tits scanabesoas ct 328,518 Transom lifter, J. H. Shaw....... .......e00- avastes
Post office distribution and delivery box, B. Van Trap. See Animal trap. Target trap.
MARAE DOOKs 6 505's os sc ccvcccss eden vereemasunedactescts 328,826 Treadle mechanisms, device for, O. B. Thompson 328,825
Powder for roofing and other purposes, L. REIGY Cley SHKLs CLNGY Fi veasees sstgneauicnclnsecce esse 928,761 OF HARTFORD, CONN.,
MBO Tiss ncarte »dve0ss wo 0000 asaies wages neo ween ge saySROok Trimmer. See Heel trimmer. ISSUES
Power. See Churn power. Truck, car, T. W. Hogsett........ weccecceccccsesssecs SGOID LIFE AND ENDOWMENT POLICIES
Press. See Cotton press. Wine and cider press. Trunk top, J. F. Osborn...........
Of every Desirable Form for Family Protection or L[nvest-
Pressure regulator, automatic, T. C. Hopper...... $28,681 Trunk top, veneer, J. F. Osborn.... ment for Personal Benefit, all containing liberal Non-forfeit-
Printing textile fabrics, M. Conrad............. «+. 328,465 Tube expander, F. Sulter......... wre provisions.
Propeller, boat, A. Shoeninger...... SeRisnaeneneece: 328,527 , Tug fastener, I. Baloun,.......... 328,449 ISSUES ALSO

Propeller for vessels, C. B. Baker. ......+++++0++-++ 828,559 , Tug, hame, Anderson & Wilcox....... - 828,557 ACCIDENT POLICIES
Protector. See Boot or shoe protector. Type wheels, apparatus for asks E. R. & ‘A.
IY ©PROMI TRG cons cccise SMIRK a niveiney abuws owe,eoeeee OOOO Indemnifying the Business or Professional Man or Farmer
Puller. See Stump puller. for his Profits, the Wage-Worker for his Wages, lost. from
Pulley, M. Vandercook et al Umbrella display rack, 8S. V. Hendryx..... . 828,487 Accidental Injury, with Principal Sum in case of Death.
Pulverizing machine, J. B. Waring........ - Valve and lever, tank, J. E. Boyle....... “ 328,873
Pump, J. Fallows. & se. taee eva dss 828,472 , Valve and muffler, pop, C. H. De Witt......... seee. 328,840
Policies not forfeited by change of occupation, but
Pump, vacuum, J.T’. Davis 328,469 Valve and operating mechanism for valves, W. paid pro rata,
Puzzle, C. M. Dewey....... Re aicnekie senaaens = seesees God, 100 Scott (r).. Pe Stn PORetesiessigrauaiee Telsscans y|NODS
No Extra Charge for European Travel or Residence.
Rack. See Stock rack. Umbrella display rack. Valve, safety, J. Barbe cpeeecees Soccteeseees ej cbsvere Gear
Railway support, elastic, F. Schauman..... eececees 328,616 Vehicle, T. H. Paessler....... Epes ogous: 806 ANE ~ 328,709
Railway frog, J. T. Richardson...... fg ee «+ 328,810 Vehicle spring, Plummer & Wood.. 28,609 RESOURCES AND RECORD, JULY I, /885.
Railway frog, J. N. Sargent............. Godenee asesis esOROyOLD Vehicle wheel, D. S. Wing..........sss-e008 328,555 Paid-up Cash Sepa - $600, 000
Railway frog, Stedman & Sargent..... Mice Von's ose 328,864 Velocipede, E. G. Latta. ......... .ccseceees 328,698 Total Assets, . * Fe . $8,055,533.39
Railway rail joint, J. C. Larkin......... Fess Ventilation, system of, T. J. Simpson..... 328,818 Total Liabilities, : . . . ds966. 723.0
00
Railway spike, W.S. Huntington............ Voltaic batteries, liquid for, A. F. W. Partz. 328,607
Surplus as regards Policy-holders, $2,,088,51 0.39
Railway switch, H. L. Ford.. ..... nag sae Si 328,842 Wagon, dumping, A. Koblrieser........... rt . 828,790
Railway switch, A. O’Hara............. Xs 328,803 Wagon, dumping, A. 8. Miller..... nae oc aacws erscese GeO OE Amount returned to Life Policy-holders, $3,165,338.3.
Railway switch, J. F. Penrod... ............000- 328,608 Wagon Jack and step ladder combined, F. N Am’t returned to Accident Policy-holders, 7,741,252 oa
McKean........ ga se scene oct cei ceulat esti Wisa esas bey TOL
Railway system, electric, F. J. Sprague..... Fe evecee OeO,OeL
Wagon, lumber, W. & J. i. Leonhardt. . . 828,793
Total Losses paid, $10,906,591,.82
BaAtlway tie, JOS. AMMON. . 2.5... ..c-cmeeecdscncnsee 328,632
Railway track flanger and snow plow, Reed & Wagon seat,O. S. Miner............. 828,505
EMOMGDUG. 5 2p pcrcssasheeteas Ae ee cot aac +. 528,718 Washing machine, J. K. Dugdale... 328,471 All Claims paid without delay or discount on receipt
Rake. See Sulky rake. Washing machine, M. N. Ensley... 328,663
Washing machine, J. S. Jones........ “ 328,891 of satisfactory proofs.
Rakes, making, W. H. Kretsinger.............+.- +. 328,690
Reduction of solids, machine for the, D. R. Washing machine, T. G. Newnam..... . 328,801
+ » 328,635 Washing machine, pounder, C. F. Rigby.. sees O28,9L1 JAMES G. BATTERSON, President.
Refrigerating and Gateieatings apparatus for Watch case, J. Lamont...cvcccisviveseusseevseervas - 823,791 RODNEY DENNIS, Secretary.
meat, etc., H.C. Johnson ..........-.0. I SOPEAE 828,71! Watches, device for testing bulance wheels of, Fs
JOHN E. MORRIS, Assistant Secretary.

WEBSTER
Refrigerator building, J. F. Hanrahan... .
Refrigerator car, H. C. Johnson..... CN eb che aedeccts 328,684 Watches, testing balance wheels of, F. F. Ide.
Regulator. See Gas regulator. Hydraulic pres- Water gate, W. A. Lovelace..... yng ete WModvertisements.
sure regulator. Water meter, rotary, fF. W. Tuerk, Jr.............. 328,544
Rivet, G. H. Meade..............+0. witesdtat cede spo 328,704 Water meter, rotary, CT. Warren............. eeees S20,104 =" Tue Screntiric AMERICAN, ARCHITECTS’ AND In various Styles of Binding.
Rivets, making tubular, M. Bray............ Water wheel governor, electric, E. H. Amet Buitpers’ Epirion, reaches all the Architects and
Rock drill, steam, A. C. Rand......ccevcssescscevsers 325,012 Wave power, utilizing, T. P. Chandler, Jr..... ereee O20, 109 leading Builders throughout the United States, and
Roller. See Land roller. 5 Weaner,. calf, EB. P.ELOnry.sic..ccsasssacccces scesees OCOD is unquestionably the cheapest and most effective
Rolling mill, continuous, BE. 8. Lenox............ «++ 328,591 Weatherboarding gauge, Dunbar & Rector. . . 328,661 medium for the display of announcements relating
Rotary motor, C. A. ParsOns..............+05 eaebegss 328,710 Weather strip, 8S. Funk............ etree ban siete
to Goods, Materials, and Appliances used in Build
Ruler, and linear spacer, parallel and radial, C. 8. Weed pulling machine, E. L. Rasmusson..
ings. The rates of advertising are very low. Ad-
Well point, driven, W. C. Ny@....... ...ccccceeerees
' Wheel. See Cast wheel. Skate wheel. Vehicle dress the Publishers,
Sad iron,G. W. hips potsce Gas,SRSA Supplied at a small extra cost with
wheel. Wind wheel. MUNN & CO., 361 Broadway, New York.
Sash balance, D. E. Beverstein......... PATENT REFERENCE INDEX.
EDISON
Saw gummer, gin, W. F. Collie... Whip and line holder, IL. W. Cooper............00+.. 328,466
A great improvement in book-making.
Saw swaging machine, Simonds & Blake. 328,528 Wind wheel, I. P. Cadman........ pace RRR oR cee GE Webster—it has 118,000 Words,
Saw trip, BaP a tayes. isso. ek ek let ipenls cubis tidsaele 328,486 Window screen, adjustable, Lampson & Hogben.. 3000 Engravings, and a New
Sawing machine, circular, Garland & Catlin........ 328,771 Window shades, bottom bar for, Strasser & Ger- Biographical Dictionary.
Scale beam, J. W. Palmer.............. vaceaee esesece S2O,004 | COT teciceee rocneluersiccs BREE ARCE RSC. aaa stelbscans =. TH Sgt in Goy’t Printing Office.
Wine and cider press, O. Kromer............ ae Complete Electric Railway, $8.50. 2,000 copies in Public Schools.
Screen. See Window screen. gas 20 to 1 of any other series.
“B” batteries for lights, motors, bells, etc.
Seal lock, Jordan & Lagerquist...........+eessseees+ 328,893 Wire, making ingots for plated, W. C. avery fm Electric lights for microscopes. BE aid to make a Family intelligent.
Sewing machine, O. L. Schastey.....:...........- » 328,816 Wire netting, flat, E. Rattey Instruments and general Hlectrical supplies. ae pee for SCHOLARS,
Sewing machine, C. EB. Tibbles.. . 828,534, 328,535 Wiring vessels, machine for, H. 8. Reynolds...... 328,615 Send stamp for catalogue. CHERS and SCHOOLS.
Sewing machine feed motion, C. E. Tibbles, Wringer, washer, and mangle, combined, C. The STOUT - MEADOWOROFT 00,, 4a>The aa seat 3000 more Words
than are found in any other American Dictionary.
828,538, 328,542 ERM De dsisine istsh ais des ¢ dh able 5 de ceeb sais cicpsis 0's 328,516 Authorized Agents of the Ep1son Lamp Co.,
Yarn, machinery for diving skeins of, J. R. Baar 21 ANN STREET, G. & C. MERRIAM & CO., Pub’rs, Springfield, Mass.
Sewing machine ruffling or gathering attachment,
GON. dees atawee Sake dg Gsbuseaviciese OFO,400 P. O. Box 2411. New York City.
Wy Rv Gq aint, si.d. 50h ccks «n-ne saeeabbiies en's eek 828,904
The
if hy
Davey
‘
Safety Lngine,
Sewing machine shuttle, C. E. Tibbles.............. 328,587
Sewing machine shuttle carrier, C. E. Tibbles..... 328,589
MICROSCOPES, OR VACUUM MOTOR,
DESIGNS.
Sewing machine ‘ake-up mechanism, C. E. Tib- TELESCOPES, A new, double-acting Vacuum En-

FIELD-CLASSES,
Animal trap frame, J. C. Gould..... ...cccescsesesss- 16,342 zine, which, for small powers up to 4-
Is ats aang 328,536, 328,541 norse, is superior to Steam, Gas, or
Sewing machine tension device, D. L. Keeler.. . . 328,688 Buckle, Johnson & Moore.........+ able sapieiaies dainwhaling OpOet Hot-Air Motors. Its advantages are:
Sewing mackine tension spring, C. E. Tibbles ..... 328,540 Clothes line block, F. T. Dana..............0.00+ eeees 16,339 MACIC LANTERNS, Simplicity—it can be run by a janitor,
Sheet superimposing mechanism, L. C. Crowell... 328,880 Hub shell band, J. Maris.........
Pencil tip, A. G Eggers. i
BAROMETERS, boy, or servant girl. Economy—cost
does not exceed 1 cent per horse power
per hour; burns any kind of fuel.
Ships, apparatus for cleaning the sides and bot-
toms of, H. Arentz.. Plow hoe, M. L. Saunders........... THERMOMETERS. Durability—Cast lron Fire Surfaces,
substantially built. Safety—no steam
Shoe, J. J. Tompkins. . Stove, heating, Schermerhorn & Weller..... Photographic Outfits, Drawing Instruments, pressure whatever, and no explosion
Pitlosophical and Chemical Apparatus. f possible. Best motor for Printers,
Sign, W. A. McCool..
Laundrymen, Woodworkers, and for
Single-acting engine, J. Richards. 3 List and Descriptions of our Ten Catalogues sent FREE driving all kinds of Machinery, Send
on application. for descriptive circular.
Skate, roller, C. B. Hopkins........ nae

QUEEN &CO.,|-
Skate, roller, Owsley & Marble..... CHAS. P. WILLARD & CO.,
TRADE MARKS. esa Mic higan Street. Chicago, Il.
Skate wheel; roller, J. R. France......,..0.ssesceees 328,476
Skid, J. M. Dawes....... Laney ee ee sovesesees OO 0TL er, LAMPE al. DTODNOT 5cis00 5 clticccas sinaesicv os So snacccle LeSOGh The most beautifnl and finest toned
GAOekeD Bitters, R. H.McDonald Drug Company............ 12,68 inthe world. Low prices, easy pay-
Slate ruling device, J. Shaver..... Specncensvepabcsrss
Boots and shoes, J. H. & F. H. Torrey...... Seetis sate 12,687
PHILADELPHIA. ment. Sendfor catalogue. Address
Snow and ice from sidewalks, machine for remoy- Weaver Organ& PianoCo.,York,Pa
ing, E. R. Angell........ ee a 328,633 Boots and shoes, sectional metallic protectors for
the soles and heels of, J. Blakey..... Aa aran aici 12,666 White's Flexible Metallic Fillet.
Snow plow,J. Palmer................s000+ FOR PATTERN MAKERS’ AND ARCHITECTS’ USE.

a
Snow plow with snow cutters, G. V. Benjamin.. Boots, shoes, and slippers of all kinds, A. J. Cam-
Soap, apparatus for remelting, J. C. Ralston....... 328,714 MCYVOM. i. dsc ceses Da l a Ree Saa's < tlelsers Fe sess «AP tn ta sie 12,668
Soap, remelting, J. C. Ralston.... Fab pews soseeeen tes OLE Bronze, copper, brass, Babbitt metal, and other
Soldering forceps, EB. Q. Crane...........sesceceeees 328,467 metals,J.R. White.. Fainels work en's ein\cinhgaea
nicer . 12,691
‘}
Sowing and harrowing seed, machine for, W. Canned fruits, veretables, and oysters, E. W. ” 3 ve
ȴ% N 16 \ AA
Spark arrester, P. E. Smith.. Cards, playing, Russell & Morgan Printing Com-
Spectacles, W. H. Packhenis pany z: -12,682, 12,683 Sizes, 4 = linch. Send for samples and circular.
Flour, Urban & Co...... Mahon adem oanas Taeaes nine12,688, 12,689 HOWARD WHITE, 44 N. 4th St., Philadelphia,
Speculum, rectal, L. B. Sperry........ Awa reetreNS ts . 328,619
Flour, wheat, C. A. Pillsbury ‘k Co..... 12,677, 12,681, 12,697
Spinning and twisting machines, spindle for cap,
Iron and steel, certain manufactures of, Seebohm
Build Your Homes Warm
W. Wardman. ....sceeeeseesereeeeeesceeeeeesesees 820;788| —AND USE—
Sponge cup, §. Allin........ Songs oso necp ouapedelvadaeiocasho & Dieckstahl...... a ae Bos cede eee ee 12,685
BYREIT’S PATENT
Spring. See Vehicle spring. Oil, high test carbon, I. Davis..............seseeeeees 12,671
COMBINED
Spring motor, D. SHive,. -icecsaceccvecsasveccees eeeee O27 Oranges, lemons, and other citric fruit, J. A.
Steam engines, dash pot for, B. F. Williston... PURITAN gine anes suledgash saceae cera aa seas = tee tess 12,674
Steam generator, H. Stutsman...... Paper for hithacashie purposes, albumenized, Just the thing for Cold and
Still, beer, W. J. O’Connor et al... Scovill Manufacturing Company........-+-+0.06- 12,684 Damp Climates.
Stock rack, J. L. Wilber.......... . Perfumes, C. B. Woodworth & Sons. . 12,690 The COMMON-SENSE WATER FRONT BOILER. Send for Circulars and Prices.
Stopper. See Bottle stopper. Preparation for the skin, H. Teats.......... euebe tess 1,000 Manuracturep onty By H, B. BEACH & SON, -| Ask your Dealer forit, as we do not
Prunes, G. A. & C. F. Fleming.......... mages HARTFORD, CONN. sell to Consumers.
Stove, coal oil, Perker & Marquisee............0.+++ 828,511 —SEND FOR DESCRIPTIVE CIRCULAR AND _ PRICES.—
Stove, hot air, R. A. Rew... Raisins, W. T. Coleman & Co... ae 7a —MANUFACTURED BY—
Safety pins, J. Jenkins........ ceces 12,075, 12,676 The T. W. Warvey Lumber Co,
Stone, vapor, 3,0. PANUON. «5.500 sewers
Stoves and ranges, top plate ‘for cooking, J.
coo<s bee 5
i Soap, toilet, Bernard & Co.......
Stoves, lamp or oil,
eoeeses 12,665
J. McConnell..........00....0008 12,696
TWO MONTHS FREE. CHICACO, ILL.
WPGRROR IE.) See tbcb se kar aaaen Also Dealers In Lumber, Lath,
Tobacco and ciargettes, smoking, G. W. Conover.. 12,670 Shingles, &c.
Streets, machinery for sweeping and conwesing. !
away refuse from, W. March................+++ » 328,795 Tobacco, chewing, G, W. Gail & AX.......6.
2.csc eee 12,692 The KEYSTONE
Stump extractor, W. H. Hall................ gg ae $28,775 Tobacco, cigars, cigarettes, and snuff, smoking
and chewing, 8S. Busnitz & Co...............seee0e 12,695 Steam Driller
Stump puller, W. Schuster. 828,720 Is used for making
Sulky rake, W. H. Hall.... wesvedsacscss O2OIU Tobacco, cigars, cigarettes, cheroots, and snuff,
Artesian, Water,
Supporter. See Hat or bonnet supporter. | smoking and chewing, F. W. Felgner & Son..., 12.604 Gasand Test Wells
Table. See Ironing table. | Tobacco, leaf, F. Gogorza’s Sons............--.0.++++ 12,673 10 to 1,000 feet deep.
Drills 40 feet solid
Tobacco, smoking and chewing, C. W. Allen Com- rock in 10 hours.
Table and desk, combined, T. J. Ford.............. 828,475
Table for gynecological and surgical purposes, F.
PANFCO pupacvncce stad esevseasts¥eacces: 12,662 to 12,664 Machines for sale,
Toilet powder, Cc. i Lewis........ iin a adeans
sie raeeo». 12,679 and work taken on
H.Clark........ dob nebmandenuedaiites <cttaoimepvegs 4 y New Subscribers who pay their contract by
Tag fastener, W. 8. Miles....... 328,856| Watch cases, J. Fahys & Co.......... MA av ete bend « 12,693 subscription for 1886—$6.00 for the Keystone Drill-
TAPE EEOD, We Ce RGM cca) igccdawans>dhsae bisbash? 4569 | er Co. (Ltd.),
A Printed copy of the specifications and drawing of
Regular or $7.00 for the Celatine Box 32, Fallston,
‘Targets, apparatus for manufactaring flying, F. | edition—before December 25, 1885, Pa., U.S. A.
C:Damm....... Se eee cna cdavaager
teeters eseee 828,570 any patent in the foregoing list, also of any patent will receive, gratis, the nine issues
Telegraph, printing, C. N. Ca re NC «+. $28,491 issued since 1866, will be furnished from this office for 25 for November and December, 1385. » NOTICE to Users of Steam Pumps,
Telegraph, printing, W. J. McCausland ........... 328,500 cents. In ordering please state the number and date We have received following letter in
[Extract from a report of a Committee of the regard to one of our No. 5 “L” (#16)
Telephone switch board, ©. C. Sonne...... OS Peer 328,618 ‘of the patent desired, and remit to Munn & Co., 361 Steam Jet Pumps clevating <¢Sich pipe
American Institure of Architects upon ‘‘Amer-
Telephonic appliance, J. F. McLaugblin.... . 328,702 Broadway, New York. Wealsofurnish copies of patents ican Architectural Journals” in general, dated ) of water more than 50 feet _h
Telephonic transmitter, J. F. McLaughlin 828,703| granted prior to 1866; but at increased cost, as the Apu 33, 18s5.] | “TL ANSE, MICH., FebYU, 1883,
Boston, Mass., is issued the AMERICAN ARCHI- 1“ Vax Dozen & Tier, Cincinnati, O.:
Thermometer, oven, D. G. Cooper...........+.+++++ 328,878,‘ specifications, not being printed, must be copied by mee! AND BUILDING NEWS, a weekly of the first “Money could not buy the Jet of us
Thill coupling, S. H. Atkins........ . 828,558 hand. class, and, it must be acknowledged, the only journal in unless another cou'd be had. I would
Thill coupling, Smith & Pride.. i . $28,726 this country that can compare favorably with the great not give your No.5“ L” foru $700 pump,
Canadian Patents may now be obtained by the London architectural publications. It is very liberally equa! distance to raise.
Thrashing peas, machine ing McMullen & Blova- inventors for any of the inventions named in the fore- illustrated with full-page lithographic impressions of the “N. A. Litchfield, Supt. Beieh- Hate Co,">
a ee eRe are - 328,799 going list, at a cost of #40each. For full instructions latest designs of our most noted architects...... We make Ten Sizes of these Pumps. Prices$7 to $75.
Capacities 100 to 20,000 gallons per hour. State for what
Toilet case, L. Jordan........ 328,588 address Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, New York. Other TICKNOR & CoO.., purpose wanted and send for Catalogue of * Pumps.’*
Teol holder, compound, E, F, Noyes. seeuevvppevy
vee S00)00T foreign patents may also be obcained, 211 Tremont St., Boston, Mass, VAN DUZEN& TIFT, Cincinnati, O,
 Scientific American. _[Novemper, 1885."

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to stop leaks
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CHEAPEST MAGIC LANTERNS TO BEST STEREOPTICONS struments required, &. By S. MERRETT. Fourth
edition, revised and corrected, with an appendix by

VIEWS
$1.50!
Ge With Posters, Programmes,
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Remington Standard Type-Writer
Purchasers per- TANNING.
COURSES LEADING TO DEGREES: mitted to return by A Text-book of Tanning: A treatise on the conver-
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Electrical Engineering, Architecture, at any time within
The above may be ordered through any bookseller, or will
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Chemistry and Physics,
giving an opportun-
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ity for comparison
with other ma-
E. & FP. N. SPON, 35 MURRAY ST., NEW YORK.
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ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS BEGIN AT
JUNE 14, AND SEPT. 14, 1886.
9 A. M. Wyckoff, “Seamans & Benedict, KLEIN, SCHANZLIN & BECKER
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For the ‘‘ UNIVERSITY REGISTER,” giving full informa-
Cannot explode.
Any one can run
tion respecting Admission, Free Scholarships, Fellowships, For Introduction, on re- FILTER PRESSES,
Expenses, etc., address =~ ceipt of $2.40 we mail our
A 7 Special 10 inch Bow, as in cut. in IRON and in WOOD, for
Treasurer of Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. ¥ Fag i We make 13 sizes, all secured every known purpose.
by our “ Champion” keyless MANY YEARS’ SPECIALTY.
ea ae M dial LocKS. Sold by leading

34 Dey Street, N. Y. City. VIOLIN OUTFITS i! ail Gealers. Illus. List Free. Those
who send 2c. stamp get with
our List a Nickeled Steel Pocket Tool, always accepta)
284 Supplied to ONE Chemical Works.
Price Lists Gratis and Free of Postage.
Consisting of Violin, Box,, Bow MILLER LOCK CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
sand Teacher, rout ie ony i of ———

Type setting, etc., easy Hdl; - he Unite ater West. BRANCH BOILER WoRKS<Z>:
C4 onl
toddaystrial
by printed
business
directions.
or home use
For
before buying. | WANT 10,000 Broom Manufacturers to buy my
Machines consisting of Winders, Scra eres
—=—" STEAM BOILERS
Stacxs,TanKs, Sream
Lialet Pumps,
OF ALL KINDS
—aors,
yor money making.
or young.
For old
Send 2 stamps
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o
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Cireular = 8ize,
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© SHIELDS & BROWN, Telegraph and Electrical
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Beautiful Ilustrated 36 page Catalogue ‘of Violins, Guitars, Ban-
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A Mechanical Boiler Cleaner. RA (% AT WILE:PAY- YOU(No MATTER”

A
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AT WHAT DISTANCE FROM US)

$ The Best Pom Condagtor in the
Takes out all mud and scale
forming properties from the . Mae Sraup ANDO FORESTSS70 SEND xa -world for
water of Steam _ Boilers, CR PITTSBURGH. PA. ND'sbecinen CATO STEA M, GAS. AND WATER PIPES,
keeping it clean and free Send for Descriptive Pamphlet.

SPARE
from allimpurities. Send for A book of 100 pages. The
circular. Manufactured by best book for an adver-
E. W- VAN DUZEN,
CINCINNATI, O.
ADVERTISIN 1¢contains lists of news:
tiser to consult, be he ex-
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TO SELI THE
mud
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TOOLS

TeARCHITECTS and CONTRACTOR).

the cost of advertising. The advertiser who wants HARTFORD -CON.N.
Renner Combined Alarm and Door Bell
to spend one dollar finds in it the information he in every county in the United States and Canada. George
requires; while for him who will invest one hun- C. Owens, Modesta, Cal., , SAYS ? “T have canvassed one
dred thousand dollars in advertising, a scheme is day, and took 22 orders.” In same letter he ordered two eee
N EW FAL, EDITION. rere
indicated which will meet his every requirement, gross. Wm. McKim, of Grand Haven, Mich., says: “he HING
“SPECIFICATIONS” should contain
acondition took 13 orders in 10 hours.” Profit on Bell, $2.50. In our Cate
that if STEAM is to be generated or used in the
or can be made to do so by slight changes easily irriv- miosue’ EE.
EXTRAORDINARY OFFER to |Agents we agree to take
building, either for Motive power or for Heating the ed at _by correspondence. 152 editions have been back all Bells unsold, if the Agent fails to clear $125.00 in Sterne
same, or if Electricity be generated, and used for Il- issued. Sent, postpaid, to any address for 10 cents. 30 days. Illustrated Circulars sent free. Address
luminating it, one or more of Edson’s SPEED and Apply to GEO. P. ROWELL & CO., NEWSPAPER Kenner Manufacturing Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 78 and 17 Dock Square, Boston,M
PRESSURE RECORDING GAUGES, and High printing Lone BUREAU, 10 Spruce _ Street

CONTRACTORS AND BUILDERS NOBLE.=

Pressure GONG ALARMS, must be employed for (Printing House Square), New York. SPEC/AL ® TERRITORY Rie eenoe
securing Economy of Steam as well as of Electricity,
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YNAMOS must run at a maximum of speed and PRINTING PRESSES. By using outfits of BARNES PATENT
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ro neLiaBle acewrs | & MANUFACTURERS
a ae ee ee eee a eS
other arrangement for doing their
The EDSON RECORDING AND ALARM GAUGE CO., RooTs NEV
NEW RON
(Bee. Send for Illustrated catalogue
ee.
91 LIBERTY STREET, NEW YORK, W, F. & John Barnes Co.,
Rockford, 111.
te Send for new Illustrated Pamphlet.
| (==) Address No. 1999 Main St.

RAILWAY AND STEAM FITTERS’ SUPPLIES

Rue’s Little Giant Injector. Ferracute Machine Co., andbor
psCutters,
La-
Dies,
and
Bolt Saving
Tools
BRIDGETON, NEW JERSEY,
a JACKS, STURTEVANT BLOWERS, &e.
2 USUAL,
JOHN S. URQUHART, 46 Cortlandt St., N. Y. SOSITIVE BLAST. WoRSaSSlSs, DIES, THEnt bon SCREWa AN WAS
AUTOMATIC AND SLIDE VALVE _ ENGINES, IRON REVOLVERS, PERFECTLY BALANCED, And all other Sheet Metal Tools for
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Fine
Ta;
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Saw Mills, and Standard Agricultural Implements a Has Fewer Parts than any other Blower, ware, Silver, fron, and Brass
specialty. Send for illustrated catalogue.
A. B.
Address
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P.H. & F.M. ROOTS, Manufacturers, Goods, etc. Send for Catalogue.
plead new line ot Punching Presses just
CONNERSVILLE, IND. ou
EASY STAR LESSONS. By Richard A. Proctor. 8.5. TOWNSEND, Gen. Agt.,29Cortland St., 9Dey St.,

éz New Catalogue of Valuable Papers

With 48 star maps and 45 other illustrations. Extra COOEE & CO., Selling Agts., 22 Cortland’ Street,
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TRICAM@MATTING
5 PHONOGRAPHY, or Phonetic Short Hand. Catalogue
thay F te

WATCHMAK mr
of works by Benn Pitman and Jerome B. Howard,
BE This Protection Unexcelled. , =s with alphabet and RLUSEEALIOD for beginners, sent on ap-
ER. buying,
I plication. Addre

maiscornebarisantsna Wea srSaotwnal

Few Mats under Carpets (Invisible). id see the
=— Wholesale & Retail, S.S. Pe -_
= PHONOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE, Cincinnati, Ohio
t
“ Inventor, 1519 Chestnut St. a. f a Gu
Oo! CAN LEARN PSY
sitiWanitty) zn tham, ae CATALOGUESF

PTICA
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RET & SON
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EA
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itive.
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era Glasses, Spectacles oiler yet produced. We avoid UTICA,
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eon Lanterns, etc, ,also glass tubes, and guarantee the
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Drawing, Dairy'and other Scientivic instruments tion, a knowledge of much a
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E WOODBURY
ee

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to those seeking
Mass. Engine and Pump Lubricator.
child
glass.
can replace the new shape
A specialty is our Small MUNSON’S
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PORTABLE
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REDS TELEPHONES crest setints
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ceiver $2 each. These 217 River Street, Troy, N. Y
Punching Presses 45(|
ys

The BULLETIN of the TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB, DIESANDOTHERTOOLS

antedate and do not painge any telephone patents,
De signed for actual work; no G. K. MILLIKEN & Co., 70 Washington St., Boston, Mass.
toy. Lathes for wood or metal.

NOVELTY ELECTRIC COMPANY.

Drill Presses, Chucks, Drills, A MONTHLY JOURNAL OF BOTANY, SHEET METAL COOoDS,
Dogs, and machinists’ and ama- (ESTABLISHED IN 1870.) DROP FORGINGS, 4c,
teurs’ outfits. Lathes on trial. For yeak copy, send stamp to the editor, W. R. Stiles & Parker Press Co.y =
Catalogues mailed on applica- GERARD, 61 Clinton Paes New YorkCity. Middletown, Conn.
y cation. FACTORY AND STORE:
165 West 2d Street, 5th and Locust Streets, Philadelphia, Pa.
Cc incinuati, Ohio. Manufacturers, Importers, Dealers,
and Manufacturers? Agents.
CABINET WOODS AND MAHOGANY,
Choice variety, all thicknesses, for mside trim.
AMERIOAN
45
STEAM
William
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Street.
ANCE
New
Write for Special Blanket Form No. 99; gives complete
York.
co.,

A PRACTICAL, SUCCESS. Send stamps for the gion, pnd most complete Cat-
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VAN DUZEN’S PAT. LOOSE PULLEY OILER. Also FRET SAW or BRACKET WOODS, planed ready for use, weekly for six months for injury.
Thousands in satisfactory every-
day use. Entire reliability and con- EVERYTHING. "ELECTRICAL, I.atest Books of Rare Designs.

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stancy demonstrated in a two years’
TH E ONLY PRACTICAL
test by (would be) Eastern skeptics.
Economy shown by reasonable prices A N T E
An active Man or Woman
in every county to sell our Manufacturers of
ELECTRIC MOTORS
+ FOR FAMILY. SEWING
MACHINES. «|
and perfect performance. Send for goods, SalaryBys pe Month and Expenses. Can-
our “ Catalogue No, 55,’ vassing outfit an particulars FREER. Eiardadwooa Iumber, THE ELECTRO-DYNAMIC
224 CARTER S$
Co PHILA,
VAN DuZEN & TIFT, Cincinnati, O| STANDARD SILVERWARH CO,, Boston, Mass, | 186 to 200 Lewis St,, New York,
 NovemseEr, 1885.] Scientific American.
Meiers,Reterts Bree” New Bucs. PPE NEW “GRESHAM” PATEN
AUTOMATIC Tr
PARIS IN OL D AND PRESENT A most remarkable The most effective

TIMES.
boiler feeder, which has injector ever placed
just taken the first pre- Lass} on the market for
With special reference to changes in its architecture and mium at the Invent- stationary or portable
topography. By PHILIP GILBERT HAMERTON. A li-
brary edition, containing all of the sixty-five wood-
cuts. Smalldto. Cloth, Gilt. Price, . . $38.00
ors’ Exhibition
land.
in Eng- boilers.
cheap.
Reliable and
ae HARTFORD ae
NATURE'S TEACHINGS.
T ry" B, ra he P ~ Ty
INJECTOR. CASH CAPITA’ {4,000,000
LOSSES PAID IN 66 YEARS,...$56,900.000
May be used as a lifter manipulation whatsoever The Largest and Strongest Company.
J. GOODNOW, Sect’y,
Human invention anticipated by Nature. By Rev.J. G. or a non-lifter; restarts after interruption of the L.J HENDEE, PRES’T, Wo. B.CLARK, Asst. ‘Sect’y.
Woop, A., author of * Homes without Hands,”
“Natural History,” etc. W = ners 750 illustrations. immediately without any feed from any cause.
8vo, cloth. Price, . 2, $3.00 Neatest, Best, and sells for 10 Cents.
SOLE REPRESENTATIVES IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, \ My agents are making $5 to $20 per day.
“A glance at almost any page of this Sork will denote
NATHAN MANUFACTURING pampered f
i Fea eke Cirenlags, Terms to Agents,
its object. It is to show the close connection between , Free. Sample Ring, 10 cts. Box 688,
Nature and human inyentions, and that there is scarcely duo. W.Jopson, Mfr., Meriden, Conn.
an invention of man that has not its prototype in Na-
ture; and it is worthy of notice that the greatest results 92 & 94 LIBERTY STREET, NEW YORK, “Steel letters ang name stamps.”

SSUNTSRSATA
&TOOLSTI:ON
have been attained from means apparently the most in-
significant.”’"—Preface.
J. Cc. TODD, DON!
Manufacturer,
STORIES OF INVENTION TOLD Flax, Hemp, Jute, Rope, Oakum,
and Bagging Machinery, Steam En-
Small eee
Carving and
C astings. and Steam Fittings» |
Engraving Tools, Scroll Saw
MANUFACTURERS

Yankee Notions and American Novelties

OF

BY INVENTORS. gines, Boilers, etc. Sole Agent for Material and Patterns of all kinds. The largest. stock in
Mayher’s New Acme Steam Engine the U. 3. Send de. for our 1885-6 illus. price list. Are respectfully requested to forward Price Lists
and Force Pump combined. Also Sart JOHN WILKINSON CO,, and Catalogues to
8 & 70 Wabash Ave., Chicago, Il.
Collected and otted by E. E. HALE. i6mo. Cloth owner and exclusive manufacturer of DATS & CO.,
Price, ‘ . . $1.00 THE NEW BAXTER PATENT 35 Queen Victoria St., London, E. C., England.
And at Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
PORTABLE STEAM ENGINE, B ’

Celebrated Original

DRAWING
Sold by all booksellers. Mailed, postpaid, by the These Engines are admirably adapt~
BALTIMORE Lilustrated catalogue
ed to all kinds of light power for driv-
publishers. ing printing presses, pumping water, FIRE-PLACE HEATERS, — on application to

INSTRUMENTS.
Bsawing wood, grinding coffee, gin- Wa, ‘To warm upper and lower rooms. M. I’. COMSTOCK,
sh Astor Place,

ROBERTS BROTHERS,
ning cotton, und all kinds of agricul- | The handsomest, most_economical
tural and mechanical purposes, and Coal Stovesin the World, New York.
are furnished at the following low . C. BIBB & SON,
Foundry, Office and Salesroom,
prices: For all kinds of
39 AND 41 LIGHT STREET,
BOSTON. 1
2
HORSE POWER....$150|3 HORSE
14% HORSE POWER.... 190|4 HORSE POWER....
POWER... .$290
HORSE POWER.... 245|5 HORSE POWER.... 420
350
Seema
., Ih
Baltimore, Md.
MARBLEIZED SLATE MANTELS.
@a~ Send for Circulars,
RUE
STEAM. BOILERS.
Mra. Co., FILBERT ST.,

Valuable Publications. Send for descriptive circular. Address

J.C. TODD, Paterson, N. J.
To introduce them, we
TTA
“COOPER ON BELTING.”
Or 36 Dey St., New York. BIG OFFER. will live Away 1,000 =
Self-Operating Washing Machines. If you want

}VIARTIN BRICK MACHINE.

one send us yourname, P.O. and express office at rhe undersigned, sole agents for the above machine
once. The National Co., 23 Deyst,N. Y.
tor
A Treatise on the Use of Belting for the Trans-
mission of Power. With numerous Illustrations,
ERICSSON’S ELECTROPLATING AND ELECTROTYPING,
Examples, and Rules in great. number for exhibiting
and calculating the size and driving power of Belts, [atest AND IMpRoveD Brick Machinery refer to all the principal Stove Manufacturers, Nickel
together with chapters on the Transmission of Power NEW CALORIC
by Ropes, by Iron and Wood Frictional Gearing.
JOHN H. COOPER, M.E.
By
Respond Ed. One vol., demi
FORBotH STEAM AND. HORSE Power, PUMPING ENGINE,
and Silver Platers in the country. Over1,500 now in use.
Are also manufacturers of Pure Nickel Anodes,
octavo. Cloth, ~ $3.50
HENRY V(ARIIN,INVENTOR PROPRIETOR FOR Nickel Salts, Polishing Compositions of all kinds,
Riddell. The Carpenter ad Joiner ‘Modernized. Dwellings & Country Seats and every variety of supplies for Nickel, Silver, and
Third Edition, revised and
matter of interest to the Carpenter,
corrected,
Stair Builder,
containing new AND wanuractuReR] ANCASTER |FAN Simplest!
nomical!
Cheapest! Eco-
Absolutely Safe!
Gold Plating; also, Bronze and Brass Solutions.
plete outfits for plating.
Com-
Estimates and catalogues fur-
Carriage Builder, Cabinet Maker, Joiner, and Mason:
also seemed the Utility of the Slide Rule. The
Delamater Iron Works, nished upon application.
whole illustrated with numerous bordered By Ros-
ERT RIDDELL. 4to, cloth, . $7.50 PORTABLE BRIDGES. — DESCRIP-
C. H. Delamater & Co.,
Proprietors, : HANSON VAN WINKLE*&€o.
tion of a novel system of portable bridges devised by 16 Cortlondt Street, SOLE.AGENTS NEWARK, Nid. -
Riddell The New Elements of Hand Railiag, Mr. Alfred Cottrau, of Naples. Illustrated with 14 en-
gravings. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUe-
New York, U.S. A.,
New York Office, 92 and 94 Liberty Ste

FIRE BRICK sssncnck owen

Second Revised Edition, containing 41 plates, 138 of which VLEMENT, No. 466. Price 10 cents. To be had at this And 40 Dearborn St.,
are now for the first time presented, together with ac- office and from aj] newsdealers. Chicago, Ill.
companying letterpress description. The whole giv-
ing acomplete elucidationof the Art of Stair Building.
By ROBERT RIDDELL. 1 vol., folio, cloth,
SEND FOR CATALOGUE.
. $7.00
ss
PitENcraTNeE
EOD : ILLUSTRATIONS OVE RACE, PHILADELPHIA.

EDWARD MEEKS, Publisher. VeryDescriptio’

BE. CLAXTON, Agent. If fsbesierne Scroll
Send 2c. for Catalogue.
Saw Designs.
L. H. Russell, Stratford, Ct.
S. E. Cor. Walnut and Tenth Sts., Philadelphia, Pa.
Publisher of all the new editions of Roper’s Practical
Hand-Books for Engineers and Firemen. Moss’ New Process 9 CincutARS aC.

IMPORTARKT NEW BOOKS.

WEST’s MOULDERS’ TEXT BOOK. Plates, Cloth. . $2.50
Ayer iy WeeNetiod J |(es W.W. OLIVER,
“BUF FALQ, N.Y.
SINCLAIR’S LOCOMOTIVE ENGIN E—RUNNING AND
MANAGEMENT. 12mo., “loth, Plates, . ; SHEPARD’S NEW $60|
WILSON’S MINE VENTILATION—PREVENTION OF
EXPLOSIONS. ETC. 16 mo., Cloth, . we 7% 2) 1.25 THE FLOW OF WATER Screw-Cutting Foot Lathe.
through Turbines and Screw Propellers.
GERHARDT’S Sistem pues INSPECTION. 16 —A paper by Arthur Rigg, C.E., present-
mo., Cloth, . = s SE pen phen Foot and Power Lathes, Drill
ing some conclusions drawn from the Presses, Scroll-saw Attach-
GRIMSHAW?’S © ATECHISM OF THE sream ENGINE behavior of water jets discharged under ments, Chucks, Mandrels, Twist
18 mo., Cloth, ° ° . . pressure. Turbines,how driven. Experi- ' Drills, Dogs, Calipers, ete.
PRAY'’s TWENTY faa WItit THE Tw ATOR. mental Researches. Impact of water on h Lathes on trial. Lathes on
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confined channels. Best angle of impact $125.
Lathe,
Gap = —S_ Send for catalogue of Outfits
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Book. 18 mo., Morocco flaps, = = four figures. Contained in SCIENTIFIC
for Amateurs or Artisans.
TRAUTWINi’S CIVIL ENGINEERS’ PocKEr Book. AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 460. Price Address H.L.Shepard,Agent, ]134 E. 2d St., Cincinnati, 0.
Edition of 1885. Morocco flaps, . ; A 5. 10 cents. To be had at this office and from
JoHNSON’s TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYING BY all newsdealers.
FHORY the essential element of
TRANSITAND STADIA, 8 Vo., Cloth. 1.25 Life, Health and Man-
MCMILLAN’S SMITH’S TOPOGRAPHICAL DRAWING. 1g Send for FREE Treatise, ex-
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Raiatry ‘ot the New English system for
TROILIUS’ NOTES ON
8 vo., Cloth, ;
THE CHeMIstRY OF TRON. | PLAY 5 Dialogues, Tableaux,
School, Club, and Parlor.
Speakers,
ete

logue free. IT Ss. DENISO IN, Chicago, III.

est ou
oIetc. for
Cata- OR SAL idORPATENT,LEASE. very low, a good, va -
on a small, neat, use-
ful, and salable article. Address BOX 143, UNION
restoring the Nervous System, Lost
ing exhausting discharges.
CAVENDISH LABORATORY, 265 Sixth
Power, and

Ave., New Y
York.
arrest-

bo Do ghs MATERIALS onCONSTRUCTION. 8)vo. CITY, CONN.

by one
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WOLFE’'S WINDMILLS AS A PRIME Ore: 8 vo., who was deaf twenty-eight years.
Cloth, Plates. .
JOHN WILEY & SONS, Wow Vari.
3.00
FRICK COMPANY, ENGINEERS. Treated by most of the noted speci-
alists of the day with no benefit. Cwred himself in
three months, und since then hundreds of others
Mailed and prepaid on receipt of price. Catalogues free.
ECLIPSE by same process.
treatment.
York City.
A Pa simple, and successful home
Address TI’. 8. PAGE, 128 East 26th St., New

NICKEL PLATING
AUTOMATIC,
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AND

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hood, and kindred
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Will. prove it or forfest $100.00. Price

THE STOCKPORT GAS ENGINE.

por Pkg. with directions sealed sod 4
CHICAGO anp NEW YORK. paid 25cts. 3 for 50 cts. stamps ors
Smith Mfg. Co., Palatine, Ills.
Electric Bells, Burglar Alarms.
Unequaled for Simplicity, Dur webilitys Reliability, Economy, Lightness, and at ysuffering from the ef-
HOUSE AND HOTEL ANNUNCIATORS. General Design.
Runs silently at a regular
fects of youthful er-
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Starts with ease.Receives an impulse at every revolution. manhood, etc. I will send you a valuable treatise upon
ELECTRIC LICHTS, AZ7 speed with the least attention. Send for particulars of Sizes and Prices to
the above diseases,also directions for self-cure, free of
ARC AND INCANDESCENTS.
ie =
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ROOFING
ONITY, A Quick, Permanest
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ous to Moisture. Water, and Guses. NEW YORK COAL a free, ERIE MED, CO., BUF¥ALO, N,¥,
TAR CHEMICAL CO. 10 Warren St, N, ¥-
 16 Scientific American, >)
[NovemBer, 1885.

DWAldvertisements. THE BRIDGEPORT WOOD FINISHING CO PIPE COVERING.

THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, G.M. BREINIG. AGENT, Prnciat(Frice Atwawractory
NEW MILFORD, CONN eq
ARCHITECTS’ AND BUILDER»’ EDITION. EW YORK BUSINESS OFFICE, 96- 98 MAIDEN LANE. MANUFACTURERS OF
PUBLISHED MONTHLY. $1.50A YEAR, * WHEELERS PATENT ‘Woop |*ILLER.—
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Address MUNN & CO., PUBLISHERS,
8 REINIGS LITHOGEN SILIGATE PAINT.
361 Broadway, New York. LITHOGEN PRIMER.WOOD STAINS
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feet long. Easy to apply. Asbestos Materials—

OLUMBIA: 3
Fiber, aT Packing, nnd Cement,
Mlustrated Wanted 50,000 Suwyers and ERS-S .
S A W Lumbermen to send us their SAW Ss ar the bo Eighth st., New York.
Catalogue» full address for’a copy of Emerson’s (@~ Book

B&TIRICGYYCGLLESES:7252osi-6ON°E:"6
of SAWS. Weare first to introduce NATUR-

This handle is six inches long, and incloses ten large

AL GAS for heating and tempering Saws
with wonderful effect upon improving their THE HARDEN STAR HAND GRENADE
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Ss
Awls, two Chiesels, one each Gouge, Scratch Awl, Saw,
Screw Driver, and Reamer. EMERSON, SMITH & CO, (Ltd.), Puts Out Fire Instantly.
The Steel jaws will hold either of these tools; also Beaver Falls, Pa.
“MASS | See editorial notice in SCIENTIFIC AMERI’
Files, Awls, and Needles of all kinds. The handle is of CAN ot November 22, 1884.
Rosewood, with Lignumyitw# Cap, both highly polished.
Branch Houses: 12 Warren Street, New York. Send for circulars. Address
The Jaws and Sleeve are polished and nickel plated. 115 Wabash Avenue, Chicago, Il. LEATHER BELTING the
They are as useful tools as were ever put on the market, best and most reliable Belt ever Harden Hand Grenade Fire Extinguisher Uo.,
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the same price.
Sent, by mail, on receipt
Hardware dealers will furnish them at 4 spiionmae BARREL, KEG, rs introduced. Made by CHAS. A.
SCHIBREN & CO., 47 Ferry Street, New York; 416 Arch
/
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205 Wabash Ave., Chicago,
10 Oliver St., Boston, or
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74 Chambers St., New York City. AND

STAVE MACHINERY.
Over 50 varieties manu-
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TELEGRAPH.
Instruments, Batteries, Magnets, Wire, Electric Bells,
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THE AMERICAN DELL TELEPHONE C0.
95 MILK ST., BOSTON, MASS.
Truss Hoop Driving. E. & B. Holmes, Large illustrated catalogue mailed free. Manual of Tele-
graphy with instructions for learners, and for the opera-
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J. H. Bunnell & Co.,106& 108 Liberty St.,N.Y.
(hee AND FINE GRAY IRON ALSO STEEL
HFN=83 CASTINGS FROM SPECIAL. ays This Company owns the Letters Patent
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JTHOMAS ick AVE. & AMERICAN ST. PHILA. 7th, 1876, No. 174,465, and January 30th,
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rm STEAM ENGINES. The transmission of Speech by all known
Horizontal and Verticad.
forms of Electric Speaking Telephones in-

W.JOHNS
y

ASBESTOS:
ra 3
heels,
York Mfg Co., York, Pa., U. 8. A.
Address JOHN A. ROEBLING’S
ers, Trenton, N. J., or 117 Liberty Street,
SONS,
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Send for circular.
Manufactur-
New York.
fringes the right secured to this Company
by the above patents, and renders each
individual user of telephones not furnish-
ed by it or its licensees responsible for such
Roofing, Building Felt,
Steam Packings, Boiler Coverings, NEW YORK BELTING AND PACKING CO. unlawful use, and all the consequences
Fire Proof Paints, Cements, Etc. Oldest ond Largest Manufacturers in the United States of thereof, and liable to suit therefor.
‘ Samples and Descriptive Price Lists Free.
H. W. JOHNS M’F'G CO., 87 MAIDEN LANE, N. Y,
175 Randolph St., Chicago; 170 N, 4th St, Philadelphia

BUY ONE.
Vulcanized Rubber Fabrics ADAPTED TO MECHANICAL PURPOSES.
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THE MOST POPULAR SCIENTIFIC PAPER
Buy a good one. Buy the House
Patent Scroll Saw. With it you RUBBER BELTING, PACKING, AND HOSE, IN THE WORLD,
can saw both wood and metal. A CORRUGATED
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This unrivaled periodical, now in its forty-first year,
kets. You cun sell the work and
make money. Send 6c. for 36-page
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and enjoys the largest circulation ever attained by any
Tools, and Designs of Scroll Saw- JOHN H. CHEEVER, Treas. Wew York Belting and Packing Co.,
scientific publication.
ing. A. H. POMEROY, Sec- JOHN D. CHEEVER, Dep’y Treas. Warehouse, |5 Park Row, opp. Astor House, N. Y.
tion S, 216-220 Asylum St., Branches: 308 Chestnut Street, Phila., 167 and 169 Lake Street, Chicago, and 52 and 54 Summer Street, Boston. Every number contains sixteen large pages, beautifully
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CORUNDUM and EMERY WHEELS,

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HARRIS-CORLISS ENCIYXVE, MANUFACTURED FROM CAREFULLY SELECTED STOCK BY THE New Discoveries and Improvements, embracing Machin-
With Harris’ Pat. Improvements, from 10 to 1,000 H. P. ery, Mechanical Works, Engineering in all branches,
Send for copy Engineer’s and Steam User's

Lehigh Valley Emery Wheel Co.,

Chemistry, Metallurgy, Electricity, Light, Heat, Archi-
Manual. By J.W.HIII,M.E. Price $1.25.
MENTION THIS PAPER. tecture, Domestic Economy, Agriculture, Natural His-
tory, etc. It abounds with fresh and interesting subjects
Manufacturers of Woodenware.—For Sale, State
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SUPPLIES FROM guaranteed in all cases, at low The ScIENTIFIC AMERICAN should bave a place in

SHAW & CEBRY.

HYDRANT PRESSURE cost, and in quantities from 5
4) the cheapest power known, every Dwelling, Shop, Office, School, or Library. Work-
gals. to 5,000 gals. per minute.
Invaiuable for blowing Adapted to Private Houses, men, Foremen, Engineers, Superintendents, Directors,
Manufacturers of Electrical Appliances, Light Ma- Chureh Organs, running
chinery, Special Tools, Models, ete. Printing Presses, Sewiny
Hotels, Asylums, Hospitals, # Presidents, Officials, Merchants, Farmers, Teachers,
55 N. 7th Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Machines in _ Households
Factories, Mills, Boilers,
Lawyers, Physicians, Clergymen, people in every walk
Steam Boats, Water Works
| Turning Lathes, Scroll in Towns, and Cities. and profession in life, will derive benefit from a regular
BOOK WALTER EVGINE. rindstones, Coffee Our Filters are simple in
sausage Machines, reading of THr SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
Compact. Substantial. Econom- Feed Cutters, Electric
construction and operation,
ical, and easily managed; guar- will stand any pressure, the Terms for the United States and Canada, $3.20 a year:
anteed to work well and give Lights, Elevators, ete. It filtering material is imper-
needs litte room, no tiring $1.60 six months. Specimen copies free. Remit by
full power claimed. Engine and ishable, and can be cleaned § Postal Order or Check.
soiler complete, including Gov- up, fuel. ashes, repairs, en- in from five to twenty min-
ernor. Pump, etc., at the low | gineer. explosion, or delay utes, effectually removing all- MUNN & CO.,, Publishers,
price of no extra insurance, no coal impurities from the Filter 361 Broadway, New York.
\ 3 HORSE POWER...... $240 00 bills. Is noiseless, neat, bed. Plans and specifications
ig ae RFT 28) 00 compact. steady ; will work ready for a 15,000,000 gallon
ris Tepe 355 00 == at any pressure of water
Ri above 15 Ib.; at 40 1b. pres-
plant. Send for Circular, stat- Tre Ee
ge Sythe Seis 4 40 00
Scientific American Supplement.
2 ing paper you saw adyertise-
sure has 4-horse power, and ment in, to
{=~ Put on cars at, Springfield, O.
JAMES LEFFEL & CO.,
=
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Springfieiad, Ohio, THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT is & sepa:
or 110 Liberty St.. New York. THE BACKUS WATER MOTO CO., Newark, N. J. 141 COMMERCE St., NEWARK, N. J.
rate and distinct publication from TH" SCIENTIFIC AM;

HORTHAND oy iat orpertonaly

ERICAN, but is uniform therewith in size, every number
AUSTRALIA. American Manufacturers
wishing to be represented in these colonies please com- containing sixteen large pages. TH SCIUNTIFIC AM-
Ituations procured all pupils when competent. municate with Messrs. Imray & Co., Australian Agents ERICAN SUPPLEMENT is published weekly, and includes
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f==—> —_KEUFFEL & ESSER,
cent papers by eminent writers in all the principal de-
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PATENTS.
SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS A vast amount of fresh and valuable information
taining to these and allied subjects is given, the whole
per-

OF HIGHEST QUALITY. profusely illustrated with engravings.

send for Catalogue and Samples of Paper. The most important Enineering Works, Mechanisms,
MESSRS. MUNN & CO., in connection with the publi- and Manufactures at home and abroad are represented
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PORTLAND CEMENT. and described in the SUPPLEMENT.
Price for the SUPPLEMENT for the United States and
8. I.. MERCHANT & CO., 25 State St., New York.
for Inventors. GGillmoreonCement, . . . . . . $2.00 Canada, $5.00 a year, or one copy of the SCIENTIFIC AM-
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SASH, DOORS, BLINDS, MOULDINGS.

aration of Patent Drawings, Specifications, and the order or check,
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PRINTING INKS.
MUNN & CO., Solicitors of Patents, 200 lb. steam-pressure.
361 Broadway, New York. To avoid imposition, see that valves.are stamped ‘‘ Jenkins Bros.”
'MWHE “Scientific American” is printed with CHAS-
BRANCH OFFICES.—No. 622 and 624 F Street, Pa- JENEBINS BROS,, ENEU JOHNSON & CO.’S . Tenth an
¢citic Building, pear 7th Street, Washington, D. C, 71 John Street, New York, Send for Price List “A,” 79 Kilby Street, Boston, bard Sts, Phila., and 47 Rose St., opp. Duane 8t., N, ¥,
ia pire ee Oe
retiree Ra
“A
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.

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N OVEMBER, 1885. Stientific American, a

17
A VILLAGE RESIDENCE, ‘ Front entrance door two inches thick, the other Our Colored Drawings and Sheet of Details.
BY 0, P. HATFIELD, ARCHITECT, NEW YORK. principal doors 114 inches thick, and closet doors 114 We send out with this November number of the Ar-
[With two colored plates and a large sheet of details as supplements to inches. The latter with reversed bevel rim locks; all chitects’ and Builders’ edition of the SCIENTIFIC AME-
the November number of the ScreNnTIFIC AMERICAN, Architects’ and other doors with appropriate mortise locks and porce- RICAN a sheet of colored drawings and an accompany-
Builders’ Edition.] :
lain furniture. All doors with proper hinges, outside ing sheet of details, containing an exceilent design
SPECIFICATIONS AND ESTIMATE FOR A VILLAGE doors with bolts; door saddles and stops of walnut. for a residence which may be built for $4,400. This
: RESIDENCE. Inside doors paneled and neatly moulded. is a contribution to our pages by Mr. O. P. Hatfield,
Specifications. Case all doors and windows, and provide bases in the well known architect, No. 31 Pine St , New York.
Mason: first and second stories, as shown. Wainscot kitchen In another column will be found a specification and
Make excavations as required for cellar, for trenches, three feet high with 144 inch milled and beaded Georgia estimates for the erection of this building. Those who
area, etc., and deposit and grade the excavated ma- pine strips 3 inches wide, and capped with walnut desire further information should address the archi-
terial upon the premises where shown; reserve the soil moulding. Shelve all closets and provide clothes tect.
for top grading. hooks, as required. Provide a large hanging shelf in We have in preparation a variety of new and superior
Carry up the walls of the cellar to grade line as shown, cellar. . designs for residences and other buildings, some of very
18 inches thick, of good building stone laid in best The stairs to be erected with white pine plank steps, moderate cost, others elaborate and more expensive,
cement mortar; the walls well bonded and exposed fascias and strings, board risers with cove moulding, which will be duly published, forming a most attract-
faces hammer dressed. The area walls to be of like and well timbered. Rail 4 inch, moulded, on 134 inch ive and valuable series. Those who wish to possess
description; and foundations of like stonework provided fancy turned balusters and newels; the rails, balusters, the same should promptly enroll their names as regu-
under the piazza walls and piers, commenced 31 feet and newels of ash stained and varnished. Steps to lar subscribers. The price is only $1.50 a year for a
below the grade line. Place proper bottom stone under piazzas, ete., of white pine as shown. Step ladder to single subscription, or a club of four copies for $5 a
girder posts. cellar of two inch spruce, dadoed together. year.
Erect cellar walls above grade line 12 inches thick, Paint all woodwork usually painted, including shin- $= 0 _____—-
of good common hard brick laid with best lime and gles of roof, ete., and ironwork, with three good coats Fireproof Building in New York,
sand mortar, and faced with Haverstraw brick neatly of Atlantic white lead in linseed oil, colored as required. BY T. M. CLARK.

laid.. Chimneys erected in the same manner and faced Interior work in two tints—walnut and? Georgia pine In the construction of buildings intended to be
above roof with Colabar pressed brick, neatly laid in oiled and shellac varnished. The tinwork to have two thoroughly fireproof, New York stands in advance
red mortar. The fireplaces faced and paved with coats of Prince’s metallic paint. Piazza floors and of the whole world. London, Paris, Berlin, and
pressed buff brick. steps, and center of stair steps, included in the paint- Vienna contain some really fireproof buildings, with
Gellar window sills, door sill, area steps and coping, ing. floors vaulted in brick, heavy walls, and. small win-
and chimney caps of blue stone; the sills axed or planed, The materials all of good quality; the lumber of dows; and many others ostensibly fireproof, with
as also the edges of chimney caps; the other stone cut white pine, unless otherwise specified, and well season- plaster floors held up by alight frame of iron, every-
neatly to size. Steps, 4 by 12 inches on hard brick; ed. The doors and the exposed parts of the trimmings where exposed, and constantly liable, if attacked by
coping, 3 by 12. Caps, 3 inches thick. Blue stone flag- throughout to be of clear stuff. Piazza floors clear, the heat of a pile of burning goods, to a disastrous
ging in front of principal entrance steps, 314 by 6 feet. ; others of merchantable stuff. The work executed in collapsé, like that which destroyed in a few minutes
Fill in the beams of second story floor between ends the best manner. one of the largest stores in Paris a year ago; but New
thereof with a 4 inch brick wall laid in mortar. Plumber : York alone can show many buildings thoroughly
Lath and plaster the apartments, halls, and passages To provide kitchen sink, range with waterback, iron light and airy, in which it is impossible for a destruc-
of the first and second stories with two good coats of boiler, kitehen pump, tank over second story, bathtub, tive fire to oceur. The essence of these buildings is,
lime, sand, and hair mortar, and well hard-finish the water closet; with all pipes, faucets, gas pipes, etc., as it must be with our present materials, a structure
same. Run appropriate stucco cornices in parlor, din- complete ; to an extent of cost not exceeding $350, and of protected ironwork in which the whole framework
ing room, and hall of first story. as selected by the owner. is cased with terra cotta.
Provide hearths and facings for three fireplaces of Mr. O. P. HATFIELD, Architect, 31 Pine Street: The details of this sort of fireproof work have under-
buff glazed tiles, neatly laid, and five stovepipe rings We will agree to erect modern dwelling, complete, gone a good deal of modification within a few years,
have not been changed. Not
and covers. according to plans and specifications made by you, for although the principles
The circular wall under the piazza balconies to be of long ago a concrete of cinder and plaster was in high
the sum of four thousand four hundred dollars ($4,400).
the same description of material as the piers, and 8 S. V. HoLuiIstER & Son. repute for filling between floor beams, for partitions,
inches thick. New York, October 17, 1885. for furring outside walls, and even for protecting iron,
and various other concretes were much employed.
Carpenter :
These have proved, however, to be liable to erumb-
— —-+ -10

Provide the timber of frame of spruce. Floor beams A Special Suggestion.

of the first and second stories, 2 by 10 inches, 16 inches ling from fire and water, and burnt clay is fast taking
By reference to the terms of subscription published their place for all purposes. For furring, or lining
from centers. Girders in cellar, 6 by 8 inches on 8 by 8
elsewhere, it will be seen that this Architects’ and Build- outside walls, to keep the dampness of the brickwork
inch posts. The principal posts of frame, 4 by 6 inches;
ers’ edition of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is furnished from the rooms, the porous terra cotta, or terra cotta
girts, plates, sills, and interties, 4 by 6; filling-in studs,
12 inches from centers; braces, 2 by 4 to subscribers at the low price of a dollar and a half a lumber, made by mixing saw dust with fire elay, and
2 by 4 inches and
year for single copies, and in clubs at a still less rate, baking it at a heat high enough to burn out the saw
inches; rafters, 2 by 8 inches, supported at center upon
Piazza floor namely, four copies for five dollars. dust, leaving a hard, spongy mass, is much preferred
partitions, and placed 2 feet from centers.
beans, 2 by 8 inches, 2 feet from centers. Plank bridg- With a very little trouble, it seems to us, each per- to the old fashioned coneretes; and the same form of
son who receives a copy of our paper might readily burnt clay is used in thin blocks for forming parti-
ing in floors.
secure a club of four among his friends. Everybody is tions, which are so light as not to burn the floors, and
Set partitions with 2 by4inch hemlock studs, 12 ins.
time strong and absolutely fireproof, al-
from centers; door studs doubled. Ceiling of second more or less interested in buildings and architecture. at the same
In every town there is always a large number of per- ternate heating to redness and saturating with water,
story of 2 by 4 inch spruce 16 inches from centers,
some time or many times repeated. having almost no effect upon it.
braced to rafters. Partition studs bridged with plank sons who are thinking of building a home,
bridging. Furring for plastering as required. other; and they are glad to have plans and designs in For floors, burnt clay is now universally used in the
Cover the frame and roofs with milled hemlock their possession. The number and variety of architec- shape of blocks, made hollow to save weight, and
sheathing boards, laid diagonally and well nailed. tural illustrations presented to subscribers in our pages tapered so as to form a flat areh, which has all the
required, and has the great advantage of
Finish the lower part of the house upon the sheathing during the year will be very large, and the value to the strength
reader will doubtless be a hundredfold more than the presenting a level surface beneath, which is corrugated
with 5 inch clear siding, and the upper portion thereof The old
as shown with clear pine shingles, cut to a point and cost of subscription. to receive directly the plaster of the ceiling.
Now is the time to subscribe. We hope each one of fashioned brick arches turned upon the lower flanges
taken to a width, and planed smooth on theface. The
our readers will send in a club of at least four names. of iron beams have now entirely disappeared from
siding and upright shingles laid upon stout felt paper.
Cover roof boards with pine shingles laid plain 5 ins. to The more the better. It would be difficult to select for ordinary work, except for carrying sidewalks over coal
a friend a more acceptable or useful present for Christ- vaults. To say nothing of the unpleasant appearance
the weather. Flash all junctions with I.C. charcoal tin
mas or the new year than a paid subscription to this presented by a ceiling broken up into long parallel
painted on the lower side, and line all gutters with the
same, the whole made proof against leaking. Provide paper. ridges, this construction, as usually seen, leaves the
ot
1 or lower flanges of the iron beams exposed to heat from
leaders of double tin to convey roof water to drains as
Items Relating to Building Progress, burning material in the room, thus violating the
required.
Form all cornices, corner boards, water tables, belt
first principle of fireproof construction as now prac-
We shall be glad to receive from architects and
ticed; and the attempts made in former times to sup-
courses, upright stiles, and rails for clapboard frames, builders, in all parts of the country, information re- means of
dormer trimmings, ridge moulds, etc., on exterior of lating tothe erection of new buildings, such as dwell- port a flat ceiling below the arches by
house, of plank and boards to correspond with the ings, stores, churches, schools, halls, ete. iron lath have always been very costly and unsatis-
The loea-
factory.
drawings, and mould the same as shown. tion, character of the building, the expected cost, to- lower flange of the
Construct the piazzas with turned posts and balus- gether with the names of the architects, builders, or In the matter of protecting the
ters, moulded rails, ete., asshown. Piazza rafters, 2 by contractors, should be given. Particulars of public beams, even the construction of flat arches of hollow
blocks was not at first very successful. As will be
5 inches, of clear pine planed smooth and chamfered ; works are also in order.
the roof boards of % inch strips 444 inches wide, milled seen from the upper diagram, in plastering on the
As this paper circulates largely in all cities and towns under side of the blocks a space equal to the width of
and beaded, and laid with thesmooth side down. The where building is going on, the advantage to architects inches,
the lower flange of the beam, often four or five
piazza roofs covered with the tin above specified, well and builders in having their names appear will be ob-
had to be spanned by the mortar, with nothing to
soldered and secured, and with like gutters and lead- vious. We hope all who receive this number will re-
hold it against theiron. In this position it was likely
ers. spond without delay, sending by letter or postal card to break away, especially in case of fire, leaving the
Provide windows with box frames properly moulded; items such as we have indicated.
iron exposed, and the latter blocks are made to hang
sashes 114 inches thick, glazed with best sheet glass, ed forming by their shape a
a little below the beam,
double thick inthe lower sash, and hung with hemp is
Plans and Contributions. dovetailed channel, in which a slip of terra cotta
eord and balance weights. Windows to piazzas to thus
have casement sashes as shown, well hung and fasten- Architects and builders who are disposed to furnish laid, when the pieces are put together, and is
held securely. This gives perfect protection, but is a
ed. The cellar windows hung at ceiling. Windows tasteful designs of buildings and their details for pub-
above the basement provided with 14 inch Venetian lication in this journal, or who desire to contribute by little troublesome, and the very latest blocks are made
shutter blinds with roller slats, ete. Sash and blind their writings to our pages, are invited to present sug- with projections wide enough to meet beneath the
gestions. The editor will at all times be glad to hear flange of the beam without the insertion of a slip.
hinges and fastenings, as required.
from them, and will expect to make satisfactory com- These blocks are as readily put in place as the primi-
‘Furnish and lay floors of 1st and 2d stories of % securely from fire as
inch milled white pine strips, 4% inches wide and pensation for such contributions as may be used. No tive sort, and cover the beams
as these blocks are
soon’as they are set. Common
blind nailed. Piazza floors vesame deseription, but the newspaper of the same class has so great a circulation
now in New York, being the universal material for
14 inches thick and 3 inches wide.
strips Underlay as this; contributors will have the satisfaction of ap-
: : pearing before a very large audience, \flooring in all new banks and office buildings, to
first floor with stout felt paper.
» qr ai
 [NovEmsr, 1885.
ternal details, though in cement, and even in stone-
work, we find it frequently omitted in buildings of a
superior class. :
is practiced with great success. In speaking of weather joints, allusion nay be made
their use dates from very recent times, and it is said perience shows that the currents of air around afire to the value of checks in windows and doors. The
that in the construction of a building on Broadway, draw so strongly upward that there would be no dan- stone sill is generally throated, and a metal water bar
finished about four years ago, in which the architect 'ger of heating the iron beams in this way sufficiently inserted between itand the wooden sill of the sash,
required the floors to be laid with them, the masons, to do any harm; while the cinder-filled space, three though how such work is managed in the smaller class
employed by one of the best contractors in the city, or four inches in depth, affords an opportunity for of houses no one knows. ‘The double-sunk sillis more
set them alternately up side down, so that they fell carrying steam and water pipes under the floor from in name thanin reality. There is seldom agroove run
out when the staging was taken away from beneath }one part of a room to another, as is generally neces- between the rebates. In casement windows we find
them. sary in apartment houses and office buildings.—From sills very commonly made without the necessary pre-
In England, the idea of the best architects is to a paper read before the Society of Arts, Boston, Mass. cautions, the lower rail of casement is only rebated in-
obtain the effects they wish in fireproof construction —_—— OO stead of being throated outside to throw off the water
by the use of concrete. They have an excellent ma- Weather Joints, beyond the joint, and there is no perforation from the
terial in their Portland cement, and, by adding sul- The importance to beattached to the minor details inside of the sill to the outside to carry away moisture
phur to it, the concrete made with it is rendered par- of building is sadly overlooked by architects and build- that may enter. There are so many excellent patented
tially fire resisting, by the lessening of its tendency ers. Let us take, for instance, wall building. By at- weather bars and contrivances for keeping out wet in
to erack and crumble under the action of fire and tending to one or two small matters which are often the market, that the builder is to blame for gross
water; but no concrete construction yet invented ap- neglected, a great deal of trouble and discomfort apathy and negligence if even the commonest tene-
proaches, in the facility ment is unprovided with
with which the materials weather joints of the kind
are handled, the quickness we have described. Those
with which the work is who are going into new
completed and the staging houses are too often ignor-
shifted to another place, ant of these necessary ex-
orin the perfect security pedients for insuring com-
which it gives, that with fort.—Building News.
the terra cotta hollow
blocks. By the help of A New Portable Desk,
these, and of the porous A patent has been grant-
terra cotta partition and ed to Chas. Newbourg, of
furring blocks, a house Brooklyn, N. Y., for a
with wide openings, floors portable desk. It is a neat-
ten inches thick from the ly constructed device made
level ceiling to the top of of two boards, and so ar-
finished flooring, and par- ranged that it can be at-
titions occupying different tached by one motion to
positions in the various any bench, pew, or chair,
stories, can be made just and is provided with space
as secure against fire as a for carrying stationery,
French or German store- etc., and when folded up
house, with its ponderous can be carried about in the
division walls extending pocket. It will be found
from cellar to roof, and very useful to stenograph-
its vaulted ceilings two or ers, reporters, and others,
three feet high from the when at places of public
spring to the crown. meeting, by attaching it to
ASPHALT ROOFS. the bench, chair, or pew in
In describing a floor of front, and also to business
a New York fireproof build- men and others, when in
ing, we describe also the railroad cars or other
roof, which is made in ex- vehicles, as it forms a
actly the same way as a steady support, and there-
floor, with iron beans, fill- by conducts to legibility.
ed in and protected by Commercial travelers,
hollow terra cotta blocks, doctors, and invalids who
which are then leveled up are unable to move to a
with concrete, two, three,
fixed table or desk, and
or four thicknesses of clerks in offices where room
asphalted felt laid on the is restricted, will likewise
top, and the whole then find it very serviceable and
covered nearly or quite an
convenient to make their
inch thick with rock as-
Memorandums and writ-
phalt, precisely like that
ings upon. Its use, how-
used for paving the streets
ever, is not restricted to
of Paris, and put on in the
any class of persons for
same way. Once put down
either writing purposes or
on a sufficiently rigid
as a music stand, or desk,
framework of beams, such
or counter, or other like
a roof is as permanent as
extension, and when not
the building itself. The
in use it can readily be
heat of the sun does not
taken down. It may be
affect it, water runs off it
used on the knees or on the
as from a granite slab, and
table as a simple desk hay-
the movement upon it,
ing an inclined top, or
even of horses and earri-
= 7 writing or reading surface.
ages, would deteriorate it
very slowly, ifatall. With abs ae
ifietrigs”
eS
Exhibition of Architec-
these roofs, the flashings, kcgee
ESS SS I a p! ARRIBA utes
Pd: BYRNG-re e
tural Drawings,
even though of copper, are
nitinoniade De arere I-n40n
SSS The first exhibition of
the weakest part; and in
Architectural Drawings is
the latest of the great fireproof office buildings the might be saved. We here allude to weather jointing. announced in connection with that of the Salmagundi
flashings themselves are replaced by great slabs of The joints are often made level, or are so formed as to for this winter, opening January 11 and closing Feb-
rubbed slate set vertically around the parapet walls, invite the penetration of moisture. By simply bevel- ruary 1.
the lower edges of which are embedded in the concrete, ing the joint by the trowel on the outer face, the water Drawings will be received at the American Art Gal-
while the wall itself is built out over the upper edge, that runs down the wall will be thrown off instead of
lery, 6 East Twenty-third Street, from December 31 to
holding it like a panel. It is difficult to see where soaking into the joints. Other little details have refer- January 4, 1886, and by Louis R. Menger, 35 Dey
the deterioration of a structure like this could be- ence to the sections of mouldings, cornices, and string-
Street.
gin. Centuries must elapse before either the asphalt courses. In all these details it is very easy to make An exhibition of this kind should work great good to
roof covering or the slate flashings would decay far proper weatherings and throatings, though in a large American architectural draughtsmen by increasing the
enough to adinit water to the interior, and extrava- number of buildings we find them neglected. The re- number of men capable of making such drawings and
zantly costly as the construction appears, it will | sults are not only the penetration of moisture into the elevating their standard of rendering, both of which
probably be economical in the end. rooms, but a disfigurement of the external face of the are objects to be attained. As an exhibition of the
Itis usual in all these fireproof buildings to lay a| wall. How often do we see cement mouldings and cor-
tendency of current work, it will prove as attractive to
wooden floor for comfort in walking, and this is now nices or window heads actually the means of defacing
the layman as to the practitioner. It is in charge of a
universally put on wooden sleepers, which lie on top the wall by the unsightly streaks of rain which, trick- committee of architects in this city, among their num-
of the terra cotta blocks, and are held in place by ling down the brickwork, quickly spoil the cleanliness ber appearing the names of Prof. William E. Ware and
having their ends so shaped that they can be wedged of thefront. Window cornices, and even such small Messrs. Richard M. Hunt, Frederick C. Withers, R. H.
under the upper flanges of the iron beams. After details as architrave caps and stringcourses, ought to Robertson, with Mr. F. A. Wright, 149 Broadway, as
these are in place, the space between them is entirely be throated by asmall groove sunk beneath the pro- Secretary.
filled with cinders, and the wooden flooring is then jecting member before the face of the wall. The “drip” There are sub-committees in Boston, Chicago, and
nailed down, By filling the intervals between the sleep- |should be constantly borne in mind in the design of ex-
Philadelphia, ee
 ~

a Novemser, 1885.] _ Scientific American, 19

MOVABLE STRUCTURES FOR FAIRS, MARKETS, ETC. price. The expense connected with the structure itself results that they cannot be multiplied as much as neces.
We herewith present illustrations of the movable is very sinall. In fact, the distinguishing character of sary, and so a portion of the inhabitants are daily sub-
Flower Markets of Paris, which by their economy of such structures is their portability—so that the same jected toa loss of time in reaching the one nearest
construction and completeness of adaptation for the shed can be used in any number of different places. them.
purpose have given much satisfaction. For markets, The principal expense, then, will be for carriage; but Finally, from a hygienic standpoint, movable markets
fairs, seaside resorts, etc., such structures appear to be it is easy to see that there will always be an economy present a very great advantage over stationary ones.
particularly desirable. From the designs here given in their use. This is a fact, moreover, that practice The latter, in fact, notwithstanding their large open
builders may perhaps derive useful practical hints. has verified, for it is well known that Paris does not spaces, never get rid of the vitiated air that they con-
With movable markets, a town or city can utilize get her expenses back from her stationary markets, tain, and the bad odors that emanate from them are
large areas of unproductive ground, and find new while the movable ones yield a revenue. also a source of annoyance and danger to the neighbor-
resources, although renting the stalls at a minimum On another hand, as stationary markets are costly, it hood. In movable ones, on the contrary, when the
Fig. a. structure is taken apart, the air, sun, and rain disperse
all bad odors, and the place is rendered wholesome in
an instant.
It is easy to see that well established structures of
this kind would render great services in small towns
also. They might entirely replace stationary iron
markets, the high cost of which often causes municipal-
»
“— ities to preserve their old, inconvenient, and unhealthy
structures. As a general thing, market is held but
once or twice a week in small towns. In the interim
the structure could be taken apart, and the place ren-
dered free.
The question, then, is to have a system of construc-
tion that shall satisfy the different parts of the pro-
gramme that we have just laid out, that is to say,
strength, lightness, rapidity of erection, and ease of
carriage. The shelters that are at present employed
for movable markets at Paris are very primitive, and
are wanting in solidity and convenience. They consist
simply of wooden uprights to which are affixed cross-
pieces that support an impermeable canvas.
In order to render it possible to extend the system of
movable markets, it became necessary to first find and
study the proper material.
During the year 1883 the city of Paris resolved to
make some experiments, and the Director of Municipal
Affairs commissioned Mr. Andre, director of the Neuilly
works, to submit to him a plan fora structure that
could be easily taken apart. The plan finally proposed
seemed to meet all the requirements of the case, and a
group of ten structures was erected. The trial that
was made of these proved entirely satisfactory. The
city then made concession to the Neuilly company,
for six years, of the market in Boulevard Richard-
Lenoir, of those of La Reine Park, and of the Made-
leine flower markets. A six months’ trial has shown
the great resistance of the materials that we are about
to deseribe in detail.
The structure is supported by cylindrical hollow
iron uprights that are firmly connected with the ground
as follows: At the places where they are to be fixed,
small catches are inserted in the ground so that their
upper surface comes flush therewith. These catches
consist of two cast iron sides bolted together, and of a
bottom and ends formed of flat iron—the end pieces
being bent so as to form cramp irons. Each of the
sides is provided internally with a projecting piece,
and an inclined plane asa wedge. In case the catch
becomes filled with dirt, it can be easily cleaned out
with a seraper. The iron upright terminates in a
malleable cast iron shoe, which is screwed on to it, and
which is provided beneath with a projection in the
form of a reversed T, the upper part of the horizontal
Fig. 1.—General View of a Movable Market. Fig. 2,—Shoes. Fig. 3.—Mode of Joining the Roof Timbers. Fig. 4.—Iron Support. Fig. 5.—Section
branches of which is beveled off in a direction opposite
of a Shoe Inserted in the Catch. Fig.6.—Catches. Fig. 7.—Waterproof Canvas.
that of the inclined planes of the ecateh. This projec-
tion enters through the slit and fits into the two wedg-
es, and a simple blow of a hammer suffices to make the
adherence perfect.
The front and hind uprights differ only in length,
and the roof timbers are joined at their upper ex-
tremities. The figures so well show how the parts are
fitted together as to render an explanation unne-
cessary.
The dimensions of these structures vary from 65
to 5°75 feet in length by 6°5 in width and 6 in height.
The rafters are prolonged so as to project 4°25 feet in
front, in order to form a protection for the purchaser.
This part of the rafters, as well as the longitudinals, is
supported by three curved iron braces, which are put
in place as follows: The timbers are provided with a
ring fixed by a screw, and one extremity of the brace is
inserted into this, while the other is held against the
upright by a sliding iron socket. The longitudinal
timbers are supported between each two uprights by
an iron rod that rests upon a block of stone fixed in
the ground.
The front ends of the rafters are connected by a
longitudinal, 18 feet in length.
The structure is covered with waterproof canvas
held in place by wooden rods, to which it is attached.
The wood employed is pitch pine.
An entire market of 300 stalls can be put up in three
hours by one workman and four assistants.—Le Genie
Civil.
SS
=n kA
Onk of the latest additions to articles in which paper
.)can i) pulp is now used is the following: A man out in Texas
has corset making down to a pretty fine point. He
proposes to make them of paper pulp by applying it
_| directly to the form. By this method he is sure to get
~
a perfect fit, and produce a corset that will outwear
MOVABLE MADELEINE FLOWER MARKET AT PARIS. anything now in the market.
 20 Scientific Amevican. [Novemper, 1885.
FINE BUILDINGS OF PROMINENCE IN NEW YORK CITY. 159th Street, on the west side, would convince him of the style of the Renaissance, and in plan consisting of
If, asit has been said, the progress of a nation is the truth of our first statement in regard to the pro- alarge central court with its surrounding buildings,
written in its architecture, most assuredly a glance gress and, we inay say also, the prosperity of the city. the rooms being on a magnificent scale, and most
around our own city will show a degree of progress In the vicinity of Central Park, and most beautifully sumptuously furnished.
within the last five years unrivaled by almost any city situated, are two buildings that from their excessive Each elevation shows three distinct features, the cen-
in the world; a view, then, of some of its structu’es size and height force themselves upon the view from tral one on 8th Avenue covered by a hipped roof, and
will not be uninteresting to our readers. it will almost any point north of 59th Street. The style of the that on 72d Street by a gable, while the two flanking
also reveal several facts in regard to the in reasing two buildings is in marked contrast, and forms an portions are also in each case covered by gables; and
in-
value of real estate, and a corresponding change in the teresting study of that comparatively new class of each in turn is connected by an arched balcony, most
methods of erection. building with us, the apartment flats. happily designed. Above the second story is an orna-
To the outsider, who should visit our city to-day The Dakota flats, 8th Avenue between 72d and 73d mental band with moulded belt course above, whose
after an absence of five years, the tremendous size and Streets, from the hand of Mr. Hardenberg, is a large beauty, however, it must be said, is marred by being
height of many recent buildings would be a surprise; nine story building, in buff brick, with quoins, jambs, continually broken into by the arches of the windows.
and aride on the elevated railroad from the Battery to bays, and cornices in Ohio stone, the details being in Above the sixth story is the cornice, in design of

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NovEMBER, 1885. ] 2I

the Chateau de Blois order, while above is the steep |and solidity to the whole structure. Above, a light MACHINES FOR PUTTING DOWN DRILLED WELLS,
«: roof broken by numerous dormers and bay turrets. sandstone is used, and the second order is formed by The great economy with which an abundant supply
=.
7
The entrance is on 72d Street, and although it runs square pilasters of small height in proportion to their of pure water can be obtained in almost every locality
through the two- lower stories, and is profusely orna- width, which support a cornice breaking around the |from a drilled well, has made this method of obtain-
Above this cornice starts the happiest |ing a water supply extremely popular within the past
,
mented, from a critical point of view its two arches in- whole building.
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terfere with each other, and detract in some degree feature of the building, consisting of simple flat pilas- few years. Such wells are vastly cheaper than the
v
from the dignity of a feature which so massive a build- ters with carved capitals and arched heads, inclosing old form of open, dug wells, and they can be put down
ing seems to demand. four stories in height. so as to draw water exclusively from any desired
It is an axiom as old as the Greeks, that the true test Still above the main cornice is another story, with stratum of rock below, without the supply being con-
of a building is to strip it of its ornamentation, and ornamented balustrade above, but entirely lost to view, taminated by the impurities of surface drainage. A
mark the result of its mass. In this case most certainly owing to the tremendous height and the narrowness of | compact and efficient machine for putting down
the result would not be disappointing, for the several the street. Perhaps the finest feature is the porch, | these wells is made by the Keystone Driller Company,
parts are simple in mass, possessed of a quiet dignity, running two stories in height, and consisting on the of Fallston, Pa., whose advertisement will be found in
and the disposition of the roofs well composed. We first story of square pilasters covered with Renaissance another part of thisissue. With one of these machines
cannot help feeling, however, that the color of the ma- earving, and flanked by a, column in alternate courses an enterprising man can take contracts to put down
terial detracts from this dignity in no small degree. of polished and fluted granite. Above are still other wells through quite a large section of country, and
This feeling is strengthened, too, as we walk down square shafts, with two polished granite columns. It do the work quickly, at a low cost to the customer
8th Avenue, and approach the large group of buildings is perhaps the most magnificent porch in the city. Mr. and with a good profit.
known as the Navarro flats, between 58th and 59th Clinton has been criticised as building an architectural oe
Streets and 7th Avenue, composed of red brick and folly, because of the relation of the new building toits MINERAL WOOL,
trimmed with brown stone. The buildings are eight surroundings. But this is evidently unfair, since,
The remarkable qualities of this fibrous substance as
in number, are known as the Madrid, Cordova, Grena- were any such rule followed out, our architecture would
a non-conductor of heat have had the strong indorse-
da, Valencia, Lisbon, Barcelona, Saragossa, and Tolosa, become a mere adaptation of a building to its sur-
ment of engineers, of this country and abroad, for
occupy a plot of 201 by 425 feet, and are the work of rounding buildings, be they high or low, good, bad, or
some years. In a paper read before the American
Messrs. Hubert & Piersson. As will be surmised from indifferent, instead of standing on its own merit as an
Society of Mechanical Engineers, in 1881, Mr, Charles
their names, the buildings are in the Moorish style of architectural work; and we may thank the architect in
E. Emery showed that its non-conducting qualities
architecture, and are by far the most important of their the present instance for ignoring just such absurd
were far superior to those of an air space, or of any of
class in the city. criticism, and placing on his site a building that stands
the materials heretofore used for this purpose. Since
In plan they consist also of large central courts, head and shoulders above its neighbors in reality as
that time the manufacture of mineral wool has been
which in this case are to be turned into gardens for the well as in architectural worth. The drawing which we
greatly improved. The United States Mineral Wool
exclusive use of the occupants. By a duplex system of have made of the building is taken from a lithograph
Co., of New York, make two kinds, one that is called
floors some of the flats are in two stories; all the rooms published by Root & Tinker, of this city.
slag wool being used for insulating, deadening, and
are open to the exterior light and air, are large and Battery Park has long been regarded as a most de-
fire-proofing, the walls and floors of buildings, ete.,
numerous, and furnished with every possible luxury. sirable location fora building of large proportions, and
while their rock woolis more especially adapted for
A most pleasing and effective feature is the arched bal- Mr. Post has recently placed upon one of its most im-
use on steam and water pipes, to prevent condensation
conies on the third, fifth, and seventh stories, which, portant sites the building known as the Produce Ex-
and freezing. An advertisement of the company will
although they connect the buildings, yet leave them change, a large building covering a whole square,and in
be found on another page.
open on the side to light and air, besides giving them a brick and terra cotta. Unlike many of our large struc-
spacious covered balcony, which we venture to predict tures it is very simple in design, and a repetition of a =_——____—+ o> ——____—_—_———~

will be a most welcome retreat in summer. From an single well designed feature. The first story is broken Lime and Clinker Bricks,
exterior view, the corners are flanked by circular oriels,by massive brick piers, inclosing an iron framed window A further communication upon the utilization of
running from the pavement to the roof, a height of of ornamented mullions and transoms, and supporting clinkers has appeared in the Genie Civil. M. Gouvy
nine stories. a heavy frieze and cornice, upon which starts the sec- has described the treatment of clinkers in a factory in
The first and second stories in each building are in ond order of pilasters of brick, with noble round arches Meurthe-et-Moselle, where this economy appears to
rock face stone, with thin, alternate tooled bands of the of brick and terra cotta, the spandrels being filled with have been highly developed. Here the clinkers from
same material, a treatment that is most beautiful in ornamented terra cotta panels, from which spring the all the furnaces of the establishment are passed through
effect; but it is extremely doubtful if the change in the heads of different animals in strong relief. Above a revolving screen, which separates them into dust,
color of the stone in each building does not detract these, inclosed between the frieze necking and the nuts, and large pieces. The dust is used in brick mak-
from the general appearance. Above the second story main cornice, is a row of nearly square windows, while ing, and the nuts are washed, in order to recover the
to the cornice is brick work, relieved by diaper work, above is an added story of arched windows, but giving small pieces of coke mixed with them. The coke saved
and the whole surmounted by a low roof, very much one the impression of an afterthought or an addition, in this way is equivalent to from 4 to 5 per cent. of the
broken up, and the most unsatisfactory part of the In the center vf the facades are the triple entrances, total consumption of coal in the furnaces. The dust
whole work. The glory of the Dakota is most certain- with polished marble columns projecting from the face already mentioned is ground up in a mortar mill with
ly the faulty feature in the Navarro. of the building, and backed by massive arches. The he | slaked lime, in the proportion of 10 to 3, and the mix-
The effect of the buildings will be best seen by stand- huge tower is unseen from Broadway, but it forms a ture is pressed into bricks by a machine. These bricks
ing at as great a distance as possible, and noting the conspicuous landmark to the south, and can be seen are merely air dried, and are capable of being used for
very picturesque sky lines, which are emphasized by far away at sea. partition walls or paneling, or in any position in which
the chimneys and oriels with good effect. As an example of the recent domestic architecture of
they are not subject to heavy loads. About 2,500 bricks
The two central buildings on 58th and 59th Streets, our city, perhaps no buildings have attracted such are made from a cubic meter of lime, and the cost of
when completed, will form by far the finest group on general attention as the Vanderbilt mansions on Fifth the bricks (not counting the clinker dust as of any
either street, being most simple in form and detail, Avenue. By far thé finest of them is the studied work yalue) is about 11 d. per 100. The bricks gain strength
consisting of two simple and graceful columnated en- of Mr. Hunt, on the corner of 52d Street, and remind- with age, and should be made six or seven months be-
trances, four flanking bays in iron work of Moorish de- ing one strongly of the old French chateaux in the de- fore use. A great proportion of the works buildings
sign, and the central portions broken at regular inter- partment of Indre-et-Loire. Could it have been sur- has been constructed of this material.
vals by window openings, giving an effect most quiet rounded by trees, away from the whirl of Fifth Ave- The machine used to compress the bricks is a speci-
and restful. These buildings form a most interesting nue, and its area filled with water, after the fashion of ally designed apparatus, consisting simply of a brick
group, and their location cannot be excelled in the a moat, we should verily have had a small Chambord, mould for the mixture, placed in a frame under a
a Chenonceaux, or an Azay le-Rideau. The arched
city of New York. monkey weighing about 200 pounds, which, like that
In the center of the activity of 23d Street is the little entrance is broad, highly ornamented, and surrounded
of a pile driver, can be raised to the top of the frame
building known as the Eden Musee, in the style of the by a balcony whose sides are enriched by most delicate and dropped upon the mould. <A belt and pulley give
French Renaissance, that has attracted considerable carving. Above is a beautifully proportioned triple continuous revolution to a shaft across the top of the
attention during its erection. It is from the pencil of window, over which runs the cornice with its hipped frame, which carries a drum; and the money is raised
Mr. Fernbach, who, however, did not live to see it roof and dormer. In the angle of the entrance is quar-
simply by the workman holding on the fall of a rope
completed, and it is one of the very few building of its tered a small cireular stairway, with profuse exterior which is made fast to the monkey and passes over the
style in New York, although common to almost every ornamentation, «nd capped by a veritable ‘‘extin- drum. By this means the moulder can graduate the
avenue in Paris. It is but two stories with attic in the guisher top” roof. force of the compressing blows of the monkey upon the
steep roof, and consists of five sections, divided by Best of all is the extreme simplicity of the main mould by loosing the rope at any desired height. The
pilasters on the first story, small caryatides on the sec- double windows, repeated in the three stories of the block, after having been moulded, is removed bya foot
ond story, and is rather overloaded with detail and or- main building, and ending in a dormer of exquisite de- lever raising it out of the mould. A man and a boy
namentation. Over the central bay is a polished Ten- sign. On the side are three bays, one a hanging oriel are sufficient to attend to the machine. The pale gray
nessee marble slab with the name in gilt, and capped window, supported upon an enriched and moulded color of these lime and clinker bricks is admired as a
by a curved pediment, while the two side sections have corbel, while the bay itself is broken by a triple win- relief to the ordinary red clay bricks made in the same
three small windows over the entrances and a pedi- dow with carved pilasters and delicate carved panels district.
ment dormer above. <A rather slight bronze grill orna- above and below. Above the bays are two more large —____—__—_\_<_§_<o+o+e—_—_—_
ments the central section on the first story, and it is dormers of somewhat similar design as on the front.
Spontaneous Combustion,
supposable that the doors are at present temporary A noticeable feature in Mr. Hunt’s design is the large
only, asthey do not in any way harmonize with the amount of honest, unbroken wall surface, which gives Mr. C. CG. Hine, editor of the Monitor, relates the fol-
building; rather detract from the general appearance the building breadth and character, notwithstanding lowing: ‘The Institute of Technology, at Boston,
the unusual amount of enrichment, and this fact is the long ago decided upon the danger of steam
pipes pass-
by their cheapness.
It was shown
Another jaunt toward the Battery brings us to the more marked because of the almost universal mania of ing through and in contact with wood.
assumes
busiest portion of the city, where we find a magnificent architects to break up every surface by unmeaning that the wood, by being constantly heated,
structure on Nassau Street now nearly completed, and panels or windows. the condition, to a greater or less degree, of fine char-
the property of the Mutual Life Insurance Co. Mr. The buildings of which we have thus made slight coal, a condition highly favorable to spontaneous com-
Clinton has here given New Yorka notable and worthy mention are but a half dozen of the hundreds that are bustion. Steam was generated in an ordinary boiler,
‘building, but has worked under the embarrassing con- springing up all over New York that are beautifying and was conveyed therefrom in pipes which passed
dition of narrow and cramped streets, so that much of our streets, and bidding fair to make the city the ar- through a furnace, and thence into retorts for the pur-
chitectural center of the country. pose of distilling petroleum. Here the pipes formed
its beauty is lost to the eye. The building takes in the
whole square upon which the old post office stood, and —_—_—“@O@O+ >a extensive coils, and then passed out, terminating at a
; To Advertisers. valve outside the building. To prevent the steam
‘the facade on Nassau Street is divided into three dis-
tinet bays, the central one breaking back a couple of All cuts and copy for advertisements for the Decem- when blown off from disintegrating the mortar in an
feet, and occupied in part by the entrance porch. The ‘ber number of this paper should reach the SCIENTIFIC opposite wall, some boards were set up to receive the
force of the discharge, and as often as the superheated
first story anda half are built up with granite piers AMERICAN office, 361 Broadway, New York, on or be-
slightly rusticated, and gives an appearance of strength fore November 27, steam was blown, the boards were set on fire.”
 ZZ LZ LL LA

DICKINSON’S FIREPLACE ATTACHMENT.

McGOVERN’S IMPROVED CAISSON READ’S IMPROVED FENCE,

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ILLUSTRATIONS OF RECENTLY PATENTED NEW INVENTIONS,—[See next page for description.]

 ~~ .

~ Novemper, 1885.) _ Seientific American. 23

CASING FOR PIPES.
This is a casing for holding non-conducting
wool, ete.—on pipes, and which
—such as mineral
be easily applied and fitted, and closed and locked
without requiring the use of solder. A disk formed
with a central opening to receive the pipe is of such
size as to fit within the casing. It is cut open to per-
mit placing it on any desired part of the pipe, and has
flange. A series of links,
its outer edge bent down to forma
apertures is punched in the disk, to allow the non-con-
material in the different compartments
ducting
unite by the fibers passing through. A sheet of metal
a tube section is made has
from which
creased to forma longitudinal pocket for receiving the
other edge of the plate ; the pocket is formed a short
distance from the edge, so that when the free edge is
in the pocket the edges will overlap. The joint is
shown very clearly in Fig. 2. The edges of the casing
sections are overlapped, and then held together by pins
or nails passed through holes. The sections can thus
be opened very easily to pass them around the pipe
and to put in the filling material. One end edge of
each section is creased to form an annular pocket to
receive the adjoining edge of the next section, as shown
in Fig. 1. When a pipe is to be covered, a series of
disks is placed around it, a casing section is put on
and secured with the pins or nails. When filled with
the non-conducting material, another section is placed
adjoining it.
Address the patentees, James F. and John F. Wood,
of Wilmington, Del.
—___—_______-¢ 6+-e______—_-
WINDOW SASH AND FRAME,
An invention lately patented by Mr. George W. Henry,
sf 195 Broadway, New York city, consists of a window
jrame and sash, so constructed with inclined or wedge-
shaped surfaces as to make perfectly air-tight joints at
all points between the frame and sesh when the latter
is closed. Fig. 1 is a sectional elevation of half the
FIREPLACE ATTACHMENT. swell, and hence the door will always be closed tightly.
material This attachment can be applied to the front of a fire- To unbolt the door, it is only necessary to swing the
spring
can place, to serve as a blower to regulate the draught, and | handle so as to withdraw the lug from the
To better
to answer the purpose of a summer front. ‘Two brack- chamber, when the bar may be moved back.
is made of a dovetail
ets are held upon the mantel by hooks that enter slots resist the strain, the catch plate
made at each side of the fireplace. To a roller jour- shape, and is let into the side of the rabbet of the
naled in the brackets is secured the upper end of a| easing. Applicable to doors, sash, blinds, or other
such as the bolt affords.
screen formed of metal slats connected together by obiects requiring a fastening
or hinged to each other. One end of the roller John F. Taylor patentee, of West Park, N. Y.
—s+
——_—_—_
—___
——$——_—_0+ ——
is prolonged and provided with a handle or knob, by
CHECK FOR BLIND SLATS.
to which it may be turned, and between the handle and
Fig. 1is a face view showing the slats held half
bracket is a polygonal wheel, which is pressed by a
open, Fig. 2 shows the slats closed, and Fig. 3 shows
one edge spring, as shown in the sectional view; the pressure of
A sheet them fully open. The slat check consists mainly of a
the spring keeps the roller in any position. long flat edge,
plate of wood or r.ecal. made with one
metal cover, secured to the mantel, incloses the brack-
an opposite curved edge, and also with a projecting
ets and roller. By turning the roller the screen may be
lip or catch, and pivoted to the rail below the end of
raised so as to entirely open the fireplace, or it may be To the outer face of the
the slatconnesting bar.
lowered so as to entirely close it, when it will act asa a spring wire catch, which
lower slat is fxed at one end
blower or as asummer front. It may also be placed
extends toward the bar, and is bent in a loop at the
at any desired height, to regulate the draught of the
free end, the loop passing through a slot in the slat.
chimney and to prevent smoke entering the apartment.
When not in use, the piate is set with its straight
This invention has been patented by Mr. Thomas
edge uppermost, as shown by ve dotted lines in Fig.
W. Dickinson, of Sharon, Pa.
1-0
$$$ 1, its curved edge resting against a pin set in the rail;
IMPROVED CAISSON. the slats can then be moved freely. To hold the slats
The object of the invention shown in the annexed half open, the plate is moved to the position repre-
cut—patented by Mr. John McGovern, of Murphys- sented in Fig. 1, when its end will stand between the
borough, Il.—is to facilitate the work of sinking coal lower slat and the connecting rod, and the slats can-
shafts and wells and excavating for bridge founda- not be moved either way from the outside. When
tions in ground, such as mud or quicksand, which the slats are to be held fully open, the projecting lip
of the plate is placed within the loop of the spring
breaks into the excavation before it can be timbered.
'The lower portion of the crib or caisson is constructed (Fig. 3), to lock the slats in the desired position. When
of timber, and of asize internally corresponding with the slats are to be held closed, the end of the plate is
the finished shaft. The lower portion is beveled to a swung up under the connecting rod, as shown in Fig.
sharp edge and shod with iron, so that it will exter 2. As will be readily understood, this check can be
ground readily. The upper portion of the caisson, readily applied to either inside or outside blinds.
formed of boiler iron, is bolted to the outside of the This invention has been patented by Mr. John
lower part, and islong enough to extend some distance Racey, of Quebec, Canada; further information can be
upward outside the permanent timbering of the shaft, obtained from Mr. John Williams, same address.
so as to prevent earth from running into the excavated
+++

window, Fig. 2is a perspective view, and Fig. 3 is a CELLAR DRAIN AND VENTILATOR.
space at the bottom. On the inside of the upper part
transverse sectional elevation. The lower strip of the
are ribs taking against the permanent timbering, thus The drain and ventilating pipe, A, is sunk into the
apper sash is thicker horizonta/ly than the upper one, insuring an equal space all around for inserting tim- ground at the outside of the cellar wall through which
and the side strips are inclined at their outer surfaces, bers. In using the caisson to sink a shaft, it is gradu- it is passed, and conducted beneath the cellar floor,
being thickest at their bottoms, as shown in Fig. 3. ally forced down by jack screws, placed, as shown in which inclines downward from the walls to a receiving
The edges of the side strips are also inclined, as indicat- the engraving, between the bottom portion and the basin, E, fitted with a perforated top, G, to pass air
ed by the dotted line in Fig.1. The sash is thus form- lower course of the permanent timbers. After having and to prevent solid matters from entering and chok-
ad with inclined surfaces in all directions, front, back,
been driven far enough to give space for a course of ing up the pipe. Any water entering the cellar by
and edgewise. The lower sash is made in the same timber, the screws are removed, the material excavated overflows within the building, or by leakage through
way, and the two sashes are placed in the frame with enough to permit of the work, and the timbers then the outer walls or through the cellar bottom, will col-
their widest parts at the center. The upper and lower
put in, after which the screws are again applied. The lect in the basin and flow into the pipe, from where it
portions of the frame are so formed that when the mud or sand is allowed to remain within the caisson ay be pumped through a hose introduced into the
sashes are closed there will be a wedge fit at all points, nearly up to the top of the lower part, and only re- head of the pipe at the outside, the cover, I, having
whereby all dust, snow, and water will be excluded,
so that the caisson will be held been removed from the basin, H. As a material of
moved as necessary,
and there will be no rattling of the sash. This invention which to construct the pipe, earthen tile is to be pre-
down to place.
may also be applied to solid sliding hatchways or
doors, Oo
it ferred, because of its cheapness and suitability.
and to other frames placed in openings and adapted AN IMPROVED FENCE. There are many advantages claimed for this plan over
to slide. The invention herewith iilustrated shows a fence drains connected with a system of sewers; dangerous
8 that is calculated to stand firmly in heavy winds, and sewer gases are prevented from entering the house; the
at , walls of the building can be kept in a drier condition ;
REISENER’S IMPROVED SHELVING. one that can be made, set up, and removed quickly
by
The shelving shown in the accompanying draw- a reasonable cost. The side braces are firmly held non-liability to choking up under ordinary conditions,
ings is simple in construction, and may be readily put stakes driven into the ground without digging, these and especially so in times of flood, when the filth of
together or taken apart when so desired. Fig. 1 is being connected with the braces by stout galvanized sewers is forced back into the connected drains and
holding uprights which cellars, to the positive injury of health ; complete ven-
an end view of one of the supporting frames detached; wires, and the braces firmly
Fig. press against the boards or rails of the fence. Where tilation is also afforded. This plan will serve well
Fig. 2is a vertical section of a completed shelf;
showing the shelves overlapp ed; Fig. these opposite braces meet, they are held by a metal tie where sewer systems are unknown, as on farms or in
3 is a detail view
the top rail, and from small towns and cities, This invention has been par
4 shows the bars for supporting the shelves; Fig. 5 is bar or rod, which also supports
ng the lower rails. tented by Mr. Michael Posz, of Shelbyville, Ind.
a detail view, and Fig. 6 a vertical section, of a sup- which depend hangers supporti
. The front standard , These hangers consist of strong wire bent upon itself —>+o>
ee ________—_—~
plemental supporting standard SHADE ROLLER HANGER,
B, of the supporting frames is cast in two pieces, a 0. and formed with hooks and loops, with a button over
The nanger is pivoted toa screw, the construction of
The ends of the crossbars, OC, are formed with dove- the bends where the rest is formed, and thus binding The screw is
which is clearly shown in the side views.
tailed slots which fit upon dovetailed flanges, e, on the together the end portions of the rails. The uprights
top screwed into the top piece of a window frame,one hanger
front and rear supporting standards. The bar, ¢, is are also extended a sufticient distance above the
wires, and thus being placed at each end. The lower end of one hanger
somewhat longer than the other crossbars, to form a rail to afford support for one or more
height of the tence as may be desired, is formed with a squared socket, open at the top, and
shelf portion, e#. The lower end of the rear standard inerease the d to
in the other isa circular socket, these being designe
is formed with an angular seat, f’, in order that it may these wires being either barbed 07 plain.
John W receive the square and round pins of the ordinary spring
fit upon the washboard, and the lower ends of the This invention has been patented by Mr.
be had from Read Bros., of roller. The hangers are swung toward the interior of
standards are formed with feet, g, provided with holes, Read. Particulars can in the
the room, to facilitate the placing of the pins
so that they may be securely attached to the floor. West Salem, Ohio.
sockets. By means of this simple device the roller can
In the upper ends of the sliding doors, j, are grooves TAYLOR’S NEW BOLT. be hung very easily and rapidly.
into which fit ribs on the under side of a strip of wood, effective bolt, Further particulars regarding this invention, which
the under sides of the arms, ¢; the This is a simple, inexpensive, and
upon ob-
h, secured
while fastening the door, will hold it closely to has been patented by Mr. W. J. Mullen, may be
lower ends of the doors rest upon a strip of wood, k, which, address ing Mr. F.G. Gollon, 107 Walker
adja- its casing without regard to variations in the size of the tained by
which fits upon and connects the shelves of the
changes in temperature or Street, New York city.
cent supporting frames. The ends of a roller, Z', earry- door or easing caused by +e
. are mounted in weather. Fig. 1 is a perspect ive view of the bolt, Fig.
ing a curtain of any desired material IMPROVED LADDER.
a face view of the catch, Fig. 8is an edge view of
blocks near the ends of the arms, ¢. The top board, H, 9 is The accompanying engraving represents an adjust-
the support ing frames. The the door with the spring case in section, and Fig. 4is
is secured to and connects able ladder patented by Mr. Robert Furlong, of Sauce-
l sectional elevation of the door, jamb, and
moulding, /?, of any desired forin, is attached to the a horizonta lito, Cal., for house ororchard use, and which is
adapt-
The bar fits loosely in a bearing formed on a plate
outer side of the arms, ¢. By means of the crossed bolt. is formed with a ed to support a platfor m when desired. ‘T'wo pairs of
to the face of the door, and
arms, P, and the plates, Q, shelves may be supported secured side bars are pivoted to each other in pairs a short
dis-
at any height between the supporting standards. lever handle projecting from near its forward end, The bars of one pair are
eye of the catch. tance above their centers.
is adapted to enter the
This shelving can be made suitable for all classes |which united by a series of cross bars, and the other bars
by
‘of mercantile goods, aud may be provided with glass In a box-like chamber placed at the forward end of and crossed braces and a cross
presses against a cross bars at the top
doors, as a wall case, or with curtains. The shelves the plate is a U-shaped spring, which The bars are inclined to-
upon eam or eccentric lug fixed to the bolt bar about ata bar near the lower ends.
can be raised or lowered to suit the goods placed ward each other from their lower to their upper ends,
angle with its handle, as shown in Fig. 3. After
them. The lower part may be furnished with drawers. right eye of the catch, the | and are widest at the pivots. A strap joining the
be| the end of the par has entered the
and in such cases the lower front standard would lower cross bars prevent s the ladder from spreading,
from that shown in the drawing. | pressure of this spring against the end or toe of the the sections at the desired inclin-
of a different design the and serves to hold
be| lug will force the door closely against the casing; on
By having several sets of crossbars, shelving may of |ation. Waen necessary, a platform can be placed
bolt bar is locked in position by the contact point without
had of any desired width. the upper rungs, or the ladder can be used
the lug passing peyond a line through the center of the
regarding this shelving can is strong, folds up com*
All further information pressur e of the platform . The ladder
of |bar. The spring yields more or less to the
be obtained from the inventor, Mr. F, QO. Reisener, shrink or pactly, and can be quickly placed in position
,
West Point, Iowa. the lug should the wood of the door or casing

a
24
IMPROVEMENTS IN CONCRETE CONSTRUC-
TION.
PORTLAND cement concrete if made with a non-por-
ous aggregate is impervious to moisture, and yet at the
same time, if not hydraulically compressed, will take
up a sufficient quantity of moisture from the air to pre-
vent condensation upon the surface of the walls.
not only resists the disintegrating influences of the at-
mosphere, but becomes even harder with the lapse of
time. It may also be made in several different colors,
and ean be finished off to nearly a polished surface or
can be left quite rough. Walls built of this material
may be made so hard that a nail cannot be driven into
them, or they can be made sufficiently soft to become a
fixing for joinery, and, if a non-porous aggregate be
used, no damp course is required. Further than this,
if’‘land be bought upon which there is sufficient gravel,
or even clay that can be burnt, the greatest portion of
the building material may be obtained in excavating
for the cellar; and in seaside localities, if the (salt) shin-
gle from the beach be used, sound and dry walls will be
obtained. The use of concrete as a material for build-
ing will be found to meet all the defects set forth by
practical people, as it may be made fire-proof, vermin-
proof, and nail-proof, and in dwellings for the poor will
therefore resist the destructive efforts of the ‘‘ young
barbarian.” Nothing, therefore, can be better
building material. The system ordinarily employed
to erect structures in concrete consists of first forming
casings of wood, between which the liquid concrete is
deposited, and allowed to become hard, or ‘‘to set.”
The easings are then removed, the cavities and
imperfections are filled in, and the wall receives a thin
facing of a finer concrete. If mouldings or other orna-
ment be required, they are applied to this face by the
ordinary plasterer’s methods. This system finds favor
in engineering construction, and also in very simple
forms of architectural work, but with very complicat-
ed work the waste in casings is very great. Besides
this, however, the face is found sometimes to burst off,
especially if it has been applied some time after the
concrete forming the body of the wall has set, and the
method of applying ornament is not economical.
A system of building in concrete has recently been
invented by Messrs. F. & J. P. West, of London, illus-
trations of which we now present. To this system
Messrs. West have given the name of ‘Concrete Ex-
struction,” from the Latin ‘exstructio,” which they
consider to bea more appropriate word than ‘‘ con-
structio,” as applied to concrete building in general.
In Messrs. West’s system of building in concrete, instead
of employing wood casings, between which to deposit.the
concrete or beton, and removing them when the beton
has become hard, casings of concrete itself are employed.
These casings are not removed when the beton has set,
but they become a part of the wall and form a face to
the work. In order to form the casings, the concrete
is moulded in the form of slabs. Figs. 1 to 18 of our
engravings show various forms of the slab, which may
be manufactured with a surface of any dimensions and
of rectangular (Fig. 1), triangular, hexagonal (Figs. 2,
14, and 15), and indeed of any other form that will
make a complete surface, while for thickness it may be
suited to the work to which it is to be applied,
used for heavy engineering work differing from that.
employed in house construction. It is found that the
most convenient height for the rectangular slab (Fig. 1)
is 12 inches and the breadth 18 inches, as the parts of
a structure built with slabs of these dimensions more
often correspond with architectural measurements.
The hexagonal slab (Fig. 2) is made to measure 12 inches
between its parallel sides. Where combinations of
these slabs will not coincide with given dimensions,
portions of slabs are moulded to supply the deficiency.
The moulds in which the slabs are made are simple
frames with linings having a thin face of India-rubber
or other suitable material, by the use of which
with their edges as shown, and also of the greatest
accuracy, can be manufactured. That portion of the
back of the slab which is undercut is formed by means
of soft India-rubber cores. The moulds for making
portions of the slabs have a contrivance by which their
length may be adjusted to suit given dimensions
During the process of casting the slabs, and
they are in a plastic state, mouldings (if required)
other ornaments, having a suitable key, are inserted in
the plastic surface, which is finished off to them (Figs.
7, 8, and 10). The slabs may also be cast with orna-
ments, ete., complete at one operation (Fig. 11), but it is
more economical to have separate moulds for the
mouldings and other ornaments, and separate moulds
for the slabs, and to apply the mouldings, ete., during
the process of casting the slab. Corbels (Fig. 9), sets off
(which would be somewhat similar to the plinth course
slab No. 10), aud other constructive features may also
be applied in a similar way, or may be provided for
during the casting of the slab. <A thin facing of mar-
ble or other ornamental solid or even plastic material
may be applied to the face of the slabs during the pro-
cess of casting, thus enabling the work to be finished
as it is carried up, or a key may be formed on the face
wf the slab to enable the structure to be plastered
~fterward. - part of the manufactured
In Fig. 20, the structure from the bottom of the
trenches is shown with the sides of the trenches re-
moved. It will be seen that the footings are con-
structed in the most economical manner by not being
stepped. As no damp-course is required in conerete
work, when the aggregate is of a non-porous material,
one is not shown. Upon the top of the footings is gen-
erally laid a horizontal slab, called the wall-base slab,
the special feature of which is that it enables the
thickness of the wall to be gauged accurately, and also
provides a fixing for the first course of slabs. Figs. 4
and 5 show such slabs for internal and external angles,
and Fig. 6 shows one for straight work. The use of a
wall-base slab is not essential, although it is the more
accurate method of building, for in cases where
desirable to economize labor, or from other causes, the
slabs forming the first course may be made with a
thicker base, and may be fixed by a deposition of con-
crete, which is allowed to set behind them. The sec-
ond course of slabs is laid upon the first course with
breaking joints of half-slab bond, each course being
keyed to the other by means of a quick-setting cement-
ing material poured into the key-holes provided in the
edges of the slab for that purpose, a bituminous cement
being preferred. The key-holes are made in several
ways, those shown in the illustrations being of a dove-
so, ee
Fe)
E+
Scientific American. [NOVEMBER, 1885.
tail shape; circular, square, or indeed holes of any inch slab) at three-quarters the length of each slao.
This gives a half-slab bond to each course, as on one
other shape formed in the edges of the slab and in
an oblique direction are also employed. Special slabs face of the quoin in one course will appear a quarter
for cants, or squint-quoins (Figs. 17 and 18) and angles slab and in the course above a three-quarter slab
(Figs. 12, 18, 14, 15, and 16) are manufactured, the angle superimposed upon it, or vice versa. Thus are the
occurring (if we omit the hexagonals and take the 18 walls in Figs. 19 and 20 built up. For openings, the
jambs and lintels (and in window-openings the sill) are
It made solid with a provision for a key-hole to the mass
of concrete filling behind them. That portion of the
jambs against which the slabs butt has a groove coin-
ciding with a similar one in the edge of the slab, for
the purpose of forming a joggle joint by squeezing the
bedding material into them or by joggling them in
with a cement grout. All the slabs are joggled to-
gether in a similar way. :
The plastic concrete filling or beton which the shells
are made to contain may be deposited between the
slabs when any number of courses (according to conve-
nience) have been built up, and when set practically
forms with the solid work introduced a monolith, to
which the face slabs are securely k yed. With over-
clayed Portland cements, which are known to contract
in setting, and with those over-limed cements which
expand (both of which are not true Portland cements),
the filling in is done in equal sections, with a vertical
space equal to each section left between them until the
first sections have become thoroughly hard, and these
as a are then filled in at a second operation, In order to
provid for flues, air-passages, and ways for electric
installations, and for gas and water, pipes (made of an
insulating material if required) or cores of the required
shape are inserted iti the plastic beton, and where
other necessary suitable openings are provided on the face
of the work. Provision is also made for fixing joinery
by inserting, where required, slabs made or partly
made of a material into which nails may be driven,
such as concrete made with an aggregate of burnt clay,
coke, and such like. Hollow lintels are also made of
the slabs keyed together at their vertical joints, and
when in position these are filled in with beton. This
system, however, is only recommended for fire-place
openings instead of arches.
In Fig. 25, circular construction is exhibited as ap-
plied to the apsidal end of a church, slabs similar to
those shown in Fig. 21 being employed for that pur-
pose, while Figs. 22, 23, and 24 show forms of slabs suit-
able for constructing cylinders with horizontal axes
anddomes. In Fig. 19, which is the upper part of
Fig. 20, is shown a system of constructing floors of
these slabs. It is only necessary to explain that the
slabs are first keyed to the lower flange of the iron
joist by means of a cement (bituminous preferred), and
the combination is then fixed in position, the edges of
the slabs adhering to, or rather supported by, the iron
joist being rebated so as to receive and support inter-
vening slabs, the heading joints of which are laid to
break with those of the slabs supported by the joists.
For double floors the iron joists are made with a double
flange on their lower edge, and are fitted to iron gird-
|
ers, which cross in the opposite direction. This pro-
| vision secures the covering of the cross girders on their
undersides by the ceiling slabs. ‘The concrete having
been deposited upon the slabs, its upper surface may
be finished off in any of the usual ways, while the ceil-
that ing may be treated in any of the ways described for the -
walls. This system does not exclude the ordinary me-
thods of constructing floors and roofs, although it sup-
plies a fireproof system. Where required, bricks, stone,
and, in fact, any other building material, may be used
in conjunction with the slabs.
Fic.21.
The system of building construction is intended, as
in the case with all concrete, to supersede brickwork
and masonry in the various uses to which they have
been applied, and, at the same time, to offer a more
perfect system of building in concrete. Hitherto slab
concrete work has never been erected in a perfectly
finished state (7. e., with mouldings, ete., complete),
slabs but has either been left in a rough state or without or-
nament, or else has been constructed so as never to be
capable of receiving good ornamental treatment.
Hitherto the great difficulty in constructing concrete
walls of conerete and other slabs has been to prevent
dy
iH the slabs from being forced outward or from toppling
me) over by the pressure of the plastic filling-in material
while it from the time of its deposition between the slabs until
or it has become hard enough to form, with the slabs, a
oS
si solid wall. Besides the system of forming the slabs of L
(vertical or horizontal) section, or with a kind of in-
ternal buttress and shoring them up from the out-
side, or of supporting the slabs upon framing fixed
against the faces of the wall, several devices have been
used to obviate this difficulty.
In the first place, temporary ties, or gauges, connect-
ing the slabs forming the two faces of the wall, have
been used, and as soon as the plastic filling-in material
has set or become hard (but not before), these have been
removed. Secondly, permanent ties or cramps have
been used, and, as their name implies, have been al-
lowed to remain in the wall and to be entirely buried
in the plastic filling-in material. These permanent
transverse ties or cramps have been of two kinds:
those which were affixed as soon as the slabs were
placed in position, and those which were made to form
slab, as, for instance, slabs
of Z or H horizontal section. Thirdly, a small layer of
the plastic filling-in material itself has been made to
act as a transverse tie by gr meg 2, it, when plastie,
between the slabs forming the two parallel faces of
each course, allowing it (before filling in the remaining
part) to set and to thus connect together the slabs
forming each face of the wall, asuitable hold on the
slabs, in some eases, being given to the tie by a portion
of the slab being undercut in some way, as by being
dovetailed, etc. As the slabs in this latter system gen-
erally have wide bases, they may also be bedded or
jointed in cement, and, provided temporary ties be
placed across their upper edges to connect the slabs
forming each face of the wall together, the space be-
it is tween the faces of the wall may then be filled in with
the plastic concrete,
All these devices, however, are not of permanent
utility; they are only temporarily required (7. e., up to
the time that the beton has become hard and formed a
permanent traverse tie between the two faces of the
wall), for it is manifest that the ultimate object of all
slab concrete construction is: (@) To retain and to
mould the plastic concrete used in forming the wall;
(6) to key or fix the slabs to the mass which they them-
selves have moulded; and (c) to form a facing to the ©
CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION. wall. When these objects shall have been accomplished,
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SUPPLEMENT 10 THE OCIENTIFIG AMERICAN-ARCHITECTS AND BU ILDERS EDITION - NOVEMBER 1885.

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 Scientific Aarevican. 25
- there is no further need of any tie whatever beyond einployed for ordinary walling, will answer admirably, |fold where required, but the gauge of the rails is alter-
that which naturally obtains in a concrete wall. In especially if the grooves be made proportionately larg- ed to render the scaffold more or less stable according
. West’s system, however, where the slabs are keyed er. By the use of these slabs the work may be built up to its height. Combined with the same machine, and
course to course, any kind of transverse tie to be used with great rapidity. For small domestic work, such as traveling up and down one of the same posts used for
during the process of construction, except that used in the dwellings of artisans, these slabs, which are of such the scaffold, is an improved crane. Its action depends
the starting course, is entirely Gisndsmed with, and the a form as to render them easy of transport, may be sup- upon the proposition in geometry that if the length of
eourses of slabs above depend solely upon the courses plied to the workinen themselves in order that they| the base of a triangle be »ltered, its angles, and there-
of slabs below them for their stability and rigidity may erect their own dwellings, as, on account of the fore its altitude, are altcred. A portion of the vertical
up to the time that the plastic filling-in has been simplicity of this system and the absence of need of post up and down which the crane climbs forms the
ee oh op and become hard between both faces of the plant, any intelligent mechanic can do the work. base of a triangle, and a portion of the jib, together
wall. Any arrangement of independent scaffolding ay be with the stay, forms the remaining two sides. Hence,
There is, however, a more decided difference between employed for this system, but that invented specially by causing the foot of one or she other to travel up-
West’s system and those previously in use, for it is for the purpose by Mr. Frank West, as shown in Fig. 26 ward, by means of the worm gearing, the upper end of
marked by the fact that the slabs composing the shell of our engravings, is to be preferred. It not only sup- the jib is either elevated or depressed.
The concrete elevator, which is also combined with
the scaffold, consists of a series of buckets carried upon
two parallel endless chains passing over two pairs of
wheels. On the under frame is fixed a hopper, into
4 which is thrown, either by hand or from a concrete

7; mixer running upon the rails, the material to be hoist-

ed, and from which it gravitates into a narrow channel,
through which pass the buckets (attached to the chain)
Vat,/
/TT with a shovel-like action. The buckets, a motor being
UyLf
applied to one pair of wheels, thus automatically fill
themselves, and on arriving at top are made to tip
their contents, and jar themselves, automatically into
/
HL a hopper by means of a small pinion, keyed to the shaft
by which they are attached to the endless chain, be-
coming engaged in a small rack fixed for that purpose.
From the upper hopper the material is taken away to
the required destination by means of a worm working
inatube. For varying heights, extra lengths of chain
and buckets are inserted and secured by a bolt passed
through each end link, and secured bya nut. By using
this scaffold, a saving in plant, cartage, and labor is
effected. The elevator may also be used for raising any
other material besides concrete.
Such is the new system of concrete construction and
scaffolding of Messrs. West, which appears to be based
on sound and reasonable principles, and to have been
thoughtfully and carefully worked out, and which
moreover gives promise of success in the future. We
may add in conclusion that specimens of the work and
co a model of ascaffold are shown by Messrs. West at
their stand in the Inventions Exhibition.—J7on.

THE BLUE PRINT PROCESS.

R. W. JONES.

I
= 1. CovER a flat board, the size of the drawing to be
si
Hf
}
copied, with two or three
blanket or its equivalent.
thicknesses of common

HH 2. Upon this place the prepared paper, sensitive side

uppermost.
3. Press the tracing firmly and smoothly upon this
paper, by means of a plate of clear glass, laid over both
and clamped to the board.

=
json
4, Expose the whole—in a clear sunlight—from 4 to
6 minutes. In a winter’s sun, from 6 to 10 minutes. In
he a clear sky, from 20 to 30 minutes.
call)
5. Remove the prepared paper and pour clear water
= B
on it for one or two minutes, saturating it thoroughly,
and hang up to dry.
(3 The sensitive paper may be readily prepared, the
only requisite quality in the paper itself being its
ability to stand washing.
Cover the surface evenly with the following solution,
using such a brush as is generally employed for the
letter-press : 1 part soluble citrate of iron (or citrate ci
| iron and ammonia), 1 part red prussiate of potash, and
dissolve in 10 parts of water.
The solution must be kept carefully protected from
light, and better results are obtained by not mixing
| the ingredients until immediately required After be-
ing coated with the solution, the paper must be laid
away to dry in a dark place, and must be shielded en-
tirely from light until used. When dry, the paper is of
a yellow and bronze color. After exposure the surface
becomes darker, with the lines of the tracing still
darker. Upon washing, the characteristic blue tint ap-
pears, with the lines of the tracing in vivid contrast.
Excellent results have been obtained from glass nega
tives by this process.—Proc. Eng. Club, Phila.

REPRODUCTION OF DRAWINGS IN BLUE

LINES ON WHITE GROUND.
A. H. Hata.
THE following process for making photographie
copies of drawings in bluc linc= on white background
was invented by H. Pellet, and is based on the proper-
; ty of perchloride of iron of being converted into proto-
chloride on exposure to light. Prussiate of potash
when brought into contact with the perchloride ofiron
immediately turns the latter blue, but it does not affect
the protochloride.
A bath is first prepared consisting of ten parts per-
chloride of iron, five parts xulic or some other vege-
table acid, and one hundre. parts water. Should the
== ———_—=7
paper to be used not be sufficiently sized, dextrine,
ALBANY BUILDINGS SOUTHPORT E.WWJOHNSON, ARCHITECT. gelatine, isinglass, or some -imilar substance must be
added to the solution. The ~--aper is sensitized by dip-
ping in this solution and then dri-d in the dark, and
may be kept for some length cu. time. To take a copy
of a drawing mado on cloth »r transparent paper, it is
of the whole structure in many cases may be built up plies the necessary scaffold, but also the necessary laid on a sheet of the sensitive paper, and exposed _to
before the filling-in is deposited between the slabs, and arrangements for hoisting the slabs, as well as light in a printing frame or und-r a sheet of glass. The
in none of the other cases can this be done. In fact, for raising the liquid concrete and depositing it length of exposure varies wit the state of the weather
only in the first two cases before mentioned can more | behind the slabs. It is really an independent scaf- from 15 to 30 second: ir summer to from 40 to 70
seconds in winter, in full sunlight. In the shade, in
than one course of slabs be laid before filling-in of some fold, and may be used wherever a light tramway of
kind must be done. Compared with the ordinary me- contractor’s rails can be laid, which in crowded tho- clear weather, 2 to 6 minutes, and in cloudy weather,
thod of building in concrete, this system avoids: 1. The roughfares would of necessity be upon a staging erect- 15 to 40 minutes may be necessary. The printing may
charge for use and waste of wood casings; 2, finishing ed over the footway. The under frame is carried upon also be done by electric light. The print is now im-
the face of the work (both inside and outside) after the two bogie frames running upon the contractor’s rail, mersed in a bath consisting of 15 to 18 parts of prussiate
structure is raised, and, therefore, the bursting-off of by which means it is enabled to turn sharp curves, a of potash per 100 parts of water. Those parts protect-
the finished face; and 3, the difficulties encountered in guide plate inside the inner rail being provided at the ed from the light by the lines of the drawing immediate-
working mouldings and other ornaments on the face of curves for this purpose. The scaffold itself consists of ly turn blue, while the rest of the paper, where the
the work by the ordinary plasterer’s methods. It also a climbing platform made to travel up or down by coating has been converted into protochloride by the
effects of light, will remain white. Next, the image is
provides a face of any of the usual colors that may be means of four posts which have racks attached to their through a
obtained in concrete, besides a facing of any other ma- faces, and which are fixed to the under frame and se- freely washed in water, and then passed
terial, such as marble, ete., and produces better and curely braced to resist racking strains, A worm gear- bath consisting of 8 to 10 parts of hydrochloric acid to
more durable work, at the same time showing a saving ing, actuated by a wheel on the upper side of the seaf- 100 parts of water, for the purpose of removing prot-
in cost, especially in the better classes of work; all of fold, causes the scaffold to ascend or descend. A rail- oxide of iron salt.
which is effected with less plant than ordinarily re- grip, made to act at the curves as well as on the straight It is now again washed well in clean water and final-
quired. For engineering work, such as sea walls, the portions of the rail by being attached to a radial arm ly dried, when the drawing will appear in blue on a
hexagonal slabs, made of greater thickness than those fixed to the under frame, assists the stability of the scaf- white background.—Pro¢, Eng. Club, Phila.
 Scientific American,
e “ge ° . F

26 [Novemper, 1885.
A COTTAGE, COSTING $150. the jambs of the doors and sashes, to which they are hung 53 ceiling boards (dressed both sides), at
By S. B. Resp, Architect, Corona, Long Island, N. Y. with ordinary butts. The intervening spaces show as panels. 29C. O80 o's,<ow. PEE PP a Frets <a,9 5 $14 84
The inside partition is 644 feet high, and has an 8-inch cap 54 ceiling boards (dressed one side), at 28c.
THESE plans are for an economical cottage, for an occa- projecting mostly to the kitchen side; this cap strengthens OSCR TS aoales s eens « hop [ROD bes EO Shae
sional summer residence of a family of four persons. It is 53 battens (half round, 11¢-inch wide), at
suited to almost any place, either by the water or on the GC HOON ois -ncs:< +t AGE eee oe 3 18
mountain, where rest and recreation are sought. It costs 10 planks, $3.50; 15 boards, at 28c. each,
scarcely more than a first-class family tent (which it is de- 2 ee. Oe Re 4 A EeMy
signed in a measure to supplant), and is far preferable, as it 14 bunches shingles, at $1.25 each......... 17 50
affords better protection and accommodation, and is more 6 sashes, $6.00; 3 paneled doors, at $1.15
enh
convenient and comfortable. It also admits of some of the pa ape ae eae Rp re 25 ies ae
home-like ways of living. Tents supply little comfort; 2 lengthsof tile pipe, at 50c. length......
their form necessitates a cramped, disagreeable position, ear. sen aad ‘ciaentale sick ent LO ee
with barren walls, and very small facilities for housekeep- Painting, $25.00; carting, $6.00 ......... 81 00
ing. They sway and vibrate with every wind, and are in- Carpenter's labor, not included above.... 20 00
tolerable in a storm. Out-door shade, so desirable in sum- BUNK OPEN. Fie, 5. BUNK CLOSED.
mer, is usually already provided by large trees. A single low
tree, with extended branches, may shade several cottages, the partition, and forms a shelf. The outside and partition Total cost, complete........... Gictikans, StG0 00
and serve as a support for swings and hammocks for the doors are paneled; the others are battened and clamped.
young folks. In connection with the building, stationary ;The kitchen closet has four shelves, and the other, or front —American Agriculturist.

Fie. 1.—FRONT.
fixtures for bedsteads, tables, etc., arranged to fold up when
not in use, save largely in room and furniture expenses.
Exterior (Figs. 1 and 2).—The upright boarding and batten-
ing of the sides, the figured, gable barges, hooded projec-
tions, and steep roof, are appropriate in material and style.
The building is set one foot above the ground, and the space
below is inclosed by turfing around to the level of the sill.
For better appearance, and to raise the floor further from boards, as shown (see Fig. 4); when opened, «answers the the corners at the top, bottom and sides, as seen in our illus-
the ground, an additional foot or two of elevation may be purpose of a bedstead, and
given, with increased banking or terrace. Accommodations for the bedding.
(Fig. 6).—The interior has two rooms and two closets. boards clamped together.
The front portion, intended for the family-room, is of fair
size, With two windows in each of two sides, and three
doors, as shown. A folding-bed is built in one corner, and
alarge shelf between windows at A; sufficient room remains
for a center-t.bl2, chairs, etc. The rear room, or kitchen,
has two windows, an outside door, and a closet. <A circular
BED CLOSED. BED OPEN.
shelf anda stove are placed at the side of the closet. A rest with their bottom angles in the clips, and right and left
bunk placed in the opposite end of the room serves asa
seat during the day, and for a bed at night. A table is hung
against the partition. Construction.—The foundation may
be of stone, or posts set in the ground, The floor timber is
framed together—leveled on the foundation, and floored
over, and the edges cut even with the sills. The upright
frame 114 x 5-inch plank, and the plates 114 x 6 inches, are
then placed in position, with openings for doors and win-
dows, as shownin Fig. 4. The exterior boarding, dressed on
both sides, is then put on and battened. The roof is simi-
larly boarded—with the center portion ceiled down, leaving
an airspace above. At the ends of this air space in each acceptably.
gable are openings through the siding for the passage of desired color, prepared and applied in the usual manner.
the heated air from under the roof. Similar openings in the
ceiling over the center of each room lead into the air space.
Each opening is neatly finished with lattice work. The roof
projects 8 inches and has a 83-inch marginal strip all around,
with pierced barges in each gable, covered with pine shingles.
The door openings are protected by shingled hoods resting on
dressed trusses. The windows are neatly capped. Each
window has battened shutters, with wrought-iron hinges
and fastenings. The inside framework (see Fig. 3) forms
Fie. 2.—SIDE VIEW OF SUMMER COTTAGE. Fic. 3.—INTERIOR OF FRONT.
closet, has one shelf and two rows of hooks. The circular BUILDINGS IN GLASS.
shelf at the side of the kitchen closet is set level with the
GREENE & Son, of Saffron Walden, ‘Eng., have intro-
bottom of the sash, and has a sheet of zinc attached to its
duced the following improvement in the method of fixing
inner edge extending to the floor, protecting the surround-
the glass of lean-to roofs or conservatories, It is a new
ing wood-work from the heat of the stove. The table is
form of metal clip to receive the corners of square panes,
215 x 4 feet, is hung to the partition, and supported on
the panes being arranged diagonally—that is to ‘say, with
swinging braces. The bed frame is constructed of ceiling
tration. The panes of glass are also arranged to overlap,
when elosed serves as a closet the upper
ones above the lower, and thus to thoroughly
The bunk (see Fig. 5) is also of ceiling throw off all
rain.
These devices are easily made by thus completely flush,The surface of the glass covering is
without sash-bars or ridges to catch
the rain or dirt. The appearance of such a glass roof will
therefore always be clean, with a complete glassy surface,
and the diagonal arrangement will add to the picturesque
effect. The metal clips are riveted direct to light iron pur-
KITCHEN lines, or bent round strips of metal which may be riveted to
6 x/s7
the purlines. This metal clip is in form something likea
tally, having one projecting tag at the top which forms the
means of attachment, and the lower part spreads out into a
triangular shape, with its upper sides cut into three strips.
The center strip of these three, one on each side, is bent
upward, and thus forms a rest, against which the neighbor-
ing side panes respectively rest. The two outside strips are
bent downward, and under the top corner of the lowest
pane of glass, which is thus firmly secured. The side panes
are then placed over the lowest one to lap according to taste,
till they rest securely against the middle strips of the clip,
FAMILY
ROOM before described as being turned upward. These middle
ISX 14 strips may then be turned down upon the two side panes—a
projection upon these strips further serving to support the
bottom corner of the next pane above. Each clip is thus a
plain piece of metal stamped or cut to the required shape,
and answers the purpose of firmly securing four cerners of
four different panes of glass. In the case of the bottom
rows of panes, the large or square panes of the second row
of it the panes are portions only of a similar square. In this
case only three panes are in contact with each of the bottom
clips. The parts of the clips which in the upper rows turn
over the top angles of the lower panes are here secured to
the first supports, each clip being intended to support the
pane immediately above it and the side adjacent panes. In
a roof of this kind there is a complete exclusion of rain and
Fie. 6.—FLOOR PLAN. snow, as the whole roof is glass over glass—as complete as
is the case in a slated roof. There is also freedom of exit
for products of condensation and perfect liberty for the ex-
any carpenter, are inexpensive, and answer their purpose pansion and contraction of the glass; The arrangement of
The outside has two coats of paint, of any the laps insures their being washed perfectly clean by a
shower, and there is also a maximum of light and absence
The inside is stained with oil.
of vertical shadows. There must be also considerable econ-
Estimate, cost of materials and labor : omy in cost of construction, as no after painting of sash
bars and no glazier’s putty-work are required, Any unskilled
878 feet of timber, at $15 per M........... $5 67 amateur could fix his own glass, and in cases of breakage or
2 sills, 3x 7 in., 20 feet long.
renewal no glazier need be called in, if a few spare panes of
11 beams, 8 x 7 in., 13 feet long. glass are kept on stock for such contingencies. There thus
1 ridge, 2 x 7 in., 20 feet long.
seem to be many points of improvement in the form of roof
2 purlines, 3 x 4in., 20 feet long. we have described, and no doubt glass construction will
30 flooring boards, at 28c. each............ 8 40 be much facilitated by such an invention.—JZron.

BUILDINGS
— Novenper, 1885] = Stentific American. 2

Boynton Furnace Co. N. A. BOYNTON, President,

Cc. B. BOYNTON, Sec. & Treas,

Inventors of all “ Boynton”? Furnaces, which have been on

the market for over 33 years.
SOLE OWNERS AND MANUFACTURERS OF

Boyuton’s Celebrated Fornaces, Ranges, and Baltimore Heaters

WITH 1883-85 IMPROVEMENTS,

OVER 50,000 “BOYNTON” FURNACES IN USE,

nn 94 BEEKMAN STREET, NEW YORK.

avr BOYN' TOWN’S

New Gas-tight’ Selt-elearing’)

=—=FURNACE=
(FOR ANTHRACITH OR BITUMINOUS COAT)

YEARS IN ADVANCE OF ALL OTHERS.

The most powerful, durable, economical, and absolutely
self-clearing gas-tight’ Furnace ever put on the market;
combining all the features of a revertible flue Furnace, and overcoming
the objections of all others now in the market.
The Raa.ator is cast in one solid piece, is adjustable to any
position of smoke pipe, and so constructed as to be positively self-
clearing, thus dispensing with cleaning, a feature necessary in
all other Furnaces.
A large saving of fuel is guaranteed by using Boynton’s ‘‘ New
Gas-tight”’ Furnace without diminishing the ]power, as the concen-
tration to the center flue of the Radiator of the produc ts of combustion
necessitates the passage of the same through all the flues of the body,
thus utilizing in a practical manner the entire radiating surface, a
feature not demonstrated in any other Furnace.
The Body of this Furnace is also cast in one solid piece.
The Fire-pot being corrugated will give a greater amount of surface in
the direct action of the fire, and is much more durable than any other
form. The Ash-pit is large and convenient for the removal of ashes.
These Furnaces are fitted in the best manner with bronze hinge
pins; anti-friction, anti-clinker Grate, with sufficient leverage to oper-
ate it with perfect ease, and with doors closed, obviating all dust when
shaking.

THE HOoTonhBe Iss MECHANICAL BOILER CLEANER.

(Style of Boilers illustrated below.) A. G. West, Pres’t. J. Hutt Brownie, Treas., 408 Broome St.,N. ¥. J. R. Banzer, Sec’y.
Saeerae
Length of Upper Boller, 50 feet; 42 inches Diameter. j ae Cn oe ee. Cos eee ee
Hot aud Cold Blast Charcoal Pig Irou, Castings, Hollow Ware, Machinery, Etc, Bt
Mr. Jas. F, Hotcwxiss, 86 John Street, N. Y. CxpartowN, Grorera, September9, 18
Dear Sir :—Replying, we beg to say that the four (special size) Boiler Cleaners bought of you in January last were applied
jm accordance with diagram and irstructions turnished us, and that after a run o! six weeks (night and diy) we had occasion to stop
for somé slight repairs to furnace, and on examination of boilers found them entirely free from mud an? scale, and that heir use
hus far has been entirely satisfactory. Yours truly, A. G. WEST, President.

‘How To Keep Boilers Clean” is the title of an 88 page

illustrated book which will be mailed to any address free by
JAS. C. HOTCHKISS, 86 John Street, N. Y.

4 ; Length of Lower Boiler, 40 feet; 36 inches Diameter.

Applicable to all kinds of boilers.
Magnesia.
Removes Lime, Oil, and
Prevents Foaming, Burning, Scaling. Price, $75.

HAGERSTOWN SPOKE WORKS, HAGERSTOWN, MARYLAND, U.S. A.

Manufacturers of all kinds of Fabrikanten aller arten Fabricants de toute especes de Fabricantes de toda clase de

FOREICN AND DOMESTIC IN UND AUSLANDISCHER RAYONS DE ROUES EN BOIS, RAYOS PARA RUEDAS,

os ace, sponta ata Eichener und Hickory de Roble y Madera dura,

Etickory ke Oak SsP E ECc H E N 4 de Chene et Hickory, de segunda erecida.

; cS Pp oO K E an “4 “re 3 SECONDE POUSSE. DOMESTICOS Y EXTRANJEROS.

Precios colizados franecos de todas gas-
Prices Quoted F. O.B. Preise geliefert auf Verlangen, DOMESTIQUE ON ETRANGE. tos a bordo,

—s — = HI 06 DIQROL A BGO Re » 3 baohas

fen | 2 =Rt
nas
Oe ts
Ores
Coe
ae
ee Daan
MAD Pees METS
Se
E
0G 8 SS
Beardsley Scythe Co., |The Bradley & Currier
i
Co., Limited,
imi
trize® Seal an Laie ine tea Pe Gd bs WEST WINSTED, CONN.,U.S.As : —SUCCESSORS TO—
> = co = = a ie 8 ee ve +4
tlaare @ yadyes yh ete ren aces
= Fo See mes se 8 Ls SS movadsy anufacturersof the well-known brands o
< MBG ft HK se, |sgsreerses: GEeteee cise BRADLEY & CURRIER,
(Oita
— oS
BS. igON Bg + wk
ee
cap
228533
= ween? GHA
LL
=_ - a. A: of and Dealers in
Manufacturers
>see= = Ses" 8S iS+ §8F58 aZ
ek)
—— 3
I
Cire
| 3
ae Fr
“x
er
caer wow
gif Geu5at
|!
CS FBSeees | GERMAN STEEL, CAST SY‘EEL, AND SILVER DOORS, } WINDOWS, ; BLINDS ;
rs KAate a Meow S ST. Fsa8
‘om
o
wok
A
.le 4
wwews8e8%.8888 Ssiieecs pT ay ee | '
Stairi Rail,i Newels,Is, Balusters;
= xo) = v Bann end Ed eat g geo was GRASS SCY'TITES. Frames, Mouldings, Glass;
Be oe ote A Rie nga e BS o q
Cand)
Qs z : acces Heeger eS Te giaaa ficl . gees dslev’s Gold Marble, Slate, and Wood Mantels;
=—_ a2 SKM Stitt api ty tig” Se gesess ipper, Emperor, Beardsley’s Golden . $
= ae Me oe es am SA FaLFtes
<Ci's Mo Siii:iiii iS: ig Jy Ske83| Trimmer, Conqueror, Dutchman, GIRATES 4 AND FENDERS;
33
Lu ‘2 HN ae. Ye Gee woA ESes a be Waldron, ete, CRESTINGS & FINIALS;
i} lel ESUrecoats iy ee igo “55
=
— Ne i == 84 3
SErsesssssgesss -E Byb aes
EF S222 atkand HARVEST VICTOR
0<z |SILVER STEEL, CLIPPER Plaster Centers 3;
kK is &
ernmimenne zw
SESSOW SS $2.89
BREE S GRAIN SCYTHES, COMMON PATTERN and Brackets, w&c., ec.

T.
SPEAR sah uy KNIVES.

W orks,
SOTEES.
ie ele tet S
98 AND 100 NASSAU STREET, N. Y.
N. xX. Stencil CORN KNIVES, BUSH AND WEED

..
 28 Scientific American, [Novemner, 1835.

MARVIN SAFE COMPANY,

72/1, GHESTNUT. STREET, RPA LEA DHE
ELE Age aa.
268 Broadway, New York. 66 Queen St., London, E.C., England.

ESTABLISHED (838.

IMPROVED SECURITY. plant, and ample capital possessed by

Fire and Burglar Proof Safes,
now constructed by the leading man-
ufacturers of the United States, are
better finished, afford better protec-
tion, andare proportionately
cheaper
than those made elsewhere in the
world. That the degreeof perfection
reached is largely due to the enter-
prise of the makers themselves can-
not be denied. Nothing serves to
elevate the standard of quality in
manufactured products so much
a spirit of legitimate rivalry.
In this connection we do not refer
to that class of makers who aim to
supply the demand for the cheapest
safe, for the inevitable tendency
that direction must be to sacrifice all
those featuresso essential in one that
is thoroughly reliable. To nothing,
perhaps, does the old adage, “‘The
best is the cheapest,’ apply with so
much force as to the purchase of a
safe. The value of the article re-
mains in question, as a rule, until
demonstrated by either fire or burg-
lars. If it is then proved to be with-
out merit, it is ata time too late to
correct the mistake. Our opinion is,
that the encouragement received by
manufacturers to improve their pro-
duction and enhance its intrinsic
worth comes from that class of buy-
ers who discriminate with reference
to economy as against parsimony.
Radical changes, having for their
object the improvement of a system
or method of construction, cannot be
made without a considerable outlay
of money, sufficient oftentimes to
deter the manufacturer from con-
summating them. The unrivalled
facilities, complete manufacturing
the MARVIN SAFE CO., New York, have
enabled them to ignore the barrier
to progress that is presented by the
as item of first cost.
The MARVIN SAFE CO. have in less
than THREE YEARS completely revo-
lutionized the system of building fire-
proof safes by the adoption of
MARVIN’S
Thies See ae
ment,
as
“ Projecting Hinge Flange,”
‘Forged Angle Frame with Sliding
Back Plate,”
in
‘Recessed Door with Book-Case
Protector,”
“ Outside Hinges,” etc.
All of which are covered by Letters
Patent No. 263,930, dated September
5th, 1882, and are owned and in use
by this company exclusively.
The reputation of the ‘ MARVIN”
Safe has been thoroughly estab-
lished, and that it stands high, if not
the highest, can be verified by a ref-
erence to their list of customers. It
should be remembered that the most
prosperous and wealthiest corpora-
tions, firms, and individuals congre-
gate in large cities, and they consti-
tute a class that buy, as a rule, the
best Safe. It will be found that the
greater bulk of this trade favor the
“MARVIN,” and not only are there a
larger number of MARVIN'S" Safes
in use in the city of New York, but
the proportion is constantly increas-
ing.

MARVIN’S PORTABLE FIRE-PROOF VAULT WITH BURGLAR-PROOF BANK SAFE.

The Vault is built and shipped in sections, which are easily set up in a completed form at destination. This Vault is designed for the use of banks who do not care to invest in
permunent fixtures, It is also specially adapted for shipment to foreign ports, where there is lack of facilities for handling heavy safes.

Let AEF co. |

{UCTS ccc tL I
|

vill

h| ccc QUUASEEECUUASOOLA DAHLE UT UT

Whe

i in€
TMNT
TTT ii
e
iiti riT©£c

lla
i Co

MARVIN’S IMPROVED FIRE-PROOF SAFE.

Having the “Tongue and Groove Improyement,” “Projecting Hinge Flange,” “ Forged Angle Frame with Sliding Back Plate,” ‘* Recessed Door with
Book-Case Protector,” ‘*Outside Annealed Hinges,” etc, .
 See
po ee
4 ww. Nae emto ero 2 ee OA
. eS ~ ele - ek >
= 0 ae ) ‘ - ,

Novemser, 1885.] ~— Scientific American. 29

Scientific American
: Parker’s CONCISE GLOSSARY OF ARCHI- Turner.—HINTS TO HOUSEHUNTERS AND | Creswell.—HANDRAILING AND STAIRCAS.
)
TECTURE. The best low-priced Dictionary of HOUSEHOLDERS. Treating on Situation, As- ING. A Complete Set of Lines for Handrails by
Terms. 335 pages, fully illustrated. One S8vo pect, Soil, Construction, Water Supply, Drains, * Squarecut System,” and Full Practical Instrue-
volume, cloth, gilt back................00- $3.00 entilation and Warming, Tight, Dust, Kitchen, tions for Making and Fixing Geometrical Stair-

BOOK LIS Rankine.—USEFUL RULES AND TABLES Liabilitiesof Landlord and Tenant, ete. It will cases. By Frank O. Creswell, of the Liverpool
for Architects, Builders, Carpenters, Coach- be found a valuable book of ready reference on School of Science, Medalist for Geometry. With
builders, Engineers, Founders, Mechanics, Ship- these subjects. One vol., 12mo, cloth..... $1.00 upward of One Hundred Working Drawings.
builders, Surveyors, che room Wheel- Cloth : $1.50
Waring.—SANITARY ENGINEERING. By G.
wrights, ete. By W. J. M. Rankine. .ixth edi- Cupper.—THE UNIVERSAL STAIR BUILDER.
To Readers of the Scientific American: tion, revised. Crown 8vo, cloth... ........ $4.00
E. Waring. The Drainage of Houses and aeoe
$2.00 A new treatise on the Construction of Staircases
Spons’? WORKSHOP RECEIPTS. For the Use and Handrails; showing ee of the various
By arrangements with the principal of Manufacturers, Mechanics, and Scientific Waring.—DRAINING FOR PROFIT AND formsof Stairs, Method of Placing the Risers in
Amateurs. The best late collection published of DRAINING FOR HEALTH. By Geo. E. War- the Cylinders, general Method of Describing the
publishers, we are now enabled to supply such a wide variety of information. ing, Jr. A complete and practical treatise. 12mo, Face Moulds for a Handrail, and an expeditious
First Sertres.—Bookbinding; Candles; Draw- CROEMLG, MAME ELADOG «0 vielecesseceev cesais te oe $1.50 method of Squaring the Rail. Useful also to
standard books of every description at ing; Electro-Metallurgy : ot rela Gilding ; Wight.—MAXIMS Stonemasons constructing Stone Stairs and Hand-
OF PUBLIC HEALTH.
regular prices. Japans; Photography; Pottery; arnishing, By O. W. Wight, A.M., M.D., Health Officer of
rails; with a new method of Sawing
Part of any Handrail square from the face of the
the Twist
etc. 450 pages, with illustrations..........$2.00 Detroit. In this little volume the author offers
The subjoined List pertains chiefly to SECOND Sprtes-—Industrial Chemistry ; excellent suggestions and sound advice upon
plank, and to a Dawalial width. Also a new
method of forming the Easings of the Rai) bya
Scientific Works; but we can furnish Cements and Lutes; Confectionery, Essences, sanitation. One vol., cloth..... ..........0. 275 gauge. Illustrated by 20 plates. By R. A. Cup-
and Extracts; Dyeing, Staining, and Coloring; per. Third edition. One large 4to volume.$2.50
books on any desired subject, on receipt Gelatine, Glue, and Size; Inks; Paper and Paper
Making; Pigments, Paint, and Painting, ete. Mechanics. Davidson.—THE AMATEUR HOUSE CAR-
of author’s name and title. PENTER. A Guide in Building, Making, and Re-
Grimshaw.—SAWS. By Robert Grimshaw. pairing. By E. A. Davidson, 8vo, cloth, $4.00
{a> All remittances and all books sent THIRD SERIES.—Alloys, Electrics, Enamels and Action and Comparison of Saws of all kinds.
will be at the purchaser’s risk. Glazes, Glass, Gold, Iron and Steel, Lacquers and Setting, Swaging, Gumming, Filing, etc..$4.00 Davidson,.—THE BOY JOINER AND MODEI
Lacquering, Lead, Lubricants, Mercury, Nickel, SUPPLEMENT to above, relating to forms of Saw MAKER. By E. A. Davidson. 8vo, cloth. 200
{a On receipt of the price, the books Silver, Tin, Vanadium, Zine, etc. 480 pages, 183 teeth for special material, etc.............. $2.00
=
TIBtTAtIONS «065 6 casted
aes whsovacesibareeeent $2.50
illustrations....... CUT ete vweee
ervey ese vepe
ordered will be sent by mail, unless other Holly.—SAW FILING. The Art of Saw Filing. De Graff.-_THE GEOMETRICAL STAIR-
Spons’ DICTIONARY OF ENGINEERING: With explicit directions for putting in order all BUILDER’S GUIDE. A Plain, Practical System
directions are given. Those who desire Civil, Mechanical, Military, and Naval. Contains kinds of Saws, froma Jeweler’s Saw to a Steam of Hand-Railing, embracing all its necessary De-
complete treatises on leading branches of en- tails, and Geometrically Illustrated by 22 Steel
to have their packages registered should gineering and mechanical work. 8 vols., cloth,
Saw Mill. Illustrated by 44 engravings. Third
Engravings; together with the use of the most
edition. 18mo, cloth............... eForanie ite 075
send the registration fee. 3,100 pages and nearly 8,000 engran jogs, approved principles of Practical Geometry. By
Kittredge.—THE COMPENDIUM OF ARCHI- Slinon De Gras, 460.224 05. cesses ouve 2+ $2050
(as- The safest way to remit money is The STANDARD ENCYCLOPADIA. Gwilt’s TECTURAL SHEET-METAL WORK. _ Pro-
fusely Illustrated. Embracing Rules and Direc- De Graff.—EV
ERY MAN HISOWN MECHANIC.
by postal order or bank check to order of Encyclopzedia of Architecture is illustrated with
tions for Estimates, Itemsof Cost, Nomenclature, A complete and comprehensive guide to every de-
more than 1,600 engravings on wood. New edi-
Muwwn & Co. tion, revised, with alterations and additions, by Tables of Brackets, Modillions, Dentals, Trusses, scription of Constructive and Decorative Work.
In three parts.. Part_I.—Household Carpentry
W. Papworth, F.S.A. One medium 8yo volume, Stop-Blocks, Frieze Pieces, etc. Architect's
(A catalogue furnished on applica- cloth, $18.00. Half morocco...........$20. Specifications, Tables of Tin Roofing, Galvanized and Joinery. Part IJ.—Ornamental and Con-
Tron, ete., etc. To which is added the Exemplar structive Carpentry. Part I1Il.—Household Build-
tion. of Architectural Sheet-Metal Work, containing ing, Artand Practice. 816 pages, illustrated by
Address MUNN & CO, Cabinet Work, Carving, and Fret details of the Centennial Building, and other 750 Engravings on Wood. 1 8vo. vol., cloth..$3.50
Cutting. important Sheet-Metal Work, Designs and Prices Fairbairn.—THE APPLICATION OF CAST
861 Broadway, New York, Bemrose.—WOOD
CARVING. By William of Architectural Ornaments, as manufactured AND WROUGHT IRON TO BUILDING PUR-
With illustrations for learners. 4to. for the Trade by the Kittredge Cornice and Or- POSES. By Wm. Fairbairn. Fourth Edition.
Bemrose,
Publishers of the ‘‘ Scientific American.” COC settee secank
wees . cenestotere
ees REMC SOC OO IORORI . nament Co.,anda Catalogue of Cornices, Win-
Syo,.cloth.” Mustrated.c. seis cciess
ta Meese $6.50
dow Caps, Mouldings, etc., as manufactured by
Bemrose.—MANUAL OF BUHL-WORK AND the Kittredge Cornice and Ornament Co. The Gould.—THE AMERICAN STATR-BUILDER’S
MARQUETRY. With practical instructions for wholesupplemented by a full Index and Table GUIDE. Illustrated by 82 Original Plates, with
Mathematics. learners, and ninety colored designs. By W. of Contents. By A. O. Kittredge. 8vo, 565 Supplement of 5 additional Plates showing a
Pye TIMBER AND LOG BOOK, READY Bemrose, Jr. 1 vol., 4to....... Biealae cesses $3.00 Pages........ gate Salamone dacehendicwcrseics $5.00 variety of Newels, Balusters, and Rails, fully
ECKONER, AND PRICE BOOK. By Oliver Bemrose.—FRET-CUTTING AND PERFORAT- described and drawn to scale. By L. D. Gould.
Byrne, Civil, Military, and Mechanical Engineer. ED CARVING. With fifty-threa practical illus- One vo volume ........ Oueb dee bth pies lek $2.50
180 pages, 1 vol., 18mo, bound in illustrated ing Directions for Working Wood and Metals;
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— covers, extra cloth back, title in gold. Charles.—THE CABINET MAKER. Gould.—THE ART AND SCIENCE OF STAIR
CO ceccce coe ee ccccccccccccsccecseess sates @
Being a DOU VAL SVC ccec scene cosicgas wasisemtareacelaere $3.00 BUILDING. It has been the object of the author
Collection of the most approved designs in the of this work to reduce the art and science of
Gould,—STEEL SQUARE PROBLEMS: 60 en- Medieval, Louis Seize, and Old English styles, Rose.—PATTERN MAKING. By Joshua Rose. Stair Building to the shortest and most simple
gravings. A large amount of information re- for the use of Cabinet Makers, Carvers, etc. By Embracing Lathe, Branch, Core, and Sweep system of lines which will reach the end desired.
rding various problems which may be solved R. Charles. 96 plates, folio, half-bound. Re- Work, Gear Construction, and Preparing and By L. D. Gould. Illustrated by 86 Engraved
y the steel square. By L. D. Gould...... $1.00 duced to....... ASoncreeosSEE SEicocnenaes -$2.50 Using Tools. 250 illustrations..... ........ $2.5 Plates. One 12mo Vol., cloth.... .......... $1.00
Gregory.—MATHEMATICS FOR PRACTICAL Charles.—CABINET MAKER’S ALBUM OF Turning.—SPECIFICATIONS OF FANCY
MEN. Adapted to the Pursuits of Surveyors, FURNITURE. Comprising a Collection of De- Gould.—CARPENTER’S AND _BUILDER’S
TURNING EXECUTED ON THE HAND OR ASSISTANT AND WOOD-WORKER’S GUIDE.
Architects, Mechanics, and Civil Engineers. By signs for the Newest and Most Elegant Styles of FOOT LATHE. With Geometric, Oval, and Ec-
Olinthus Gregory. 8vo, plates, cloth......$3.00 Furniture. Illustrated by.forty-eight large and The Work is intended to combine the Knowledge
centric Chucks, and Elliptical Cutting Frame. the Workman requires to construct any Design
Monckton.—PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. A se- ates. In one volume, By an Amateur. Illustrated by 30 exquisite
fo} S °o B R
in Carpentry by an easy system of Lines, reduc-
ries of lessons beginning with the simplest prob- photographs. 4t0......... PRE Seiaamexe+. +2- $3000 ing the Science of Construction to an Agreeable
lems, and embracing all of Geometry likely to be Hulme.—EXAMP sita:areytoO: a: a:le Q:q:= 4 Z and Pleasant Occupation, rather than an Un-
required by any mechanic. By Jas. H. Monck- AND WOOD CARVING. By Edward Hulme,
mile
Turner’s (The) Companion.—Containing
Instructions in Concentric, Elliptic, and Eccen- leasant Task. By L. D. Gould, Architect and
ton. One sass vol. 42 page plates.. .....$1.00 E.L.S., F.S.A. PartI. Fret Cutting. Part II. ractical Builder. Revised and enlarged edition.
Carving in Relief. Part III. Design. One large tric Turning; also various plates of Chucks,
Tools, and Instruments; and Directions for using Cloth, 8vo....... Sasa EES om inc dannccar daasc eee O
Books of Reference: Dictionaries, folio volume. 24 Plates, 67 Designs, and full de- the Eccentric Cutter, Drill, Vertical Cutter, and
Cyclopzedias, and Hand-Books. scriptive letterpress. Boards, price....... $3.00 Circular Rest, with Patterns and Instructions for
Hamilton.—A RCHITECT’S AND STAIR-
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Axon.—THE MECHANIC'S FRIEND. A Collec- working them, A new edition in one yolume. RISERS. This book will be found a convenient
MATION FOR CABINET MAKERS, UPHOL- BiaiaisiaMisiele sitsaaiews $1.25
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lating to Specie Bronzing; Cements; Draw- Vaile.—GALVANIZED TRON CORNICE- ton. One oblong 16mo, imp., cloth............ 250
ing; Dyes; Electricity; Gilding; Glass-working;ALLY, together with a description of all kinds
of finishing, with full directions therefor; var- WORKKER’S MANUAL. Containing Instruc- Hatfield.—_THE AMERICAN HOUSE OCAR-
Glues; Horology; Lacquers; Locomotives; nishes; polishes; stains for wood; dyes for wood; tions in laying out the different miters, and mak- PENTER. A Practical Treatise on the Art of
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Waterproofing; and Miscellaneous Tools, Instru- lated to benefit the trade. By Charles A. Vaile,
ments, Machines, and Processes connected with Prices iosro< oiacdech Weel althe Ree? ets ageratesSts$1.00 Mouldings, Cornices, etc., with valuable tables.
Stokes.—CABINET MAKER AND UPHOL- Superintendent “Richmond Cornice Works,” Eighth edition. Illustrated with engravings and
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ing, Inlaying, Lacquering, pcm Polish, ete. one volume, 4to........ 55.0 $5.
Buchanan.—A DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC IBmO teases ces eae Tad ieee sacle ARS Poe $1.25 Hodgson.—PLASTER AND_ PLASTERING,
TERMS, explaining the Terms used in the Arts, Watson.—TURNING. By E. P. Watson. A
manual of Hand Lathe, for working Woods, Me- MORTARS AND CEMENTS. How to make and
Sciences, Literature, Professions, and Trades. how to use. Being a complete guide for the
By W. M. Buchanan. 16mo, cloth. See tO Sanitary Engineering, Heating, and tals, Ivory, Bone, Dyeing, Coloring, and French
POHSHINGS Chol cosstcdslce scclee cetWingt> send cece $1.50 plasterer in the preparation and application of
Ventilation. all kinds of Plaster, Stucco, Portland Cement,
Clark.—A MANUAL OF RULES, TABLES, AND Hydraulic Cements, Lime of Tiel, Rosendale and
DATA FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERS. Bayles.—HOUSE DRAINAGE AND WATER Building Materiais. other Cements, with useful and practical infor-
Based on the Most Recent Investigations. Illus- SERVICE. By JamesC. Bayles. With numer- mation on the Chemistry, Qualities, and Uses of
trated with numerous diagrams. — 1,012 peges- ous illustrations. 8vo., Cloth.............. $3.00 Davis.—BRICKS, TILES, AND TERRA COTTA. the various kinds of Limes and Cements. Forty
8vo. Second edition. Cloth, $5.00; a ae By Charles T. Davis. A Treatise on the Manu- figures of Ceilings, Centerpieces, Cornices, Pan-
Billings.—THE PRINCIPLES OF VENTILA- facture, and Materials, Tools, Machines, and els, and Soflits.. By Fred. T. Hodgson.... $1.00
TION AND HEATING, AND THEIR PRAC- Kilns used. 800 pages, 228 engravings and 6 BOO
Cooley’s CYCLOPZDIA OF PRACTICAL RE- TICAL APPLICATION. By Jobn §. Billings, Hodgson.—A TREATISE ON THE CARPEN-
CEIPTS. Designed as a Comprehensive Supple- M.D., LL.D. (Edinb.), Surgeon U.S. Army. Pro- TER’S STEEL SQUARE AND ITS UsEs. A
ment to the Pharmacopeeia, and General Refer- Gillmore.—REPORT] OF THE COMPRESSIVE description of the Carpenter’s Framing Square
fusely illustrated. Large 8vo. SS 6 STRENGTH, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, AND RA-
ence Book for tbe Manufacturer, Tradesman, * DOWN In ClObN issn cee eae. dcave iving simple and easy methods of obtaining the
Amateur, and Heads of Families. 2 vols., 8vo. TIO OF ABSORPTION OF THE BUILDING engths and Beyvels of all kinds of Rafters, Hips,
1,796 pages........ Sele st Re eeeabcesmeeracv'.c0.
$0000 Baldwin, Wm. J.—STEAM HEATING FOR STONES IN THE UNITED STATES. By Ma- Groins, Braces, Brackets, Purlins, Collar Beams,
BUILDINGS; or, Hints to Steam Fitters. Being jor-Gen. Q. A. Gillmore. 8vo, cloth........ 1.00 and Jack Rafters. Also, its application in ob-
De Veitelle.—MERCANTILE DICTIONARY.
By I. De Veitelle. A Vocabulary of Technicali- a description of Bteam Heating Apparatus for Gillmore.—ROADS, STREETS, AND PAVE- taining the bevels and cuts for Hoppers, Spring
ties of Commercial Correspondence........$1.50 Warming and Ventilating Private Houses and MENTS. By Major-Gen. Q. A. Gillmore...$3.00 Mouldings, Octagons, Stairs, and Diminished
English ‘* Imperial Dictionary.—An En-
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lustrative plates. 12mo, cloth............. $2.50 COIGNET BETON AND OTHER ARTIFICIAL over fifty large and clear woodcuts. 12mo,
ceyclopzedic Lexicon, eortaining 130,000 words WMO tig oc ctergwed aware tne sane Taree Nede sr ake'sd
aaéses $1.00
and more than 3,000 pictures. The Standard Dic- Butler, F. W.—VENTILATION OF BUILD- STONES. By Major-Gen. Q. A. Gillmore. 8vo,
tionary of Great Bri Issued in America by TN GSiafeseeerasas
«sees acshane . 5 cloth. With numerous plates............. $2.50 Hodgson.—STAIR BUILDING MADE EASY.
aie Arrangement with Blackie & Son, of Gillmore.—CEMENTS. By Major.Gen. Q. A. Being a full and clear description of the Art of
nburgh. In four volumes, cloth...... $20.00 Denton. —SANITARY ENGINEERING. A Gillmore. A Practical Treatise on Limes, Hy- Building the Bodies, Carriages, and Cases for
In Half Russia, silk finished, cloth sides. The Handbook on House Sanitation, for the use of draulic Cements, and Mortars............. $4.00 all kinds of Stairs and Steps, together with illus-
Stariard Binding. oS veccss ac co aey coos ne $25.00 all Pal 2a seeking a healthy home. By E. F. trations showing the manner of laying out
Bailey Denton, B.A. Oxon...........se00 $3.50 Reid.—PORTLAND CEMENT. The Science and Stairs, forming Treads and Risers, building Cyl-
In full extra sheep...... Sen ake was nae ones $26.00 Art{of the Manufacture of Portland Cement, inders, preparing Strings, ete. By F.'T. Hodgson.
Haswell’s ENGINEER’S POCKET-BOOK. B Gerhard.—DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE OF with observations on some of its constructive One 12mo vol., cloth............. ky a eS $1.00
Charles H. Haswell, Civil, Marine, and Mechani- DWELLINGS. 3802 pages and 282 illustrations. applications. By Henry Reid, C.E., author of
cal Engineer. Giving Tables, Rules, and Formu- One 12mo vol............ Ate roe. 2 “A Practical Treatise on Concrete,” ete. 8vo, Holly.—CARPENTER’S AND JOINER’S HAND-
las pertaining to Mechanics, Mathematics, and cloth Reese
Secai sacae rem me Vee Ge BOOK. Containing a Complete Treatise on
Physics, Architecture, Masonry, Steam Vessels, Hellyer.—THE PLUMBER AND SANTTARY Framing Hip and Valley Roofs, together with
HOUSES. A Practical Treatise on the Principles Reid.—CONCRETE. A Practical Treatise on much valuable instruction for all Mechanics and
Mills, Limes, Mortars, Cements, etc. 900 pages, Natural and Artificial Concrete, its Varieties and
leather, pocket-book form...............-.. $4.00 of Internal Plumbing Work, or the Best Means Amateurs. Useful. 18mo, cloth............ 75
of Effectually excluding Noxious Gases from Constructive Adaptations. By Henry Reid, C.E.,
Haydn’s DICTIONARY OF DATES. 17th Edi- author of “The Science and Art of the Manu- Lukin.—THE YOUNG MECHANIC. Practical
Houses. By 8. Stevens Hellyer. Third edition. Carpentry. Containing directions for the use of all
tion. Edited by Benjamin Vincent. Containing 8vo, cloth. Illustrated. London, 1884.....$4.00 facture of Portland Cement.” Third edition.
in brief the History of the World, with the Pro- BVO, CLOTN.....-.ecereeereseoeeecs eects «++ $6. kinds of Pools, and forthe construction of Steam
gress of Science and its Applications. A book Pa + —-WATER, AND ITS COMPOSITION, Engines and Mechanical Models, ineluding the
crammed full of short solid articles and facts, COLLECTION, AND DISTRIBUTION, A Prac- Art of Turning Wood and Metal. By John Lu-
making one of the completest reference books in tical Handbook for Domestic and General Use.
Carpentry and Building. kin. Illustrated. 12mo........ ae $1.75
the language. 8vo, clo 800 pages.......$5.00 By Joseph Parry, C.E. Withillustrations. One Bales.—THE BUILDER’S CLERK. A Guide to Monckton.—NATIONAL®*: STATR-BUILDER.
Kidder.—THE ARCHITECT AND BUILDER’S eR VOL CIOL. sac suaciatapracpicccccrasscccO he ry
ae
So} the Management of a Builder’s Business. By A complete work on Stair Building and Hand-
Thomas Bales. Feap. 8vo., cloth.......... ....60 railing, with designs for Staircases, Newels,
Philbrick.—AMERICAN SANITARY ENGT- Balusters, and Hand Rails. By James H. Monck-
NEERING. By Edward §. Philbrick, C.E. Fully Beckett,—BUILDERS’ PRICE-BOOK. The Pro- ton. Onesmall quarto volume, cloth.....$5.00
Engineers, and ntracto fully illustrated illustrated. A Summary for Ready Reference vincial Builders’ Price-Book and; Surveyor’s
with plates. By E. F. Kidder. Put upin pocket- for the Engineer, Architect, Health Officer, Guide; giving the leading Data on which the Monckton.--NATIONAL CARPENTER AND
book form. Morocco flaps.............+.- ° Builder, Plumber, and Householdcr. Tt treats Prices are computed, and Modes of Measure- JOINER. A complete work on Constructive
Knight’s MECHANICAL _ DICTIONARY. of the following subjects: Introductory; the ment, mainly taken from the recommendations Carpentry, showing the Simplest Methods of find-
Describing Tools, Instruments, Machines, Chemi- Ventilation of Buildings; Drainage of Towns; of the Manchester Society of Architects and the ing all Joints and Geometrical Forms, including
cal and Mechanical Processes, Engineering, etc., Details of Sewerage; the Ventilation of Sewers; Master Builders of Yorkshire. Compiled by Splayed Work, Groined Ceilings, Framing, Roof-
and ing a Digest of Mechanical Appliances in the Ventilation and Cleaning of Sewers; House Richard Beckett. 8vo, cloth............... $1.5 ing, Domes, Niches, Raking, and Level Mould-
the Industries and Arts. 3 8vo vols., with 7,000 Drainage, Apparatus used for House Drainage, ings, ete. By James H. Monckton. One small
Bell.—CARPENTRY MADE EASY. By William Quarto VOlUINe.s aida sder adel bate t ee ea ese. $5.00
engravings, cloth........ ean sneha Sica niaie's $24.00 Public Privies and Urinals................. $2.00 E. Bell. With44 plates and nearly 200 figures.
ADDITIONAL VOLUME, “* Knight’s New Mechani- NSE ile ie Seis Sais kine.s nes waldo an sesene oes $5.00 Maloney’s CARPENTER’S AND JOINER’S
cal Dictionary,” 960 pa, 8vo, cloth, $9. Or the Tracy.—SANITARY INFORMATION FOR POCKET COMPANION. The most useful Rules
whole set, 4 vols. BVO;GlOUN: 225 deo eu acaces $27.50 HOUSEHOLDERS. By Dr. Roger S8.'Tracy. A Brown’s BUILDING TABLE AND ESTIMATE and Memoranda, collected from some of the
Hand-book of Facts and Suggestions about Ven- BOOK.—For Carpenters, Builders, and Lumber best Architectural Works of the day, and prac-
Lippincott*s GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD. tilation, Drainage, Contagious Diseases, Disin- Men. By a Practical Mechanic. One large 8vo,
A Complete Pronouncing Gazetteer, or Geo- tically tested by many yeays’ experience in the
fection) Gols. 4212. sabeeek ee « i ae sane wus, oO WOl;, GLOGS Iie DAGEK.. «devs estaccescates'es $1. Shop, Factory, and Building also a treatise on
graphical Dictionary of the World. Containing
notices of over one hundred and twenty-five Teale.—DANGERS TO HEALTH. A Pictorial Bullock.—COTTAGE BUILDER: THE AMERI- the Framing Square. Compiled by Thomas
thousand places, with recent and authentic in- Guide to Domestic Sanitary Defects. By T. CAN. By John Bullock. With numerous De- Maloney, Carpenter and Joiner. 12mo, cloth.50
formation respecting the Countries, Islands, Prigden Teale, M.A., Surgeon to the General In- signs, Plans, ard Specifications. 8vo. 75 engray- Plummer.—THE CARPENTER’S AND BUILD-
Rivers, Mountains, Cities, Towns, etc., in every firmary at Leeds. Fourth edition. This book is ELS Rear oi ian aaa teak anan sacs sans nica $3.50 ER’S GUIDE. Being a Hand-Book for Work-
portion of the Globe. One imperial octavo very fully and clearly illustrated, and wili_be Burns.—BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. By R. men; also a Manual of Reference for Contract-
volume, 2,680 pages. Library sheep......$12.00 found a valuable guide in sanitary matters. One 8. Burns, C.E., of Manchester. Timber and Iron ors, Builders, ete. By P. W. PLUMMER, Third
Molesworth-Hurst.—ENGINEER’S
POCKET- Ge COLSON beb ElOGresses cer aecws pce «++. $3.00 Work. ‘Two vols., with plates. (In Elementary CIO, ete aes 6 aces 2 ap cae e304 aay gh . 0S
BOOK. Witha Great Quantity of Useful Formu- Series.) 16mo, $1.50; advanced series...$3.5 Powell’s FOUNDATIONS AND FOUNDATION
Tracy.—HAND-BOOK OF SANITARY INFOR-
lw for Civil and Mechani Engineers. India MATION FOR HOUSEHOLDERS. Containing Burnham,.—HISTORY AND USE OF LIME- WALLS. This book has been entirely rewritten,
paper, 32mo, Russia gilt................-. $5.00 facts and sug; ions about Ventilation, Drain- STONE AND MARBLE, Forty-eight Chromo- and is very much enlarged, and gives the latest
Moore’s UNIVERSAL ASSISTANT AND COM- age, Care of Contagious Diseases, Disinfection. lithographs. 3892 pages. One 8vo vol, cloth. and best practice. 64illustrations. One8vo vol.,
PLETE MECHANIC. Containing 1,016 pages, Foodand Water, with Appendices on Disinfection: $6.00 UIEINS = a nin'dd'n shake Pe bale thine Soe sees $2.00
and worth its price to Reg ecnenic or Business and Plumbers’ Materials. By Roger8. Tracy, Cameron,—PLASTERING. Cameron’s Manual Potter.—CONCRETE.° By Thomas Potter. Its
Man. Free by mail. cloth, $3.03 2 M.D., Sanitary Inspector, New York City Health o.,Tools, Materials, Ornamental Plastering, a Use in Building and the Construction of Concrete
TOE eee TEER EHH RETHER EO Hane weeereeee . Department. One lémo yol., cloth....,.... »50 OO
a
Walle, Floors, 6t0; 0.26: ccceccoces cseccsssvecsG
het S
 30 Scientific American. [NovEMBER, 1885.
Transmission
Suspension Bridges,
of Pawer.
SHAFTING, x * Seibert bylinder Oil Cup Co.,
PULLEYS,
Tramways,
and other applications of Manufacturers of Oil
Cups for Locomotive,
Marine, and stationary

HANGERS.
Cylinders, under
e ibert and Gates
Patents, with Sight Feed.
TAKE NOTICE.
Pat.Steel Shaftings.
Trenton Iron Co, Friction Clutch.
aE The ‘Sight Feed”
exclusively by this Company. See
is owned

WORKS and OF FICE, TRENTON, N. J. PATENT FRICTION CLUTCH, Judge Lowell’s decision in the
United States Cireuit Court, Dis-
New York Office—Cooprer, Hewitt & Co., 17 Burling
Slip. Philadelphia Office—21 North Fourth Street. Chi-
cago Office—li6 Lake Street.
Internal Clamp Couplings. trict of Massachustts, Feb. 38, 82.
All parties, except those duly li-
censed by us, are hereby notified to
Send for Illustrated Circular and discount sheet. desist the use, manufacture, or sale
A very strong, durable Lacing ;
made by a new process, and per- Friction Clutch. A. & F. BROWN, 438 PARK PLACE, NEW YORK. of infringing Cups, as we shall vig»
orously pursue all infringers-
fected, after years of experi-
The Seibert Cy inder Oil Cap Co.

OTTO CAS ENCINE.

ment. It has been tried by many
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demonstrating, to their satisfac,
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VELOCITY OF ICE BOATS. ACOLLEC. =. & M. DEPT., of Hats, Helmets, Caps, Pouches, Belts ,
Drum Major Outfits, Pompons, Plumes,
tion of interesting letters to the editor of the SCIENTIFIO
AMERICAN on the guestion of the speed of ice boats, de.
ae HARRISBURG CAR MFG. CO., Harrisburg, Pa. U. 8 A. Epaulettes, Shoulder Knots, Gold Cord and
Laces, Buttons, Ornaments, Band pt Binet
monstrating how and why it is that _these_craft sail Adsion Flags and Banners, Ca}‘EAL Y.
Mailed free LYON & H ALY, Chicago!

PATENT RIVETED MONARCH RUBBER BELTING.

faster than the wind which propels them. Illustrated oq
with 10 explanatory eens Contained in SCIENTIFIC
AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 214. Price 10 cents. To OZZz
be had at this office and irom‘all newsdealers. zoe

“VULCAN”
Best in the World. a: AE TWO
ane,

Specially adapted for PAPER MILLS, SAW MILLS, and 2 ozs

oe
Cushioned Hammer. THRESHING MACHINES. =) cuz
owt
Pumps
E
Steel Helve, Rubber Cushions,
THE CUTTA FERCHA and RUBBER MFG. CoO., a wo Lo)
TRUESQUARE, ELASTIC BLOW
New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Toronto. Q ses
o-
mo¢ INGURE
THREE
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Full Line of Sizes. W 9.8Zw
W. P. DUNCAN & CO., rc Binz,
Bellefonte, Pa., U. S. A,
“HARRISON
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HARRISON CONVEYOR! ee ais
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VOLNEY W. MASON &'CO.. Handling 6fain, Coal, Sand, Clay,
TanB_rk, Cinders, Ores, Seeds, &c.
ul Ze
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BUFFAL
NY.
FRICTION PULLEYS CLUTCHES and ELEVATORS. Sirewises. |BORDEN, SELLECK & CO.,§ sraS0ers, }Chicago, Ill.
Circulans. PLUNGER
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ROCK BREAKERS AND ORE CRUSHERS. . Andrews’ Office

&Bank Desks
bi CHT SLACK BARREL We manufacture and supply at short notice and lowest rates, Stone and Ore Crushers con- TG Sar
CET
S| aamme!
es The finest work in the U. S.; kiln
dried lumber. All work guaranteed.
he
pnt A src NeRy taining the invention described in Letters Patent. issued to Eli W. Blake, June 15th. 1858, togeth-
er with New AND VALUABLE IMPROVEMENTS, for which Letters Patent were granted May llth
OFERA CHAIRS, School Desks, Globes,
A.H. Andrews
&Co, 19
195Bond-st.
Wabash-ay.NewChi,¥,
=== JOHN: GREENWOOD &00. and July 20th, 1880. to Mr, 8. L. Marsden All Crushers supplied by us are constructed under
the superintendence of Mr. Marsden, who, for the past fifteen years, has been connected with
-* ROCH! ESTER.N the manufacture of Blake Crushers in this country and England.
FARREL FOUNDRY AND MACHINE CO., Manutrs. ; Acid rari Pure. Ammonia Molybdate Pure,
COPELAND & BACON, Agents, New York. BS pnb tn etLL cha
- FRICTION CLUTCH Also pure organic and inorganic preparations for
scientific purposes, and especially all chemical products
Pulleys and Cut-off Couplings. MINING AND EXIOTS TIN G used in the glass, ceramic, and dyeing industries, offered
JAS. HUNTHR & SON. North Adams, Mass. at exceptionally low prices by eeriusen Bros.,
Machinery; also, Stationary Engines, Boilers, and Ventilating Fans, Estimates Shandon Chemical Works, Cork, Lreland.
2 made and contracts taken for constructing All kinds of Mining Machinery.
A New Drill Chuck. = xr. A. FINCH & CO., BOX 335, SCRANTON, PA. 3
H Sr
. BRADLEZ’S
Upright Cushioned
THE HARTFORD. ~ ;
3= a Helve Hammer
mHET ELEREMA MAGIC LANTERNS
S
No. 1 holds 0 to %in. Price, $7.00.
No. 2 holds 0 to 34 in, Price, $8.00.
jae }«=Combines all the best elements es-
Ga It cannot be excelled. Address - 3 Ase sentialinatir.t-class hammer,
A. F, CUSHMAN, Hartford, Conn A Satisfactory Substitute for And STEREOPTICONS, all prices. Views ilustrating so : sBRADLEY & CoO,
i Or any dealer in machinists’ Tools.
the Telephone. for Short Pri-
vate Lines, Speaking Tube
every subject for PUBLIC EXHIBITIONS,
(eA profitable
etc.
business for a man with a small capital, Also,
a a Syracuse,N. ¥., U. 8. A.
Purposes, etc. Lanterns for Home Amusement. 136 page Catalogs, Sree.
‘THE ELECTRICAL REVIEW,” SEND FOR CATALOGUE. McALLISTER, Mfe. Optician,49 Nassau St.,N. Y. DRAINAGE.—A SERIES OF VERY
Anillustrated weekly journal, is theacknowledge a lead- excellent directions for drainin railways, roads, etc.,
er in the world of electrical science. Edited with care, H. E. HUSTON & CO. by Mr. Charles Paine. (ontained in SCLENTIFIC AMERI-
ita editorial opinion is reliable,its news columns bright
andinstructive. $3.00 per year; single copies, 10 cents.
Monticello,
Mention this Publication.
Illinois. Cutting-off Saw and Gaining Machine, CAN SUPI’LEMENT, No. 468. Price 10 cents, To be
had at this office and from all newsdealers.

DROP FORGINGS 5 328

23 PARK ROW, NEW YORK.
= BrP Best‘eerie medium in the ele mire: field, staid) Special Machines for Car
Work, and the latest im- |
—_ HOW TO GET A GOOD RAZOR.
FAD IATORS]
proved Wood Working |
Send for our Catalogue of Machinery of all kinds. BEECHER
& PECK, NEW HAVEN CONN.
FOR STEAM OR HOT WATERSHEATING Fine Bazors,
AND C. B. Rogers & Co,, PERFECT
NORWICH, CONN.,
AND NEWSPAPER FILE
W.H. SAMPLE, “a-109 Liberty St., N. Y. The Koch Patent File, for prcenering newspapers,
20 aver St., Albany, N.Y. magazines, and pamphlets, has been recently improved
and price reduced. Subscribers to the SCIENTIFIC AM.
YOGARDUS' PATENT UNIVERSAL ECOEN- ERICAN and SCIENTIFIU AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT can be
TCHE-HOUSE AND REFRIGERATOR. PATENT
TMRIC MILLS—For grinding Bones, Ores, Sand, Old ~ plied — she low price of $1.50 by mail, or $1.25 at the
Pirections and Dimensions for construction, with one Crucibles, Fire Clay, Guanos, Oil Cake, Feed, Corn, of t paper.. Heavy board sides; inscription
filustration of cold house for
season to season. The uir is kept
preserving fruit from
dry and pure throngh-
JACKET KETTLES, Corn and Cob, Tobacco, Snuff, Sugar, Salts, Roots,
Spices, Coffee, Cocounut, Flaxseed, Asbestos, Mica, ete.,
g SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, 3, in gilt.
| every one whe wishes to preserve the paper.
Necessary for
out the year at a temperature of from 34° to 36°. Con- Plain or Porcelain Yaned, Tested to 100 Ib. and whatever cannot be ground by other mills. Also for |Address
Paints, Printers’ Inks, Paste, Blacking, ete. J. 8. & G. F.
tainedin SclENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT No. 116.
Price 10 cents. To be had et this office and of all sews.
riba e232 Send for List
JAMES C, HAND & CO. SIMPSON, successors to John W. T homson, 26 to 36 MUNN & CO.,
dealers. ; @l4andtlé Market St., Philadelphia, Pa. Rodney Street, Brooklyn, E, D., N. Y. Publishers SCIE/TIFIC AMERICAM,
 Novemper, 1885. } Scientific American. 31
°

a”
fheADAPTED“Hari” Woven Wire Mates, °“P°°C=s 8.. 270%
FOR USE IN ANY CLIMATE, ESPECIALLY WARM COUNTRIES. Wa Tae 4 ] veal Bail IS.
HARTFORD ‘‘ NATIONAL” MATTRESS.

300,000 Horse-Power Sold, and 20 Years’ Experience

HAVE DEMONSTRATED THEIR SUPERIORITY IN

SAFETY, ECONOMY, EFFICIENCY, AND DURABILITY,

This Mattress is Comfortable, Healthful, Economical, Impervious —AND THEIR

to Vermin. PERFECT ADAPTATION TO ALL PURP OoOsaes.

Makes a Very Cool and Lwxurious Spring Mattress in the Warm REPEATED ORDERS
Season, requiring little Under Bedding. From such parties as the following is their best recommendation.
bette a Sere & Co., cel Ser Re ae TS, sree a ks - Pa. ve Orders); ....sc06se sens meta
° . O , . ° Matthiessen & Wiechers Sugar Refining Co., Jersey City (7 orders)... 22.02.22... .0cce0004--- D408 i
This Mattress will last a lifetime. Jt is Warranted Not to Sag,\;American Glucose Co., Buffalo, Peoria & Le“8 nworth (5 orders)................ 7 0
> ° . New York Steam Co., New York City leordoers) se tseer. Ps. OS. Beatie eke eae ee f *
Not to Make a Noise, and Not to Need a Repair. Singer Mfg. Co. psewing Machines, Blizabethport, N. J., South Bend, Ind; Giasgow, and
elsewhere ( OVE EVM) Secs eco acess Soe Fou pict ss Meera ob ocins! Voie se Ts os oe SAUD oe 6,000 *
, / ; Oil Co., Bayonne, N. J., and elsewhere (27 orders).
Standard , ...6212 *
Iron and Brass Bedsteads with Mattress combined. pag Lie tric Lightos reed York, ro is, Borde a an, and elsewhere (29 ‘orders).. 4,519 =
Oliver,& Roberta-wWiire Co., Pittsburgh,-Pa. (J -Orders). ..5 0566. Cees a sda biwieecerataele. 1,664
r, , Conglomerate Mining Co., Delaware Mane Mie (mor OFM) tote oad anise scar saaden cent iisaspen .
Liberal Discounts for Lxport Trade. - M. av WV. H. Nixon, Paper Manufacturers, Manay unk, Pa. (5 orders).. OOS 2 eae) SEES “
Maginnis Cotton Mills, New OAD: aoe (3 or gore! - See Peo ay,. a Ma toe ee 984 °°
CAN BE SENT IN KNOCK
+
DOWN SHAPE, AND IS EASILY SET UP IN z -
Solvay Process Co., Syracuse, N. ermany,
beat eatin ot otha
France, and Belgium (9 orders).............. 16
ys fo

TEN MINUTES. 66 p 99 An illustrated pamphlet of 88 pages, containing much matter

S ( E of interest, and useful to all users of steam power, will be
(=s~Address for Catalogues, Prices, or any desired information, sent free on application to

HENRY ROBERTS, Secretary, THE BABCOCK & WILCOX COMPANY,

107 HOPE STREET, GLASGOW. 80 CORTLANDT STREET, NEW YORK.
Box 148. HARTFORD, CONN., U.S. A,

LITTLE WONDERS. »/#mvnds and Carbonate for Mechanical Purposes, also Manufacturer
WA DICKINSON: $3) iim
of Shaw's Celebrated Glaziers’ Diamonds.
IADUUSTABLE DIAM OIND Tee im DIAMOND
w= BITS
= =S = ee
FOR
Tools for Eanery Wheels. Procnectine

HANG % LATHE
=TOOL Mines, Etc.
Fic. 4. Furnished of any size, armed with Black Diamonds.
Also, Carbon (Black Diamonds) or Diamond Borts nnset
HAND & LATHE —S! supplied of the first quality, of any size and fh any quan-
PATENTED AUG. 1.79.
tity, at the lowest market rz Aes.
The subscriber hus had a life-long experience as a
And-Shaped Diamond Carbon Points, indis- workerin Diamonds for mechanical purposes; was tirst
pensable for. Trning Porcelain, Hardened one employed by Messrs. LESCHOT & DOW (the ork, ginal
Chilled Lron, and Paper Calender Rolls. Steel, patentees and introducers of the Annular Diamond Drill
Practical Mechanics and P: uper Makers using anto the United States in 1862—patent now extinet)to per-
them pronounce them u murvel of the age. fect und- make the same; has since not only supplied
for efficiency and durability, doing th: at their successors with Diamonds, butalso instructed their
which no steel tool can do. After turning engineers how to set them. Having made this branch
the Rolls, when inspeeteéd by a microscope, G3LN3L¥d
AL-9NVW of the Diamond trade a specialty, with his experienced
thereis no perceptible wear. They are now judgment feels confident he can give entire satisfaction
extensively used in Rolling and Paper Mills, to those who may place implicit trust in his selection.
both in this country and in Europe.
The subscriber is ‘ Indentified” with the J. DICKINSON,
“* Emery Wheel” trade since introducing the
use of his Points and Tools for the ubove 64 Nassau St., N. ¥.
purpose. Numerous composite wheels and
new industries have been created where their
*‘yalue”? has proved incalculable. Glaziers’ Old TFouse Established:
Diamonds reset and wurrantedtocut. Diu-
Send number of Tool desired.
mond Points reground and sharpened.
In England, 1796: in £merica, 1810.

Bridgeport Brass s Pp MANUFACTURERS OF

Co
ROLLED AND SHEET BRASS,
GERMAN SILVER AND PLATERS’ METAL,

Brass, Copper and German Silver Rods, Wire and Tubing,

BRASS, COPPER, AND IRON RIVETS AND BURS, ;
COPPER, BRASS, ZINC, AND JAPANNED OILERS,
SELF-RIGHTING CUSPADORES, BRASS AND TIN LANTERNS,

Coal Oil Burners, Lamps, Collars, Shade Rings, &c. Brass Butt Hinges, Jack Chains, Plumbers’ Materials.
LEADER BURNERS, RINGS, AND CHIMNEYS A SPECIALTY,
ae 1 8SFlhUuMURRAY STREET e—
Manufactory: BRIDGEPORT, CONN,, U.S.A, NEV YoRrR se.
 > hp ale vie
"leis s*
oe ee te Brera A) + be
ora all
3 “ey ago
’ on
:
- Mi ‘. .
S oo

+
=

-
7
-

NATURAL CAS
Is perfectly free from all impurities, and steel
heated by its use does not scale. It contains no

Band Saws. Band Saws.

sulphur or other base substances. We are the first
to adopt its use in heating saws for tempering,
which explains the cause of our saws being tougher ” ] 4pE Mi
oe
DAMASCUS TEMPERED BY NATURAL GAS than any others now made.
HEAT, SUPERIOR TOUGHNESS. ANS SEU
After mare than ten years’ experience in
facture of nd Saws, we have discovered a new process
the manu- OUR CIRCULAR SAW SON SMIGHE&CO.
of Tempering and Straightening all at one opera- Of all sizes from 6 inches in diameter to 6 feet, both va
tion. This process insures absolute perfection,
We specially uest all users of Band Saws to send us Solid and Inserted Teeth, also our
their address in full, and also a description of the sizes of
saws used, and we will, by return
prices, and also send”them our pamphlet on the Band
which contains much
mail, quote them special

valuable information for all users ot

Saw Double Toothed Gross Cuts
Band Saws. (two saws in onc), for alluses HAVE NO
EQUAL,

The Superior Quality of our Band Saws, All Tempered, Straight- Our SAWYER’S HANDBOOK will be sent FREE to any part
ened, and Tried at one operation, which we have patented, makes of the world on receipt of full name and address.
them so perfect that our SALES HAVE MORE THAN TREBLED IN THE
PAST YEAR. Our largest and best customers prefer them to the Address FMERSON, SMITH & CO. cumrep), E
Oe
best imported saws.
(= WRITE FOR OUR CIRCULAR AND REDUCED PRICE LISTS._<1 Beaver Falls, Pa.

CLASSIFIED INDEX OF ADVERTISEMENTS

PUBLISHED IN THE PRESENT NUMBER OF THE

ScGentifi¢ Xmeriain, Atchitects and Buildet¢s Edition.

Advertising Agents. Page |Elevator Buckets, Page Lubricators, Page Roofing. Page
DEY EET E72 cL 8 Re a 14 ron GiInd@ Mie, GON hs ck «se ceasienanceeiescover iv Holland & Thompson .20. cctcecedec
es «mscceves 14 Indiana Paint & Roofing Co................. 14
Agricultural Implements. Borden, Selleck & CO... .sevecsecincevcecsccaveoet 30 WEE UIC Ae SUN us5 oss aj tama ayeecnvingind alas14 ED LING Wis cone as ajoma Dm pba Clee a!ipie'nie' sievecover iii
rr MALQUBAY oc cesncs eces seven oess teen cece 14] Emery Wheels. Machinists’ Supplies, Safes.
Air Compressors. Lehigh Valley Emery Wheel Co... .. ....... .-- 16 Hegers,; Fe. Biss... 0s. sesmes Cees oesges cover iv (ARVI RO ols. Sele gee vis Osis vals nninw end aoa 28
Clayton Steam Pump Works.......... cover iv N. Y. Belting & Packing Co..... ote Sab Shee coyer iv Sash, Doors, and Blinds, _
Magic Lanterns,
Alarm and Door Bell. Encines. Harbach Organ Co........... Suislemerkie
veda ate tet14 Goss & Phillips Mfg. Co ..
RSEMMAE AMMUISS WOO op. Sicnentssiere «= ae tenis cioCui ees oie14 Farquhar, A. B.. Bradley & Currier ............
Aluminum, Frick Company. Malteable Iron, F
Cowles Electric Smelting & Aluminum Co....30 Harris, Wm. Syracuse Malleable Tron Works ..........-- 16 Saws.
Asbestos. Harrisburg Car Mfg. Co . Dewan eaCo.; TRGST. sc Ghicserne
socttace cod neste 16 DrtAe Mayeee COw.:sxssee RW didcisis oiade scene 14
UW POHHS MES ACO, ...ccacccsescanscect sce 16 Tastel:&: C03 ast cesor ee aaa ee . cover ii Mantels, HINGE SOM EIGN OOM dea cceycccc-. scacecesirs 82
Chalmers-Spence Co, .<...c.cc0. eeccecceeeese 16 eae ae:Toate Bre ewes Wm BAST ES 74 Bradley: GOusvieriwessssiesacewce cleverness even 27 Scroll Saw Designs,
Mats and Matting. Lie ERAGE oo DEN Cewinde tweu.c ceive cacacesarne 15
Band Uniforms, Wood, Taber & Morse.. toc apse ee 15
Lyon & Healy.........e.cseeee
cree seen ee BO mY CNR a gt ERA RRR FARO Sek. 16 N. Y. Belting and Packing Co.......... cover iv Scroll Saws and Tools.
rae ye te Filters Mattress, Woven Wire, ~ Edy HEOTR CLO ictocrisnaedesswicla
aicicia v'soteicew a te'e
Boberts, Henry..<c. ssscccsccs Be oe a eee 31 Dee SUOREEG. chic git mosis aces
MiMi oe The Newark Filtering Co..........0..0ee eceeees 16 Metallic Fillet, youn Wilkinson Co
Bicycles, Filter Presses, White, FLOWSIG.. ccssccestaemces’ weesssaevers +18 Sheathing and Lath,
Wope: Mig. CO.s.....cccs < sb sence pane Oeehe eee ae 16 Kiein, Schauzlin & Beckersicecc.csicosine
seeedeee 14 Microscopes. The W. T. Harvey Lumber Co... ..........- 13
ee nents 5 _ | Fire Brick, Tiles, Etc. Prentice & Son
Silverware,
a ne. Hotchici
almers-Spence Co. Borgener
g & O’Brien7 ss ee San CHER SOO 15hi Queen & OG... sc. vscewcdece
Standard Silverware Co ...........-.20.
e200. 14
Mill Furnishings.
E. W. Van Duzen Pe : Fire Extinguishers, UURISON) Tics sous caaraes cece oueiar sapicls'd cover ii Spokes.
Ripiler: Ooverin-s Harden Hand Grenade Fire Ex. Co....... ......-. 16
Gee ak oT DRO - « seozccicciteseBsescre eae 30 Hagerstown Spoke Works............. So et 27
H. W. Johns Mfg. Co........0..2.0+.0se0 ..... 16| Fire Proofing Material. 2 pnt and Hoisting Machinery.
Ghalmers-Spence Co... ...ecceceres wensbecens 16 gakne Mie. Co.. H.W Stee teen eee erence e eens F Steam Boilers.
ewe reece ceseee ree reesaree sess )
Ay BINOUOICO 2 ds Ace ee ee 30 Be ReOGks @ WNCO Ree cracls. oc0s - sdleecegs 31
Stan, Steam Boller Ts. Co ; 14 At 8, Mineral Woot C0... ce. en ewe ors coe cover ii Mineral Wool. HH; Bu Beaeh Ge Soni 25. ech... Sec cckdeee. 13
U.S. Mineral Wool Co........ etdeiere -.-- cover ii West Branch Boiler Works..........ccescesses 14
Laxtiora Steam Buiier insp.& Tis. Co........16 | ere and Hand Power Machinery. fi
Booksellers
oe
and Publishers.
meow Bg. ene Paley eS) on Pew amine ns ties 15
Berne
eee
We P Sednn sce shies othe viol
i
May & Co. ... Se, cs ee bs
Models, Ete.
Re Bie) WOPUGMS can odaisis. sve sis'c.odp cai asia Slerinicta see 16
Shaw @& Geary. ..s0sc,5.0. cos cineWee nes eee taae 16
Steam Fitters? supers:
J. 8. Urquhart.. Bites conec'sncetioreomle
oo sc a A a lg * : Shepar er os Sa Sen moeca tare 5 Goodnow & Wichimin ene decouets sheds Seiten erate 30 Steam Pumps.
oe Bike * oo Oe Pate” eee bear: The John Wilkinson 50.5 eiate OR 5,510 Sin ee nae 15 Motors. Cameron Steam Pump Works....... ......... 30
Clayton Steam Pump Works.. -. .cover iv
MohniswWiley SONS; ... 5.56060. 02-s0erkacus ocd Frait Evaporaters. Backus Water Motor Co. 16
Davidson Steam Pemp Wor ee ...cover iv
Brass Goods. WMETICATE MIG. CO discs: neon acewisieeen\eiperr hse Electro Dynamic Co.... 14
OOP? Wallard &/ C04... csc ns saeenene ee maiedoaeets 13 Guild 2 Gatrison s,s csc ee «es ae cover ii
Bridgeport Brass Co....... Sree ciev-eatite
sis 31 |Furnaces, bs Stewart: Heater) Co..<s.ccstsessecs cece Sane °30
Cincinnati Brass Works....... Pio.
daBopetic te 15 Boynton Furnance Co.... 2. ss seen seeeeeeeeeeees 27 Mouldings, Etec. Van Duzen & Tift........ Wetec
lac. baee hier da
Brick Machines, Furniture, etc. Goss & POUps sccouss0s Meee ss an ehicerie ween 16
Steam Traps.
$k AP ROOT EAD.SIRED Uciciaie 0 g:ceiches ayer sis wroin'cne ---15 AM reWs O00. 2h5, Mi co.5s +s cheno eras sense seewans 30 Nickel Plating Machines, The Curtis Regulator Co................ wadee60
Hanson, Van Winkle 4a... onesdenecoese ot15
Broom Machinery. Games, Etec. Zucker & Levett Chemical Co................2- 15 Stencils,
BB Daki.. 6. Ete,
Building Paper.
sense eeeee cores srevseee + TE) Denison, T.S.....secceeesseees Pete ewe
2 v2; : ai
5
Notions and Novelties. Ny SeStenall WorWae. cere...
dk decss acer csPa
H. - Johns Mfg. Co 16 Gas Engines, AIOUS ES HO sacks ceect can ortwinitcak:
Roe Sees neared 15
‘a “Coal ™Tar € the
Sate WCE)
SPB tte pee Wire and Springs.
N. y. OO. i c ea
2s, x...ieer eta
yey erie’ a) Dickson Manufactaring ©o0......6:..0. gs00sse- 30
HogaamiciMotartio 15 Oil Cuups.
Cary& Moen...., ..... SSC fC EEE Reco
The Seibert Cylinder Oil Cup Co ..............80
Cabinet Woods and Mahogany, Schleicher, Schumm & C0........se.-.-.02., 24.30 Optical Goods, Stoves, Grates, Heating Apparatus. Ete.
Mer EME LIEN IO. Jon edincsy sé socsiocb
caw aeins cic 14 Gauges
Prentice & Son. B. C) Bibb
& Son............. _ aan a
ogee aehest 136 a The Edson Recording Alarm & Gauge Co....14 Queen & Co..... Pre hibelaie ; Bradley & Currier........-0..-ssss-c0
ee creo 2
tee ee ee ee ae Glaser aMamonds: qerstor WHINRODNOO.cence gst aw vdemhvteAO 4
Organs, A. A. Griffing Trom'Co.ee<icccsess.
sce a 30
Chr rete 7 Dickinson, J.........%+ Mie cschwratiaets sv aoaneeiee 31 Harbach Organ-Co-r....ccscsccevesscvscsectcene 14
shrome Steel Works......0....c00csecs cover iv Weaver Organ Co.......... Kemneniea Sasaisies'o (nate B Telescopes, Etc.
Cocoa, Grass st Aa 2
Miata’ G01 fore ro oe een 1b Beardsley Scythe Co....-....... ....205 se eee- 27 Patents, MOGD: G00. nck pe baashiegacy <s.eedie Mies 13
Mann &: 00. .2sess eenanee. ee BoA os ennenee 16 . H. Walinsley
& 00... 1. . cecessccncccce 1200
oa leg for Steam, Gas, and Water wk te 7 nae 14 Photographic Outfits, Telephones.
es, we elce cease evleeteeeeen
tees Jcames
Queen '& 00.5. sce pewsaw Sr heey ee 13 Am. Bell Tele
RIGINANE, TRINSW, oc clieeceoesc cs olenek ..14| Hammers. H. BE. Huston
U.S. Mineral Wool Co. * veover ii Bradley 600. co cssccce css SSSR oo eiemeoneee 30 Photo-Engraving.
RSW rk TIS NTE, COOL. nines concudiccaobaiccs
“oe 16 Danos ss Oo. WP .iocicla. onde Wael eeenneeenae 30 Moss Engraving’ Co.......ccessscccssee oe me 15 G. Ie,Militieen & Coee ete aikes wd
Mmalmers-Spence CO. .......6.cdseveschovicsees 16| Hardwood Lumber. Pipe Tongs. Time Detector,
Cold Rolled Shafting. Read.& Co... Ge Woe... esccccs ate siptiss = =e ais/eln 14 Noble, Hall & Co...... chips oui ple esse s'ccgs sede ne Hh DRSRQUIBOL .<onee pve ep aeicen od vals 3 ee ww 30
SGEME MUARDONIN TA. as weve duties dicelee ee) Hydraulic Jacks, Plaster Centers, Tools and Foot Power Mace hinery.
Bradley & Currier.......-..-s.0» ResisingeGuencae 27 Barnes, W. & FE.
Dictionaries, Dudreon Bichard. 5... sccnisco chet ooseen cover ii
BRNO Per OO AL. PEE. Millers’ Falls [;*hae
occ ks foc swnendoeeec
sees 13 |Inhalers. : Presses, Dies, Etc. * Bebastian, May Oo. is. es ccscecss cae sens otee
Diamond Tools, Bmnith & ‘Ooi WW aor ees eae) oe ce tans neers 15 Ferracute Machine OO wacevacamer ene eee S02 4 WlINRON OO), MON rs Jon. o,laesencscellcen's 2085
SP ERIDEENTIROED, . 5. 5 3.fe a prey Se vice Poe bet oes POR 31 | Enjectors, Stiles'S Parker Press: OO... ciss..'de ceecnee se -14
Drawing Instruments, Nathan Manufacturing Co........... ein sok eee15 Wiley & Russell Mfg. Co...... csccccccsccvesen 14
tonal ype OO saves.’ 5.55 nace os Sees 14
Comstock, Wm. T Rue Manufacturing Co : Printing Presses,
Emerson, W. A Grqwhart, J. 8..0.c-.c0-+-<
nn) om National Pups O05... wwveces sles occu deueues 14 Type Writers. 4
TRGISGY GRO (69s.55:cleccncccnachsuancatice” ote 14 Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict......-............ 14
Keuffel & Esser Insurance Companies. Valves.
Queen & CO.... 66. ceee cece eee eee ee eens é The Travelers Insurance Co............ ....+. 13 Printing Inks,
Dri'ling Tools and Machinery. ®tna Insurance Co....... Rae ssBsc
taps Dee &Pam C. E. Johnson & Co........ 6 eee aS = aks aero 16 denkins Bros. ...0.é00+s.0ce6 Re RRS sins egies 20
Dickinson, J | Iron Blowers. Pulleys, Shafting, Ete, Violin Outfits,
Keystone Driller Co BOOS, PoeAas BoM on vancwss cores e eters enpaen 4 Baie Hs UO WI i055 cesar «0 Gacy cae ae ne cover iv ReOry. O.Wi=. ..c.wen pernca wees thcnsesesssepinenet4
My RAMON GEN) OS ic. 5 ooh 'sictee Sisaren winnie nal 30 vis clas Kettles VW. Mason4 Go.) 5 cos: usceBRN oncaiy orutdoteaimee 30 Washing Machines,
Drill Chucks, Pande On SiO ees eo oe anes ee 30 Pumping Engines, "Phe National O62). 4 ties wtedvedeeea- so. pees
SPE IMON, £90.55 3555's a n'ein seb usine as enchacaise 30 Delamater Iron Works........ Candide so o:dte Si 15 Water Motors, bs
Jewelers’? Wachinery. SRVOR GS 5 Se races tebing oe av apeet ee ap asus Mas 14 Backus Water Motor Co........ Pe ee 38
_ Drop Forgings,
Billings & Spene NY ta on ols<bfaa s ateaty el» sees os 14 Key
Oliver, W. W....... Ra tT!
Rinex, Etc
Pearce, ta 15 Fi. oOW.GEGRINGCON . a's 5's ccecugceensins cover iv Wire Rope.
ORME INNS Inn N's vinp spins hp bo ds wen bee 30 Jopemn. Ge: Ww < - 15 Razors, Roebling’s Sons, J. A.........cceepecseee.s ness 16
Educational Institutes. EMCEOND Via ass e'n'e's.0.0's Be RE Beem a WY, Fes SSMNMIG ok 5) canis wean Sacto comet ome es Trenton [ron Co........ Res eanedes ac.osgceee --00
Cornell University............. ante ae Leather Belting. Rock Breakers and Ore aupehe Wood Engrave: "J
» Phonographic Institute .:. Pure Lip, Sager BS piles Sachs ah oes eee 4 Farrel Foundry and Machine C0, 42 cover iv

ee 14| Leveling Instruments, :

. iby Ale Ae a ete ck Cay s cheaters Caughrean, J. W.......... Cuteskirkps mata Per A ee |
PovGent WF COR 6505. cisesed 626 wan sand SE ae cover iii Wood Filler, s
Rock Drills, Bridgeport Wood Finishing Co..... .............16
Hlectrical Supplies. Susan
&Gets eee oo Se Qayton Steam Pump Works....... -ee. COVEer iv
Keystone Driller Co.......:..02.+--+0«- cover fit
Woodworking mymanery:
a Noveltyir Electric
haw
Cis at aasioee in AS LineDownie
eary. 65... ievs2culads<%seecee od ss Se
Chalker and Plumb
& Bros:, Hsin.
Bob.
it. fos. a2e¥ p00 cover iii
Pa. Diamond Drill Co........... Scan meabies
sae 30 The Eagan Co.......
a, & Co., J. A.
re
Rubber Belting, Ete. Rogers & Co., C.
The Stout-Meadowcroft Co............ waEne whoobii3 Locks, f N. Y. Belting *Packing LO. coven 1. CG Ver iV Wi iamsport Mch, Co” ee Ren :
Western Electric Co.......... ES PR Miller DiGi 0:4 ove 00 cevcabns +> setencsathasss% «0m The Gutta Percha & Rubber Mfg. Co... 30 Witherby, Rugg & Behe... a-+ peas eae
 ELEVATION OF
CORNER BRACKETS.
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SECTIONS AND ELEVATION OF
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DETAILS FOR A VILLAGE RESIDENCE.
By O. P. Hatfield, Architect, ye —— ae - GSS37
f 1 PINE STREET, NEW YORK ) : bey TH poley 47
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New York: Published by MUNN & CO., 3641 Broadway, corner Franklin Street.
sual

:
GEO. W. READ & CO.,
—MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS— To Architects
andBuilders.
HOGANY, We are authorized by the Edison Company to wire buildings
for their system. We
nunciators, and all kinds of Electrical
also wire for Bells, Burglar Alarms, An-
Appliances, Estimates

Sf
/ And aul Foreign and Domestic
cheerfully furnished.

BRET SAW ~
Wwoops ==
yes 2 Spanish
Cedar
EDISON
—INn— S355 :
Incandescent Lamps of 1-2 to 16 Candle Power.
Great Variety — a $150 BACH.

Planed Ready for Dentists’ and Physicians’ Electric Illuminators for Throat and
ee
Mouth Examination, $9 each; with Battery, $12.
Use. ¥ VENEERS,
Books of wae
Electric Railway, Complete with hattery, $8.50.
Rare Designs. whch tebe
Testing Instruments, Batteries, Wire, and
Catalogues Fur- Sawed and General Electrical Supplies.
ished. Planed. —Senad Sc. Stamp for Catalogue.—
aOD
Inside Trim and all Cabinet and Decorative Work,|Houses, Stores, Etc., Lighted with Edison Lamps,
Operated by the ‘Aurora’ Battery.
SAWED THIN LUMBER AND VENEERS.
This is also a splendid battery for Physicians, Dentists,
Smooth Cut and Press-dried Thin Whitewood,
Walnut, Microscopists, and others who desire a battery which can be put
and Cherry, for Panels, Fancy Boxes, Jewelry away in a closet, and needs no attention whatever for a month,
Cases, Etc. with ordinary usage.
REQUIRES NWO PLANING.
FPrice Lists Mailed. Orders Solicited,
THE STOUT-MEADOWCROFT CO.,
Manufacturer of ELECTRICAL GOODS,

186 to 200 LEWIS STREET, Authorized Agent for Edison Lamp Co.,
Foot 5th and 6th Streets, East River, - NEW YORK. 21 Ann Street, New York City.

Schumacher & Ettinger,

Great Blast a Hel Gate
—_—Trto—

LITHOGRAPHERS, SIXTEEN INGERSOLL DRILLS USED IN

EXCAVATING THE GALLERIES AT FLOOD ROCK.
i lai
32, 34 & 36 Bleecker St. INGERSOLL DRILLS and AIR COMPRESSORS
y Used in all the South Pennsylvania R. R. Tunnels,
aggregating seven miles in length.
—AND—

311 Mott St., :Ingersoll Drills and Air Compressors

Used exclusively at the
i Washington, D. C., Aqueduct Tunnel,
IN EW) YOR RS

a Paisz ERS3 eam 200 Ingersoll Drills and 20 Ingerso ll

THEN c OLL<> Air Compressors used in the
FINE COLOR WORK A RO CK D Ri LL C:0: NEW YORK AQUEDUCT TUNNEL.
THE ALL RIGHT, the best steam house
[arto Win fhe Pace, tress, the CombinationGo. SPECIALTY. 10 PARK PLACE N.Y. (=-Send for Full Descriptive Catalogue,
Norwich, Conn.

Wood-W orking Machinery Acjustable Beading, Rabbet, and Slitting Plane.

FOR yi
PLANING-MILLS, RAILROAD SHOPS, es
CAR BUILDERS, CABINET, CARRIAGE,
SASH, DOOR, AND BLIND MAKERS.

= S .
> > HA
=
ea ee _ a

ee * a
oe ae This Plane embracesinacompact and practical form (1) Beading and Center Beading Plane;
(2) Rabbet and Filletster; (3) Dado; (4) Plow; (5) Matching Plane; and (6) » superior Slitting Plane.
No. 3 DOUBLE SURFACER AND MATCHER,. Each Plane isnccompanied by seven Beading Tools (1-8, 3-'6, 1-4, 5-'6, *-8. 7-16, and 1-2 inch) ; nine
Plow and Dado Bits (1-8, 3-16, 1-4, 5 16, 3 8, 7-16, 1-3, 5-8. and 7-5 inch); a Slitting Blade and a Tonguivg

GOODELL & WATERS,

| tool.
kPwPRICE.
«Including Beading Tools, Bits, Slitting Blade, Ete.
No. 45.—Iron Stock and Fence
—MANUFACTURED BY THE—
Cor. 3ist and Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia, Pa., STANLEY RULE and LEVI CcO.,
vu. Ss. A. NEW BRITAIN, CONN.
FOR SALE BY ALL HARDWARE DFALERS.
SEND FOR CATALOGUE. 2 Send address and receive a copy of ‘* Woodworker’s Companivn” by mail.
 ;Stewart Ceramic. Company,
Sole Manufacturers Under Morahan’s Patents, ORR & LOCKETT,
White Crockery Stationary Wash Tubs. 184 & 186 Clark Street, Chicago,

BUILDERS HARDWARE
OF ZH V HES Ys OSG bee Lon

Sole Chicago Agents for

Geer’s Spring Hinge, Norton Door Check and Spring,

SHOWING
Wood Tubs are cheap and offensive. Soapstone Tubs are liable to leak at the seams.
THREE TUBS AS SET UP.
These Tubs are Dudley Shutter-Worker,
absolutely perfect and last forever.
Dimensions of Tubs. Rules for ordering Tubs. Pas, )ey
ga ee em \as.e = aSo) a a ae a a mya tose |=
We makethree sizes of Tubsin patterns 0,1 2, 3, 1st. State Number of Pattern wanted.
the outside dimensions of which are as follows: 2d. Size. (Whether A, B, or C.)
Size A, wie Sg 30 in.; width. 25 in.; depth, 16in. 8d. Sets wanted.
Size B, length, 37 in.; width,25 in.; depth, 16 in. 4th. The number of tubs tc each set. (Whether Large Stock. Low Prices. Send for Illustrated Catalogue.
Size C, length, 25 in.; width, 25 in; depth, 16 in. 2, 3, 4, or more.)
. ee in., with heavy flange all 5th. If regular Vixtures, which embrace gal-
round. vanized iron stands, ash top, bolts and screws.
WeEtcHt—One set of three tubs complete, about | are not wanted, or any part of same, it must be
50) lbs. mentioned. ORR & LOCKETT.
e One Tub in each set has a corrugated surface moulded on to the inside front, forming an unequalled
Washboard,” and all have recesses for soap in one corner. They are made with holes in the back for
faucets, or overflow, or perfectly plain; the two last admitting of more economy in plumbing, and
greatly increasing the capacity of the Tubs, the water being drawn from above as in Bath Tubs. In

NORMAN HUBBARD,
ordering, our customers will please mention which style they desire.
For the information of those who do not know about their merits, we beg leave to say that we
warrant the Tubs against breaking from cold, heat, or in any other way (except from violence) for
eat yeore, and it would be safe to guarantee them to last as long as the house stands in which they
—MANUFACTURER OF THE—
CONSULT CLEANLINESS AND ECONOMY BY PUTTING IN
Morahan’s Patent White Crockery
THE
Wash Tubs,
ONLY ONES EVER MADE IN THE WORLD. Niagara Steam Pump
epi,
PRICES OF TUBS AS FOLLOWS:
5 f - é
2 Tub, with
1 tubs, St
without Galvanior Top.: Seer eet nee ee a paone Engines, Boilers, and Machinery,
* 7 CMake eee he, =45 75-00 :
4 “ ts x Re De 99.00 PULLEYS, SHAFTING, & HANGERS A SPECIALTY,
“ “ “

93 to 97 PEARL STREET,
ALSO MANUFACTURE
BROOKLYN, N. Y.
WHITE CROCHERY SINES,
MADE OF THE SAME MATERIAL, STRENGTH, THICKNESS, AND DURABILITY AS THE TUBS.
SIZES AS FOLLOWS, OUTSIDE MEASUREMENT. : a
BUTLER’S PANTRY, KITCHEN, AND SLOP SINKS. -
baius'avo speci Tools.
——————

24x18x8, Butler’s Pantry,

30x18xl1,_“* L MEE
. .
o
PRICES
. .
WIR | AS FOLLOWS:
$8.00 |30x20x7, Kitchen
ILO0 UBTX2XTH
: Li si hel cued
2
Pate e.
p
be 6
3 12.00
iB.00
THE STANDARD TOOL CO,,/™wisr
19x19x15, ie . . . A i Ct 4 14.00 |42x22x7le, . 5 C : . 3 5 20.
Galvanized Iron Brackets for Sinks, per
thee. 60a) esta Pee eO0}. Galvanized
7. Kitchen Iron
Sinks: Stand’and
i0) tebeAsh oc...»
Top for
8.00 ——=
eS=
aha tes a
(ltl
Ce Nis
ult
\
We have for sale the necessary fittings for the Tubs and Sinks. All our Wares are Pure White Crock-
ery—strong, solid, and perfectly glazed on the inside, and are not enamelled. h f Akin,
or shipping any of our goods. Liberal discount to the trade. i; i ate CLEVELAND, OHIO, U.S. A.
STEWART CERAMIC CO.,
Send for price list. 312 PEARL STREET, COR. PECK SLIP, NEW YORK. Catalogues and Prices furnished on application.
Special Attention given to Export Orders,
A CS

THE PATENT J. K. POST & CO., [CONTRACTORS AND BUILDERS ¢ Power, by usin ji
canes Se
| Without Steam

:
Cylinder Tumbler leH I LL I is S E! [} {ER y)
Lamber Merchants 3 9 bidjes,
lower and save more BS
AMERICAN | NERY ean
2 BRASS —AND— | money from their jobs than by any™"™
other arrangement for doing their
i le oO Cc K SHIPPING AGENTS, inl Send for Lllustrated catalogue |
g requires no screws or
W. EF & John Barnes Co.,
nails to fix it on OSWE N. Y ree
e easiest applied of an y s |Address No. 1994 Main ae a a
ney in ‘the “marke, o £0:
s
and most diffic
pic =
os R ARCHITECTS
a Sample Lock and
a two Steel Keys nickel- HEADQUARTERS FOR —eeeeeee
: IN ,THE WORLD or ) |
a plated for 5O cts. in .
American Polished Plate, #rench and| ,,,, 3 BARTLETT’S IMPROVED Can secure some valuable
- information
4 =! in regard |
A pee | Mark . VULUANIZED
VULCANTZED ROOFING FELT | te EXCELSIOR SLATE |
B English Silvering Quality5 Plate Glass,
Beveled and Plain Mirrors, Bevel-
VULCANIZED BQQFING FELT
Materialsfor complete roof,23¢c.per sq.ft BLACKBOARDS,
ed, Ground, and Embossed Plate 2 Triple - Thick the only reliable substitute for real slate, by aq-
and Sheet Glass, Cathedral Materials for complete roof,2%c.
per sq.ft dressing NATIONAL SCHOOL FURNISHING
Colored, Singie and Dou- ! These feltsare thoroughly reliable,smooth, CO., CHICAGO. Kefer to any architectin Chicago.
clean and dry, easily applied by amy one.
ble Strength Window
Glass. AU VULCA N ROOF COATING
Is the Cheapest and Best for Tin, The GREAT
Winch, 34in., and 1 in. POLISHED PLATE, &c. Felt, or old shingle roofs. 0c. per galJon.
ALL THICKNESSES OF : CARBONIZED SHEATHING CHURCH LIGHT
FELT covers 16 sq. feet to the pound,
Rosin-sized Sheathing Felt, Carpet Felt, FRINK’S Patent Reflectors for
Mailed Free with Trade List.
SKYLIGHT AND FLOOR GLASS. Two-Ply Roofing Felt,
Three-Ply Rocfing Felt,
Tarred Paper,
Leather Paper.
Gas or Oil, give
softest cheapest
the most powerful,
& Best light known

Stoddard Lock & Mfg. Co,

for Churches, Stores,
Windows, Show
6. 3, and 10 DESBROSSES STREET, PENN ROOFING CO.eursnereniaes Banks, Theatres, Depots, etc.
elegant designs,
New and
Send size of room.
\Get circular and estimate. A Liberal
NEW YORK.
oe
EE EERE ES SE
discount to churches and the trade.

DRAWING
Don't be deceived by cheap imitations,
1857.
Established I. P. FRINK, 551 Pearl St., N. Ye
104 Reade St., New York. ESTIMATES PROMPTLY FURNISHED. INSTRUMENTS,
gp ae
DRAWING PAPER, ——1850
Each Sheet of our Guaranteed Roofing Plates is now BLUE PROCESS
being stamped; not only with the name of the
brand, but with IC and IX as well, repre-
PAPER,
AMERICAN The Chapman Slate Company,
LIQUID INK. Miners, Manufacturers, and Shippers of
senting the thickness. A fully illustrated and priced catalogue of 200 pages
of allinstruments and materials ysed by draughtsmen ROOFING SLATE & FLAGGING,
Roofing Plate.
EXTRA sent upon mention of this paper.

“Gilbertson’s Qid Method” HEAVILY COATED

G. S. WOOLMAN,
Steps, Platforms, Floors, Window
Sills, Hearths, Lintels,
Copings,
We guarantee the ‘‘Gilbertson’s Old Method”? (Extra Heavily Coated) Roofing 116 FULTON ST.,
to be a better coated and heavier plate than ‘¢M. B.,” ‘*Old Style,” or any other extra AND BUILDING STONES FOR ALL PURPOSES.
coated plate, and if not found so, all boxes to be held subject to our order. NEW YORK.
QUARRIES AT
“CAMARET.”
NEW YORK OFFICE,
ELEVATORS. CHAPMAN, PENNA. 503,505 & 507 West St.
The large and increasing demand for the ‘*‘ Camaret ”’ brand, sold by us under a pos- The best and cheapest Steam Elevator on the
itive and definite gu crantee as to material, coating, and careful assortment, is suffi- market, engine of the Cowdry, four-cylinder
cient evidence of the appreciation of same by the trade at large. Each and every box is type, with our improved Reverse Valve. Engine
GENERAL OFFICE:
strapped, and contains a card with the name of the party assorting same. has constant rutative movement. No dead cen-
We carry in stock the ‘* Camaret”? brand of Roofing Plate with and without the ter; works at best anglo of crank. By our valve | ' Chapman Quarries, Northampton Co., Pa,
palm oil coating. Order a sample box. we control the lowcring, so it is impossible to
We can furnish Patent Tin Shingles manufactured from our Guaranteed Brands of
By addressing the General Office, Chapman
have car accelerate or run away ; having all the Quarries, Northampton Co., Pa., quotations per
Roofing Plates to those requiriug same. advantages of hydraulics at much less cost. Also square for Roofing Slate, or the price of Flagging

MERCHANT & CO,

or Building Material of any kind, delivered at
Belt Power Machines, fast and safe, avd Friction
any railroad point in the United States, will be
Clutch Pulleys and Cut-off Couplings for all furnished.
work. WILLIAM CHAPMAN, M. L. BAHN;
Direct Importers of BRIGHT TINS AND ROOFING PLATES, D. FRISBIE & CO., President and Treasurer. Secretary.
525 Arch St., Philadelphia. 1885.
90 Beekman St., New York. 479 N. 5th Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
 PREPARED ROOFING.|
j

; Z BEST, CHEAPEST, MOST DURABLE.

| ANYBODY CAN PUT IT ON. EASILY HANDLED.

Put up in Rolls of 100 Square Feet,

M. EHRET, Jr., & CO, eee

— MANUFACTURED BY — ap See Rees PORES,
oo) GRR Pa ABs ome

" )] my a5
LARGEST MANUFACTURERS OF COAL TAR PRODUCTS IN UNITED STATES.

ROOFING AND PAVING PITCH. aay ROOFING FELT.

ASPHALT CEMENT (for two and three Ply). iS SLATERS’ FELT.
ASPHALT PAINT (for Tin and Iron Roofing). TWO AND THREE PLY FELT.
BLACK VARNISH (for Cast or Wtought’ Iron). PREPARED ROOFING.
PIPE COATING (for Gas and Water Pipe). CARBOLATE OF LIME (Disinfected).

PHILADELPHIA, CINCINNATI, ST, LOUIS, CHICAGO,

423 Walnut St. 16 Public Landing. 9th & Olive St. 12 N. Clark St.

Attention ATites THE WELLINGTON SANITARY OVERFLOWBasIN.| Chas. D. Colson,

= Tur Onty Basry constructed upon strictly Scientific and Sanitary PE EEE EIS
—= principles, absolutely exciuding all sewer gas.
‘Tag Onty Bastin having an adjustable water-proot packing between
the bowl and marble slab. | 4
fre Ovty Basin giving a positive security against overflow, leak-
age, and dampness. :
HOF
Tue Onty Bastn with an overflow of four times the capacity of any
supply basin cock in use. Blast, Heating, Puddling, Siemens, Open-Hearth,
{fue Onty Basin having a reliable Trap that can be removed and ‘
replaced in two minutes. and all High Heat Farnaces.
Is the immost reliable for Dynamos and
other swift, smooth running Tur On’y Bastn that can be instantaneously attached or detached
machinery. from the marble slab, without the aid ofa plumber. Foundry Cupolas, Locomotive Fire=
Boxes, Etc., Etc.
i
eee inEee FiC0., Cc. E. ROBINSON & CO., Sole Manufacturers,
ad tap
ees Ge Pencesf 61 Beekman Street, New York. FLUE LININGS, FOUNDRY FAC-

OAK TANNED LEATHER BELTING COOPER, JONES & CADBURY, Agents, 15 North Seventh St., Philadelphia, INGS. and SUPPLIES.
Bie Ghechs eatenee. B. D. WASHBURN M’F’G CO,, General New England Agents,
47 Ferry St, New York; 151 & 153 Congress St., Boston. 18 4 g 186 Washington Street,
416 Arch St., Philadelphia;
—CHICACO.—
86 Federal St., Boston.

FLYNT CLARK'S COMPRESSED

Building and Construction Co,
General Office, Palmer Mass,
PAPER SKATE ROLLERS
Possess more desirable pointsthan any others. Hard polished
We contract to perform all labor and furnish all
material of the different classes required to build com-
surface» Immensely durable. Run easily and smoothly.
plete Do not slip. Do not break or chip. Do not injure hard or
CHURCHES, HOTELS, MILLS, PUBLIC BUILDINGS soft wood floors. Comparatively noiseless, Unequaled for
AND RESIDENCES.
Also for the construction of
Plain or Fancy Skating. Also manufacturer of Steel Cased
RAILROADS, DAMS, AND: BRIDGES. Rubber Rollers.
We solicit correspondence with those wishing to place
the construction of any proposed new work under ONE
AGENTS WANTED EVERYWHERE.
CONTRACT, which shall include all branches con- Very LIBERAL DISCOUNTS to the trade. PRICE LIST FREE,
mere 8ach wants
é esPoel
we furnish
rnish satisfactoryry reference:
satisf re ces KORE
ESESaDER VE PSLASt ee
from those for whom we have performed similar work. GEO . P . CLAR K 9 Box B 5
tt: ae! at hee AR The large amount of iy
materia 1at we handle in the execution of our work S88. SSS Wi ~s
enables us to quote very close prices. F. 0. B. Cars at indsor Locks, Ct., U. Ss. A. Pa
250
Philadelphia,
Susquehanna
Avye.,
any shipping point, to those wishing BUILDING Improved Chain Bed Planer.
E.
&
Manufacturers
GLEASON,
F.
ND.

LECLANCGHE GONDA BATTERY (FORMERLY THE PRISM BATTERY.)

THE STANDARD OPEN CIRCUIT BATTERY OF THE WORLD.

And beyond question the best for all purposes for which open circuit
batteries are required.
Partienlary adapted for Burglar Alarms, House and Hotel Call Bells and Annunciators, and Telephones.
The GENUINE LECLANCHE GONDA AND DISQUE CELLS are made only by
us, and NONE ARE GENUINE without the LABEL, as shown in cut, and the Trade
Mark.
SonDaaA.
Price of the GONDA reduced to $1.20 per cell, complete.
iM _SatlngopSe Genda” t MM m ‘¢ DISQUE wd ee fiom. 14
ih at ia tal Se SEND FOR PRICE LIST, WITH DISCOUNTS. _
Do not buy cheap imitations of the Disque Cell; they will cost more in the end,
= tatedSS feasouet

THE LEGLANCHE BATTERY CO., :

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 34 Scientific American. [DEcEMBER, 1885.
THE GREYHOUNDS OF THE ATLANTIC, from the time of the accident. To carry this system
Scientific American. of
It isa question whether the new class of steamships
extreme speed and enormous size can be made
into effect, it will be necessary to have rabbit farms
established, where the animals will be kept constantly
ESTABLISHED 1845.
as acceptable to their owners as to the public, inoculated with the disease, just as we now have
MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors, for the large expense for first cost and maintenance bovine farms for the production of vaccine virus. Two
makes it doubtful on which side the financial margin lines of treatment are mentioned, the inoculation of
No, 361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. will be found. The managers of the Cunard Line human subjects and the blotting out of the disease
0. D. MUNN. A. E. BEACH. seem, however, to have satisfied themselves of their by the compulsory inoculation of dogs for several gen-
profitableness, for within the past few years they erations. The origin and nature of hydrophobia are un-
NEW YORK, DECEMBER, 18885. have added to their fleet as many as five of the fast- derstood but imperfectly, and it is too soon to make
est and largest vessels afloat. Ths French Steamship any definite assertions in regard to M. Pasteur’s
THE
Company are following the same policy, and the voy- system. It is probably but the first linkin a chain
Scientific American, age from New York to Havre will be made next summer
by the large new steamers recently built for the pur-
of elaborate investigation. The honor,
such unique inquiries is to him who breaks the ground.
however, in

————_———s+
+e
ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS EDITION. pose.
The
The other lines, however, are more conservative.
White Star Line has not added a new vessel to WAR BALLOONS,
This isa Special Trade Edition of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, issued its fleet for years, and its steamers can no longer be Ata recent meeting of the Military Service Institu-
Monthly,—on the first Saturday of the month.
It goes directly into the hands of those who have the ordering of the great called swift. The same thing holds true of the Inman tion, held at Governor's Island, Gen. Russell Thayer,
bulk of Building Materials and Appliances, namely, the Architects, Builders,
Constructing Engineers, and Contractors. Line. The America, of the National Line, and the of Philadelphia, presented in detail his system of inde-
It has the largest circulation of any Architectural or Building paper in
the world. The publishers guarantee the regular issue of every number to City of Rome, of the Anchor, are both known as ocean pendent and dependent dirigible balloons, intended
be over tavelve thousand co, E
Or the November number we printed thirty thousand copies ;and of the racers. The Guion Line retains the Alaska and the particularly for use in war times. General Thayer has
December number we shall print over thirty-five thousand copies.
Advertisements for the January number should reach us on or before Arizona, but was glad to sell the Oregon to the Cunard made many experiments in aerial navigation, and has
December 22d. Terms very moderate.
An Increase of Trade
Address the undersigned.
will necessarily accrue to all Manufacturers Company; and it is said that the rumor of war be- so far been successful that a number of his designs and
and Dealers whose establishments are conspicuously
important edition of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
represented in this tween England and Russia, which led to the charter- working models are now under consideration at the
TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION: ing of this and other vessels, was hailed with delight British War Office.
For Architects and Builders Edition of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, $1.50 by those companies whose property was taken. It The independent balloon is for observation chiefly,
ayear. In Clubs, four copies for $5.00. Single Copies. 15 cents each.
Sold by all Newsdealers. will be observed that the evidence in the matter is de- and has sufficient carrying force to enable it to drop
MUNN & CO., Publishers,
361 Broapway, NEw YorK. cidedly ambiguous. While the one company is increas- powerful explosive bombs upon the fleet or camp of an
(eT wo eh kd consistingof two plates in colors and one large ing size and speed, the others are holding. back. The enemy, and cause greater destruction than the most
sheet of details, go with the December number of our ARCHITECTS AND
BUILDERS EDITION without extra charge. cost of operating these immense steamersis enormous, formidable fortifications. The buoyant part of the
{2-1 wo corresponding Supplements will go with the December number. while the rates for ocean travel are, if anything, on balloon is made of superimposed tissues of silk or rub-
the decline. The great size made necessary by high ber, or vegetable textures impregnated with caout-
CONTENTS speeds adds to the resistance while it increases the chouc, to prevent the escape of hydrogen.
Of the December number of the ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS EDITION power, and the greater space occupied by engines and The form is that of a circular spindle, the longer
of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
coal bunkers does not permit a corresponding increase horizontal axis of which should be three and two-thirds
(illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.)
in the carrying capacity. The cost of a steamer like that of the smaller. The body is at all times perfectly
Acid, phosphoric, from slag..... 43 | Merry-go-round, sail rigged*..... 50 the Etruria is about $1,000,000; she burns over 300 tons inflated, so as to remain rigidly in shape. The sus-
Andromeda’s 1088.........c00.s..05 36 | No right to steal away your em-
Angle bars, ete.. beveling ma-
chine for*... Sees
ployer’s business
87 | Noles and queries.
ee
58
of coal daily, and her crew is necessarily much larger pended deck, carrying the machinery and crew, is
Art of ancient Y
Balloons, war...........
42 | Obelisk, preservatio
a4 | Our first number.
40
44
than on a vessel of from five to six thousand tons firmly supported and braced. A lower deck carries the
Bedroom, Duchess’*
Benbow, British war steamer*...
..d3, 56 | Pad, memorandum, wrist-held*..
50 | Papers, valuable, catalogue of....
51
44
burden. motive power. When the machinery is in operation,
Billiard table pocket* . 5L | Patent, a, can I obtain............ She has carried as many as 600 first class passengers the balloon can be raised or lowered to any elevation
Boiler tinue cleaner*....... BOP TREONEB Eason fees siete ca eea's sane seen
Books and publications 58 | Photographie camera for instan- at one trip, and could this rate be maintained all the without employment of ballast. Four cylinders locat-
Bribk Walls... iisses ces sensecssee 38 taneous Views*.. «.... «35. ...008 43
Bridges, neglected, decay of...... 38] Photographic notes........... et) year round, she would, of course, be a very profitable ed on the upper deck receive a portion of the hydrogen
Burglars, business importance of 40} Prizes, Antwerp, for America.... 39
Business and personal. 58 | Railway, cable, Montreal...... 40 investment; but the season of heavy travel is limited, from the inflated bag of the balloon when it is desired
Cable railway, Montrea 4) | Residence, country, design fo 46
Car coupler, Buckman’s 39] Riverside Park, New York* 45 and for a large part of the year she must either be laid to lessen its buoyancy, and consequently descend. To
Car, dumping™.............- 5c Sand iQuUnOs fesse. cen snecian 51
Cemetery, Ta for, Hoffman’s*.. 43 | Sash securer, <0 e up or run at a loss. The real question, then, as the ascend, the gas is pumped from the cylinders into the
Church Raahiteotire, sugges. in*. 53 | Saw, helicoidal and wire stune*.. 54
Columns, crushing limit of........ 38 |Sawdust in plastering............. 49 Tribune puts it, is whether it will pay to build vessels bag, and by displacing the heavier air of the surround-
Communications received.... ... 58 | Seaffolds, roof, clamp for*........ 38
Cooper Institute, repairing*....33, 39 Sciencific JAmerican, Architects at a vast cost which will run almost empty during half ing atmosphere, the buoyancy is increased.
December numbel.........scese00 and Builders Hdition..........
Diana, temple of*......... = the year, and will make the passage from New York to The motor is a high pressure air compressor coupled
Elevators, safety regulatc
Gateway of knowledge... 39 Queenstown in twenty-fours less time than other ves- directly toa newly devised carbonic acid gas engine
Grant, Gen , tomb of*....
Greyhounds of the Atlantic se Ob
45 sels which cost much less and burn half as much coal. and a reservoir for storing the air until sufficient pres-
Gun carriages, Moncrieff, for
Russian ironclads*............. 41} Sleeper’s —
n
Murray’s.
In the long run, it will probably be found that the sure is obtained. At given intervals of time, the com-
Hendricks, Thomas A Steam Boiler Inspection and In- most profitable steamers for transatlantic passenger pressed air is suddenly released, producing a powerful
Homes, comfortable............05- surance Co., Hartford......... 35
Hydrophobia, M. Pasteur’s re- Steel, unmagnetizable............. 35 service are boats like the Britannic, the Gallia, and the forward thrust. As the carbonic acid gas engine uses
searches in the treatment of.. 34] Stone, sawing, apparatus for*.... 54
Inventions, engineering.... -. 58| St. Mary’s Church, Leek, Staf- Normandie, which cross in about eight days. They no coal, danger from fire is entirely avoided. This is
Inventions, index of .. :- 58 fordshirek..cucss Bee wees 53, 56
Inventions, miscellaneo .. 58} Temple of Diana at Ephesus*.... 52 burn something less than 200 tons of coal a day, and particularly important, since mixtures of hydrogen and
January number........ ..-- 44) Thermometer required,improved 39
Jewish population of th ld.. 42} Tomb of Gen. Grant*.... ... . 4 can accommodate about 3800 passengers. The gain air are so terribly explosive. The air being discharged
Jute, asphalted .......... -. 35] Walls, whitening............ .. 35
Landscape architecture*. -++» 49] Washing machine, easily oper- of the larger and swifter boats in capacity and speed at the stern through a pipe and nozzle fitted on a ball
Lathe, turning, improved*........ 7 Bted*. 2. Po secede ce eeeases 28
Limestone, burning, method of, Waterworks, New York*... ies is at too great a cost. and socket joint, the direction of the air ship is deter-
Va a ae 36 | Window, improved*........ se 106
Measurement, ON.........02 ceevee 40} Yucutan, ancient, art of........... 42 0 te mined by a wheel governing the movement of the pipe
M. PASTEUR’S RESEARCHES IN THE TREATMENT and nozzle. No other rudder is necessary. The effici-
OTHER PUBLICATIONS. OF HYDROPHOBIA. ency of the mechanism is increased materially by plac-
The entire civilized world has for some time past ing hollow, truncated cones over the nozzle.
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN been watching with intense interest the experiments Gen. Thayer expressed his belief that air ships, even
on the treatment of hydrophobia conducted by the 1,000 yards in length, could be operated without diffi-
Weekly, $3.20 a Year; $1.60 Six Months.
celebrated French scientist, Dr. Louis Pasteur. These culty, since the resistance does not increase in propor-
Sixteen large pages elegantly illustrated. researches have now been so far completed that the tion to the size of the ship. Last year the United
results have been presented by the investigator to States Ordnance Board recommended the construction
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT the French Academy of Sciences. The first step in of an experimental balloon, 100 feet in diameter and
Js a distinct paper from the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
MENT is issued weekly.
THE SUPPLE-
Every number contains 16 octavo pages, uniform these investigations, as reported by cable to the 367 feet long. Such a ship would have a total ascend-
in size with the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. $5.00 a Year. Herald, was the inoculation of a rabbit with a frag- ing force of about 55 tons. It is thought that a speed
Combined Rates.—The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SUPPLEMENT,
ong year, $7.00. Fe
.-Phoned way to remit is by draft, postal order, or registered letter.
ment of tissue taken from the spine of a rabid dog. of 50 miles an hour could be obtained. Gen. Thayer’s
ress
MUNN & (CO., 361 Broadway, corner of Franklin Street, New York.
The incubation of the poison occupied fifteen days. model, being 30 feet long by 10 feet in diameter, was
As soon as the animal died, a portion of its spinal not placed on exhibition, as the assembly room was
Table of Contents of
marrow was in turn inoculated into a second rabbit, scarcely capacious enough.
and the process continued until sixty rabbits had been The construction of the dependent dirigible balloon
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT treated. Each inoculation increased the power of the is similar to that of the independent ship except the
arco. 5185, virus, so that the last incubation occupied but seven motive power, whichis here electricity. The track con-
For the Week Ending December 5, 1885. days. As dried air diminishes the power of the virus, sists of two parallel wires supported on poles above
Price 10 cents.
the spinal marrow of the inoculated rabbits was kept the ground. The lower deck would be provided with
For sale at this Office and by all Newsdealers.
in bottles of dried air. In beginning his experi- two large wheels constructed to run on the under side
PAGE
I. CHEMISTRY.—Freezing Mixtures.—With table. Arc - 8267 ments, therefore, M. Pasteur inoculated his subject of the wires, and two small wheels to run on the upper
EEE IILIMLOBOE. 5 05050 sat eniige.ts «suespaneisies oct. oe «was A
Apparatus for Filling Siphons with Liquefied Sulphurous Acid.— with the old tissue, and finished the operation by the side. This arrangement anchors the balloon to the
DN Cos ve tis oad vids abecnicceans
vcareswes Weidlp + 4v'c « denebyee
cus 6aaniesecve injection of tissue that had been bottled only two earth, and furnishes the motive current from a dyna-
il. ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS.—The Nordenfelt S
rine Boat.—With full description and numerous iostialigns see 8264 days, the period of incubation of which would not mo at the end of the line.
Gurzace Condensation.—Oondensers of the 8.8. Calabria.—With exceed a week. These experiments have been very It is expected that a speed of at least 20 miles an
QURUBEINGS asp esttscccccevcd. hecprcglenreatoh bettie. sce ay rs
Dohis’s Accumulator of Power for Use on Sewing Mac
figures - 8267
successful, for after such an inoculation the subject hour could be obtained. A model of the balloon and
ILL. TECHNOLOGY.—The Manufacture is found to be entirely proof against hydrophobia, An track was shown, and by making the connection was
ALDER WRIGHT.—Distinction betwee
excellent opportunity to test the new treatment was operated successfully. These experiments have at-
afforded by a lad, twelve years old, named Meister, tracted much interest, and have inspired a confidence
who had been bitten fourteen times by a rabid dog, in their ultimate success when put into practice.
sx2| and who was brought to M. Pasteur. As there seemed =~ + be
no doubt of a speedy and painful death, should ACCORDING to La Lumiere Electrique Mr. L. Senet has
ry. puieepa
ELECTRICITY, ETC.—New Method of of Manufacturing Incandes-
9 tienes nothing be done for the child, he was considered a invented a new process that permits of the manufac-
proper subject for experiment. In thirteen days, the ture of aluminum, as well as copper, silver, ete., by
inoculations made upon the lad were gradually in- electrolysis. A current of from 6 to 7 volts and 4 am-
VI BIOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, ETC.—The Origin of the Hi creased instrength, until the last was from a rabbit peres is made to act upon a saturated solution of sul-
Animals.—By Prof. W. K. PARKER.—Did the
arise suddenly, or slowly
higher och rs
by gentle modifications ?7—Did the lower
that had only died onthe previous day. At the end phate of aluminum in the presence of a solution of
vertebrata arise suddenly, or by gradual metamorphosis of non-
vertebrate types ? of a hundred days, the lad was in perfect health, and chloride of sodium, the two solutions being separated
The Carp.—Its f acne, the experiment was pronounced a decided success. by a porous vessel. A double chloride of aluminum
VT) 638
Another lad, named Judith, who was fifteen years old, and sodium is formed, which is decomposed, and the
and had been bitten by a mad dog, was progressing aluminum that is set free deposits upon the negative
seg |Satisfactorily after a week’s treatinent, and a fortnight electrode.
 DECEMBER, 1885.] Scientific American. Sha =
NIGHT SKY—NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER, Whitening Walls. slide has been added by which the ashes can be drop-
BY RICHARD A. PROCTOR. The Deutsche Bauzeitung has lately commented upon ped directly into a receptacle in the cellar if so desired.
The Great Bear (Ursa Major) is beginning to rise the dangers resulting from the use of certain substances The ‘‘ Baltimore” heater is in such demand that a
above the northeast (by north) horizon. The end of in whitening walls, as well as from the size and other majority of new houses in Baltimore and Washington
the Dipper’s handle is hidden. A line from the Pole compositions used in paper hanging, ete. From the less than 25 ft. front are supplied with and entirely
Star (toward which the Pointers direct the observer) to fact that painters’ brushes are injured by lime freshly warmed by them.
the Guardians of the pole, # and y of the Little Bear slaked, they often mix with it organic substances, Messrs. B. C. Bibb & Son, Nos. 39 and 41 Light St.,
(Ursa Minor), isnow in the position of the minute hand which are liable, it is considered, to cause infection. Baltimore, Md., are the inventors, patentees, and
of a clock 27 minutes before an hour. The stars of the The same remarks are applied in a general way to manufacturers of these improved heaters, the above
Dragon wind round below the Little Bear toward paperhangers. These disadvantages can, it is said, be company being the pioneers in this line, having been
the west, the head of the Dragon with the gleaming obviated by adding one-tenth of a pound of boric acid thirty-four years in the business.
eyes (* oblique retorted that askant cast gleaming fire”) to each gallon of ordinary milk of lime. This addition a et te
being low down, a little north of northwest. Above is has the advantage of preventing the appearance of
King Cepheus, and above him his queen, the Seated stains when paper or size colors are applied to walls Ammonia and Alcohol in Snake Bite,

Lady, Cassiopeia. their daughter, the Chained Lady not sufficiently dry. In eases of disinfection it is neces- Writing tothe Medical Times from the Delaware
Andromeda, being nearly overhead. sary for special care to be exercised as to purity of the Water Gap, where poisonous snakes abound, Dr. J.
Low down in the northwest we see the Lyre (Lyra), lime used. B. Shaw says that he was called to see a child, aged
with the bright Vega, and close by toward the west the +0>
10, female. She was bitten by a copperhead on the
Swan (Cygnus), or Northern Cross. The Eagle is set- Interesting to Architects and Builders.—Comfortable foot, about one inch above the middle toes. He
Homes,
ting in the west, and the Little Dolphin nears the saw her in four hours from the time she was bitten.
western horizon. For many years past the ‘‘ Baltimore” has been one Her symptoms then were: Extreme prostration with
Toward the southwest (by west) we see the Water of the best known and most popular of the fireplace nausea; respiration very slow; pulse weak; eyes fully
Bearer (Aquarius), with his pitcher (Z, v, @), close by heaters in use. For heating houses of moderate size it dilated, with a wild look. The foot and leg were very
which is the head of the Winged Horse (Pegasus). In possesses advantages in its economy of fuel, moderate much swollen and purple, and very painful.
the south, low down, is the He gave her 60 minims of
absurd Phonix; above, the NIGHT SKY: NOVEMBER & DECEMBER spts. ammon. aromat. hy-
Sea Monster, or Whale podermically, ordered one
(Cetus); above him, the ounce of whisky every two
Fishes (Pisces); above them hours, and a large poul-
the Ram (Aries); while tice of bruised raw onions
nearly overhead lies the to be applied to the foot
Triangle. and to be renewed every
The river Hridanus occu- hour. The whisky and
pies the southeasterly sky, onions were kept up until
the Dove and Great Dog the child was well, which
(Columba and CanisMajor) was on the third day.
rising in the southeast. The above has been his
The glorious Orion has now treatment for the last six
come well into position, years, and he has never
though not yet so upright lost a case; nor has he
as we could wisha knightly heard of a death from
hunter to be. He treads snake bite where the treat-
on the Hare (Lepus), and ment has been carried out.
faces the Bull (Zaurus) -_>

above. Unmagnetizable Steel,

Due east we find the Crab Mr. J. T. Bottomley has
(Cancer) and Little Dog made some experiments
(Canis Minor) low down; with a piece of steel made
the Twins (Geminz) higher; by Messrs. Moses Eadon &
above them the Charioteer Sons, of Sheffield, under
Ularspar
UdzILOH x TRIANGLE,OA
(Auriga), with the bright te, Western
Horizon
Hadfield’s patent, contain-
Capella, and Perseus the at
ing 15 per cent of manga-
Rescuer nearing the point nese. One side of the spe-
overhead. In the mid- cimen has been polished,
space between Perseus, and shows that the steel is
Auriga, and the two Bears capable of taking a very
we find the ridiculous con- high finish. The present
stellation Camelopardus, specimen has a_ tensile
or the Giraffe. strength of 45 tons to the
_—_—
ooo —__— square inch. To test it
Asphalted Jute, magnetically, the bar was
According to the Journal first ‘‘ touched” with steel
des Fabricants de Papier, magnets, but these had
a material called asphalted evidently no effect upon
jute is being largely em- At 11 O’Clock: Nov.7
it. It was then placed
ployed in Germany for At 1014 O’Clock: Nov.14 At 8 O’Clocek. Dec.15 between the poles of a
eovering roofs, for isolat- At 10 O’Clock: Nov.22 At8 O'Clock. Dec.23 powerful Ruhmkorff elec-
ing damp walls and floors, tro-magnet, ex zited by
SEER forty large tray Daniell
and for preventing bad Southern, Horizo
n
odors from reaching apart- cells arranged in fours for
ments situated over stables, At 916 O’Clock: November 30 quantity, and ten in series.
ete. In the map, stars of the first magnitude are eight-pointed; second magnitude, six-pointed; third magnitude, five-pointed; fourth magnitude (a The bar was, however, still
It consists of strong jute few). four-pointed; fifth magnitude (very few), three-pointed, counting the points only as shown in the solid outline, without the inter- unaffected by the magnet-
cloth coated with specially mediate lines signifying star rays. ism, as far as could be per-
prepared asphaltum, and ceived by the hand. On
covered on each side with strong, asphaltum-coated first cost, healthfulness, and beauty of design and fin- testing it by a delicate magnetometer, however, it
paper. In order to obtain a very compact product, the ish, that easily account for the large degree of public was found to show a slight trace of magnetism. The
whole is submitted to very strong pressure. favor it has received. It was originally a distinctive magnetization per gramme was found to be 0°013
The material can be used on farms for making tight Baltimore invention, from which it took its name; but C._G. 8S. (centimeter-grainme-second) units, whereas
reservoirs, in the construction of bridges, and in many its manufacturers, Messrs. B. C. Bibb & Son, of that some specimens of steel show 50 to 100 C. G. 8. units per
other cases where there is need of a material that is at city, have introduced various new features in its con- gramme.
once strong, impermeable, and cheap. struction, whereby the fire can at all times be regulated =0
ee with the least possible attention, for the maintaining The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insur-
ance Co,
Hon. Thomas A. Hendricks, of auniform temperature, with a minimum consump-
It is with deep regret that we record
the death of tion of coal, while the heater will not only warm the An examination of the financial resources of the
Hon. Thomas A. Hendricks, of the lower rooms of a house, but two and sometimes three
Vice-President Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Co.,
United States. After a very brief illness, he ex- chambers above. It is, in fact, a miniature furnace, made during the past summer by A. R. MeGill, the In-
pired at his residence in Indianapolis, on November putin the fireplace or chimney flue, the same as a surance Commissioner of Minnesota, and J. J. Brinker-
25th. For some time he had suffered from a slight grate, and is furnished with or without a mantel, espe- hoff, the Examiner for Illinois, shows the condition of
paralysis of the left hand, and it is thought that his cially made to harmonize with it in appearance, and the company to be in every sense satisfactory. It had
death was caused by instantaneous paralysis of both thus add to the furnishing and decoration of a room. on the 10th of August, $527,194.55 of good interest-pay-
heart and brain. Mr. Hendricks was born in 1819, The chimney flue may be used as a conductor of heat ing assets, and, aside from its capital stock of $250,000,
at Zanesville, Ohio; studied at Hanover College, and, to the rooms above, oratin heat pipe may be run but $172,561.53 of liabilities. The investments of the
after completing his law course, was admitted to the through the chimney to the registers in the upper company have all proved to be excellent, and the man-
bar of Indiana. He was at different times a mem- rooms. These heaters are self-feeding, and require so agement has shown rare skill and ability in keeping
ber of the Legislature and of Congress, the Commis- little attention that those using them frequently keep the losses down toa minimum. This is due largely to
sioner of the General Land Office, a National Senator, their fires going'through the whole season without once the company’s thorough system of inspection, by which
Governor of Indiana, and was twice chosen to be Vice- having to rebuild a fresh fire, while they have an illumi- the expenses are limited in a large measure to the pre-
President of the United States. ~~ nated front which gives the cheerful appearance of a ventive department. An investigation by outside ex-
lowiron grate ina room, with none of the dust and dirt aminers was deemed advisable, on account of adverse
THE Seventy-six Canal Company of California are to which are such serious drawbacks to an open grate reports circulated in the Northwest by an unscrupulous
build a branch canal at Tulare County, 18 miles long fire. The grate is so arranged that the clinker can be competitor, but the report now made publie will com-
and 60 feet wide. . removed without disturbing the fire, and an improved | pletely silence such an unworthy attack,

<a
 36 Srientific American. [DECEMBER 188s.
IMPROVED METHOD OF BURNING LIMESTONE. nected with it, which carries away water of condensa- a nicety and may be maintained for an indefinite
We herewith illustrate an improved kiln for burning tion. Fed by the water tank, shown in the center of period, and that the kiln is continuous in its action.
limestone, which, both in its construction and opera- the picture, is a large pipe encircling the kiln above The limestone is subjected to what may be termed a
tion, possesses features that are new and of great the burners. From this circle a smaller pipe leads to cleansing process, and the lime is delivered ina pnre
value; but more important is the fact that the lime each opening, where it connects with a water back; state.
produced is of absolute purity. ‘The stone during its from the outlet of each water back a pipe leads to a This invention has been patented by Mr. Joshua
passage down the kiln is subjected to the intense heat waste-water collector. By this means a constant circu- Hunt, and is controlled by the Baker Lime Co. (Limit-
of hydrocarbon burners, and, the combustion being lation of cool water is maintained through each water ed), of Avondale, Chester Co., Pa., whose kiln our en-
perfect, there is no opportunity for the introduction back, and the brick lining adjacent to the flame is pro- graving illustrates. The general agents of the Baker
into the lime of any deleterious ingredient, such as tected from the effect of the intense heat. Suitably Lime Co. are the Jackson Lime and Coal Co., of Wil-
sulphur; and as the stone from these quarries, which | located valves control the admission of steam and the mington, Del.
have been worked for over seventy years, is second | flow of oil and water to the kiln. The steam, in its 8 2
to none in Pennsylvania in purity, the lime obtained |passage across the opening in the vertical oil pipe of AN IMPROVED WINDOW,
is of the best quality. The white
seen disfiguring the walls of buildings is in some
efflorescence often
mime To the window casing, which is formed with weight
boxes in the ordinary manner, are attached guards
cases caused by carbonate and sulphate of soda and forming grooves for the sashes to slide up and down
potash; General Gillmore, in his ‘‘ Treatise on Limes, in. Each of the sashes is made in two parts, rabbeted
Hydraulic Cements, and Mortars,” states that one at their inner and outer edges to form close joints, and
source of these salts is, ‘‘beyond doubt, the hydraulic hinged at their outer edges to pieces fitted to slide
lime or cement used in the mortar, derived partly up and down in the grooves in the casing. To each
from the stone itself, and partly from the ashes of hinge piece are attached two or more bolts formed
the fuel used in calcination.” It will be seen that with flat heads, which project at the inner sides of the
this method
ing from
of burning
‘“‘the ashes of the
is free from all danger aris-
fuel used;”’ and even if
WT pieces so far as to underlap the adjacent edges of
metal guide plates secured to and between the guards
the limestone were of a poor quality, the hurtful and casing, as clearly shown in the sectional plan
elements would be eliminated in the burning. view. When closed; the sashes are held together by
Additional evidence is contained in a report by Mr. bolts, as shown in the large view. With this construc-
Wm. Trautwine, under the title of ‘‘ Incrustations on tion the sashes can be raised and lowered with the
Brick Walls,” which gives the results of an investiga- same facility as ordinary sashes, and can also be swung
tion made by him into the cause of the defacing of the open and shut upon the hinges, so that the outer sides
buildings in Philadelphia. He attributes the discolor- of the window can be readily washed and the window
ations to the use of a lime in building composed of a can be fully opened in warm weather to admit air to
large percentage of magnesia, and burned with wood cool and ventilate the apartment, and quickly closed
and eoal conjointly, or coal alone, the sulphur from when required.
the coal being very injurious to lime. This invention has been patented by Mr. M. 38.
The kiln proper consists of an iron shell lined with Hh MUTATOTTETTACI TA ll TTT Buckner, of 154 Hull Street, Savannah, Ga., who will
fire brick; the upper part tapers off, and terminates BUCKNER’S IMPROVED WINDOW, furnish all further particulars.
in an ordinary stack passing through the roof of the a
building. As shownin the engraving, the kiln ex- the burner, draws up the oil, which enters the kiln as Andromeda’s Loss,
tends from the ground floor through the second and a fine spray; upon being ignited, an intense and equal The new star in Andromeda, which was first seen by
third. The burner openings—four in number—are heat is obtained, which burns the limestone as it gradu- Ward, at Belfast, on August 19, asa star of the ninth
made through the shell and lining at a convenient ally passes downward through the kiln. magnitude, and two days later reached its greatest
height above the second floor and at equal distances Limestone from the quarry, but a short distanee brightness as one of the seventh magnitude, is now fad-
apart. In each opening is placed a hydrocarbon away, is brought upon cars to the Revel of the upper ing at the rate of one magnitude in eighteen to twenty-
burner, similar in construction to the ordinary atom- floor; from here itis fed to the kiln through a door in one days, and has reached the lower brilliancy of astar
izer, and consisting of two small pipes arranged at the upper conical portion. The degree of heat to of the eleventh magnitude. Monck has suggested the
right angles to each other, and with the outlet ends which the lime in its passage is submitted increases as hypothesis that the stranger may be a dark star raised
in close proximity to each other. The vertical pipe the burners are approached. Above each burner open- to incandescence by passing through the matter con-
connects with an oil circle extending around the kiln ing is a peep hole, through which the condition of the stituting the nebula, or may be a condensation of
just within or without theiron shell and below the floors interior nay be observed. The lower part of the inte- meteoric streams. Or it may not be in the nebula at
of the burner openings. This circleis connected by a rior of the kiln tapers downward, and terminates in a all. If it is really passing through Andromeda, the
pipe with an auxiliary tank, rectangular in shape (shown chute, provided with a weighted door, and through length of its duration shows the enormous size of the
in the center of the cut), which is supplied with oil— which the lime is drawn. The lime is stored upon this nebula, since it must be going across the thin portion,
erude petroleum—from the main reservoir located in floor, or packed ready for shipping; a track leading to the diameter of which is, nevertheless, forty or fifty
one end of the building. The oil flows by gravity one of the branches of the Pennsylvania Railroad times as great as the distance of the earth from the

THM TT

fia
Hit
&i
le :

i:
wr
hen
a |

i\)

IMPROVED METHOD OF BURNING LIMESTONE.—KILN OF THE BAKER LIME CO.

from the reservoir to the auxiliary tank, which is at
such an elevation that when full the oil surface is
afew inches below the burner outlet. Each horizon-
tal pipe of the burners is connected with a steam pipe
encircling the kiln just below the burner openings, and
supplied with steam by the boiler.
~ Immediately below the steam circle is another con-
passes before the door of this apartment. The lower sun, or about four and a half billions cf miles. Similar
portion of the kiln could, if thought desirable, be so dark stars have been previously observed.
constructed as to form a capacious storage chamber, in ore
which the lime would be perfectly protected, and from Some one suggests the brilliant idea of chaining a
which it could be easily drawn as needed. Bible to each telephone in the country, so that while
From the above brief description it will be seen that waiting for replies the telephoners will have some-
all the parts are simple, the heat may be regulated to| thing to read of a nature to repress profanity.
 DECEMBER, 1885.| Scientific American. 37
MACHINE FOR BEVELING ANGLE BARS, ETO, free from kinks. It is claimed by the patentee that the position of the roller, E, so that the pointer, M,
Any one practically acquainted with shipbuilding, the work is done with a saving in labor alone equal to will indicate on the sector, N, the angle corresponding
boilermaking, ete., will be aware that up to a recent about 50 per cent, and there is no doubt that there is a to the desired angle of the bar at said point.
date it has been and is still generally customary to very great saving in the labor expended in beveling. The machine draws the bar from the furnace when
bevel bars for the frames, reverse bars, keelsons, string- The machine is very compact, lightly but strongly con- it has reached the desired temperature, and for this
ers, ete., for iron or steel vessels in a very laborious structed, and so simple that any workman can use it. purpose guide rollers are provided, which are not
manner, with the use of tools shown in the cut.
worked entirely by hand; the ——_»+o
oo ———_

angle has in the first instance to THE SLEEPER’S GUARD.

be guessed at by the workmen,
then altered back or forward un-
til it conforms with the bevel ob-
tained from the body plan of
the ship. When the bevel
quired to be put on a bar, and
the curve to which it has to be
bent, is considerable, several
heats are necessary, the iron in
the process becoming brittle and
unsatisfactory. Frequently the
bar is broken and the labor at all
events lost, as usually iron manu-
facturers only replace the mate-
rial, and do not allow for the
labor expended. In any ease,
the work when it is done by the
ordinary method is far from be-
ing satisfactory, the bars becom-
ing hollow in the flanges, thus—
One, two, or three horizontal
slats are attached to two up-
right bars, which are intended
to be placed between the edges
re- of the mattress and the side
pieces of the bedstead or berth.
Two folding arms are hinged to
these uprights at points consid-
erably above their lower ends,
and when in use are arrang-
ed to be placed between the two
mattresses of the bed, or when
only one mattress is used, be-
tween the mattress and the
springs or slats. The guard is
shown in our illustration as ad-
justed to an ordinary bedstead.
When not in use, the arms may
be folded against the uprights,
as shown, and the guard is readi-
WA ly portable or may be disposed of
~ during the day by putting it un-
_ TNT

der the mattress. Theinvention

[
has quite a wide application. It
i is intended for use with ordinary
Aili beds, or with the berths of sleep-
i
\ ing ears and steamers, to prevent
instead of being perfectly flat, so “thijt the occupant, and particularly
that, when the work is put to- children, from falling out and
gether, the riveters are com- being injured orerippled. It isa
pelled to ply the bar with quarter very simple device, and when ad-
hammers so that it may be made justed to the bed or berth, the
to fay close; and while doing so sleeping persons are perfectly
the bars are frequently fractured, secure without recourse to pil-
which if detected leads to them lows, chairs, or other uncertain
being condemned, or doubling MACHINE FOR BEVELING ANGLE BARS, ETC. eontrivaneces. The guard has
pieces have to be fitted as com- been patented by Mr. John C.
pensation. Arthur’s patent beveling machine over- The machine we saw in operation was being used to MeMurray, and is manufactured by the Sleeper’s
comes these practical difficulties to good beveling, and bevel 6in. by 4in. frame bars, and the frame turner Guard Co., 277 Pearl St., New York.
has already been tried, approved, and adopted by seve- using it was doing so for the first time, and had found + +e.
ral large shipbuilding firms. The patentee is a practi- practically no difficulty in understanding how to ma- AN IMPROVED TURNING LATHE,
eal iron shipbuilder, being at present a foreman plater nipulate it, and expressed himself thoroughly satisfied This lathe, shown in the engraving, is designed to
with Messrs. Ramage & Ferguson, who have adopted that it did much better work than can be done by the turn work square or polygonal in shape instead of
the machine. The need of some better means of bevel- old, crude method; and seeing the patentee was a per- round. The machine consists of two wheels adjust-
ing angle and other bars has often occurred to Mr. fect stranger to him, and he has no interest whatever ably secured upon a central shaft. The materials to be
_ Arthur, and this machine is the result of much thought in the machine, such an expression of opinion speaks turned are placed upon the wheels, thereby forming a
and experiment on his part. for itself. cylinder. The wheels being revolved, one side of the
The machine which we saw at work was mounted on We append an illustration showing a sectional view pieces are cut to the desired shape: They are then
rails in front of the furnace, and when in use is of the machine, with part of the gearing and guide turned over, and the other sides ent in like manner.
brought up opposite the furnace mouth. It draws the rollers removed, and with a bar in the position for open- The pieces are held on the wheels by a series of clamps
bar out of the furnace (a saving of manual labor), and beveling; when it is required to shut-bevel, the bar is or shoes, which are adjustable radially to enable them
the beveling process goes on simultaneously while the fed through the machine with the horizontal flange in to clamp materials of different thickness. Each clamp
bar is still at its best heat, no time being lost as in the the opposite direction to that shown in the drawing, is worked by a lever, which is quick and powerful in
ordinary method by having first to secure the bars on so that the edge will lie toward the collar, a, of the operation. A single movement of the lever will throw
the blocks. It bevels straight out from the heel, and roller, A, and this roller is then adjusted horizontally , the clamp back out of the way, as shown in the en-
smooths down the rough edges of the rivet holes, so to bear up on the edge of the bar. The most import- graving, leaving a section of the machine free of all im-
that the rivet head gets close up to the neck and the ant parts of the machine are the conical roll-
work fays close. The beveling is done correctly and at ers, D and E, of which the roller, D, holds
once, so that the result is smooth, clean, and accurate one flange or wing of the angle bar horizon-
work; and the operation being done by rollers when tal, while the other roller, E, regulates the
the bar is hot, the edges are fair and free from local angle of the other wing of the bar. The
angle is determined beforehand, and indi-
sated by the pointer, M, on the sector, N,
which is provided witha scale. The position
of the roller, A, is adjusted by the hand
wheel, B, and the screw collar, C, according
to the thickness of the bar. By means of the
collar, C, the roller, A, can be moved toward
or from the conical roller, D; and by means
of the hand wheel, B, the roller, A, can be
adjusted vertically.
To regulate the angle of the bar, the screw,
L, is turned, thus moving the summit of the
eone, E,in the slot, G, formed in the eross-
bar, H. The pointer, M, is connected at one
end to the screw, L, and, as stated above, in-
dicates on the sector, N, the angle formed by
il the two wings of the bar. This sangle can
enn be varied in different parts of the bar; and
in this ease the angles are taken on the plan
of the ship at equal intervals in the length
of the bar to be shaped. Adisk, O, provided
with a pointer indicates the course taken by
the bar in passing through the machine.
Note is taken in advance of the angles which
McMURRAY’S SLEEPER’S GUARD. correspond to each point of the bar, each of SMITH’S IMPROVED TURNING LATHE.
these points being designated by a number,
strains, which are always put on bars beveled by the and these numbers are placed on the disk, O. When pediments, enabling the operator to place materials
old fashioned way, the beveling occupying just about the machine is to be operated, a bar is placed between thereon or turn them over very rapidly; and when in
the same time as in the ordinary method is taken in the rollers, D and A, which revolve, and thus draw place, a single movement of the lever will securely
merely drawing the bar out of the furnace. said bar into the machine. As the points which have clamp them to the machine and lock theclamp so that
The bar when it has left the machine is sufficiently been marked occur at regular intervals, it can easily be it cannot be thrown back. The machine has an ad-
hot to be turned without reheating, and is easily seen on the disk, O, when one of these points arrives at justable middle support for the pieces, upon which
wound or turned fair to the set, so that it is therefore the rollers, at which moment the operator regulates they are firmly held, preventing all vibration and per-
 38 Scientific American. [DECEMBER, 1885.
nr ——aaa——eEeEeEeEeoeoo_o_eE_eeee=SeeEsS eee
mitting of the finest work. The wheels are provided into the roof to assist in holding the clamp in place. of the most picturesque of coverings for external
with adjustable seats, by means of which the pieces The clamps may be quickly and easily shifted from walls, and greatly conduce to the appearance of
may be turned octagon or any other number of sides. time to time to adjust them to different positions home-like comfort which the exterior of a dwelling can
The machine is so designed as to be easily and rapidly on theroof as the work progresses. It is claimed that be made to suggest; while, if glazed, they will not
operated, and will finish smooth, with clean, sharp |one man by the aid of this device can lay 5,000 shingles absorb moisture.—Brick and Tile Gaz.
edges, from one hundred and fifty to six hundred pieces -a day, and thatits use will result ina great saving Oo
ot

of time and money. It can be usedin laying tin or PORTABLE SASH SECURER,
in ten hours.
This invention has been patented, and the machines slate roofs, and by painters or tinners, and by farmers The form*’of this improved window sash fastener,
are now manufactured by Messrs. D. C. & 8. E. Smith, or others in repairing roofs. It does away with lum- which can also be used with advantage as a sash lock,
227 West 5th Street, St. Paul, Minn. ber for scaffolding and the labor of nailing the same. is clearly shown in Fig. 2, while the manner of apply-
—_—_——_>+ 0+ The clamp can be used in all kinds of weather, and ing it to the window to hold the sash is shown in Fig.
BOILER FLUE CLEANER, would prove useful in case of fire in ascending the roof. 1. In the outer end of a steel plate bent at right
In the flue cleaner which we illustrate, the inventor This invention has been patented by Mr. A. T. Bar- angles is pivoted a lever, one arm of which extends
has taken advantage of the cleansing power of a jet of |low, of Marshfield, Oregon; further information can be above the plate and is curved as shown; the other arm
dry steam, and has produced an instrument which is} obtained from Messrs. Crawford & Lockhart, of same
both effective and rapid in its operation. A truncated | address.
cone of cast iron, having the diameter of its base rt 0
Crushing Limit of Columns,

In preparing a plan for an electric lighthouse, M.

Bourdais, the architect of the Palace of the Trocadero, Yj
investigated the height to which a column of different
materials could be raised without crushing under its
own weight. The weight of a pyramid with a square
base may be expressed by the equation:
h
1h D?— 6
3
in which D represents the side of the base of the pyra-
mid, the height, and 6 the density.
P
The resistance is: R= —
D?

| © DMX \
FERGUSON’S BOILER FLUE CLEANER.
somewhat greater than that of the flues to be cleaned,
is screwed on the end of asection of tubing, which has
a socket on its other end for the reception of a handle,
and a right-angled neck for connection with a flexible
steam pipe. This construction is shown in the first
figure on a larger scale, and in the third figure as
in actual operation. In the second figure, a portion
of the truncated cone has been broken away, in order
to disclose the internal arrangement. The neck of
the conical nozzle is screw-threaded to make a tight
joint with the tube section, and, by means of suitable
braces, supports a disk at its face, provided with an
annular opening and a central aperture for the dis-
charge of the steam blast. The nozzle closes the mouth
of the flue, excluding all air, and, by means of the
openings in its disk, discharges a current of steam
against the sides of the flue, sweeping out all obstruc-
tions and preventing the formation of scale. Where
the cleaneris intended for use with an upright boiler,
the handle may be arranged at right angles to the
tube.
The device has been patented by Mr. J. M. Ferguson,
99 Camp Street, New Orleans, La., who
further particulars.
8 to
CLAMP FOR ROOF SCAFFOLDS, ETC.
Attached to a plate which can be inserted under
one of the shingles, as shown in the engraving, is an
arm carrying a clamping screw having a bearing plate
attached to its lower end. The bearing plate is slotted
to receive the arm, and when borne down by the screw
it serves to securely clamp the shingle between it and
the lower plate. The upper end of the bearing plate
is formed witha toe or upright, against which and
SS
BARLOW’S CLAMP FOR ROOF SCAFFOLDS,
the corresponding toe of an adjacent clamp a ‘“‘straight
edge” may be placed when shingling the roof, to
provide for laying the shingles perfectly true with-
out the aid of a chalk line or any other guide. On
each screw above the arm is a ball, to which is piv-
oted asupport forthe plank. This support consists
ef a bar slotted at one end where pivoted to the ball,
and provided on the under side of its opposite end
with any number of small pointed projections to stick
il
Hence R=—A6S BETTERMANN’S PORTABLE SASH SECURER,
3
8 extends downward, and is made wider at its lower end
Aa=— and sharpened at the edge, so asto engage the guide
6 rail of the sash when the device is placed in position
If we take for the limiting value of R one-sixth of for use. A U-shaped frame, riveted to the under side
the load, which produces crushing in iron, and one- of the plate, prevents the long arm of the lever from
twentieth for different varieties of stone, we may de- dropping too far. To use the fastener, the sash is
duce the following table: lifted and the upwardly bent portion of the plate in-
MATERIAL. R. é. H. serted between the sash frame and the guide rail. The
PoOrphyPry'saschs scans lene cents 2,470,000 2,870 2,550 meters. sash is then lowered so as to rest upon the short curved
Tron, bhai. Et ey ee 6,000,000 7,800 2;280 s arm of the lever, when its weight throws the sharp
Granite cecteciecnad celtoctarcies aides 800,000 2,700 900, ** lower edge of the lever against the rail, so as to bite
Such are the practical limits to which a pyramid into the same and thereby support the sash. To lower
might be raised in the respective materials. It is evi- the sash, it is first lifted to permit the removal of the
dent that the Egyptians, in the great pyramid of fastener. When used as a sash lock, the fastener is
Cheops, stopped far below the limit. Ifthe prismatic placed in an inverted position at one of the upper
form were adopted, the height could be only one-third corners of the sash, when the latter cannot be opened
as great.—Lumiere Electrique. from the outside.
a This invention has been patented by Mr. R. Better-
Decay of Neglected Bridges. mann, of Cambria, Penn.
rr
The rapid decay experienced by iron bridges which AN EASILY OPERATED WASHING MACHINE.
are neglected has recently been exemplified in Callow- The illustrations herewith show a washing machine
will furnish hill Street Bridge in Philadelphia. When lately the in which a perforated drum, holding the clothes, is
painters were set to work on this structure, their pre- placed in a boiler or reservoir containing soap and
liminary exertions in cleaning off the rust brought off water, and the whole placed upon a stove and heated,
flakes of oxide from one-fourth inch to three-eighths when the clothes are washed by revolving the drum
inch in thickness. This at once revealed the extent to with a crank handle. Fig. 1 is a perspective view of
which the injury had already gone, and called atten- the apparatus, Fig. 2 a plan representing the end
tion to the necessity of an immediate survey. The fact covers partly drawn out, and Fig. 3 a transverse sec-
that the weakening process had already proceeded to tional elevation, Fig. 4 showing the working of the
a dangerous extent was shown by the vibration, which erank. The cover has an escape tube for the steam,
was so violent that the men had to hold on when a with a cap to regulate its pressure, and there are ribs
heavy load passed over, to avoid being shaken from
the swinging stages. On examination, it was found
that not only had rust invaded the material of the
girders, but that the whole bridge, which is built on a
rising grade, had moved down hill so far as to tear out
the top courses of the upper abutment, and to buckle
the struts of the intermediate supports, while the move-
ments of the roadway had cracked the asphalt and
forced out the paving blocks between the tram rails.
The bridge crosses a railway, and provides for the
street traffic above it; it includes one span of 340 feet.
The structure was only completed in 1875, and thus ten
years of neglect have sufficed to bring it to the verge of
destruction.
es
Brick Walls.
Except upon sites where stone can be quarried in
the immediate neig&borhood, we are all familiar with
the economical advantages possessed by brick over
stone as a material for walls. A two-brick wall is.
equivalent in strength to one in solid masonry 2 ft. |
in thickness, and here is a saving of 6 in. in space on |
every average external wall—no mean consideration on
ETC, a town site where the ground is valuable. That bricks ROGERS’ IMPROVED WASHING MACHINE,
absorb more moisture than most kinds of stone is ad-
mitted, but they do not within the cylinder, which, as it revolves, raise the
retain it for so long a period,
and it is consequently less liable to find its way through
clothes and let them fall, and also cause the water to
brick walls. But apart from this, there are methods of fall on them as the drum revolves; there are, besides,
protecting brick walls from damp, which we should water elevators, formed by bent plates of galvanized
shrink from applying to stone. If we were to affix or- metal, which take up the water and suds as the drum
namental hanging tiles to the surface of a stone wall, revolves, and cause it to pass through the perforations,
such concealment of a fine natural material would be so as to fall upon the clothes. This invention has
regarded as a piece of vandalism in art almost equal been patented by Mr. Henry B. Rogers; particulars
to the application of cement. Hanging tiles form one ean be had from Messrs. Potter & Son, of Marshall, Mo,
 DECEMBER, 1885.| Scientific American. 39
REPAIRING THE COOPER INSTITUTE. insures an even distribution of weight. The plates OSorrespondence.
So well known is the aim of Cooper Institute, and so were bedded in pure Portland cement. The columns
widespread has been the good accomplished during the in the reading room in the third story were directly A ** Gateway of Knowledge.”
thirty-two years of its existence, that any statement over the outer rows in the basement, and that portion (FROM AN OLD SUBSCRIBER.)

regarding its work, except of the most general kind, of the room between these columns—37 ft. wide and 90
To the Editor of the Scientific American:
would be superfluous. Founded by the philanthro- ft. long—passed through the third and fourth stories.
My attention has been called to the fact that this
pist Peter Cooper, and amply endowed by him, it is The ceiling over this space, Fig. 2, was held by girders
is the fortieth year of the publication of the ScrEn-
supported at the end upon columns and at the center
devoted, with its entire income, to the instruction and TIFIC AMERICAN. The first paper was published the
by rods from the roof. These girders at the ends of
elevation of the working people of New York city, ir- year of my birth, in 1845; andI cansay that I have
the reading room, as shown in the cross sectional
respective of age, sex, or condition. been one of its readers for twenty years, or since I was
view, Fig. 4, and at } in Fig. 2, were made up of two
The building occupies a whole block, being 86 feet twenty years old. I hesitate not to say that the Scr-
deck beams each 7 in. deep, put bulb to bulb and held
on Seventh Street, 155 feet on Third Avenue—the front ENTIFIC AMERICAN is one of the gateways to know-
by bolts through the flanges. A permanent deflection
shown in our frontispiece—143 feet on Eighth Street, ledge, and the SUPPLEMENT, its near relative, I have
Originally there were averaging about 2 in. had taken place. These are re-
and 195 feet on Fourth Avenue. taken from its first edition. As journals of science,
stories and a basement, the latter containing enforced by the placing of two heavy I-beams, one at
but five they have no equals. CHas. McCUNE.
each side, as shown in the section, Fig. 3, and at a, Fig.
the large lecture room, which is 125 by 82 feet and 21 Decatur, Macon County, DL,
2. To relieve the roof acenter row of columns has been
feet high; but a few years since, an additional story November 16, 1885.
erected. While the repairs in the reading room and
was placed over the entire building, two stories were 219BO Se FR ea ah a £
the strengthening of the walls in the lower stories were
raised over a part of the Third Avenue side, and the An Improved Thermometer Required,
going forward, the central portions of the floors were
southern end (to the left in the engraving) was raised To the Editor of the Scientific American:
cut away. The columns in the reading room were car-
to a total of eight stories. This additional load, to- One of the greatest aids in medicine is the clinical
ried by shores extending to the basement floor. About
gether with errors in the design, made necessary the thermometer. As generally used, it consists of a glass
the upper part of the column were firmly bolted the
extensive repairs which have been in progress for sev- tube having a bulb for the mercury, a construction in
carefully fitted sections of an iron jacket shaped as
eral months, and which are now nearing completion. the bore between the bulb and main tube tor main-
shown in the upper part of Fig. 7; the shores bore
The piers supporting the walls facing the avenues taining the index, and a bar divided into degrees and
against the extended under side of this jacket, and held
were placed beneath the center lines of the window tenths, the graduation running from 90° to 110°. The
the column during the building of the new wall.
spaces of the third or reading room story, and also index is the important point. It is usually obtained
under In the foregoing we have attempted to describe only
beneath the piers of the third story. The piers by causing a portion of the mercury column to sepa-
the main features of the principal changes, and to
the window spaces thus had but little or no load to rate from the main column or from the mass of mer-
briefly mention the causes making them necessary.
carry beyond their own weight, and, as a natural con- cury in the bulb, so that it shall remain 77 sifu, and
This building was the first one in which iron was used
sequence, the lintels and window sills were fractured register the degree of heat of the body after it is re-
by the bearing piers moving extensively; and owing to the experimental condition Great trouble is
by the strains produced moved from contact with the body.
downward, thereby causing an upward reaction in which the use of this material then was, there crept experienced in maintaining this index, and many in-
through the line of the intermedia te ones, or those into the design errors in form and proportioning which genious methods have been devised to overcome the
having no load. To remedy this defect, which is by the experience of later years enables the builder to annoyance of ‘losing the index” by constructing,
steer clear of. Ail such parts have been either entirely
no means an uncommon one, even in buildings of re- turning, or twisting the bore of the tube. The bulb
cent date, all the bearing piers were removed, and removed and rebuilt, or have been strengthened. Dur- may be of various shapes, as an elongated cylinder,
the repairs, the load in every case has been carried
others were built having a larger section and an in- ing or even disk-shaped. The glass tube may be round,
ereased area of foundation, while the flat lintels of to the basement by sboring always placed vertically oval, hemispherical, or even triangular in section,
in line, thereby obviating the risk of having an unusu-
the second story were replaced by segmental stone The bore of the tube may be backed with white or
upon the floors. All the division
arches. During this work the walls were supported al weight brought black enamel, and the tube over the bore may be so
in the engraving. Be- walls and the columns have been carried up vertically
upon shoring, as shown clearly made that it shall magnify the mercury.
basement columns, and have been
neath the lower portion of each of the third story in line with the With all its improvements, however, the material
made of such size as to insure ample strength.
piers were placed two pairs of heavy iron I-beams 15 of which the thermometer is made remains the same,
inches deep and two sets of heavy yellow pine timbers. It is estimated that these repairs will cost in the namely, glass—the great objection to which is its lia-
shores extended from floor to floor to neighborho od of $250,000, the building costing origi- In spite of hard rubber cases with
The interior bility to breakage.
formed nally $650,000; this expense thus far has been borne by safe-
the basement, where they rested upon a crib shoulders, metal cases with chains, and other
whose names we are not at liberty to
of timbers; the large foundation area thus obtained a few gentlemen guards, thermometers will break. To enumerate the
give, but to whom all praise is due for their generous
rendered easy the adjustment of the shores by the ways in which they may break would be useless; it is
unostentati ous support of so good a work. The
screws. Outside there were two shores to each needle, and sufficient to say that they do break, and it becomes an
architect under whose direction the work has been
and wherethere were vaults under the sidewalk, the item of no small expense to keep one’s self in thermo-
arches were centered, and held by shores. Struts most successfully prosecuted is Mr. Leopold Eidlitz. meters.
and Mr. Isaac White-
were wedged across the lower part of each window Mr. J. H. Smith is the builder, The one who can invent and put upon the market
space. nack, the foreman of masons. unbreakable thermometers will not only confer a great
The ceiling of the lecture room was supported upon $i benefit upon the medical profession, but will enrich
three rows—parallel with Fourth Avenue—of cast PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES. himself greatly. Such a thermometer must be accu-
iron columns, 12 inches in diameter, spaced 18%4 feet
Increasing the Sensitiveness of Orthochromatic Plates. rate in measuring temperature andin recording it, and
apart; at right angles to the rows, the columns were it must be permanent, that is, always record a given
—From recent experiments described in the Photo-
18 feet apart, and the outer rows were 2024 feet from temperature correctly. It need not cover a seale of
graphische Wochenblatt by V. Sehumann,and translated
the piers. Upon adjacent columns, and ina direction more than 20°, viz., 90° to 110°, but this scale must
by the Photographic News, it appears plates prepared
perpendicular to the avenue, were two brick arches with a bromo-argentie emulsion containing also an be divided into fifths at least, and tenths, if possible.
(shown in Fig. 9), the space between which was filled The dial or scale must be of a size that can be easily
ammoniacal solution of eosine are not as sensitive to magnified by a lens
in; the lower arch was designed to carry the ground read, or, if very small, must be
yellow and red colors as those coated with the ordi-
floor, and the semicircular one served to distribute the emulsion, and then covering it. The whole thermometer must be of con-
nary Eder silver, oxide, ammonia
weight of the dividing walls and the piers and venient size and shape. It may be a moderately long
dipped for two or three minutes in an aqueous solu-
columns which extended upward through the several cylinder, 3 inches to 6 inches by 14 inch to ¥% inch,
tion of eosine to which a little ammonia is added.
stories of the building to the columns. The piers ora disk of moderate thickness and diameter, or an
After immersion, the plates are dried and then ex- The mechanisin,
upon which the outer line of arches rested were so posed in the camera. ovoid not larger than a robin’s egg.
narrow that the line of thrust fell outside the base, including the dial, must be inclosed in a covering
The pyro and potash developer is preferred, and very
and the pressure was not transmitted to the retain- impermeable to moisture, and one that can be easily
brilliant results are obtained when the emulsion con- The different ex-
ing wall, owing to the height at which the arch join- and iodide of silver formed simulta- cleaned, preferably hard rubber.
tains bromide
ing the wall and piers was placed. As repaired, the pansibilities of different metals would suggest one or
neously.
foundations of the piers are 10%4 feet square, and the more compound metallic bars, tubes, or plates, straight,
It is also advised not to use an emulsion of high
arch is so curved, as shown in Fig. 8, which repre- curved, twisted, or coiled upon themselves or corru-
|speed, as the dipping bath then tends to fog the
sents the lecture room finished, with the exception of gated, one end being permanently fixed, the other
plate. Itis probable, in photographing colored ob-
the floor, that the line of thrust falls well within the being attached to an index in such a way that
jects, the bath plates will prove to be superior, as they
In both the new and old constructions, Figs. there shall be no loose motion, the sweep of the in-
base. will render more accurately the different shadings of
8 and 9, the thrust is indicated by the dotted lines. dex being increased, if necessary, by suitable me-
colors in consequence of being more sensitive to yellow.
After this row of arches had been completed, the upper chanism. Hard rubber may be used in connection
Removing Silver Stains.—Dr. H. W. Vogel recom- and aneroid baro-
walls were found to be too weak to carry the load; with metal. The steam gauge
mends the same compound used as a reducer for re-
the arches were then centered, and were supported A meter are suggestive of a form.
moving stains of silver from the hands or clothes.
by vertical and radial shores, while the adjoining These remarks are presented with the hope that some
few crystals of ferricyanide of potassium are dissolved
ones were put in. All of these arches are of cut stone. person may experiment in this direction.
in a solution of hypo, or instead a 10 or 20 per cent so-
The columns were originally supported upon founda- hypo, and CHAS. EVERETE WARREN, M.D.
lution of the ferricyanide is added to the
tions consisting of an upper granite block 2 ft. square The advantage of this so- No. 5 Union Park, Boston, Mass.
then applied to the stains.
by from 11 to 12 in. thick, and by an under block, not destroy above is a good suggestion, which deserves
lution is that it is not poisonous, and does (The
which in several instances was divided, 44% by 4%¢ ft., the color of articles of clothing. » the attention of our inventors. Some of the very vola-
and 16 in. thick. The upper block is now 4 ft. 84¢ in.
tO Pe tile liquids, such as ether and gasolene, might be avail-
by 4ft. 10% in., and 1 ft. 10 in. thick; the lowest course able in the construction of a thermometer of this kind.
Antwerp Prizes for America.
of concrete is 8 by 9 ft. (The entire building rests upon Such a Liquid might be hermetically sealed in an elas-
The juries at the Antwerp Exhibition made the fol- the
sand, and in every case the foundations of the piers tic vessel, and the expansive force generated by
to American exhibitors:
and columns have been increased in area and extended lowing awards heat of the body acting on the liquid could be made
deeper.) The columns are of cast iron, 16 in. in dia- Diploma of Honor.—Davis Sewing Machine Co. to operate indicating or recording mechanism. |
meter. Gold Medals.—Westinghouse Co., general machinery; _$$_—__-6->-——__——_
$$$
Sewing Machine; Geo. Bruce, Son & Co.,
The plates and wedges used with the columns are New Home Buckman’s Car Coupler,
shown detached and separated in Fig. 5 and in position paper ware. ware; In our notice of the car coupler invented by Mr.
in Fig. 6. Wedging similar in principle to this, but in Silver Medals.—Meriden Britannia Co., metal Jackson ville, Fla., in the Scr-
Buckma n, of
Company; Santa Maria & Co., food Thomas E.
form corresponding with the situation, was used at the Rochester Lamp Jose Fruit it was stated that when
ENTIFIC AMERICAN of Nov. 21,
products; Washington ‘Packing Co.; San
front walls for the removal of the shores and elsewhere the cars are drawn apart—having been unecoup
led—the
The facing surfaces of each plate are Packing Co.; Arpad, Haraszthy & Co., liquors.
in the building. coupler always assumes ‘at the instant its position
are sharp and Bronze Medal.—Seabury & Johnson, chemicals. that
recessed to receive the wedges, which for uncoupling automatically.” It is apparent
Honorable Mention.—Leonard & Ellis, chemicals;
planed true; a slight tap with a small hammer upon , the word reeoupling should have been used,
bearing, and! Mr, GCenleman, shemieals; Lloyd & Suppler, tools.
each wedge successively brings each te
 40 Scientific American. [DECEMBER, 1885.
THE PRESERVATION OF THE OBELISK.
On Measurement, should be adopted, and that the standards and meas-
Sir Joseph Whitworth asserts that the two great ele- uring appliances should be made and kept in a room
The work of preserving the Obelisk at Central Park,
ments in mechanics are the power of measurement and at a uniform temperature of 85° Fahr.
New York, has now been completed, and apparently
storms which have the true plane. In many workshops we hear the workmen speak in
none too soon, as the numerous
since assailed the shaft would have done it material The measuring machines which I have constructed, such vague terms as a bare sixteenth or full thirty-see-
suys Sir Joseph, are based upon the production of the ond, but minute and accurate measurement requires to
damage had the pores of the stone still remained
open. The process employed was that described in true plane. be expressed in decimals of an inch.
our issue of Nov. 14, consisting of treating the heated Measures of length are obtained either by line or end In 1857, when president of the Institution of Mechan-
stone with amixture of paraffine, creosote, and turpen- measurement. ical Engineers, I readea paper on standard decimal
tine, and has been applied by the Brick and Stone The English standard yard is represented by two measures of length, and I am happy to say that since
Waterproofing Co., of 55 Broadway, New York, who lines drawn across two gold studs sunk in a bronze bar that period the decimal system has been introduced to
own the patents covering this treatment. As the man- about 38 inches long, the temperature being at 62° acertain extent in many engineers’ works, but it is
ner of applying the process to a structure so tall and Fahr. still far from being universal.
slight as the monolith attracted considerable atten- There is an insurmountable difficulty in converting In the manufacture of our standard gauges, the
tion, we have given somewhat detailed illustrations, line measure into end measure, and therefore it is most workmen measure to the z5}y9 of an inch, and these
showing respectively the general appearance of the desirable for all standards of linear measure to be end measures are as familiar and appreciable as those of
shaft and scaffolding during the progress of the treat- measure. larger dimensions.
ment, the process of heating the stone, the alcohol Line measure depends on sight, aided by magnifying As an illustration of the importance of very small
blowpipe used to penetrate the recesses of the hiero- glasses; but the accuracy of end measure is due to the differences of size, 1 have here cylindrical standards
glyphics, and the construction of the charcoal fur- sense of touch, and the delicacy of that sense is indi- with a difference of the ten-thousandth of an inch.
naces. Now that the seaffolding is entirely removed, eated by means of a mechanical multiplier, It is therefore. obvious that a difference of z5to55 Of an
the stone shows to good advantage; and as itis a In the ease of the workshop measuring machine, the inch is an appreciable and important quantity.
trifle darker in color, it resembles more perfectly the divisions on the micrometer wheel represent 10,000ths It will be at ouce conceded that the only scale of
original syenite. The treat- measurement which can be
ment has had the further effect used for such small differ-
ii |
of bringing out the charac-
1 WN iil il ences must be a decimal one.
ters into such strong relief that For many years the decimal
a number have been deceived system has been in use at our
into believing that they must works, taking the inch as the
have been recut. The process unit, and the workmen think
seems to have given entire and speak in tenths, hun-
satisfaction. It was, however, dredths, and thousandths of
by no means experimental, an inch,
as the company had already It is of great importance to
done much work in Bt. the manufacturer to have the
Louis, and during the past means of referring to an accu-
summer has treated a nuim- rate fixed measure, as it will
ber of prominent buildings in enable him, at any time, to
New York, the white marble reproduce a facsimile of what
structure of the Mutual Life he has once made, and so pre-
Insurance Company at the serve a system of the sizes of
corner of Liberty Street being the fitting parts unaltered.
among the number. A se- The great value of the work-
verer test was that made at shop measuring machine is
My
Newark, N. J., onthe house making difference gauges.
of Mr. William Clark, the well Every external diameter
known cotton thread manu- having to work in an internal
facturer. The mansion is HT diameter should have a cer-
constructed of pressed brick tain difference of size; and
and Wyoming blue stone, a close observation and experi-
small portion of which was ri ence can alone determine what
treated two years ago. As this difference of size ought
the sample proved
satisfactory,
highly
the entire build- VA to be.
Take, for instance, a rail-
ing has recently been water- way axle; if the bearing in
MMU,
Ni
proofed. Wealso hear that which it has to work be too
the company has received small, the heating of the axle
a contract for treating all the by rapid rotation will be the
stonework of Central Park. | )4 consequence; if, on the other
—_— qos oo _—_ hand, the bearing be too

if
The Montreal Cable Rail- large, it will be sooner worn
way. out.

iEve
The cable railway or elevat- It is therefore most import-
or by which the summit of ant, when rapid revolutions
Mount Royal, back of Mont- and great strains have to be
real, is reached, has now been undergone, that the proper
in successful operation for difference of size, when once
some days. The railway is ascertained by experience,
403 feet horizontal measure- should be strictly adhered to.
ment, the height 275 feet, and In the manufacture of axles
the length of track 510 feet. there should be two gauges
It is builtin a segment of a used, the axle being made to
circle with a reversed side of THE PRESERVATION OF THE OBELISK. the standard gauge and the
twelve feet, and has an in- bearing bored out to fit a
cline of about 33g degrees. The road is supported of aninch. The screw has 20 threads to an inch, and difference gauge, which has to be as much larger as ex-
by 16 iron pillarsset in stone foundations, and the the wheel is divided into 500, which multiplied by 20 perience has found to be necessary, according to the
balances are of wood 12x12 inches. The gauge of the conditions under which the axle has to work.
gives for each division the 10,000th of an inch. Hence
road is 5 feet, witha distance between the tracks of We find in practice that the movement of the fourth every manufacturer should be in a position to select
4 feet. The cars are drawn to the top by ineans of a part of a division, being the 40,000th of an inch, is dis- his own difference gauges.
stationary engine of 75 horse power at thetop of the tinctly felt and gauged. In the ease of the millionth Fifty years ago the thousands of spindles in a cotton
mountain. The wire ropes are threein number, two of machine, we introduce a feeling piece between one end factory had each to be separately fitted into the bol-
them being 11% inches diameter and the middle one 14 of the bar to be measured and one end of the machine, ster in which it had to work. At the present time all
inches. The two smaller ones have been tested with a /and the movement of the micrometer wheel through these spindles are made to gauge, and are interchange-
strain of 85 tons, and the center or safety rope with al one division, which is the millionth of an inch, is suf- able.
strain of 43 tons. The ropes pass over sheaves 6 feet | ficient to cause the feeling piece to be suspended or to It cannot be impressed too forcibly, both upon the
in diameter, and are wound over two drums of wood |fall by its gravity. student in mechanics and upon the workman, that ac-
and iron 10 feet in diameter, and are a direct pull upon | The screw in the machine has 20 threads, which curacy of measurement is essential for good and effici-
the cars, The center or safety rope runs independ- |number multiplied by 200—the number of teeth in the ent workmanship, and that it tends to economy in all
ently of the engine, and is attached to both ears, so |screw wheel—gives for one turn of the micrometer branches of manufacture, so as to have the parts inter-
that, in event of the two outside ropes breaking, the |wheel the 4,000th of an inch, which multiplied by 250— changeable.
center one would hold the ears in check, besides which. the number of divisions on the micrometer wheel— ep a0 a 8
the large wheel of 11 feet diameter is provided with |gives for each division one-millionth of aninch. The The Business Importance of Burglars,
brakes, which may be applied from the platform at. sides of this feeling piece are true planes parallel to W. 8S. Gilbert, in the London Z%mes, says: ‘‘ For my
the top of the incline by the engineer. The fare on each other, and the ends both of the bars and the ma- part, I could never quite understand the prejudice
the incline is 5 cents up and 3 cents down. chine are true planes parallel to each other, and at against burglars. An unarrested burglar gives employ-
———_——=—9-+-6+- right angles to the axis of the bar; thus four true planes ment to innumerable telegraph clerks, police officers,
ACCORDING to the Deutsche Farber Zeitung, the actin concert. In practice, we find that the tempera- railway officials, and possibly also to surgeons, coro-
hardest indigo is easy to grind, dissolves better, and ad- ture of the body exercises an important influence when ners, undertakers, and monument masons. As soon as
heres better to the goods, if it is for 4 hours steeped in dealing with such minute differences, and, practically, he is in custody, the services of a whole army of solicit-
hot water with 1!¢ Ib. calcined soda to’4' 1b. indigo. | it is impossible to handle the pieces of metal without ors, barristers, judges, grand and petty jurymen, re-
When ground fine, 2 1b. soda and 16 Ib. lime are added, raising the temperature beyond 62°. I am of opinion porters, governors of jails, and prison warders are
and afterward 20 lb. pure copperas. The solution is that the proper temperature should be approaching called into requisition. Really, the burglar does more
made by heating in an iron boiler, that of the human body, and I propose that 85° Fahr. good than harm,”
 +aPR
lite
<ten
TigA »

ore
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eerie:
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 SUPPLEMENT TO THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN-ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS EDITION DECEMBER 1885.

OOD Sus

SSS ee
ABRASESSS woe seSRSAes
nets. BSBaos

Desian Jora Country Residence. .FRONT ELEVATION. vig eee Me eaeed

SUPPLEMENT 10 THE SCIENTIFIG AMERICAN-ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS EDITION: DECEMBER 1885.

Chamber. Ctoset. .
12-10
x12-10

40x 0 6-0
Alcove. — Ghampber.
12-10 «3-1 UT
re
es
pinata

Halt:
7-6x10-0

Chamber. 2 Closet. | | = Ghamber.

12-10 x13-4 Chamber. 12-10 x 14-4

9-0 x 13-0

Veranda.

:| : Kitchen.
— 42-0x 12-0

Library.
joe 12-0 x16°0

Conservatory.
CN
-

| —
, = Dining Room.
12-6 x 15-6 10x 25-0

Plan, ofFirst Floor.

Scale: % of 1 mech.

John, &.Baker, Architect.

748 Broad Street.
|
Newark, New’ dersey.
Design fora Country ‘Residence.
SCHUMACHER & ETTLINGER, NEW YORK,
 DECEMBER, 1885.| Scientific American. 4I
MOZICRIEFF GUN
CARRIAGES FOR RUSSIAN IRON zle velocity is estimated at 1,950 feet per second. This|is very powerful, and the battery, of course, most form-
CLADS, gives 19,260 foot tons energy, with a perforation per idable. As six ships are to be made nearly of the same
Messrs. Easton and Anderson recently issued invita- inch circumference of 511-2 foot tons, which is equiva- type and power, the addition to the Russian navy is
tions to officers of Government manufacturing de- lent to the perforation of about 23°7 inches of iron. very important. ;
partments and foreign attaches to visit their works The rule of thumb would give 23°4 inches, this being a The following is a description of the parts shown as
at Erith, in order to inspect the Moncrieff gun ear- case where the sectional density of the projectile is far as possible in Fig. 2,

yh il il. lil!
tc
nh
Auli
7
9)
Ni
Hy
= AValiitam

Fig 2.-MONCRIEFF GUN CARRIAGES FOR RUSSIAN IRONCLADS.

riages made by them for the new Russian very high.

ironclad The gun itself is made on the Krupp sys- | The mounting shown in Fig. 2 consists of a cast steel
Jatherine II. This vessel will probably have about
tem. We do not ourselves, says the Hngineer, like roller path, D, in segments 21 feet 9 inches—6'63 meters
10,000 tons displacement. She is to carry six 5014 ton the section—a large heavy central tube is strength- —diameter, secured to the main deck of the ship, upon
breech-loading guns in a central breastwork with steel ened by several layers of short steel hoops over it. which revolves upon twenty-two live rollers, III, and
plate protection overhead, somewhat resembling that The whole of the longitudinal strain falls on the inner round a hollow steel central pivot, a platform com-
adopted by the French in the Admiral Duperre and tube, which supports the wedge on the Krupp system. posed of a cast steel ring, L, filled in with a thick
other barbette ships. The general form and position wrought iron deck, to which, as well as to the outer
N
of the breastwork may be seen in Fig. 1. The guns ring, two pairs of gun carriage sides, J, are bolted and
are in pairs on turntables, and have a large scope of riveted. The carriage sides are hollow, and composed
all-round fire. The breastwork only extends to a of pairs of steel plates riveted to steel distance pieces.
height of 22 inches above the surrounding deck, so Each pair of sides carries, in bearings fitted with cap
that the battery is not conspicuous, and the guns but Fig. 1. squares, a rocking shaft, C, on which is secured a
littie exposed to view even when in their firing posi- The individual steel tubes taper, and consequently pair of levers, X, the upper ends of which are formed
tion. The breastwork consists of 12 inch compound their thickness from end to end varies, we think, too into the trunnion bearings for the gun, and are fitted
plates made under Messrs. Cammell’s direction in the much. We believe that in future patterns the Rus- with cap squares, while the lower ends of the levers
new Russian factories, backed by about 12 inches of sians contemplate the adoption of the interrupted have threaded through them a spindle, on to which
wood and astrong framework. The gun is very pow- serew breech in place of the Krupp wedge. What- is coupled a pair of connecting rods, the tail ends of
erful. The projectile weighs 731 pounds, and the inuz- ever may be thought of the details, however, the gun which terminate in spherical ends, which abut against

aii
|~

B|

Fig. 3—MONCRIEFF GUN CARRIAGES FOR RUSSIAN IRONCLADS.

 42 Scientific American. [DECEMBER, 1885.
the bottom of the steel hollow plungers, which work Hydraulic pressure is supplied by means of a direct- tarpon fishing is scarcely known as a sport, and the
into the recoil cylinders. These cylinders, Y, are acting automatic duplex pumping engine, R, capable best means and applianees for taking the fish are
placed in the forward end of the carriage under the of delivering 20 cubic feet per minute under a pressure searcely determined. The inside of the mouth is very
gun, and are secured by bolts and rivets to the car- of 66 atmospheres; this pump may be placed in any tough and elastic, and the fish seems to possess the
riage sides and to each other. To the upper forward convenient position in the ship. The water under power of ejecting the bait by protruding its fleshy
end of each cylinder is fitted an escape pipe, A, which pressure is pumped intoan air accumulator, 8, com- tongue. The upper jaw is armed with minute teeth;
joins a recoil valve chest, B, common to each pair of posed of nine steel vessels grouped together, and of a and consisting, as it does, of movable plates working
cylinders. The recoil valve consists of an ordinary eapacity sufficient to raise both guns once into the against the upward pointing lower jaw, invariably cuts
conical valve fitted with a strong steel spindle, which firing position without the assistance of the pump. the line, which necessitates the use of plain wire, to
passes through a balancing cylinder and stuffing box The compressed air in the accumulator is supplied by which the hooks are soldered, or some such device to
toward the main rocking shaft, C, which carries the a small torpedo air compressing pump. The ammuni- secure ahold. A writer in the American Angler for
gun. tion is served by means of an inclined endless chain Dee. 15, 1883, reeommends the following barbarous and
Inasmuch as the weight of the gun has more actuated by small steam engines, T, and is rammed possibly unsportsmanlike rig for the capture of this
and more effect on the plungers as it falls, it is ne- home by means of telescopic hydraulic rammers, U; noble fish :
eessary to vary the load on the recoil valve, because the sighting platform may be seen at V, and a piece ‘‘T take the heaviest piano wire obtainable, and
a hydraulic pressure which would be sufficient to hold of barbette wall at W. make three joints four inches long and three six
up the gun in any position will be too great to allow ++ 0+«________— inches in length. The joints of the links are made by
the gun to recoil down to the proper loading posi- THE SILVER KING IN NORTHERN WATERS,
heating the wire in the fire, bending each end, allowing
tion. This adjustment is effected by loading the re- half an ‘inch for soldering.
A tarpon (Megalops thrissoides), or silver king, as it is Before soldering, I polish
coil valve by means of disk springs, E, threaded on often called, measuring 5 feet 9 inches, and weighing, each piece of wire with emery paper, and tin it to
its spindle and abutting on a crosshead, F, which is when taken, 110 pounds, was caught last Monday prevent rusting. To the upper link I attach a strong
connected by means of a pair of tension rods with a (August 17) in a seine by a fisherman off Sea Bright, brass swivel, two and a half inches long. I wrap the
cam movement on the main rocking shaft, the cams New Jersey, and exhibited at the stall of Eugene Black- ends of the wire below the loops with fine copper wire,
being so arranged that there is least tension on the ford, the fish commissioner. This fish, though rarelyand finish the job with common solder. I use hooks
springs when the gun is up, and most when it is quite \taken in Northern waters, is very abundant about the two inches from tip to shank. To each of the three
down. coasts of Florida and throughout the Gulf of Mexico, |lower links I solder two hooks at a right angle. When
and deserves to be completed, the hooks are in two lines.
Gun Mounting on the Moncrieff Disappearing System,|\ better known. It ‘For bait, I cut a mullet in half from
to mount two 12-inch breech-loading rifled guwns|looks, as may be mouth to tail. I pass one hook through
of 50144 tons weight, for the Imperial Russian|seen in the illustra- the eye, one amidships, and the other
Navy. By Haston & Anderson, 3 near the tail. Three hooks pass through
Whitehall Place, London, and Hrith the bait with points exposed, and the three
Ironworks. others pass beyond the edge of the bait.
Caliber of gun......... 12 in, 305 mm. In addition, I take a packing needle and
Length over all........ 30 ft. 9.14 meters. fine twine, and tie the links to the bait.
W Cloht...... anes s.e«maune.s 50°47 tons 51,271 kilos. By adopting this course I make an attrae-
Weight of shot......... 731 1b 331°5 kilos.
tion, and armed with hooks partially con-
Weight of powder...... 248 Ib. 112°4 kilos.
Muzzle velocity... ..... 1,950 ft. 591°3 meters. cealed and an almostinvisiblesnood. Tackle rigged in
Weight of carriage..... 100 tons. 101,134 kllos. this way possesses great strength, for the last time I was
Ball of: Mn. ce. pe acs 4 2b 1°22 meters. fishing at Mayport, Icaptured two sharks, one seven
Diameter of turrets....385 ft. 6 in. 10°82 meters.
Height of turret....... 9 ft. 2°74 meters.
and the other nine feet in length, with iny tarpon rig.”
To give some idea of the almost resistless power of
The outer end of the valve spindle is this fish in making ‘‘a rush,” the story is told of a
screwed, and carries a disk and pair of party of gentlemen, among whom was a lad fourteen
nuts, by means of which any desired years old, who were fishing in the surf at Pelican Island.
initial tension may be placed on the To secure his line, the boy had tied it about his waist;
springs. The pressure in the recoil cylin- whirling his weighted hook about his head, he threw
ders during discharge is expected to vary it as far as he could out tosea. Ina moment his bait
between 48 atmospheres and 55 atio- was taken, and in another the screaming, struggling
spheres. The water from the recoil valves boy was dragged into the surf, from which he was with
is discharged into a large cast iron pipe difficulty rescued by his companions. The fish had
common to both pairs of cylinders, by caught the boy.
means of which itis conveyed into the
central pivot casting, and so back into
the tank from which the pressure pumps HOW TO MAKE WINTER EVENINGS PROFITABLE.
draw their water. For raising the guns, This is the season of short days and long evenings,
water, under about 66 atmospheres pres- the best time of all the year for study and improve-
sure, is admitted to the rear and upper ment,
end of the cylinders, that is, the ends Perhaps you are a young man desirous of obtaining
nearest the center of the carriage, by commercial employment. One of the best passports in
means of a stop valve controlled from the that direction, next to good character, is good hand-
side of the carriage. The plungers do not THE SILVER KING AT THE NORTH. writing. Of course, you know how to write, but like the
fit their cylinders fully, but terminate in great majority, probably, you have never trained your-
pistons of a little larger diameter, through tion, which is from a photograph self to write well. No merchant wants his books dis-
which there are holes which always and sketches, like a giant her- figured by awkward and illegible scrawling. No lawyer
keep up a free waterway between the ring, as is indicated by one of its will submit to badly written copies. We suggest you de-
forward end of the cylinders and the annular space to popular names, ‘* The king of the herring.” A spine pro- vote yourself this winter to persevering endeavors to
the rear of the pistons. jecting back of the dorsal fin measures 12 inches in improve your penmanship. You will be surprised at the
The pipes, H H, by which the water for rais- length, and looks like a terrible weapon of offense or improvement which real effortin this line will achieve.
ing the gun enters, communicate with the cylinders defense, though there is no account of its being used as May be you would like to learn stenography and
close to their glands, the water makes its way freely such. One peculiarity of this beautiful fish is its large type writing. The faithful employment of your win-
through the pistons to the forward end until the pis- and brilliant scales, measuring on an average over three ter evenings in this work may make you a first-class
tons reach the opening of the pipes, and then, as the inches across, covered with a luster that resembles graduate before the long days come again, and enable
gun rises further, the pistons gradually close the open- silver, and in part somewhat translucent, showing beau- you to earn a handsome support.
ing, and thus by* throttling the water bring the gun tiful red markings, when fresh and held against the Do you wish to become expert as a mechanical
gradually to rest in its firing position. The guns can light, like thin cowry shells. They are used in Florida draughtsman? There are excellent instruction books,
be lowered slowly by letting the water escape from the in the manufacture of artificial jewelry. sold very cheaply. The industrious occupation of your
cylinders through a small screw stop valve placed be- If required to name the best North American game evening honrs asa learner will surely be fruitful of
side the main lifting valve, the water in this case also fish, the one whose capture is accompanied with the results. We know of excellent draughtsmen, now
returning to the pump tank. The rotation of the gun greatest amount of pleasurable excitement, the one re- enjoying good salaries, who taught themselves to draw
platform is effected by means of teeth, L, cast in the quiring the greatest amount of skilled and practiced in evening hours, while companions idled away their
upper roller path which forms the frame of the plat- muscle on the part of its captors, I would unhesitat- time in smoking, cards, or gossip.
form. Into these teeth gears a cast steel pinion keyed ingly give preference to the silver king; multiply the Are you of an inventive turn of mind? The best of
on a vertical shaft, which descends through the main vigorous resistance of a 24 pound salmon by five or six, all times to study up and think out plans for new con-
deck to that beneath, M, where it is actuated by a or a large bluefish by a multiple twice as great, and you trivances is in the quietude of evening. The results of
double-acting three-cylinder engine, the movement of have some idea of the difficulty of landing a full grown earnest thought in the production of inventions are
which can be controlled through the center pivot by silver king. A fish takes your bait with a rush. If simply astonishing. In genera}, itis the improvements
means of a system of rods and levers worked by hy- inexperienced in tarpon, your finger is cut to the bone. in simple devices, things of everyday use and that
draulic notch hand gear placed between the pair of The line fairly whistles as it leaves the spinning everybody wants, which are the most profitable. The
guns. The elevation of the guns is accomplished by reel. It all runs out, parts at its weakest point, and patent for the little invention of the spring window
elevating bars, N, attached at their upper ends to the fish carries your tackle out tosea. Many are shade roller, now so generally employed in all dwell-
trunnions formed on the rear ends of the guns, and at hooked, but very few caught. ings, has brought great wealth to the fortunate in-
their lower ends to screw lifting gear contrived in the There is, or was, I believe, a standing offer to pay for ventor. Heisnowa millionaire. His device was truly
hollow carriage sides about O, and so adjusted in form an excursion ticket to Florida and three months’ ex- a happy thought. We know of a lady in Chicago
and disposition that the guns always recoil into the penses to any one who would land a tarpon with rod
whose patent for the inventions of & moving belt for
same loading position, whatever the elevation may be. and reel, so difficult is the taking of this fish; and yet drying eggs, albumen, ete., have revolutionized certain
The gun platform is prevented from turning excessively that the difficulties of thus catching them are not insur- great branches of trade, and now bring her a great in-
from the discharge of a single gun by means of a brake, | mountable may be seen from the account published in come. The people want improvements in every con-
P, worked by hydraulic pressure, and it is locked in the ScrentTiFic AMERICAN of May 23, 1885, of a ceivable form. Not only is the field of invention vast,
the loading position by a bolt, which is shot by the! specimen weighing 93 pounds, having been taken on a but it is open toeverybody. There are no distinctions
same agency; the application both of the brake and of 21 thread line and 5 foot bamboo rod. in respect to sex orage. The way to inventis to ‘keep
the bolt is performed automatically by the bydraulic |
The experience of Mr. W. H. Wood can be had by thinking;” the way to accomplish anythingis to ** keep
hand gear for rotating the platform. |any skilled fisherman with suitable tackle, working.”
At present, SSS
en
ee
 DECEMBER, 1885.|
PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERA FOR INSTANTANEOUS VIEWS.
The purpose of this camerais to place the object to
be taken with unerring certainty in the center of the
sensitive plate, and by it the operator is enabled to
take pictures with increased facility while holding the
camera in the hand, or even while walking. With a
camera so fitted and provided with a drop shutter, pic-
tures of moving animals and groups of people may be
' readily taken, the pictures being free from stiffness
and true to life. The drop shutter of the in-
strument may have the usual spring handle,
but instead of being released by a touch of the
finger, which necessitates reaching the hand in
front as far as the lens, it may be released by a
pneumatic attachment connected by a rubber
tube to a rubber bulb at the back of the instru-
ment (as shown) within convenient reach of one
hand. Pressure on the bulb instantly operates a
piston which releases the shutter. The drop
shutter may also be so constructed as to be
operated by a slight pull on a string extending
to the rear of the camera.
The attachment forming the main subject of
this invention, which has been recently patent-
ed by Mr. Henry Correja, of 25 Avenue de Vil-
liers, Paris, France, consists of a tube having,
preferably,a square transverse section, and hayv-
ing such length, proportioned to the camera on
one side of which it is arranged, as to protrude
at both its ends through holes in the black
cloth usually used on the camera. The forward
end of the tube, near the lens of the camera,
has cross hairs arranged a little distance within
it. One of the cross hairs, which are narrow
strips of metal or other material, is placed in a
vertical and the other in a horizontal position,
so that they divide the “field ” in the tube into
four equal parts. The back end of the tube is
also divided into four equal parts by cross
hairs arranged diagonally in relation to the tube.
The inventor terms this tube the ‘‘finder.” To
one of its sides are secured two slotted bars arrang-
ed at suitable distance apart according to the
size of the camera, while in grooves opposite
them and connected with the camera are two other
bars having corresponding slots; these bars slide up and
down, and are secured by binding screws. Marked upon
the ground glass of the camera are lines correspond-
ingin arrangement with the cross hairs in the tube.
Before proceeding to take an instantaneous photo-
graph, the object is focused on the ground glass in the
camera in the usual way. The operator then looks
DESIGN FOR A CEMETERY,
Scientific American,
through the finder and moves it sidewise at either end, A well known artist, Joseph Hoffmann, has designed
or up and down, by means of the slotted bars until the a new cemetery, which is, no doubt, original. Its praec-
cross hairs occupy the same relation to the object focus- tical execution is very doubtful, but, nevertheless, the
ed as the pencil marks on the ground glass did. The plan is of sufficient interest to be worthy of notice
tube is then locked in position by means of the binding Mr. Hoffmann does not intend to bury the corpses, but
screws, and the instrument is ready for use.’ After the to place them in agigantic mausoleum of sufficient size
object to be photographed has been properly placed in to receive nany hundred thousand bodies. Each body
the field of the tube by the aid of the cross hairs, the is to be placed ina separate compartment, which is her-
operator releases the shutter with one hand while he metically closed. The cells or compartments are each
to be about 7 feet long, 3 feet wide, and 3 feet
cat
high, and are lined on the inside with glazed
| an
tiles, so that no infectious liquids, ete., can be
absorbed by the masonry. The general shape
a l!
of the mausoleum is that of a pyramid sur-
rounded by smaller pyramids, pavilions, ar-
eades, ete.
In the annexed cut, taken from the I/lustrirte
Zeitung, oneof Mr. Hoffmann’s designs is shown.
This represents a structure of enormous magni-
tude, and asthe entire building, from the found-
ation to the top, is honeyecombed, or built with
cavities, it is evident that a large number of
bodies can be entombed therein. The cells are
to be so cheap that even the poorest can have
his own cell, and his bones need not be disturb-
ed after a certain number of years, as is custom-
ary now in our cemeteries.
———_-¢e______ —
Phosphoric Acid from Slag.
Herr Blum, at Alzette, in Luxemburg, has a
process for utilizing the phosphoric acid from
the basic Bessemer process. Instead of adding
lime to the iron during the blow, he adds car-
bonate of soda free from sulphur. This is in-
troduced into the converter in a melted state,
in the proportion of 5°13 parts to every one part
of phosphorus, and 7°85 parts to every one part
of silicon; then the pig ironisrun in and blown
as usual, when the slag is tipped out into an
carries the camera by its shut legs with the other hand. iron wagon. This slag contains phosphate and silicate
That the object will be properly placed on the sensitive of soda, and according to the nature of the lining it
plate with absolute certainty is evident from the fact also contains more or less iron, manganese, lime, mag-
that after the finder has been adjusted, the object will nesia, and sulphur.
occupy the same relative position on the plate that it It may be used at once direct as a manure; or it
had in the field of the finder. may be treated first with cold water to extract phos-
+Oo phate of soda, which has a market for many purposes,
HOFFMANN’S NEW PLAN FOR A CEMETERY, after which silicate of soda may be extracted by hot
The question of cemeteries is one of very great im- water and used for making water glass, and the me-
portance, especially in large cities, and an unlimited tallic residue may be used for making ferromanganese.
number of moral, religious,sanitary, social, physical,and A pamphlet by the inventor undertakes to show that
financial points must be considered. Cremation solves the process can be worked at a profit. At Creusot,
the problem, but prejudices prevent its early adoption. in order to save carbonate of soda lime is added.
TTT RTA
BY HOFFMANN, VIENNA.
 aentifir Aiverican, | DECEMBER, 1885.

TO THE READER.
oe Sie
BY +
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361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
[a@y"Single copies, 15 cents Sold by all newsdealers.

OUR FIRST NUMBER, OUR DECEMBER NUMBER, Can I Obtain a Patent?

The first number of the ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS Presented herewith, it speaks for itself. With it we To one who has made an invention or discovery, the
EpiIrion of the ScrENTIFIC AMERICAN was issued send two large supplements, one of which comprises first inquiry that suggests itself is, ‘‘Can I obtain a
November 1, 1885. Its contents are of much interest colored plates illustrating a beautiful and attractive patent?” If so, ‘‘ How shall I proceed ? Whom shall
and value, as will be seen from the table given below. country residence by Mr. John E. Baker, the well known I consult ? How mueh will it cost ?”
It is accompanied by two supplements, consisting architect of Newark, N. J. The other supplement con- The quickest way to settle these queries without ex-
of two plates in colors, illustrating a country resi- sists of a large sheet of details of the same. pense is to write to us (Munn & Co.), describing the in-
dence, by O. P. Hatfield, architect, and a large sheet The number is further illustrated by a variety of en- vention. Send us also asmall sketch. Never mind
of details pertaining to the same. The November gravings, and many subjects of interest are given. your inexperience. Nicety of writing or drawingis not
number is further illustrated by fifty choice engrav- Young people will be interested in the illustration of essential; all we need is to get your idea. Do not use
ings. skate sailing on page 51 and in the sailing merry-go- pale ink. Be brief. Send stamps for postage.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Of the November number of the ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS EDITION
round on page 50. The engravings and descriptions We will immediately answer and inform you whether
of SCLENTIFIC AMERICAN. show how these devices are constructed, and they may or not your improvement is probably patentable; and
(Ulustrated articles are marked *.)
Atiantic, Origin Of.....2..2...0cscenes 10; Fuel, liquid. in California.
be made easily by any one. if so, give you the necessary instructions for further
Aqueduct, new, map and profile
Aqueduct, Croton*...........+...+6
of* 7
7 | Glass, stained, tests of.
7| Houses, Warwick, old*. 5
On page 52 is shown a fine view of the great Temple procedure. Our long experience enables us to decide
Aqueduct tunnel for New York*.. 1 Interior, at the............. 10 of Diana, as restored by James Fergusson, F.R,S. quickly. For this advice we make no charge.
Bag holder for trucks*............. 4 Inventions, agricultural..... Sag
Blue print process, the... ......... 25 Inventions, engineering........... il For the entire table of contents of the December All who desire to consult us in regard to obtaining
Boat, submarine, Nordenfeit* . 9 |Inventions, miscellaneous. . a8
Bolt, new, Taylor’s* bophtcnasacen 2, 23 qi, iron, TOCARY Y:-2350s) <sseues = 6 number see page 34. patents are cordially invited to do so. We shall be
Book list, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. RSKeyhole guard, improved*.. ares
Bricks, lime and clinker............2 Ladder, improved*..............+ 22, 23 en
0 happy to see them in person at our office, or to advise
Building PIOR.s items relating to. 17 |Link movement for reversible
Buildings, Albany. Southport*... - 2 OnMines® i. cas: aevacese them by letter. In all cases, they may expect from us
Buildings, firepoof, in New York. 17 |McClellan, Gen. Geo. B.. OUR JANUARY NUMBER.
Buildings in glass* 26 | Medical shop, the dollar.. a careful consideration of their plans, an honest opin-
Bullinee ot)prominence in New Mutual Life building*. . We have in preparation for issue in the January
or y*. eevee ion, and a prompt reply.
Carpet stretcher, improved*.. number a series of most interesting articles, illustrated
Caisson, roved’ R Address all letters to Munn & Co., office of the Sct-
Casing “keyTADOB®, sonssapeenbates with many choice engravings.
Central Park apartments*.. ‘ ENTIFIC AMERICAN, 361 Broadway, New York.
Check for blind slats*..... Bs The colored plate for January will illustrate the
Chimney cap, improved*........... 6 +642 —___<—
Chimney, PAPE” ..........000-scscce block of elegant city residences lately erected in this
Chimneys, domestic, relation of
to the construction of roofs.*. 5
Produce Exchange*
Residence, village.. aoe
city on West End Avenue by Messrs. Lamb & Rich, Catalogue of Valuable Papers Contained in the
Clock, the, ticking of............... 3
Concrete construction, improve-
Shade roller hang ert,
sky, mgtimproved, Reisener’ s*22;
architects. The colored plate shows the avenue front Scientific American Supplement Sent] Free to
ments in* TORO R ee ween eens ennneene 24
Corn planter, Agee’s... Be ee
aay,night—October and Novem- of the block, consisting. of five houses; another plate, Any Address.
Coti costing EOE. siancandaen tis s26 Soil.the, as a filter not colored, shows the fronts of five adjacent houses on
Coun residence, with two Spontaneous combustion This catalogue, covering 20 large quarto pages, gives
plates in colors and large Sguirrel, the, westw S Seventy-third Street. These fronts are of various de-
sheet of details................. 17 ; Star in the title and Supplement number for nearly two thou-
Dakota apartment house*.. -. 20] Structures, movable, for fairs, signs and various sizes—very beautiful and attractive; sand valuable and important Scientific Papers and
Desk, portable, new............ marke’ ti
Drain and ventilator, cellar*. ...22 8 Submarine they illustrate the most recent plans and designs for Essays. If you wish to find the latest published in-
= in sent and colored sheet of Sugg
city dwellings of moderate size and cost. formation concerning any new process, any branch
Drawings, architectural, exhibi- aeeeners dry
The houses vary in size from fronts of 16 feet8 inches of Engineering or Mechanical work, any Industrial
Drawings in biue lines on white WVORK®. 00 5c ets encnahs :
=a ground, reproducti on of... ~% Vanderbilt’ laaparno 5 dah “em to 30 feet.
Art, any Manufacture, or any Scientific Subject or
A large sheet of details will accompany these plates,
en USOO™...ccvececsese . ouses, some old*,,.....
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Exgs, preserving ..consul
. 4] Weather
mind
meee eUstvies donee ane tat
osB Wells, a an machines for put-
8
Discovery, consult’ this catalogue. Sent free.
Fence, improv in which the plans of the various floors will be given.
MUNN & CO., Publishers,
.
Fire escape* das aadh 3S 0n60s eeeaneeane
Fireplace attachment*.......... 22,23 Our January number will be one of great interest
Flower Market, Madeleine, Paris* 19! W ool; slag and value. 361 Broadway, N. Y,
 DECEMBER, 1885.| Srientific American, 45
THE TOMB OF GEN. GRANT. and is one of the most charming places in the world. opposite shore, the trap rock of the Palisades rises from
Almost the last wish expressed by the great hero was Gen. Grant’s remains now rest ina temporary vault the river and makes a graceful outline against the
that his remains might be entombed in New York, | in the northerly part of the park. Near by is a camp horizon.
* because the people of that city befriended me in my of Union soldiers, who guard the sacred remains of the A short distance above the park are Fort Lee
need.” He had in mind, no doubt, the generous fund | patriot commander. Here a magnificent monumental and Fort Washington, with whose names and localities
of a quarter of amillion dollars, which some of the tomb will be erected, to receive his body, and by his are associated many heroic memories of our national
genergus citizens had presented him as a souvenir of side, in accordance with his wish, his beloved wife will glory.
their appreciation of his noble deeds. Except this be buried on her decease. The illustrations show some of the features of River-
fund, all he had in the world has been swept away by a The park begins at 72d St., where itis directly con- side. The lower portion of the picture is a view from
resistless tide of misfortune. nected by a broad avenue with Central Park, distant the bluff at 90th St. looking toward the north. The
The chosen place for the tomb of the General is half a mile. : central and upper cuts represent different views in the
Riverside Park, which is situated in the central part Following the park to the north, the ground gradu- park as one approaches Claremont. The small en-
ot the great city, on its western border, overlooking ally rises, until at 124th St. it has an elevation of 135 ft. graving on the right gives a glimpse of Claremont
the Hudson River. whose placid waters here broaden above the river. This is known as Claremont, and has taken a few steps in front of the spot chosen for the
into a lovely lake. The park is about three miles long, been chosen as the site of the monument. On the tomb.

i
meal
i Nh
i
a) ais

A
ea) eve
eA (ULLAL
| $20 2 ae i

INTENDED LOCATION OF GRANT’S MONUMENT.

RIVERSIDE PARK, NEW YORK.—THE BURIAL PLACE OF GENERAL GRANT.-

 46 Scientific American. [DECEMBER, 1885.
'
DESIGN FOR A COUNTRY RESIDENCE,* access to the cellar from the hall; the same stairs order oncompletion. Finish arch with beads in angles.
TO Cost $6,300.—FIRST STORY STONE. also ean be used from the kitchen; two doors answer Put up three centers, worth $1.50 each. Run cornices
{Illustrated by two colored plates, with sheet of details.] to shut off the hall from the kitchen. The main 5 in. X 8in. in parlor, dining room, and hall. Furnish
BY JOHN E. BAKER, ARCHITECT, NO. 748 BROAD STREET, NEWARK, N.S. stairs have a large baleony, which is 7 feet from the ‘rough material for setting range, grates, hearths, and
General Observations : hall floor, and extends across the entire width of hall. | tile,
“That a house may be beautiful, it must be interest- This would be an excellent place for an organ, or fitted Cesspool, ete. :
ing. That a house may be interesting, it must have up witha seat; and with a little extra expense the Build cesspool 6 ft. diameter, 8 ft. deep in thé*clear,
character.” This is the keynote to all designs, conservatory could be built overthe back porch, and and privy vault 4 ft. x 4 ft. x 4 ft. deep, both with 12 in.
whether it is a house or stable; but I would add, it must made to open on to this balcony; the effect from both dry stone walls. Privy vault to have two courses brick
be practical. How near I have arrived at this, I will the lower and upper halls would be charming. The on top laidin mortar. Cesspool to have bluestone octa-
leave for the reader to judge. I have aimed at bold- plan is designed here to have a large stained glass win- gon flag 3 in. thick with iron cover.
ness and simplizity, and perhaps it may not be “ fancy ” dow on the baleony, not with strong reds, blues, and Whitewashing :
enough for some who are accustomed to the highly greens, but with dark and rich colors, which throw a Stop-point and lime-whiten the walls and ceiling of
flavored ‘‘ Queen Anne,” so called for want of a better soft and subdued light through the railing of the
cellar.
name; but I think the time will arrive (ifit has not stairs. Stand in this hall. What vistas you obtain!
The grand staircase before you; at your right, through Deafening:
already) when the American people will discard this Fill in with mortar the floors of all bay windows and
style of architecture, both from an artistic and prac- the half open door, we catch a view of the library fire-
projections that extend out beyond cellar.
tical point of view. There is nothing artistic in a place, with the blaze of the fire reflecting on the tiles
and brass work; then another opening the dining room Cistern :
heap of pediments, dormer windows, and balconies ar-
fireplace, and a glimpse of the flowers in the conserva- Build a cistern 8 x 8 ft., 4in. brick walls and bottom,
ranged without any thought of the principle of de-
tory. The parlor, opening into the library, the cozy arched over at top with manhole, cistern to be cemented
sign, but, itseems, with the only idea of getting all the
corner at the right, with its brick fireplace, tile floor, tight, and warranted tight for one year. Cistern
good features in one design that the designer had in
and the high back seat, where the children are assem- covered with octagon flag 2 ft. x 2 ft. square, with
stock; and as for being practical for our climate, needs
bled, watching the burning of the ‘ yule log,” and— iron cover.
no argument. The accompanying house has a look
of solidity, as though it was chiseled out of a solid hark! the old organ on the balcony peals forth a Timber :
mass; some may object to the stone porches as having Christmas carol, the children stop their merry mak- Sill and corner posts 4 x6, entertie plates 4x4, gird-
a tendeney to darken the roonis, but this is obviated ing and mingle the'r sweet voices with accompanying ers in cellar 4x8. Each tier beams 2 x 10 inches, 16
by making the windows large. The first story is de- music. Can a more pleasant picture than this be inch centers double for trimmers and headers, tail
signed to be laid up with rough stone, either brown imagined? The floor of the hall should be plain oak, beams mortised into heads. Rafters 2 x 6, 2 foot cen-
or blue stone, random or broken ashlar, rock face, laid with a simple border if desired; inlaid floors with their ters, hips'and valleys 3x7 inches. Piazza sills 3 x 6
in cement mortar, struck joints; in some cases I have geometrics are not wanted here; we do not want to inches, 2 x 6 timbers, 2 foot centers cut in between.
used red joints, but is not here recommended, as solve their Chinese puzzles. The floor should be flat; All studding 2 x 4 inches, sixteen inch centers,
nothing is more artistic and practical than to see the this is no place for perspective; a hall rug that is doubled at openings, and partitions set with sill and
real old stonework. If desired, the windows and corners bright and cheerful is what is wanted here. High pol- plates. Framing to be done in the best manner, well
of the building could be trimmed with brick laid in ished floors should be avoided; an old Oriental lamp nailed and stayed. All timber to be of sound’ and
red joints. The happiest effect is obtained by using should hang from the center of the timbered ceiling; thoroughly seasoned white hemlock, free from shakes
the ordinary field stone, as they have a variety of and an oak chest with iron bound hinges; but I must and other defects. All partitions to be thoroughly
colors; warm browns and cool grays are here mingled stop here, as space will not allow me to describe the braced, each tier of beams to have two rows of herring
together, producing a soft and artistic effect, which decorations and interior work, but I will in a future bone bridging.
eannot be obtained with either blue or brown stone. number give a full description how to furnish and de- Furring: .
I aim now using a light blue stone for three houses corate this house, with sketches of them, which will Do all furring required to lath, to furr off under side
at Orange, N. J., taken from the “ Nevins” quarry probably be in color. of all stairs, and form segment arches where shown.
on the Orange Mountain; they are lighter in color, Furr off attic for breast and first story stone wall.
SPECIFICATIONS,
and do not have that dark and cold effect that most Excavating: Inclosing:
blue stone produces. Do all excavating necessary for cellar, trenches, piers, The entire frame from sill to plate, including roof, to
The roof is of shingles stained dark red. The octa- privy vault, cesspool, ete. Earth graded about build- be inclosed with hemlock boards, squared edges, cover-
gon tower and belt around building is also of shingles. ing. Cart away mason’srubbish. Excavated material ered with Eureka sheathing paper and (except gables)
The second story is inclosed with clapboards. The graded around the premises. Outside of foundations clapboarded with No. 1 beveled 6 inch clapboards, well
rear bed room over library could be made larger, re- cemented. lapped, carefully nailed, nails set. Gables, tower, and
moving the closet and partitions forming alcove, belt to be covered with sawed pine shingles to be cut
Foundations :
which I think would be desirable. A great deal de-
Start stone walls6 in. below cellar bottom, and carry ornamental.
pends upon the location of this house. The dining
up same to second story beams 18 in. thick, with Shingles, ete.:
room should have an eastern exposure if possible. This
good quarry stone, laid in cement and sand mortar, All roofs to be shingled with 18 inch sawed white
should be the pleasantest room in our homes; it
plastered outside one coat cement mortar. Build area pine shingles, best quality, nailed to 1x2 spruce shin-
should have the morning sun; it is the best tonic that
wall up to grade, same thickness. Put down founda- gle lath.
ean be taken before breakfast, and surely it will
tions under piers, 244 ft. deep of concrete. First story
make us cheerful and help to digest our food. More Outside Trimming:
laid up with good, sound, brownstone random or
mistakes are made by people in locating their houses Water table 1144 inches xX 6 inches, beveled on top
broken ashlar, rock face.
than ean be imagined. Brown looks over Smith’s and tongued for siding. Corner boards 144 inches x 3
house, and thinks it just what he wants. He orders Brick Work: inches. Belt courses 144 inches by 3 inches. Moulded
his builders to build him one ‘‘ just like it,” and does Build up chimneys with fire places and flues as cornices, and gutters built in cornices. Eaves of
not for a moment stop to think about the location. shown, joints in flues and kitchen fireplaces struck. seven-eighths inch narrow matched and beaded white
The hall is one of the oldest features which we have Turn arch over kitchen fireplace, and trimmer arches pine. All details to be madeas per working drawings of
taken from the primitive house. In the grand old castles to all fireplaces. Putin three earthenware) stovepipe second quality seasoned white pine, free from loose
and the early English homes the hall was made the collars with tin covers. All brick work to be laid up knots or sap.
dining hall, parlor, sitting room, library, and kitchen, with hard Jersey brick in cement and sand mortar. Floors:
and sometimes the bed room, as the occasion required. Partition walls in cellar of brick 8 in. thick.
1st, 2d, and 3d story floors laid with first quality nar-
Sereens were made to divide the rooms instead of Drains : row white pine flooring, 54g inches wide, blind nailed.
stationary partition walls; this in some respect was Lay 4 in. vitrified earthen drains from house to cess- Two nails to each bearing. Do all cutting away for
very convenient, especially when the city relatives of pool, situated 30 ft. from rear of building, also from plumbers and other mechanics. Piazza flooring first
a noble lord made a raid upon him during the sum- leaders to gutter, all joints thoroughly cemented, to be quality narrow pine, free from sap, and joints leaded.
mer months, a few extra rooms could be added with- laid 2 ft. below grade. All pipes to be submitted to No butt joints.
out any extra expense. But as civilization has ad- architect before being covered. Also lay 6 in. drain
vanced, the “hall” gradually dwindled down to a from leaders to cistern as shown on plans. Windows, Window Frames, Sash and Blinds:
long, narrow, and dark passageway, where we have Bluestone : Plank frames for cellar windows as usual, one and a
been accustomed to run the gantlet, as it were, to quarter inch sash, American glass. Outside casing 114
First story and cellar window sills 3 in thick,
get to a more cheerful place, where we could find cesspool flag 2 ft. x 2 ft., chimney caps 24 inches inches X 3 inches, jambs 14 inches, parting strips 5¢
rest after a long and tiresome journey. inch by 4 inch, outside stops 144 inches x % inch,
thick, kitchen hearth 1°6 x 4:0. The above to be of
The hall, as shown by the plan, is large and broad; sound blue quarry-dressed stone. Area steps 10 in. inside stop % inch. All other sash 14g inches thick,
it rans through the entire depth of the house, measur- glazed with first quality French sheet, hung
wide, set with brick risers. Coping on area walls
ing 10 feet by 25 feet, exclusive of the cozy corner, with hempen cord, iron weights, and iron axle pul-
bedded in cement. Cellar piers to have bluestone caps
which takes in the large, open, brick fireplace. The 3 in. thick size of piers. leys; sash secured with patent window fastenings.
hall is made the feature of the house, as all halls Sash made of seasoned white pine, oiled. Casements
Cellar Bottom : sash to have domestic fasteners, stained glass where
should. The position is central, and dominates the
To be leveled off and conecreted 3 in. thick with shown to cost $1.60 per square foot. All windows to
dwelling; it is virtually the “heart ” of the house. A
cement, sand, and gravel, floated off on top. have 14 inch outside blinds, rolling slats, hung with
house with a large hall would give us the impression
that the owner was a large hearted man. It would Lathing : malleable iron blind hinges and strong fastenings, to-
have an inviting and hospitable look; access to all rooms All lath used must be the best St. John spruce lath, be painted two coats by blind maker. Inside Venetian
is obtained without passing through the other apart- laid 14 in. apart, with 4 nailings to the lath and joints blinds in bay windows.
ments; an exit is obtained in the rear under the stair broken every 18 in., no lath put on vertically. Back of Doors, Hardware, ete. :
balcony, opening on to the back porch, thereby ob- all chimneys to be lathed and plastered. 4 For height, width, and thickness of all doors, see
taining a view of the garden. The kitchen outside Plastering : plans. Front door glazed in upper part with rolled
entrance is shown on the same porch, but with a little All walls and ceilings in 1st, 2d, and 8d stories to cathedral glass. Doors made of seasoned clear white
extra expense a separate entrance could be obtained be plastered three-coat work in the best manner, closets pine, free from all knots and stains for oil finish.
to the kitchen, which would be advisable, and the rear and attic one coat and skimmed. Cellar ceiling to be Sliding doors, 2 in. thick; closet doors, 114 in. thick;
porch could be extended- out to the end of library lathed, and plastered one heavy coat plaster. All other doors, 1% in. thick. All four-panel. Draw-
wall, and there connect with a ‘‘porte cochere.” The cel- plaster to extend down tothe floor. Scratch and brown ers underneath counter shelf in pantry to have
lar stairs are under the main stairs, thereby gaining coats composed of clean, sharp sand, goat hair, and locks. All casement sash to hang with iron butts to
lime. Lime run through sieve, hard finish composed of open out, and secured with the Domestic Fastener and
* Mr. Baker will be happy to answer any questions or give any informa-
lump finishing lime, plaster, and white sand. All walls, Adjuster, outside cellar door and all batten doors hung
tion that may be desired by our readers, and he is prepared to furnish
working drawings and specifications and full size details, and superintend ceilings, and angles to be perfectly straight, true, and with T hinges, cellar door to have padlock. All double
the erectien of this house. We will in a future number publish the interior level, browning kept well up to grounds. Patch up hung sash to have 2 inch patent axle iron pulleys, iron
eee
Se
views of this house, with suggestions for decorating. after other mechanics, and leave plasteringin complete weights, and best heinp cord, secured with the patent
 DECEMBER, 1885.| Scientific American. 47
i
In ease the hoisting ropes should break, the fans
sash lock. All doors to have 5 inch beveled saddles of ealked with molten lead; sink, bath, and wash bowl
ash. Hardware will be of the Gilbert patent bronze first waste through 114 in. D pipe. Sink and wash bowl to would be brought into operation to sustain the car,
porcelain. 3 in. x 4 in. mortise lock, 3%¢ have 8 traps with screws. Bath waste to run to water which would descend ata perfeetly safe rate of speed ;
floor, balance
Front door to closet trap. Sink waste to drain into main pipe at and the auxiliary ropes, having no work to perform
loose butts. Improved sash fastenings.
cellar. All pipes to be thoroughly tacked to boards /except carrying the small counterweight, would not be
have night works complete. All necessary clothes hooks.
and between beams packed with mineral wool. Plumb- liable to wear, and could always be relied upon to ac-
Stairs: ing to be guaranteed for one year. Two wash tubs and complish this. In general practice, the length of the
To have 6 inch newel, turned ball on top, angle posts connection in kitchen, with hot and cold water with fans—from out to out—should be one-half the width of
4, chamfered and pointed both ends, 2 inchx3 inch the shaft, but it will be readily perceived that by
waste.
moulded rail, 114 inch turned balusters, all of seasoned changing the number and size of the fans the speed of
ash, well cleaned down. Threads and strings 14 inches, Gas Fitting: descending may be perfectly controlled.
Nos- Run all necessary gas pipe of suitable size for outlets the ear while
12 inches wide, risers % inch, 74 inches high. This device may be easily adapted to any of the elevat-
ings and cove returned on strings. All glued, blocked, as shown and in accordance with rules and regulations
ors or dumb waiters now in use without changing any
and wedged, and to have 24 inch X 4 inch carriages. of the Orange Gas Company. of the existing parts. Among the many advantages it
Stairs to attic to correspond to main stairs, all pine, to Bell: possesses are its non-liability to get out of order, wear
have 1 inch treads, strings, and risers. Stairs to be At front door 4 in. gong.
upon the reserve ropes is reduced to a minimum, it is
got out of seasoned white pine, made and put up in a Furnace and Range:
automatic in action, and requires little or no attention.
substantial manner. Put up smooth pine steps to cel- Furnish and put up in cellar one No. 44 Boynton
—
OO
lar, and 14 inch pine threads and strings. Climax portable furnace complete; pipes running
Inside Casings: through floors to have tin collars and be well pro- DUMPING CAR.
jambs with } in. tected where required, to have tin register boxes, cas-
All inside doors to have 1 in. The improveddumping car herewith illustrated un-
moulded strip to form rabbet, all well blocked for ings, and black japanned registers, with frames set in loads either sidewise or endwise, and is so constructed
hinges. All doors and windows to have % in. walls where practicable. Furnish and set in kitchen
beaded casing 5 in. wide, as per detail, with back one Duplex range with water back complete.
moulding, closets and attic 5g in, plain easing 4 in. Plumbing : OM
IAAT Y
All windows trimmed on to moulded stools with
ra
wide. Connect with city water in cellar and run %% in. AAA
3 in. beaded aprons below. The above trim for parlor pipe throughout for all connections. (If no city water,
and sitting room and hall to be of seasoned white pine, line atank 6 ft. x4 ft. x4 ft. in attie to supply bath,
smooth and free from knots or other defects, for oil sinks, boiler, closets, and tubs.)
finish, first and second floor; painted in attic. Kitchen:
Base: Furnish and set in kitchen one 18 x 30 cast iron sink
In ist and 2d stories, except closets and kitchen, put with legs, supplied with hot and cold water through 56
down plinths 8 in. high beaded same as trim, and one in, patent brass cocks. Furnish and set one 40 gallon
base moulding, all scribed to floors and well nailed, and galvanized boiler connected with water back of range.
of same quality and kind of lumber as trim. Attic Put in sediment cock to boiler. Run circulating and
base plain % in. X 6 beaded. escape pipe from boiler.
Angle Beads : Pump:
All plaster angles to 144 in. turned angle beads. Furnish and set complete a Coleman ship pump in
Closet Work, ete.: ’ kitchen, supply tank from cistern also direct to sink.
Put up 24% in. strips for wardrobe hooks, where Bath Room:
directed. All shelves put up on strong rebated Furnish and set one 5% ft. 14 oz. French pattern cop-
cleats; shelve closets as follows: All closets to have per planished overflow tub, supplied with hot and cold
two rows of shelving and one row of japanned dou- water through 5 in, nickel plated patent cocks, to
ble hooks. Butler’s pantry fitted up with counter have nickel plated plug, chain, ete. Furnish and fit up
shelf 20 in. wide below, with three drawers under- 14 in. marble style overflow basin, 114 in. moulded and
neath on one side, and two doors on opposite side, countersink slab, 1 in., moulded base, 6 in.
with sash doors to slide above. In kitchen, wainscot —_——_———>+
o> on ___———

above sink two feet high around to window neatly SAFETY REGULATOR FOR ELEVATORS.
A NEW
capped, to be done with 7% narrow matched and
beaded pine. Put drain shelf to sink. Bath room A new system to prevent the falling of elevator cars COOK & SUMMERS’ DUMPING CAR,
wainseoted 314 feet high on all sides with 5g in. from any cause whatever has recently been patented
narrow matched and beaded white pine capped, by Mr. Adolphe Gallinant, of 862 Palisade Avenue,
that the car and load cannot be thrown off the track
front of tub, W. C. & W. B., same closet under W. B. West Hoboken, N. J.
when running on an uneven surface. The truck bed
door hung and secured with button, cap of tub, seat The arrangements for raising and lowering the car
use, the hoisting ropes is provided with a pin projecting into the bed plate,
in common
and lid and W. C. one 1¥ in. stuff; lid hung on brass are similar to those
and with friction rollers on which a disk, projecting a
hinges. Build coal bin, capacity 10 tons, in celiar, being secured to the crosshead of the ear, thence pass-
at the top of the shaft and short distance beyond the bed plate, rests. One side of
also pantry in cellar as directed. ing over pulleys located
A second or auxili- the bed plate is inclined, as shown in both drawings.
then down to the hoisting engine.
Rear piazza and Bay Window: To facilitate unloading, the front end of the car is a
ary rope is secured to the car, passed twice or more
Round off flooring on front edge and finish with cove trifle wider than the rear. The car body is attached to
times around a drum mounted on a shaft journaled in
and favia. Fill in between piers with 14 x 144 in. over a a frame consisting of side and end beams and a center
a frame placed at the top of the well, thence
lattice. Plate 2 x 8 in. letinto posts, finish under plate down to a counterba lance | beam; the latter is hinged to the upper edge of the in-
pulley in the frame and
over doorway with 144 in. rail, moulded, finished with cline, and the side beams rest on the end beams of the
Form moulded gutter in cornice, ceilings weight. This weight is not heavy enough to offset the
clapboards. ‘truck frame, as shown in the sectional view, Fig. 1. At
weight of the car, but is designed to always keep the
boarded with % in. narrow matched and beaded pine, possibilit y of its slipping the front end of the body is a hinged door, which can
rope taut, so as to prevent all
shingled as per main roof; steps same as floor, and Mounted on the same shaft with the , be locked or unlocked from the rear by a bent rod.
on the drum.
strings 1% in., risers % in. Rear porch to have strong that meshes with a pinion on a Secured to either the side or rear is a handle, by which
drum is a gear wheel
floor timbers, 1 in. floor, steps and risers, not inclosed, with a the body can be turned on the pin. The brake shoes
shaft carrying a second gear wheel ; this meshes
roof of same shingled, and supported by brackets or |are operated by cams placed on the ends of a central
pinion on a shaft carrying the fans. The fans are made
posts. rod moved by a lever.
Mantels : The load is dumped sidewise by unlocking the car
Will be provided by the owner, must be put up by frame, unfastening the hinged door by turning the
carpenter. bent rod downward, and then swinging the car body
at right angles—to the position shown in Fig. 1—by
Clothes Posts :

TT
means of the handle. Assoon as the car frame has
Furnish and set for house four chestnut turned posts,
set 3 ft. in the ground. cleared the end beams of the truck frame, it will tip
over on to the incline, as shown in Fig. 2. The load
Privy:
414g feet square, double faced matched
battened, shingle roof plain spruce frame, ceiled over
boards, . can be dumped endwise by lifting the rear end of the
car upward, using the front axle as the pivotal center;
the rear wheels remain on the track, as the rear axle is
head, battened door with thumb latch and bolt, 4 light By removing the
hinged to the front one by aframe.
sash, strong floor timbers, wide floor, seat with 2 holes,
car body, frame, and bed plate, the truck can be used
1 child’s seat, lids chamfered and hung. Build outside
cellar doors complete. Build two wash trays of 2 in. iii as a timber car.
This invention has been patented by Mr. 8. W.
lumber with lids and. legs complete, lids hung
Cook and Henry Summers, of Bozeman, Montana.
on brass hinges; inside measurement of tubs to be,

depth 16 in., width 224 in.; length, 2614 in. high, sup-
plied through nickel plated patent cocks, to have plug,
chain, etc., complete. Furnish, fit up, and connect one
wash out water closet with white earthenware bowl,
and drip porcelain supply tank above.
Painting:
Outside woodwork to have two coats of best Atlantic
white lead, and linseed oil in three colors, roof stained.
Interior, one coat of filler and one coat of hard oil.
Tinning and Plumbing:
Furnish all necessary flashings for windows, valleys,
etc., line gutters, and do all tinning required by the
drawings, also furnish and put up 3 in. tin leaders
where shown.
Waste:
Supply pipes, AA, ° lead.
3 ft. closed (as indicated by the full lines in Fig. 8) during Caycats, Trade Marks, their costs, and how procured, Address
Run 4 in. east iron soil pipe from drain, at least
outside cellar wall and 4 ft. above roof, finished with
ete., joints by the dotted lines) during the descent.
ventilator. To have necessary branches,
PATENTS.
-
mn
In connection with the Scientific American, Messrs. Munn &
'Co, are solicitors of American and Foreign Patents, have had 40 years’
experience, and now have the largest establishment in the world. Patents
are obtained on the best terms.
ch A special notice is made in the Scientific American of all inven-
| SAN tions patented through this Agency, with the name and residence of the
B iii Patentee. By the immense circulation thus given, public attention is di-
rected to the merits of the new patent, and sales or introduction often
GALLINANT’S SAFETY REGULATOR FOR ELEVATORS. easily effected.
Any person who has made a new discovery or invention can ascertain,
free of charge, whether a patent can probably be obtained, by writing to
of light wood backed with canvas, and are so hinged Monn & Co.
to a bar, as shown in Figs. 3 and 4, that they will be |
We also send free our Hand Book about the Patent Laws, Paten‘s,
the ascent of the car, and will be opened (as indicated | Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, New York.
Branch Office, cor. F and 7th Sts., Washington, D. C,
 48 Scientific American. [DECEMBER, 1885.
THE NEW YORK WATERWORKS. of 50 feet above tide, and was pumped by a 12 horse another storage reservoir. The total capacity of the
In connection with the remarkable aqueduct now in power engine into an iron tank 20 feet high by 44 feet storage is 9,000,000 gallons.
progress for increasing the water supply of New York | across, and placed at an elevation of 84 feet above tide. The aqueduct from Croton Dam is of masonry, lined
city, which we illustrated in November number, we give There was laid in connection with the reservoir a line with brick, and has a sectional area of 53°34 square
below an engraving of the great Quaker Dam which is | of 12 inch east iron pipe to William Street, with 6 and feet. The Harlem River is crossed by the famous High
to forma part of the same extraordinary work. We 10 inch branches—a total of 34,700 feet. The pipe cost Bridge, built of granite masonry, and having 8 spans
also add the following particulars of the city water $70,950, and in January, 1833, the works had cost of 80 feet and 7 spans of 50 feet, its length being 1,393
supply: $42,233. feet between the gate houses. The height is 100 feet in
In 1774, when New York city had a population of At that time the supply was so small that some 600 the clear above tide water. The water was first carried
22,000, Christopher Colles built a reservoir on the east hogsheads of water were brought in daily from the coun- across in two 36 inch pipes, but in 1860 the capacity
side of Broadway about one and qne-half miles from try and sold for about $1.25 each. In 1834, the Thir- was enlarged by the addition of a wrought iron pipe, 7
the Battery, and sank a well on the bank of the Collect. teenth Street well was increased 100 feet in depth by a feet 614 inches in diameter. ‘This makes the pipe equal
This was the first attempt to supply the city with 246 y17
inch bore, which added 20,000 gallons to the daily in capacity to the aqueduct.

vow 89 100 12D 140 160 180 200 20 @60 FEET,

Na ea
boda f4 wan

PLAN QUAKER BRIDGE DAM

a
Cross SECTION
cf DAM

VIEW SHOWING THE CONTEMPLATED QUAKER DAM ACROSS CROTON RIVER—NEW YORK WATER SUPPLY.

water, and its completion was prevented by the Revo- supply. Water was also forced into the reservoir from Before 1840 a rectangular reservoir
836 feet wide, 1,826
lution. T’'wenty-five years later the Manhattan Com- a well near Jefferson Market, 30 feet deep and 16 feet feet long, and 20 feet deep, holding 150,000,000 gallons,
pany built a well near the Collect, 25 feet in diameter diameter. Eighty thousand feet of cast iron pipe had was built about six miles from the Battery. Twenty
and 30 feet deep; from this, water was pumped by two been laid from the reservoir for the use of the Fire De- years later a receiving reservoir having a capacity of
steam engines, of 18 horse power each, into a reservoir paitment up to 1835 at a total cost of $182,852. 1,200,000,000 gallons was built next to this one, The
on Chambers Street. The distributing pipes were A plan to take water from Croton River was adopted distributing reservoir at Forty-second Street is 400 feet
bored logs, 25 miles of which had been laid in 1823, sup- by the Common Council in 1835. Across the river was square, and holds 24,000,000 gallons. A high service
plying some 2,000 houses in addition to manufactories. built a dam having an overfall of 90 feet long in ma- reservoir holding 10,800,000 gallons was built in 1866 at
In 1830-32 the same company sank a well corner of sonry, the balance being earth embankment. This the west end of High Bridge. Engines supply an iron
Broadway and Bleecker Street, 8 inches in diameter was washed away by a freshet early in 1841, and when stand pipe and tank, the flow line from which is 324
and 442 feet deep; a 6 horse power engine got 44,000 reconstructed the overfall was made 180 feet in feet above the tide level.
gallons daily. During the same year the city built for | length. Elevations greater than this aqueduct are supplied
the Fire Department a well on Thirteenth Street near In 1866-72 a dam 78 feet high from the rock foundation, by the two steam engines at High Bridge, which have
Broadway, 16 feet in diameter and 112 feet deep, nearly 670 feet long on top and 8% feet wide, was built for a a combined daily capacity of 10,000,000 gallons. In
100 feet of which was through rock. Twelve feet from storage reservoir at a point 23 miles from, Croton Dam. 1879-80 another high service supply was obtained from
the bottom two galleries, each 4 by 6 feet, wererun out Another storage dam was built on the middle branch two engines pumping into a stand pipe 170 feet high lo-
for a distance of 75 feet; a branch 25 feet long was ex- | of the Croton in 1874-78. Plans are now being carried eated at Ninety-eighth Street. All of the water mains
tended from one of these. The water rose to a height |out for a dain at Kensico, on the Bronx River, for are of cast iron.
 DECEMBER, 1885.] Scientific American. 49
For several years the supply furnished by the pres- LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE. No Right to Steal Away Your Employer’s Pusiness.
ent works has been insufficient; the population and Vitruvius relates that the architect Dinocrates pro- In Van Wyck vs. Horowitz, New York Supreme
manufacturing interests have grown more rapidly than posed to Alexander the Great to carve Mount Athos in Court, special term, 28 Daily Reg., 305, the question as
was dreamed of, and, judging by the past, will con- such a way as to give it the shape of a man, whose one to the right of a party to use another name upon his
tinue to increase in a yearly greater proportion. That hand should support an entire city, and whose other business cards, ete., by saying ‘late with,” ete., is dis-
the case is urgent and demands quick and effective should carry a cup which received all the waters from cussed. In this case the defendant, who had been em-
measures is not disputed. Two plans present them- the mountain, and from which they overflowed into ployed by plaintiff as a workman upon jewelry and in
selves: one is to build so as to meet immediate wants, the sea. the repair of watches, set up in a business similar to
the other is to build to meet future wants—in other Alexander, charmed with the idea, asked him if this that kept by plaintiff, and put upon his cards and upon
words, to build for ourselves only, or to build for our city was to be surrounded by land capable of supplying a sign in his store ‘‘ Late with James P. Van Wyck.”
children’s children. Nothing ean show the fallacy of it with the grain necessary for its subsistence. Having This use of his name the plaintiff sought to restrain, and
the first method better than the brief sketch above ascertained that the provisioning could only be done the court granted a motion to continue an injunction,
given of New York’s water system, which has been by sea, Alexander said: ‘t Dinocrates, I grant the beauty saying: The statement of the case evokes instant con-
only a succession of patches added every few years, of your project; it pleases me, but I think that any demnation from the hearer, and an analysis of the
each addition being probably made in the vain hope one who should take it into his head to establish a thoughts which produce such instantaneous conclusions
that the city would stop outgrowing its water supply. colony in the place you propose would run the risk of will show that it rests upon sound legal principles as
The alternative is to so build that weshall be prepared being taxed with want of foresight; for, just as a child well as upon the conscience of the hearer.
to supply an ample quantity of water for all the wants can neither feed nor develop without the milk of a The defendant has no right of property in the name
of all the people of New York city for all time. nurse, so a city cannot increase without fertile fields, nor in the reputation of that business which he seeks
Purity of the source of supply is the first and most have a large population without plenty of food, and to use with his own name and business so as to give his
important consideration. It would be hazardous own prominence at the expense of the other. If
to utilize a watershed which would require a sys- the defendant had been a stove blackener, or
tem of drainage to remove material that might hostler, or an errand boy in the employ of the
contaminate the water. It would be extremely plaintiff, or a clerk discharged for want of fidelity
foolish to take a water supply from a built upon or competency, he could with just as much truth
section of country, every foot of which would have advertise himself as ‘‘late with James P. Van
to be rigidly, carefully, and constantly guarded to Wyck.” The extreme supposed eases are put to
keep away impurities. In deciding upon a plan illustrate the danger of the counsel’s position. It
to provide water for a city of the size and import- cannot be that a man who has sustained any posi-
ance of New York, it is false economy to let the tion toward or had any employment for a well
question of cost prevent the adoption of that known individual, that thereby he obtains the
scheme which will best meet all the requirements. right to use that name in connection with his own,
Several plans are now being considered by a so as to advertise himself and his business at the
commission appointed about a year ago to select expense of his former patron and employer, and
a plan for obtaining an adequate supply. One to do it ina manner which is likely to, and often
of these is shown in our frontispiece. It con- must, deceive as to the nature of the relations to
templates damming the Croton River at Quaker him.
Bridge, a point about four and one-half miles The motion to continue the injunction must be
below the present Croton dam. This would catch Fig. 1—LANDSCAPE BY FATHER KIRCHER. granted, because—
all the water from the small tributaries of the First. The defendant is, without authority,
Croton, the total watershed of which amounts to allow itsinhabitants to subsist without rich harvests; using the plaintiff’s name, which is the use of another’s
362 square miles. The dam will measure about 192°5 so, while giving the originality of your plan my ap- property for his own benefit and to the injury of its
feet from the top to the top of the foundation; and in proval, I have to say to you that I disapprove of the owner.
the deepest part the foundation will be 69 feet high. place that you have selected for putting it into execu- Second. He is attempting to transfer to himself a
The width at the base will be about 200 feet, and at the tion. But I want you to stay near me, because I shall part of the reputation of the store and business of the
top 22 feet, on which will be a roadway. The length have need of your services.” plaintiff, which also belong to the plaintiff as really and
at coping will be 1,350 feet; length at datum level will This gigantic project had doubtless been suggested as truly as his name or his personal property of which
be 510 feet; width at that level, 172 feet. Along the to the Macedonian architect by the singular forms that he is the actual owner.
top of the face of the dam will be a line of arches certain mountains affect. It is not rare, in fact, to see Third. The mode and manner of the use by the de-
forming a cornice. The outline drawings show a cross human profiles delineated upon the sky, and this fendant of the name of the plaintiff are such as often-
section and plan. The foundation will be concrete, and phenomenon especially happens in countries where the times to deceive, and because liable to deceive, and
the main dam rubble masonry faced with stone work. folded limestone strata have been broken up in such a thus benefit the defendant at the expense of the plain-
The estimated cost of the dam is $5,000,000, way as to give rise to deep valleys perpendicular to the tiff, such use must be held to be unlawful.
At the north end of the dam will be two spillways, direction of the chain. If we look at these folds from $$» +0
formed between two knolls placed in a line, making below in an oblique direction, we shall see them super- Sawdust in Plastering.
an angle (down stream) with the dam. The waste posed upon one another in such a way as to represent Two Western inventors have recently obtained pat-
water will run down a ravine, entering Croton River figures that recall a human profile. ents for the use of sawdust instead of sand in plastering
some distance below. In the seventeenth century, Father Kircher conceived compositions, and this, it is conceived, may be a mat-
At a distance of six miles above Croton dam will be the ideaof taking up Dinocrates’ plan upon a small ter of considerable importance to the owners of saw-
placed Muscoot dam, a subsidiary one designed purely seale, and composed the landscape shown in Fig. 1. mills in the principal lumbering towns. One of the
for sanitary purposes; it will be the same height as the The drawing remained engraved for a long time upon patents is for the use of nearly equal parts of plaster
spillways of Quaker dam. The duty of this dam will a marble tablet set into the wall of Cardinal Montalte’s of Paris or cement and sawdust, with the ordinary
be to keep the country constantly flooded, even if the garden at Rome. Later on, artists improved and vari- amount of plastering hair and water; the other calls
water should be drawn off from both the Croton and ed this project, as shown in Figs. 2and 3. By looking for the use of about 414 pounds each of slaked lime and
Quaker ponds. The Quaker dam would raise the water at these cuts from the sides of the page, it will be seen sawdust to 1 pound of plaster of Paris, a quarter of a
level 34 feet above the top of the present Croton dam. that they form human profiles. Fig. 2 represents an pound of glue, and a sixteenth of a pound of glycerine,
The present aqueduct will be connected with Quaker old woman, and Fig. 3 a man whose beard and hair are with plasterer’s hair. Whether or not either of these
Pond at three levels, thereby permitting the selection formed by shrubbery. described plasters would be cheaper than those made in
of the purest water in the pond to be sent to the city. We do not think that these conceptions have ever the ordinary way, they would certainly be lighter, and

Figs. 2 and 3.—LANDSCAPES SHOWING PROFILES OF HUMAN FACE.

The old gate house at Croton dam will be enlarged and been realized, although Heron in his treatise on itis believed that they would better adhere to thewalls,
connected with both the Croton and Quaker ponds at dif- Dioptra, and Father Scott in his Parastatic Magic, have and not be so liable to chip, scale, and crack. Sifted
ferent levels, to allow the drawing of water from either described instruments that permit of making the neces- sawdust has before been used to some extent by expe-
source. A new aqueduct will lead from here to the sary outlines to cause grounds to presenta given aspect rienced workmen for mixing with mortar for plastering
city. An aqueduct will connect Muscoot with Quaker from a given point. These instruments consist essen- external walls, exposed to the alternate action of water
Pond in order to allow Croton Pond to be emptied tially of a vertical transparent frame, upon which is and frost, as a preventive of scaling. Certainly the
without interfering with the supply. Openings will be drawn a vertical projection of the landscape that it is experiment of introducing sawdust in place of sand in
made through Quaker dam, in order that the water desired to obtain. mortar is worth trying, for in many places sharp sand
may be drawn off if necessary. a suitable for the purpose is difficult to obtain.
It is caleulated that Quaker dam will impound thirty- SOLDER FOR IRON, BRASS, ETC.—Chloride of zine + ee
two billions of gallons of water, which would be suffi- dissolved in alcohol will make a good flux for solder- THE attraction of gravity is greatest at the earth’s
cient for a 160 days’ supply of 200,000,000 gallons each. ing iron, brass, or other metal. surface. It is nothing at the center,

a
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‘SAS oleh apaoe

*

Scientific American.
° “gee a RAL Z *

50 [Decemper, 1885,
-

H, M, 8. BENBOW. The guns on the barbetie tewers are of course much vessels may be capsized by destruction of unarmored
The Benbow, built at the Thames Ironworks, Black- | exposed, but the gun detachmentis down below a parts, as has been shown at the Admiralty by model
wall, and recently launched, is a ship to which special steel circular 3 in. revolving deck. The gun is loaded experiments. But the adversaries of the citadel type
interest naturally attaches at the present time, because by running back and lowering the breech. The type urge that water is liable to enter and interfere with
she is perhaps the most remarkable vessel of the new to which this vessel belongs is one which we need speed. On the other hand, such a vessel as the Admiral
citadel type representing the ships termed the Adiniral hardly say has been the subject of long and bitter at- Duperre has her men so entirely exposed that it may
class, being all named after celebrated admirals—that tack by Sir Edward Reed. At present this line of be questioned if she could keep aman at any of her
is, the Howe, the Anson, the Collingwood, the Camper- criticism meets with approval from some of the best |guns under the fire of quick guns and machine guns
down, the Rodney, and Some officers believe that
the Benbow. The Benbow the effect of quick fire is at
differs from the others in present overrated. It ap-
carrying in each of her pears probable that the
barbette towers one 110 construction of our ships
ton breech loading gun in- may be so far affected by
stead of two smaller pieces. quick fire as to cause a thin
It is this fact that consti- belt of armor to be extend.
tutes her most notable fea- ed at the waterline to turn
ture. The 110 ton breech off the great mass of quick
loading gun ordered from fire which may be assumed
Elswick is 43 ft. 6 in. long; to fall on it more or less ob-
its caliber is 16°75 in. It liquely. As to ramming
fires a charge of 900 lb. and powers, the Benbow has a
a projectile weighing 1,800 spur strengthened with a
lb., with a muzzle velocity horizontal flange, and her
of 2,020 ft. per second, giv- bows are stiffened with her
ing a muzzle energy of horizontal armor deck.
61,200 foot tons, with a ecal- With her twin screws she
culated perforation of 30°5 ought to be fairly handy:
in. of wrought iron, and an —The Engineer.
energy per ton of gun of ++

518 tons. These figures SAIL RIGGED MERRY-GO-

will be found to imply that ROUND,
it will be the most power- Our engraving shows a
ful gun in the world at merry-go-round consisting
present, Krupp’s 119 ton of a braced standard upon
gun having only 46,061 foot the top of which is central-
tons calculated muzzle ly pivoted a beam provided
energy. The Benbow is at either end with a mast
also interesting as being and sails, and with a seat
built by contract, for at the suspended by four ropes.
present moment it is very The standard is a post six
important to learn the rela- or eight inches square, and
tive advantages and dis- of the desired height, rest-
advantages of building by SAIL RIGGED MERRY-GO-ROUND. ing upon crossed timbers,
contract and in the royal the ends of which may be
shipyards. The Benbow is of the mastless type, hav- known naval officers. On the other hand, others think pegged to the ground or which may be made ofa
ing only a pole with a top for two machine guns. She it has been pushed to unreasonable lengths. Citadel length sufficient to prevent tipping over; four braces
has compound armor in a belt about 8 ft. wide and 18 ships leave their ends exposed at the water line. The support the standard. The main beam is composed of
in. maximum thickness along her water line amidships, French barbette class, represented by the Admiral two timbers about eight inches wide and one anda
with a3 in. steel deck at the top of the armor, and a Duperre, have armor along their water Jine from end half or two inches thick and of any desired length
horizontal armored deck fore and aft of her citadel. She to end at the expense of exposing the ship in other —twenty or twenty-five feet would answer admir-
is 330 ft. long and 685 ft. wide. Her displacement will places. ably.
be over 10,000 tons, perhaps running up to 10,500 tons. At Alexandria no shell that passed into the unarmor- These two pieces are separated by blocks at the ends
She has 9,000 horse power, and her speed is hoped to ed part of any of our vessels did serious damage, and and center and bolted together, so as to form a square
be 16 knots. Her barbettes are protected by 14 in. of until the introduction of quick-firing guns, few officers box without top or bottom. Upen the upper side of
compound or steel faced armor built at an angle, as would, we think, believe that ships could be destroyed the center of the beam are two blocks of wood held by
shown. Her armament is as follows: by such fire. It is now urged that quick fire may very two bolts; the under block carries a socket which rests
On her hurricane deck she carries eight quick-firing quickly riddle a vessel along her water line, and so upon the end of along pivot bar projecting from the
Hotchkiss 6 pounder guns and four Nordenfelt machine cripple her that she may be rammed. Both classes of top of the standard; of course this bar is long enough
guns, probably four barreled 1 in. Nordenfelts in small to permit the beam te swing clear of the standard.
projecting towers. On her battery deck are ten broad- Across the slot formed by the timbers of the main beam
side 6 in. new type guns, those at the fore and aft ends extends a short bar, about the center of which is lashed
of the battery training round so as to fire if need be a rope carrying a box to receive weights; by shifting
through ports made for firing directly fore or aft. this box toward or from the center, the whole machine
There are also on this deck four quick-firing guns and may be balanced when the occupant of one seat is
six machine guns, four in towers and two carrying heavier than the occupant ef the other. This merry-
shields on their carriages. In her barbette towers are go-round may be easily and cheaply constructed.
the two 110 ton guns. There are also four Our picture is from a photogranh kindly sent to us
smaller five barreled Nordenfelt machine guns, by Mr. Raymond Moulton, of St. Malo, France, who
4‘5in bore. Her top is designed to carry two states that one of these contrivances which he put up
machine guns. Torpedoes can be discharged for his children gives them great enjéyment.
ahead, astern, and abeam.

|wn ys
i

THE NEW BRITISH WAR STEAMER BENBOW.

 a -

DECEMBER, 1885,.] w Stientific Anrverican. 51

A WRIST-HELD MEMORANDUM PAD. the force of the wind, and fell, forming slight slopes, tack to the larboard or starboard (Figs. 4and 5). Fi-
A means of avoiding the annoyance and inconveni- while the sand which fell at the foot of the palisade nally, when it is desired to move against the wind, by
‘anee caused by misplacing memorandum pads and pen- on the side near the sea formed a steep incline. skating in the usual way, the body is bent forward in
ceils, when one is oceupied with work of various details, Soon this reached the top of the palisade, and then such a way that the sail lies horizontally.and no longer
is saown in the accompanying illustration. Light the planks were drawn up by means of a special im- offers a purchase to the uerial current (Fig. 6). The
metal plates are so made as to hold a pad by its paste- plement to the needed height, and the formation con- skater can thus return to his starting point, and from
board bottom, and to these are attached astrap to tinued as before, the slope on the side of the sea grow- thence be driven forward again by the wind.
pass around the arm at the wrist, and buckle. Inte- ing steeper, while the other got more and more gentle. This exercise is a very agreeable one, and not very
gral with these plates is a looped strip with a rubber Ultimately the dune reached such a height (generally dangerous; and the falls that a person gets in begin- ~
ten to twelve meters) that the sand can no longer get ning are not to be dreaded, because they almost always
over it, and it is definitely arrested between the bar- oecur backward. The degree of speed that can be at
rier and the sea. It falls back on the shore, unable to
advance, until contrary winds come and blow it out
to sea again. To fix the sand on the other side of the
barrier, the Arundo arenaria is planted. The roots
penetrate to a depth of four or five meters, and the
plant always keeps its head above the increasing sand.
The results obtained by thisnew dune (says M. Cham-
brelent) have been complete. The most violent
storms have not been able to carry the sand over it;
the latter has fallen back on the shore innocuous, and

#:
, the advance of the inexhaustible sand coming from the
air
Hil sea has been absolutely arrested.

en
+0
SAIL SKATING,
When the ports of the Baltic are closed by ice dur-
ing winter, the pilots and sailors of Arnager Isle, at
Copenhagen, delight to occupy their leisure hours with
the exercise of skating by sail. This sport requires
much skill and quite a long apprenticeship; but, after | I)i HT

a person has become dexterous at it, it offers a very

BOYLE’S HOLDER FOR TABLETS AND PENCILS. peculiar charm, and, when a swift wind causes him to
glide over the surface of the ice, he feels himself lifted,
tube for holding a pencil. The device is such that as it were, and experiences a sensation analogous to
pads can be conveniently renewed therein as desired, that of flight. We give in Fig. 1 a diagram of the ap- SEELY’S BILLIARD TABLE POCKET.
and, with it buckled on the left wrist, one can readily paratus, such as we have seen it employed by the
write on the pads as occasion may eall for, with the Danish skaters, and such as we have employed it our- tained by a practiced skater is considerable, and yet is
Jeast possible interruption to other work. self. The sail, which is formed of a light but strong
less than that of certain ice boats when these are sail-
This invention has been patented by Mr. Peter fabric,* is stretched over a bamboo frame whose dimen ing in high-winds. When the skater gets through using
Boyle, of No. 350 West Congress St., Chicago, Ill. sions are given in the cut. The center crosspiece, his apparatus, he detaches it from his shoulders, winds
ee which must be placed at the level of the shoulders, is the sails around the bamboo sticks, which may be’sepa-
Sand Dunes, fastened to the skater’s body by bands that cross the rated from them, and thus has an object that is no
Nature gives the following interesting account of a breast and afterward pass around the waist, so that more trouble to carry than an umbrella would be.
successful scheme of overcoming the movement of they may be tied together in front. Large crosspieces When the winters are severe, it is not unusual to meet
sand dunes: M. Cambrelent, Inspector of Public Works, of wood, attached to the lower corners of the system, upon the ice numerous groups of skaters by sail who are
has made a report to the Agricultural Society of are held inthe skater’s hands, so that he may trim the endeavoring to excel each other in speed. Young peo-
France on the subject of the sand dunes of Gascony. sail in one direction or another.. When the skater ple are often seen,too, setting out on an expedition over
These sand hills cover a surface of more than 85,000 wishes to be carried along by the wind, he must stand the frozen sea between Denmark and Sweden, and tra-
hectares; they are more than 80 versing the entire Sound. These
meters high, and 5 to 6 kilo- latter use the sail when the wind
meters wide. Before a method is favorable, but fold up the
of arresting these was discovered, apparatus when the contrary
they were being constantly is the case, and make use
pushed inland by the winds, in- of their skates in the ordinary
vading and covering fields, vil- way.
lages, and even burying churches Danish hunters, likewise, often
up to their towers. In 1780 have recourse to skating by sail
Bremontier sought to render in order to rapidly reach points
them immovable by planting where wild ducks and geese have
them, after many experiments been observed. On one ‘of these
designed to develop a primary hunting excursions we chanced
vegetation. His work has been to pursue an unfortunate stray
continued with perseverance, fox over the ice, and competed
and it is only recently that it has Fic. 1.—DIAGRAM OF THE SAIL AND ITS with him in speed when he was
been completed, and these 85,000 FRAME, running in the direction of the
hectares, which menaced all the wind. Wecamevery near catch-
Fie. 3.—DOWN THE WIND. TOPSAIL a ie es OPS os ee
country adjoining, have become LOWERED. ing him in the race.—La Nature
eovered witha rich forest vegeta- +

tion which has fixed the dunes in IMPROVED POCKET ‘FOR BIl-
one place. A great public danger LIARD AND POOL TABLES,
has been converted into a large A billiard and pool table pocket
forest. But this work, which in which the chalk cannot be
renders pen.anent dunes already broken by the striking of the
existing, has not prevented the balls is shown in the acecompany-
sea from throwing up on the ing illustrations, where Figs. 1
coast new sand day by day, which and 2 represent the pocket un-
forms dunes, which in their turn attached and in position on the
invade the permanent dunes. table, and Fig. 3 shows the blank
After having fixed the old sand for making the body of the
hills, the problem was to pre- pocket. These pockets are pre-
vent the formation of new ones. ferably made of leather colored
To solve this, it was decided to green, to correspond with the
construct a dune above high cloth on the table. It will be
water, in which all the con- seen that the blank is so formed
ditions of the movable dunes that its lower end strips may be
would be reversed. The form contracted and folded over a ring
given to thelatter by the wind to give the proper shape to the
is such that on the side of the pocket, the ring leaving an
sea they present a gentle slope, opening to allow the chalk to
Fia. 4.—STARBOARD TACK, Fic. 6.—IN THE WIND’S EYE. Fie, 5.—LARBOARD TACK,
which the sand can mount easily pass through, but affording a
as on an inclined plane, in SAIL SKATING. seat to receive the ball. Attach-
order to fall down a steep de- ed to this ring is also an addition-
cline. It is by the gentle slopes forming a series very erect, without stiffening his body too much, and al or lower pocket, of netting, to receive and hold the
of inclined planes that the sand. moves forward. bend backward in proportion as the wind blows fresher. chalk in such separate compartment.
The formation of the new dune was encouraged, but it Confidence is acquired by practice. Fig. 2 gives the This invention has been patented, and the pockets
was directed in such a manner that it had a steep position of the skater going with the wind and under are manufactured, by Mr. David W. Seely, of No. 118
slope on the side of the sea. To secure this, a wooden full sail. When the wind is too violent, the topsail may Lake Street, Elmira, N. Y.
ooor
palisade was erected about 120 meters away from the ‘be readily lowered (Fig. 3), so as to thus moderate the
sea, all along the shore. The sand first struck against impulsion derived from the moving air. By inclining OXYGENATED water, or peroxide of hydrogen, for
this in its progress and fell at its foot, a portion of it the sail in one direction or the other, the skater may bleaching, is being manufactured in England in a con.
escaping through the interstices left between the cei trated condition, and sold at the rate of 534 d. per
planks. The latter was carried some distance by _ * Chinese pongee silk is admirably adapted for the purpose, pouad, in quantities not less than one carboy.
 7

Scientific American. [DECEMBER, 1885.

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LEEK STAFFORDSHIRE.
MAURICE B ADAMS oRcd

SUGGESTIONS IN CHURCH ARCHITECTURE.—[See page 56.]

it
 54 Scientific American, [DecEMBER, 1885. ©
THE HELICOIDAL OR WIRE STONE SAW. |and with scarcely any pressure. Mr. P. Gay has, how- the carriage, Q, upon which is placed the block of stone
ever, devised a new process, which is based upon the to besawn. When one operation has been finished,
THE sides of solid bodies, whatever be the degree of theoretical considerations given above. His helicoidal and it is desired to begin another, it is necessary to
hardness, and however fine the texture, possess surfaces saw is, in reality, an endless cable formed by twisting raise the pulley-carriers and the saw. In order
to do
formed of a succession of projections and depressions. together three steel wires in such. a way as to give the this quickly, there is provided a special transmission,
When two bodies are in contact, these projections and spirals quite an elongated pitch. M, which is actuated by hand, through a winch.
indentations fit into one another, and the adherence The apparatus in its form for cutting blocks of stone The work done by this saw is effected more rapidly
that results is proportional to the degree of roughness ‘into large slabs(Figs. 1, 2, and 3) consists of two frames, than by the ordinary processes, and certain very hard
of the surfaces. If, by a more or less energetic A A, five feetapart, each formed of two iron columns, rucks, usually regarded as almost intractable, can be
mechanical action, we move one of the bodies with re- 716 feet in height and one foot apart, fixed to cast sawed at the rate of from one to one and a half inches
spect to the other, we shall produce, according as the |iron bases resting upon masonry. At the upper part, per hour.
For sawing marble into slabs of all thicknesses, the
arrangement described above may be replaced by a
system consisting of two drums having several channels
Fic. 1.— Elevation,
to receive as many saws, or two corresponding series of
channeled pulleys, } 6 (Fig. 4), independent of each
{) other, but keyed to the same axles, 77. When the
pulleys have been properly spaced by means of keys,
the whole affair is rendered solid by a bolt, g. The ex-
— — = , SF ee _—sS
cy

tremity of the axles forms a nut into which pass ver-

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Fie. 4.—APPARATUS FOR SAWING STONE

INTO SLABS.

tical screws, cc. These latter are connected above

Fias. 1, 2 AnD 3.—APPARATUS
action overcomes cohesion, more or less disintegration
of the bodies. The resulting wear in each of them will
evidently be inversely proportional to its hardness and
the nature of its surface; and it will vary, besides,
the pressure exerted between the surfaces and the
velocity of the mechanical action. We may say, then,
that the wear resulting from rubbing two bodies against
each other is a function of their degree of hardness, of
the extent and state of their surface, of the pressure, of
the velocity, and of the time.
According as these factors are varied in asense favor-
able or unfavorable to their proper action, we obtain
variations in the final erosion. Thus, in rubbing
gether two bodies of different hardness and nature of
surface, we obtain a wear inversely proportional to the
hardness and state of polish of their surfaces. Through
FOR SAWING
aframe, B B, formed of double T-irons cross-braced here
and there, supports a transmission Lomposed of gear-
wheels, R R, and a pitch-chain, GG. Along the columns
with of the frame, which serve as guides, move two kinds
of pulley-carriers, C C. The pulleys, DD, are chan-
neled, and receive the cable,a@a, which serves as a
helicoidal saw. The direction of the saw’s motion is in-
dicated by thearrow.
by serews, V V, which are fixed between the columns.
The extremity, v, of the axle of the pulley to the right
is threaded, and actuates a helicoidal wheel, E, which
transmits motion to the wheel, R, through the inter-
to- medium of the vertical shaft, F. This transmission,
completed by the wheels, R R, and the pitch-chains,
G G, is designed to move the saw vertically, through
the simultaneous shifting of the carriages, C C.- A ten-
with cone-wheels, / 7, which, gearing with bevel wheels
keyed to the shafts, e, secure a complete interdepend-
STONE. ence of the whole. The ascending motion, which is
controlled by the endless screws, f, and the helicoidal
wheels, m, is in this way effected with great regularity.
Uprights, a a, of double T-iron, fixed to joists, 4.4, and
connected and braced by pieces, dd, form a strong
frame.
The power necessary to run this kind of saw is less
than 2 x 4 H. P., on account of the number of passive
parts. The most interesting application of the helicoid-
al saw is in the exploitation of quarries. Fig. 5 repre-
The carriages, C C, are traversed sents a Belgian marble quarry which is being worked
by Mr. Gay’s method.
Tubular Per-forators.—Mr. Gay has rendered his saw
completer by the invention of a tubular perforator for
drilling the preliminary well. It is based upon the
saine principle as the Leschot rotary drill, but differs
from that inits extremity being simply of tempered
steel instead of being set with black diamonds. A
special product, called metallic agglomerate, is used
instead of sand for hastening the work.
- The apparatus, Fig. 6, consists of an iron plate eylin-
der, A, 2714 inches in diameter, and of variable length,
according to the depth to be obtained, and terminating
beneath in a steel head, B, of greater thickness. This
cylinder is traversed by a shaft, C, to which it is keyed,
and which passes through the center of the aperture
drilled. This shaft is connected with the cylinder, A,
through the intermedium of-cross-bars, D, and trans-
mits thereto
a rapid rotary motion, which is received

Fie. 6.—TUBULAR PERFORATOR.

at the upper part from a telodynamie wire that passes

Fig. 5.—APPLICATION OF GAY’S
the interposition of a pulverized hard body we ean still
further accelerate such wear, as a consequence of
rapid renewal of the disintegrating element.
he gradual wear effected over the entire surface of
a body brings about a polish, while that effected along
a line or at some one point determines a cleavage or an
aperture.
The process: usually employed in quarries or stone-
rose for sawing consists in slowly moving a stone-saw
Kkward and forward, either by hand
or machinery,
through the channel of the horizontal pulley, P. This
latter is supported by a frame consisting of. three up-
rights, Q Q, strengthened by stays, R R, fixed to the
ground. .
STONE SAW IN A MARBLE QUARRY. In order that the cylinder, A, may be given a vertical
motion, cords, M M, fixed to a piece, 8, loose on the hub,
D, wind round the drum of a windlass, T, after passing
sion weight, P,through the intermedium of pulleys over the pulleys, p p.
the
D; Di, permits of keeping the saw taut. A reservoir, The rapid gyratory motion of the cylinder, along
H, at the upper part of the frame, B B, contains the with the erosive action of the metallic agglomerate,
water and sand necessary for sawing. The feeding rapidly wears away the rock, and causes the descent of
_is effected by means ofa rubber tube, I, terminating in the perforator.
During this operation a core of marble
a flattened rose, J, which is situated over the aperture forms in the cylinder. This is detached by lateral pres-
mnade by the saw. A small pump, L. over the reservoir sure, and is capable of being utilized.
The tool de-
takes water from K, and raises it toH. Thesand is put scends at the rate of from 20 to 24 inghes per hour, or
in by hand.
from 8 to 10 yards per day in ordinary lime rock.—Le
Above the basin, K, a system of rails and ties supports Genie Civil.
 DECEMBER, 1885.] Stientific American, 55

WOOD PUM, DE GRAUW, AYMAR & CO, Niagara Steam Pomp Works,
CHAS. B. HARDICK.
HYDRANTS, —MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS—
(ESTABLISHED 1862.)

Poplar and Hard Wood Lumber

Cordage Oaktm, Wire Rope, Chains, Blocks &.
118, 120 & 122 Plymouth St,
Bills Cut to Order.
BROOKLYN, N. Y.
Special Discounts Contractors’ and Builders’ Supplies in these lines.
Sole Manufacturer and Pro-
made on Pumps to prietor of

Builders buying in Nos. 34 & 35 South Street, New York.

HARDICK’S
Quantity.

Office and Warerooms: Patent Double-deting Seam Pum

Goss & Phillips Mfe. Co., Chicago, AND
308 Market St., Philadelphia. SES is ee ets) SE ES Copa
Sa

Sash, Doors, Blinds, Mouldings

Ono Block from Catharine W.S. HARDICK,
Forry. Manager.
Mills: Double Acting Agitator Pumps.
Double Acting Acid Pumps.
West Grafton, W. Va. HARDWOOD INTERIOR FINISH A SPECIALTY. Double Acting Beer and Mash Pump.
Crank Pump and Engine Combined.
STREET, CHICAGO.
0. G BLATCHLEY.
CORNER FISK and WEST 22d Duplex Air Pumps for Brewers’ Use.
Deep Well Pumps.
Artesian Well Pumps.

We desire to call the

FOOT POWER
Patented January 22d, 1884.
Special Attention of Architects and Builders How to Learn to Draw.—Mechanical
Drawing, by Prof. C. W. MacCord, of the Ste-
Both Ends of Lock Absolutely to our vens Institute of Technology. A series of new, Scroll Saws, &c.
Secure.
Hard Oil Finish,
original, and practical lessons in mechanical draw- Latest and most improv-
ing, accompanied by carefully prepared exampies
for practice, with directions, all of simple and plain ed for the Workshop
character, intended to enable any person, young | Sold on Trial, if desired.
or old, skilled or unskilled, to acquire the art of New Catalogue free.
which we guarantee to be fully equal, in EVERY drawing. No expensive instruments are involved.
RESPECT, to any in the market. Seneca Fall« Mfg. Co.,
The series embodies the most abundant illustra-
It is claimed by certain parties that they are the tions for all descriptions of drawing, and forms the 276 Water Street,
only manufacturers of GENUINE HARD OIL most valuable treatise upon the subject ever pub- SENECA FALLS, N. Y,
FINISH, but we can assure the trade that OuRs is lished, AS WELL AS THE CHEAPEST. The series is |
the bona fide article, being manufactured under illustrated by upward of 450 special engravings,
the PERSONAL supervision of our Mr. RAvu, whose and forms a large quarto book of over one hun-
Security,long
Simplicity, and extensive experience as a PRACTICAL dred pages, uniform in size with the SctenTIFI0
VARNISH MAKER enables us not only to keep AMERICAN. Price, stitched in paper, $2.50. Bound

DAYLIGHT.“ basiient reseetor,

fully abreast of the times, but to be the LEADERS in handsome stiff covers, $3.50. Sent by mail to any FRINK’S PATENT
in producing all goods required in our line of address on receipt of price. Address Munn & Co.,
manufacture. Publishers, 361 Broadway, New York. Office of
the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Light, Dark and Gloomy Apartment
co... | Asafiller to prepare the wood for our HARD For the convenience Of those who do not wish Houses, Offices, Stores, Factories,
NEW-YORIS _ OIL FINISH, we confidently recommend Hotels, &c.,
& to purchase the entire series at once, we would

Tuly’s Beloian Wood Filler

state that these valuable Lessons in Mechanical Without the use of gas or other artificial light; the
#8 Drawing may also be had in the separate numbers effect is truly astonishing. Also REFLECTORS
of SUPPLEMENT, at 10 cents each. By ordering for gas, oil, or electric light.
one » or or morere numbers
bers at
at aa time
time, the learner in I. P. FRINK, 551 Pearl St., New York,
(of which we are the sole manufacturers),
which was awarded the Highest and Only Premi-
ums by the FRANKLIN INSTITUTE OF PENNSYL- SUPPLEMENTS *1, *3,5 «4, *6, *8 *pa w.
PATAPD.FOR| Al | VANTA, 1874, and by the JUDGES OF THE CENTEN- %*14, *16, *18, *20, * *28, : 2 : E aE)
Get New Pat. I erforated Grain-

Lock.
Hasp
Patent
Self-Acting
Novelty,
It
of
marvel
is
a NIAL EXHIBITION, 1876, as the *30, *32, *36, *37, * * 41, |
%42, *43, *44, *45, * *49, | ing Tools for rapidly graining or
in brass.
of
made
Lock
and
Staple,
Hasp,
Cheapness.
piece,
one Best and Most Economical
polished Filler %50, *51, *52, *53, % *60, ’ : transforming new fresh stained
*65, *69, *74, *78, *8 *94 Pine, ete., into Oak, Walnut, Ash, ete., with or without
A Sample Lock mailed free for 75 cents. for all hard and fancy woods. %*62, for Catalogue with cuts.
¥T01 %103: ™“ ; %106. paint for aground. Send stamp
%100
», oS *108, ay*134, Lege* 23 Also Pat. Letter Patterns. Fine two-foot Pine wood
STODDARD LOCK AND MFG. C0., FELTON, RAU & SIBLEY, *107,
*178.
‘176, samples done in Oak, Ash, ete. 50c. each by mail.
| dress JOHN J. CALLOW,
Ad-
Cleveland, Ohio.
| 136, 138 & 140 North 4th. St., Philadelphia.
104 Reade St., New York. Send for price list.

SCIENTIFIC BOOKS
J. RAYNER,
Of every kind promptly furnished by Munn & Co., Publishers of the ScIENTIFIC
AMERICAN, 361 Broadway, New York,
CATALOGUE OF VALUABLE PAPERS CONTAINED IN THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT
SENT FREE TO ANY ADDRESS.

Mahogany.
This Catalogue, covering 20 large quarto pages, | any Scientific Subject or Discovery, consult this
on free. :
gives the title and supplement number for nearly | Catalogue.
two thousand valuable and important Scientific |
MUNN & CO., Publishers, 361 Broadway, N.Y.
Papers or Essays, If you wish to find the latest | ofTotheSuPpPLEMENT.
NEWSDFALERS.—We furnish oll the numbers
They are never out of print.
published information concerning any new pro-_ lf your News Companies give any excuse for not
supplying you, send your order to us by mail,
cess, any branch of Engineering or Mechanical and we will see that it is promptly filled.
work, any Industrial Art, any Manufacture, or MUNN & CO.

1 A PINTS.
Any person who has made an invention, and Messrs. Munn & Co. have carried on as a branch
desires to know whether it is probably new and of their business the preparation and obtaining
patentable, can obtain advice concerning the of patents. Many of the most reliable inventions
same, free of charye, by writing to MUNN & Co., have been patented through their Agency.
ublishers of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, 361 Hand Book about Patents sent free.
roadway, New York. For the past forty years Address MUNN & CO., 861 Broadway, N. Y.

All Thicknesses for Interior Finish. THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN

ze PRICE TWENTY-FIVE
REFERENCE
CENTS.
BOOK.
This is a most useful little bound book of 150 pages, comprising. probably the most extensive variety of standard,
practical, condensed information ever furnished to the public for so small a price. Contents:
14. The Last Census of the United States (15890), 13. Horse-Power.-—Simple Rules for Calculating
she Horse-Power of Steam Engines and Streams of
by States, Territories and Counties, IN FULL, showing
aiso the area in square miles of each State and Terri- ater.
ALSO A COMPLETE STOCK OF tory.
2. Table of Occupations.—Showing the occupations
14. Knots.—Presenting Engravings of 48 different
kinds of Rope Knots, with explanations as to tying.
of the people of the United States, and the number of
persons engaged in each occupation.
15. Tables of Weights and Measures.—Troy,
Apothecaries’, Avoirdupois, French, Weights; U.8.
Table of Cities having over 10,000 inhabitants. Standard; Dry Measure; Land Measure; Cubic Meas-
Compiled from the last census. ure; Liquid Measure; French Square Measure; French

Walnut, 4sh, Quartered Oak,

Cubic or Solid Measure; Meusuring Land by Weight;
4. Map ofthe United States. Miniature outline. Engraving of a section of English and French Rule,
of equal length.
5. The United States Patent Laws (full text).—
16. Valuable Tables: (1) Velocity and Force of the
Principal Official Rules for Procedure ; Directions How Wind. (2) Specific Gravity and \\ eight per Cubic Foot
to Obtain Patents, Costs, &c.; Forms for Patents and and Cubic Inch of the prinvipal substances used in the
Caveats; How to Introduce and Sel! Inventions; Forms Arts. (3) Heat-Conducting Power of various Metals
for Assignments; Licenses; State, Town, County, and

Mahogany, and Cherry,

Principles Sener to In- and other Solids and Liquids. (4) Table of the Mineral
Shop Rights; General Constituents absorbed or removed from the Soil, per
fringements; Synopsis or the Patent Laws of Foreign
acre, by different crops. (5) Table of Steam Pressures
Countries; Rights of Employers and Employes in re- and Temperatures. (6) Table of the Effects of Heat
spect to inventions. upon various bodies, melting-points, ete.
6. The Ornamental Design Patent Law (full 17. Medallion Portraits of Distin uished
text).—Costs and Procedure for securing Design Pat- American Inventors. with biography in rief and
ents for Ornamental Productions, such as Designs for engravings of their inventions, viz.: Franklin, Fulton,
Vextile Fabrics, Patterns for Wood and Metal Work. Whitney, Wood, Me(ormick, Blanchard, Winans,
New Shapes and Configurations of any article of Man- Morse, Goodyear, Howe, Lyall, Eads.

FOR VENHERING,
ufacture. Prints, Pictures, and Ornaments, to be print-
ed, woven, stamped, cast, or otherwise applied upon 18. Engravings of Capito), Washington, with brief
machinery, tools, goods, fabrics, manufactures. history, dimensions, cost, etc.; United States Patent
Office. interior and exterior views. dimensions, and
7. The United States Trade-Mark Caw (full description; Scientific American Buildings, N. Y.; and
text).—With Directions, Proceedings and Expenses for Washington.
the Registration of Trade-Marks of every description. 19. Miscellaneous I»formation.—Force of Bx-
pansion by Heat; Smal! Steam-boats, proper dimen-
Ss. The Label Copvright Law (fu!l text).—With sionsof Engines, Boilers, Propellers, Bouts; Incuba-
Directions, Proceedings and Cost of Registering La- tion. Temperature of; To make Traeing Paper; Con-
ae for Goods, Medicines and Merch:undise of all stituents of various substances; Friction,how produced

From 1-8 to 1-4 Thick.

nds.
and Rules for Calculation: Specific Heat Explained ;
9. The General Copyright Law of the United Specific Gravity of Liquids, Solids, Air, and Gases;
States (full text).—With Directions and Costs for Se- Gunpowder —Pressure, Heat. and Horse Power of;
euring Copyrights by Authors for Books, Pamphlets, Copying Ink, to make; Heat, its mechanical equivalent
Charts, Photographs, Pictures, and Works of Art. explained; Molecules of Matter. size and motion ex-
10. The Principal Wechanical Movemeuts.— plained; Lightning and Lightning Rods—valuable
Described and il'ustrated by 150 small diagrams. of information; Value of Drainage Explained; Amount
great value to Inventors and Designers of Mechanism. of Powerat present yielded from Coal by best Engines;

283 to 289 East 2oth St.,

Sound—its velocity and action ; Liguid Glues, Recipes;
SAW MILLS AND WHARF, 11. The Steam Engine.—With engraving, showing Value of Brains: Properties of Charcoal; Height ot
|| all the purts, names and a brief history of the Inven- Waves; Speed of Electric Spark, etc. ; Plain Direetions,
| tion and Progress of Steam Power. with Engrayings, showing how any person can make

Foot Houston St, E. R., CrILLOASO,

12

Ta
Geometry, as Applied to Practical
With illustratio~s.
Purposes. Electro Magnets and
few cents; Valuable
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE Book, price only 25 cents, may be had of News Agents in all parts of
Electric
Recipes.
Batterles at a cost of a

the country, and of the undersigned. Sent by mail on receipt of the price.
NEW YORK. ILL. Address MUNN & €O., 361 Broadway, New York,
 56 Scientific American, [DECEMBER, 1885.
The Scientific American, Architects and Builders Springs. Vaults and Safes, eur of the temple; and, if adorned with groups of seulp-
Edition, Sprinklers. Ventilators. ture and candelabra, and other ornaments suggested
Stable and Barn Fixtures. Venetian Blinds,
Only $1.50 a year. The largest circulation of any Stained Glass. Vises,
in the drawing, must have rendered the temple not.
architectural and building paper in the United States. Stairs. only the largest (which it certainly was), but the
This isa Special Edition of the SclENTIFIC AMERICAN, Staples. Wash Tubs. richest, existing in ancient times, and worthy to be
issued Monthly—on the first Saturday of the month— Steam Boilers and Engines, Water Closets. ranked as one of the seven wonders of the world.—
Steam Traps. Water Elevators,
for circulation among Architects, Constructing Engi- Stone for Building. Water Filters,
The Building News. :
neers, Builders, Contractors, Owners, and all who are Stop Cocks. Water Meters. $0
interested in the construction and maintenance of Stoves and Fittings. Water Motors. DUCHESS’S BEDROOM,
Buildings or Works of any kind, such as Publie Build- Water Pipes. Derwent Hall, belonging to the Duke of Norfolk,
Tackle Blocks. Water Rams,
ings, Hotels, Schools, Churches, Halls, Theaters, is situated near Sheffield, and the work a few years
Terra Cotta. Water Wheels,
Stores, Shops, Mills, Factories, City Dwellings, Country Tiles and Brick. Weather Vanes, ago carried out there was. done under the direction of
Residences, Roadways, ete. Tin Ware. Weighing Scales, Mr. J. F. Hansom, the architect. Our present sketch,
Every number is produced in the finest style of typo- Tools. Wells, Artesian and Other. on page 53, shows the apartment known as_ the
Transom Lifters. Wheel Barrows, ‘Duchess’ Bedroom,” celebrated for its magnificent
graphy, with elegant illustrations and valuable epitome
Traps, Wind Mills.
of useful information, desirable and important to all Trees and Plants. Window Fixtures.
bedstead of elaborated Jacobean workmanship, while
readers, together with specially interesting contribu- Window Shades. the other furniture of the room is also very good in
tions, engravings, and selections pertaining to Architec- Upholstery. Wire Lathing. style and equally interesting.
Urinals. Wire Screens, This bed, however, is an uncommonly fine one, more
ture, Building, and allied arts; practical suggestions
Wires and Wire Ropes,
by experienced writers; descriptions of new improve- Valves, Wood Carpets.
particularly on account of its beautiful detached posts
ments, etc. To this is supplemented the most: import- Varnishes. Wood Filling. or columns supporting the very rich canopy or tester.
ant Trade Announcements of the principal Manufac- Vases. The foot board, too, is specially refined and elegant in
Woodworking Machinery.
turers, presented in the most attractive style, with ex- THE IMPORTANT ADVANTAGES TO MANUFACTURERS. the detail of its ornamentation, almost Italian in some
planatory engravings, constituting a reliable and con- An increase of Trade will necessarily accrue to all of its carvings. The well-known beds at the King’s
venient Catalogue and Directory of the Best Materials Manufacturers and Dealers whose establishments are Arms Tavern, Lancaster (figured in the ‘‘ John o’ Gaunt
and latest approved Appliances for Buildings and their conspicuously represented in this important Architects Sketch-Book”), are in some ways like it; and in connec-
surroundings, including the following : and Builders edition, because :
tion with them are the bedsteads still to be seen at
Architects’ Inst’s and Materials. Hand Grenades, 1st.—It has the largest circulation of any Architec- Hampton Court, Hatfield and Hardwick Halls, as well
Artesian Wells. Hard Woods. tural or Building paper in the world, of which its ex- as at Wroxton Abbey, Oxfordshire. Abroad, instances
Artificial Stone.
Asbestos, Roofing, etc.
Heaters.
Hinges.
tremely low price (only $1.50 a year) and the splendid crowd on the memory of high beds and wonderfully
carved bedsteads, particularly those of the time of
Augers and Bits. Hoisting Machinery. style of its publication is a guarantee.
Awnings. Hose Pipes. 2d.—It goes directly into the hands of those who have Francis I. Several have caryatides for posts, as in the
Hot Air Engines, the ordering of the great bulk of Building Material and bedroom of Diana de Poictiers at Chenonceaux, where
Baths and Bath Tubs. Hydraulic Jacks.
Appliances, namely, the Architects, Builders, Con- the bedstead has a solid box carved plinth on all sides;
Bedsteads. and at the foot, over the cornice and draped frieze,
Bells for Churches, etc. Ice Machines. structing Engineers, and Contractors.
Bells, Electric. 3d.—The advertiser secures at one and the same time occurs a rather curiously treated semicircular pediment
Ice Cream Freezers.
Belts and Belting. Injectors. a sure and valuable home circulation, and also a most quite in character with the style. At Azay le Rideau is
Billiard Tables, Iron Beams. extensive general circulation. The paper reaches another bed of the same type, but more elaborate and
Blinds. less admirable. These both contrast more favorably
Blowers. Jack Screws.
every Architect and Builder of any account, in the
particular town or city where the Manufacturer or with each other than they do with our present Old
Boiler Cleaners.
Bojler Coverings, Lamps. Dealer is located, including the adjacent places, thus English piece of work from Yorkshire, which, though
Boiler Feeders, Laundry Fixtures and App. securing home trade; it also reaches the Architects and so rich in style, has a quiet, homely dignity about it.
Boilers, Steam. Lawn Mowers.
leading Builders of every State in the Union, thus draw- In the center of the ceiling is a pendant enriched with
Boiler Tubes. Lawn Tents. brackets and fleur de lis, while in the middle of the
Bolts and Nuts. Leaders. ing to the advertiser a share of the vast exterior or
Books on Arch, and Building. Leveling Instruments, general trade. bed’s head over the arched paneling occurs a ducal
Brass Ware. Lifting Jacks. 4th.—The rates of advertising are low; the receipts coronet, shaped something like a miter, above a
Bricks and Tiles. Lightning Rods.
from a single order, gained through this medium, will heraldic shield and ribbon. The ceiling is coffered,
Brushes. Lime. and the frieze has grotesque beasts carved upon it,
Building Paper. Linoleum. often pay the entire cost of a year’s advertising.
Building Material. Locks.
rather later, probably, in date than the constructive
TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.
Burglar Alarms, Lubricators. parts.
Lumber. 1 copy Architects and Builders edition of the Our drawing of the Derwent Hall Bed is based upon
Cements. Lumber Driers. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, Monthly, 1 year..... a photograph. The illustration also shows the old fold-
Chairs. 4 copies to one address..... ..........: PIERO
Chandeliers, Mantels.
ing table and carved chairs, together with the elabo-
Postage prepaid by publishers. rately inlaid wardrobe which stands next the bed.—
Chimney Caps. Marbles.
Condensers, Meta! Roofing. Sent to Canada at same rates. To Foreign Countries Building News.
Copings. Mineral Wool. 25 cts. a year additional for A. & B. edition. it 0
Counters. Mirrors. Remit by check or postal order.
Curtain Fixtures. Mouldings, ST, MARY’S (R, C,) CHURCH, LEEK, STAFFORDSHIRE,
For rates of advertising, address the undersigned.
Cut Offs for Rain Water. We give on page 53 views of the design for the
Nails. MUNN & CO., PUBLISHERS, above church, prepared by Mr. Albert Vicars, Somer-
Decorations of All Kinds, Nurseries. 361 BROADWAY, NEw YORK. set Chambers, 151 Strand, London, for the Rev. Alfred
Deodorizing Compounds, Nuts. ee
Derricks, M. Sperling. The foundation stone was laid on the 15th
THE TEMPLE OF DIANA AT EPHESUS,
Desks, Oils. inst. bythe Right Rey. Edward Isley, D.D., Bishop Aux-
Doors and Fixtures. The restoration of the temple of Diana at Ephesus, iliary of Birmingham. The edificeisalready erectedsome
Drawing Materials. Paints. of which we present our readers with an illustra- feet higher than the church floor level, which is about
Drilling Machinery. Paper Hangings, tion on page 52, is based wholly on the discoveries
Dumb Waiters. Pavements. 10 ft. above the street, and will be in the decorated
Pianos and Organs.
made by Mr. J. T. Wood during the excavations on the style of architecture. The plan consists of nave and
Earth Closets. Pile Drivers. site between the years 1863-1874. The temple was ap- two aisles, chancel (arranged for surpliced choir), two
Electric Lights. Pipes, Gas, Water, and Drain. parently first thrown down by an earthquake in early side chapels, baptistery, confessional, recessed in wall
Electric Wiring. Pipe Covering. Christian times, and since that period has served as a of aisle, opening into a small room, for priests, fitted
Elevators. Planers.
quarry and limekiln for successive cities on the spot, with a fireplace; nuns’ choir for the use of the adjoin-
Engines, Steam and Gas. Plumbers’ Supplies.
Excavators, Plumbing Impts. till very little indeed remained of it when Mr. Wood ing convent; priest’s sacristy, with heating chamber
Post Hole Diggers, discovered its site and the remains buried under an ac- under; and working sacristy, surmounted by a very
Fans and Blowers, Powders. cumulation of 20 feet of mud and sand washed down effective tower andspire 140 ft. high.
Feed Water Heaters. Pulleys and Blocks.
The organ
from the neighboring hills. Though the remains were, gallery is at the west end; the chancel and side chapels
Fences. Pumps.
Fenders. consequently, scant, they were fortunately such, when at the west end. The interior length of the chapel is
Filters. Radiators. combined with the accounts of it left by the ancients, 104 ft. long by 50 ft. wide, and the height to the apex
Fire Bricks. Reflectors. as enabled the plan and form of the temple to be made of the barrel roof ceiling of thenave and chancel will
Fire Engines, Refrigerators. out with very tolerable certainty.
Fire Escapes. Registers for Heaters. be 53 ft. 6in. The exterior elevation of the roof from
Fire Extinguishers. Regulators.
The peristyle of the temple consisted of the unusual floor to ridge is to be 64 ft. The columns and responds
Fire Places and Fixtures. Rivets. number of 127 Ionic columns, each 60 feet in height, of nave and chancel arcading, the shafts supporting
Fire Proof Materials. Rope, Wire, and Cordage. disposed so as to form an exceptionally widely spaced principals of roof, also the exterior shafts, columns,
Fire Ropes. Rock Breakers. octastyle in front, the extreme awkwardness of which and bands on spire, will be of red Scotch stone.
Fire and Life Insurance, Rock Drills and Machinery. The
Flags. Roofing. was remedied by the introduction of 9 columns in rock-faced ashlar is to be of local Hazelhurst stone, and
Folding Beds. Rotary Engines. the rear and 24 on the flanks, counting the angle ones the dressings of Doulting stone. Messrs. Barker &
Friction Clutches, Rubber Goods, twice. Thirty-six of these columns, we are told by Son, of Birmingham, are the contractors, and Mr.
Furnaces,
Pliny, were ‘‘celate,” which from the examples brought Peter Shaw the clerk of works.—Building News.
Furniture. Safes and Vaults.
Sashes.
home by Mr. Wood we now understand to mean SEE atin oats eee
Gardening Tools, Sash Cords and Balances, adorned with a range of sculptured figures, about life- Patents,
Gas Apparatus, Sawing Machines, size, encircling them above the base; but, from the Any person who has made an invention, and desires
Gas Engines, Saws. fragments brought home and now inthe British Mu- to know whether it is probably new and patentable,
Gas Fixtures. Scales.
seul, we learn that a certain number of these—proba- can obtain advice concerning the same, free of charge,
Gas Machines, Scrapers,
bly half the number—were mounted on square pedes- by writing to Munn & Co., publishers
Gas Meters. Screens. of the ScrenTt-
Gas Pipes. Screws. tals, as shown in the restoration, which must have FIC AMERICAN, 361 Broadway, New York. For the
Gas Regulators. Seats. added very considerably to their richness and artistic
Gates, Shades. past forty years Messrs. Munn & Co. have carried on,
effect.
Girders for Buildings, Sheathing Paper, as a branch of their business, the preparation and ob-
Besides these sources of magnificence, Mr. Wood dis-
Glass of All Kinds, Shovels. taining of patents. Many of the most reliable inven-
Glue. Shutters. covered that the temple was placed on a podium or stylo-
tions have been patented through their Agency.
Governors, Sidewalks, bate raised about 10 feet above the pavement of the Hand-Book about
Grates. Patentssent free. Address MUNN
Silver Ware, surrounding courtyard, forming what Pliny calls the
Grate Bars. Sinks. & CO., 361 Broadway, N. Y.
‘‘universum tem plum,” 425 feet in length by 220 feet
Green Houses and Vixtures, Skylights. _ > or
Grindstones, Slate, in breadth. If this was adorned with sculptures, as ScIENTIFIC books of every kind promptly furnished
Speaking Tubes, we know that the podium of the altar at Pergamus by Munn & Co., publishers of the ScrmNTIFIC AMERI-
Mammers, Spikes, was, it must have added very considerably to the grand- CAN, 361 Broadway, New York.
 Scientific American. 57
—

——— INVENTIONS.
A railroad rail spike forms the subject
of two patents issued to Mr. Thomas A. Davies, of New
York city. According to one of the patents, the heads
are laterally inclined upon their lower sides, to give
them a substantial bearing upon the flanges of the rails
when the spikes are driven into the ties in an inclined
direction. The other provides for the head of the spike
having its lower part in the formof a frustum of a
cone, with its axis at right angles with the axis of the
spike body, to give a firm bearing on the rail flanges
whether the spikes are driven vertically or not.
A stay plate for railroad rail spikes has
also been patented by the same inventor. Combined
with the rails, ties, and spikes are tapered plates, of a
width greater than that of the spikes, driven into the
ties at the outer sides of the spikes, and transversely
with the grain of the wood, to hold the spikes firmly
in place against the rail flanges, and prevent the rails
having any lateral movement.
A center fastening for railroad rails,
likewise patented by the same inventor, provides for
recesses in the edges of opposite flanges of the rail, in
which are driven inclined fastening spikes, at opposite
inclinations om opposite sides of the rail, such improve-
ment being especially applicable on single track rail-
ways, to resist the tendency of the rails to creep in either
direction.
————__+ oo ——__.
MISCELLANEOUS INVENTIONS,
A tool handle has been patented by Mr.
Frank Cronin, of Deming, New Mexico. This inven-
tion covers a double ratchet mechanism, made for easy
adjustment, to allow rotation of the bit in either direc-
tion, and is intended for use with all sorts of hand
tools requiring a rotary motion.
A machine for sewing looped fabrics
has been patented by Mr. Joseph M. Merrow, of Mer-
row, Conn. This invention relates to machines for
uniting parts of stockings or other knit work, and
covers an attachment whereby the thread that unites
several articles is cut automatically instead of by hand,
A hand saw has been patented by Mr.
Alfred Fornander, of Brooklyn, N. Y. Combined with
a stock or handle are a straining dar and cam lever, for
locking the straining bar on the stock or handle, to
facilitate placing and securing saw blades of various
sizes in the frame, the improyement being especially
applicable for hack saws and butchers’ saws.
An insect destroyer has been patented
by Mr. Dudley H. Manning, of Sibley, Iowa. Combin-
ed with an inverted conical ring holding a frame with a
lamp within it and a transparent shade around the
lamp are reflectors, and a conical hood above the lamp,
the apparatus being placed on the top of a pail or other
vessel partly filled with water, which is thus illuminat-
ed and attracts insects.
An endless band or cord has been pat-
‘ented by Mr. Leedham Binns, of Philadelphia, Pa. It
is tubular plaited, united at its ends by each of the ends
being inserted bodily and longitudinally in reverse di-
rection to each other within the portion of the body of
the band next adjacent to the other end, being specially
designed for driving the spindles of spinning machines
and other machinery. : Haswell, Civil, Marine, and Mechanical Engineer.
A loom shuttle has been patented by
Mr. Charles N. Newcomb, of Omaha, Neb. It is de-
_ signed especially for rag carpet looms, and has tension
regulating springs projecting into its eye, with a rag
receiving canhaving an open end adapted to be placed
within the shuttle body, the can holding a large quan-
tity of rags and delivering the weft with a light and uni-
form tension, without twisting.
A windwheel has been patented by Mr.
Franklin G. Tallerday, of Poplar Grove, Ill. Its wings
are made of sail cloth or similar material, in a suitable
frame to be expansible and contractible, and the con-
struction is such that the wind, acting upon the con-
cave part of the wing, opens it to its fullest capacity,
‘and when blowing on the conyex surface closes the fan
or wing part way down.
A bicycle has been patented by Mr.
Selden A. Jan Graw, of Nashua, N. H. This invention
covers a novel construction of parts and details in a
bicycle whose speed can be regulated as desired by
Special.
AMONG THE BANK NOTES,
The American Bank Note Company is the largest as
well as the oldest corporation in this country devoted to
the work of designing and engraving bank notes, coupon
bonds, and all that extensive class of tine art commer-
cial literature. {[t dates back as far as to 1795. It printed
the work for Government securities as long ago as 1809.
One of the oldest engraving firms outside of this great
concern was that of Rawdon, Wright, Hatch & Smillie,
whose name is familiar to all who handled the bonds and
notes of thirty or forty years ago. Mr. Smillie, of this firm,
who achieved national reputation as an artist, is now
spending the years of a ripe old age at Poughkeepsie,
New York. His son, William M. Smillie, Esq.,is one of
the Vice-Presidents of the American Bank Note Com-
pany, having charge of the detail of the artistic work in
that great institution.
A well known New York editor recently visited Mr.
Smillie in his office in the new building of the American
Bank Note Company. This building, by the way, is the
most beautiful and ample in the world for the purpose
of commercial art work. It is under the shadow of the
spire of Trinity Church. Its offices are spacious and ele-
gant, and its workrooms are equipped with a wonderful
perfection in everything pertaining to the designing and
production of the immense quantity of fine engraving
and choice printing sent out from there.
“So your father is now seventy-eight years old, is he,
Mr. Smillie?”
“Yes, and for aman of his age he has had a wonder-
ful experience. Last winter he had an attack of pleu-
risy. We brought him from Poughkeepsie to this city in
order to place him under the care of his old physician.
He remained here two or three months, most of the time
in very low condition. There was great adhesion of the
pleura, and he could use only about half of one lung.
He returned to his home, and grew so much weaker that
we all thought he would die. The pleura was tapped,
and three quarts of water taken from it. He suffered so
that we determined to send him to my brother’s at
Montrose, Pa., thinking that change of air might do him
some good. The chauge was made last July. While at
Montrose he suffered much from intense pain in the
chest and suffocation. We gave him the best medical
care that could be obtained. But it was of little avail.
He wanted to go home to die.
“In this condition. he was brought to New York,
wrapped in shawls and blankets, for his feet were swollen
and he could not get his boots on. I found him thus at
the St. Cloud Hotel early in September.
“When my father’s case had reached this point, I said
to him and my mother and sisters: ‘ Now, you have all
had your way as to medical treatment; suppose you let
me have mine. Lama believer in Compound Oxygen. 1
want to try it on father.’ They agreed to it, although
they said his case was hopeless. We got a nurse from
Bellevue Hospital. She said she knew nothing of Com-
pound Oxygen, but would give it a fair trial.
“TI went to my old friend, Dr. Turner, in charge of the
New York office of Compound Oxygen, 148 Fifth Avenue.
I told him my father’s feet were badly swollen; that his
breathing apparatus was all out of order; that his
stomach was in bad condition from twenty years of dys-
pepsia, and that he was very low. The doctor said: ‘TL
hope we can help him; we will try.’
“So i took a* Home Treatment.’ Father was so weak
he could hardly inhale it at all. He could take the Oxy-
gen in short whiffs. The nurse gave it to him tenor
twelve times the first day. That night he slept, and it
was the first good sleep he had taken for weeks. It was
on a Tuesday that he began the Oxygen Treatment. By
Saturday he was so much better that he wanted to leave
the hotel and go to his home in Poughkeepsie. We lifted
him along as gently as we could, and in a few hours he
was sitting on his portico overlooking the Park and the
Hudson River, and enjoying one of the most beautiful
sunsets ever seen. Said he: ‘The Lord has made this
sunset especially forme. Now let me goto bed. I want
to sleep.’ He slept nearly all night, and with almost en-
tire freedom from pain.
“A week agol spent a day with him. I arrived about
lunch time, and they gave my lunch in his room. When
he saw it set out on a small table, he said: ‘ That’s most
appetizing. Why don’t they give me my lunch that way?
I’m tired of eating sick folks’ dishes. [| want some cold
lamb and food like other.folks.’ Then he said that in
order to eat solid food he must have his teeth fixed. He
sent for a dentist, who took out three lower teeth and
made him a new set. Why, if those teeth had been
taken out before he began taking the Compound Oxy-
gen, it would simply have killed him. Now he stood it
bravely, and what is more, he is getting along hand-
somely with his new set, and eating pretty much what
other people eat. His improvement has been marvelous.
Formerly he could sleep only by resting his head forward
ona chair placed for the purpose. Now he can lay his
“T have a friend who, three summers ago, was suffer- Pays well on Small Investment,—Stereopticons, Magie
ing with a dreadful cough. ‘That man can’t live long,’
said some of his friends who heard him cough. I per-
Lanterns, and Views illustrating every subject for public
exhibitions. Lanterns for colleges, Sunday schools, and
suaded him to go with me to the Compound Oxygen home amusements. 136 pageillustrated catalogue free.
office. A few inhalations of Oxygen produced a marked McAllister, Manufacturing Optician, 49 Nassau St., N. Y.
effect on him. He had been almost sleepless at night.
He soon began to enjoy restful sleep. All summer he The “Improved Green Engine,’ Automatic Cut-off.
kept on improving. In the fall his cough was gone. He Providence Steam Engine Co., R. 1., Sole Builders.
is now as lively and hearty as any of us.” Catechism of the Locomotive, 625 pages, 250 engrav-
Is not this Compound Oxygen a wonderful thing? ings. Most aecurate, complete, and easily understood
The doctors try to find out what it is made of. Mr. book onthe Locomotive. Price $2.50. Send for catalogue
Smillie’s physician asked fora vial trom the “ blue bot- of railroad books. The Railroad Gazette, 7 B’way, N.Y.
tle’ in order to analyze it. He reported that he couldn't
“To Mechanics."’--When needing Twist Drills, ask
tell what it was, but he was satisfied that it had done
for “ Standard,” or send for catalogue to Standard Tool
wonders for Mr. Smillie. Its whole history is the history
Co., Cleveland, O, See page xi., Export Edition.
of the accomplishments of wonders, which in many in-
stunces were more than its most sanguine believers had Steel name stamps, 15 cts. per letter; steel figures, $1
dared to hope for it. A little book, which will be mailed per set. KF. A. Sackmann, 109 First Ave., Cleveland, O.
free by Drs. STARKEY & PALEN, 1529 Arch Street, Phil- Seam and Looping Machines, patent Burr Wheels
adelphia, tells much that is of value and interest con-
Brushing Machines. Tubbs & Humphreys, Cohoes, N. Y.
cerning Compound Oxygen. Make free to write for it.
Machinists’ Pattern Figures, Pattern Plates, and Let-
ters. Vanderburgh, Wells & Co., 10 Fulton St., N. Y¥.
Wusiness and Wersonal. Astronomics] Telescopes, from 6// to largest size. Ob-
servatory Domes, all sizes. Warner & Swasey, Cleye-
land, O.
Any person having anew invention may, without charge,
consult MUNN & CO., Scientific American Office,
NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS.
361 Broadway, New York, for advice how to obtain
a Patent or Caveat. Our Hand Book of Instruc- ELEMENTS OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY,
tions relating to Patents sent Sree. DESCRIPTIVE AND QUALITATIVE.
Bradley’s improved Cushioned Helve Hammer. New
By James H. Shepard. Boston: D.
C. Heath & Co., 1885.
design. Sizes, 25 to 500 lb. Bradley & Co., Syracuse, N. Y.
Light and Fine Machinery to order. Foot Lathe cata- There is a marked tendency at present to make all
logue for stamp. HE. O. Chase, Newark, N. J. education subjective. From the youngest baby who
toddles to a kindergarten to the college senior nearing
Curtis Damper Regulator for draught and steam pres-
graduation, the successive steps are taken as far as pos-
sure in boilers. Curtis Regulator Works, Boston, Mass.
sible by the student himself, and both text book and
Geo. E. Lloyd & Co., Electrotype and Stereotype Ma-
chinery, Folding Machines, etc. Send for catalogue. teacher become subordinate to his own faculties. In
Chicago, Il. many respects the systemis advantageous. The studies
appear more absorbing than when viewed imperson-
Notice to Manufacturers or Inventors.—A company
ally. There is, however, a danger that in limiting the
with a large foundry, iron and woodworking machine
shop in running order, located in one of the best towns investigation to one’s own experience, the broader
in Ohio, not troubled with strikes, where coal, wood, and view of the subject, the underlying theory, may be
irop are cheap, would take any article made of iron or lost. Mr. Shepard has recognized these tendencies,
wood to make during the winter months, which is their and in the present volume has attempted to avoid the
dullest season of the year. Stoves orstove castings pre- disadvantages of too strict an adherence to either
ferred. Address H. B. J., Lock Box 221, Columbus, O theory or practice by combining laboratory work
Nickel Plating.—Sole manufacturers cast nickel an- with text book instruction from the very beginning.
odes, pure nickel salts, polishing compositions, etc. #100 Systematic, experimental, and analytical chemistry are
“Little Wonder.” <A perfect Electro Plating Machine. thus united in one volume, and are intended to be
Sole manufacturers of the new Dip Lacquer Kristaline. taught side by side. The method is unusual, for a
Complete outfit for plating, ete. Hanson, Van Winkle &
student is seldom admitted to the laboratory until he
Co., Newark, N. J., and 92 and 94 Liberty, St., New York.
has acquired some knowledge of elementary chemistry,
Grimshaw.—Steam Engine Catechism. A series of’ It is well presented, and with a careful instructor could
thoroughly Practical Questions and Answers arranged
be expected to give good results, The grouping of the
so as to give to a Young Engineer just the information
elements is made according to the reactions, as in strict
required to fit him for properly running anengine. By
Robert Grimshaw. 18mo, cloth, $1.00. For sale by
analytical works, and arsenic and antimony find place
Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, N. Y. therefore among the metals. The work has had the ad-
vantage of a careful revision by Dr. Ira Remsen.
The Knowles Steam Pump Works, 44 Washington
St., Boston, and 93 Liberty St., New York, have just is- PITTSBURG AND WESTERN PENNSYL-
sued a new catalogue, in which are many new and im- VANIA. Issued by the Chamber of
proved forms of Pumping Machinery of the single and Commerce of Pittsburg, 1885.
duplex, steam and power type. This catalogue will be
mailed free of charge on application. Of late years, when rival towns are pressing their ad-
vantages upon the attention of manufacturers, a custom
Coiled Wire Belting takes place of all round belting.
Cheap; durable. C. W. Belting Co., 93 Cliff St., N. Y.
has grown up, among the various Chambers of Com-
merce of the competing points, of issuing pamphlets de-
Air Compressors, Rock Drills. J. Clayton, 43 Dey st.,N.Y.
scriptive of the merits of their respective towns. Itis a
Haswell’s Engineer's Pocket-Book. By Charles H.
very good custom; for though these local bodies per-
Giv-
haps see more of the rose color about the smoke of the
ing Tables, Rules, and Formulas pertaining to Mechan-
home atmosphere than other people would, their cor-
ics, Mathematics, and Physics, Architecture, Masonry,
porate standing is a guarantee of the integrity of the
Steam Vessels, Mills, Limes, Mortars, Cements, etc. 900
statements made; they offer also a convenient medium
pages, leather, pocket-book form, $4.00. For sale by
for further correspondence. The present brochure is a
Munn & Co., 351 Broadway, New York.
good example of its kind. A description is given of
Shafting, Couplings, Hangers, Pulleys, Edison Shafting
the main industries of Pittsburg and the natural facili
Mfg. Co.,86 Goerck St., N.Y. Send for catalogue and prices.
ties which aid their development, particular attention
Tron Planer, Lathe, Drill, and other machine tools of
being of course devoted to the question of natural gas,
modern design. New Haven Mfg. Co., New Haven, Conn.
An excellent map, showing the position of the oil fields
Wanted.—Patented articles or machinery to manufac- and main gas wells, accompanies the monograph.
ture and introduce. Lexington Mfg. Co., Lexington, Ky.
For Power & Economy, Alcott’s Turbine, Mt. Holly, N.J.
Natural gas: its advantages, use, and
economies, by George H. Thurston, is a similar mono
Machinery for Light Manufacturing, on hand and
graph having Tarentum as the subject of its enlogies.
built to order. E. E. Garvin & Co., 189 Center St., N. Y.
It is put forward evidently by the borough, and. makes
Send for Monthly Machinery List a strong appeal to the prospecting capitalist. Those
to the George Place Machinery Company,
investigating the economic advantages of Western
121 Chambers and 103 Reade Streets, New York.
Pennsylvania will find both of these pamphlets of in-
Presses & Dies. Ferracute Mach. Co., Bridgeton, N. J. terest.
If an invention has not been patented in the United
States for more than one year, it may still be patented in

changing the proportional sizes of toothed wheels
which transmit the power, and which has a safety at-
tachment to prevent headers or the tilting of the bicy-
cle.
A metallic sole for boots or shoes has
been patented by Mr. William T, Milholland, of McKees-
port, Pa, It has closed hollow projections on its outer
face, such projections being struck from the body of
the metal of the plate, so as to inclose air spaces on the
sole when applied, and the plates being fastened on by
nails or screws, making boots or shoes well adapted for
mill men or others having to walk over hot floors.
A permutation lock has been patented
by Mr. Walter E. Malley, of New Haven, Conn. Com-
bined with a casing, sliding bolt, and sliding tumbler
are ratchet wheels adapted to engage with the tumbler,
and push pins or other devices for turning the ratchet
wheels, the latter being held in place by pawl springs
which can be disengaged from the wheels, making a lock
that is simple, safe, and not liable to get out of order.
A shoulder brace has been patented by
Messrs. William Carroll and John Meekison, of Colum-
bus, Ohio, Besides the usual features of a shoulder
brace, the straps are connected with wires or cords
made to extend down to each hee}, where there is, in
the hollow boot heel, a spring, rack, and pinion, which
operate to make a pull on the brace to hold the shoul-
ders back when the weight of the body is resting on the
feet.
A wool washing machine has been pat-
ented by Mr. James E. Sinclair, of Waverly, Md. This
invention covers improvements in a former patented
machine of the same inventor, the machine having a
series of connected receptacles in which the wool is
successively treated, the receptacles being combined
with one or more pumps for elevating the wool and
water, and elevators for returning the water to the place
from whence it was drawn. ; ‘
enn
Canada. Cost for Canadian patent, $40. Various other
head back on his easy chair and sleep comfortably. Be-
foreign patents may also be obtuined. For instructions
fore he took the Oxygen he had not been in abed for six
address Munn & Co., SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN patent
weeks. Now he goes to bed every night, and obtains re-
agency, 361 Broadway, New York.
freshing slumber. He walks about his'room, and is some-
times taken out for a short drive. He takes Oxygen seve- Supplement Catalogue.—Persons in pursuit of infor-
ral minutes at a time, morning and night.” macion of any special engineering, mechanical, or scien-
HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS,
“Mr. Smillie, has your father’s improvement been tific subject, can have catalogue of contents of the Sci-
ENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT sent to them free.
steady and regular, or has he had interruptions?” Names and Address must accompany all letters,
“There have been occasional days of depression, and The SUPPLEMENT contains lengthy articles embracing or no attention will be paid thereto. This is for our
two or three times we have almost feared that he was the whole range of engineering, mechanics, and physical information, and not for publication.
going to lose all he had gained. But each of these science. Address Munn & Co., Publishers, New York. References to former articles or answers should
give date of paper and page or number of question,
depressing periods had been less than the previous one. Guild & Garrison’s Steam Pump Works, Brooklyn, Inquiries not answered in reasonable time should
I shall not be surprised if such periods return occasion- N. Y. Steam Pumping Machinery of every description. be repeated; correspondents will bear in mind that
ally. It is natural in a man of his age that they should. some answers require not a little research, and,
Send for catalogue.
though we endeavor to reply to all, either by letter
But see the improvement! His breathing was obstruct-
Send for descriptive circular on lubrication, Charles or in this department, each must take his turn.
ed, his stomach pain was great, his sleep was misery, and
H. Besly & Co., North American Agents for Reisert’s Special Information requests on matters of
his skin was hard and dry. Now he breathes naturally, personal rather than general interest, and requests
Celebrated Solid Oil, 175 & 177 Lake St., Chicago, Ll.
his stomach is free from distress, his sleep is refreshing, or Prompt Auswers by Letter, should be
and his skin is like that of aninfant. Let me remark Keystone Steam Driller for all kinds of artesian wells. accompanied with remittance Ye $1 to $5, according
that the use of the Oxygenaqua, which accompanies the Keystone Driller Co., Limited, Box 32, Fallston, Pa. to the subject, as we cannot be expected to perform
Compound Oxygen, proved very advantageous for the such service without remuneration,
Wood Working Machinery. Fullline. Williamsport Scientific American Supplements referred
relief of his stomach and bowels.” Machine Co., “‘ Limited,” 110 W. 3d St., Williamsport, Pa. to may be had at the office. Price 10 cents each.
“Do you regard your father as an entirely well Minerals sent for examination should be distinely
man?” Mineral Lands Prospected, Artesian Wells Bored, by marked or labeled.
“As well as amanof seventy-eight can be who has Pa. Diamond Drill Co. Box 423, Pottsville, Pa. See p. 46.
passed through the experience he has. To renew the Cutting-off Saw and Gaining Machine, and Wood (1) C. C. B. asks: Do you know of any
youth and heal all the infirmities of a man of his age Working Machinery. C. B. Rogers & Co., Norwich, Conn.
would be an impossibility. But you see what Compound remedy to prevent horses from wind or stump sucking
Cushman’s Chucks can be found in stock in all large
Oxygen has done for him. It has evidently prolonged and weaving? A. Both of the troubles mentioned by
cities. Send for catalogue. Cushman Chuck Co., Hart-
his life. And it has performed wonders in easing him of you are habits, and therefore not curable by any treat-
ford, Conn.
pains which made life a burden.” ment other than care. The sucking habit may be pre-
Crescent Steel Tube Scrapers are made on scientific
“And now as to your own experience, Mr. Smillie? vented by tying a piece of sheepskin, woolly side out,
You must have had good reason for falling in love with principles. Crescent Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio. over the posts, or by tying something around his throat
Compound Oxygen to such an extent as to recommend Curtis Pressure Regulator and Steam Trap. See p. 222. to prevent swallowing. The other habit is incurable.
it for your father.”
“Four or five years ago I was badly overworked. I had The Improved Hydraulic Jacks, Punches, and Tube (2) S. R. asks fora receipt for making
been giving too close attention to business, and found Expanders. R. Dudgeon, 24 Columbia St., New York.
German paste for canary birds, small quantity. A.
myself breaking down. I procureda ‘ Home Treatment,’ Hoisting Engines. D. Frisbie & Co., Philadelphia, Pa, Blanched sweet almonds one pound, pea meal two
and diligently followed directions. It brought me up.
Sinee then I have never been without it, and I never
Tight and Slack Barrel Machinery a specialty. John pounds, butter three ounces, saffron a few grains, honey
will be. My wife has been suffering from nervous pros- Greenwood & Co., Rochester, N.Y. See illus. adv., p. 350. asufficient quantity. Form the whole into a paste, and
tration, and she is now taking Compound Oxygen with Send for catalogue of Scientific Beoks for sale by granulate it by pressing it throagh a colander. Rone
excellent results. Munn & Co., 341 Broadway, N. ¥Y. Free on application. add the yolks of two eggs.

°'
zs)
(3) J. C. H. writes: 1. When I add
tincture of cantharides to Horsford’s acid phosphate,
the mixture becomes cloudy. What are the reactions?
A. The alcoholic extractive matter, insoluble in water,
is naturally precipitated by the addition of an acid
aqueons solution, 2, Is the phosphorus precipitated?
A. The phosphorus is therefore not thrown down. 3.
Are the medicinal properties of the ingredients changed?
A, Not unless the extractive matter, which is precipi-
tated, is removed, and also it depends upon what the
compound is given for, whether it is impaired,
(4) H. W. H., Jr., writes: Some time
ago I saw a very good method of assay of gold, a short
procees producing the metal from the ore to the pure
state. Kindly say where I may find it. A. The de-
tection of gold ina given mineral is a simple process,
but the assay involves a determination of the amount
of gold in the ore, and can only be satisfactorily accom-
plished by the collection of the metal ina lead button
and subsequent cupellation of the same, as described
in all text-books on the subject.
(5) H. M. asks (1) for means of restor-
ing to its previous condition a painting done on white
velvet, which was soiled by smoke, etc. A. We do not
think that itis possible to remove the smoke without
‘injury to the painting. 2. The method of cleaning steel
engravings? A. Articles on ‘“‘How to Restore Soiled
Steel Engravings ” are given in ScrenTIFIC AMERICAN
SUPPLEMENT, Nos. 44, 115, and 124.
(6) C. M. McK. asks how will vuleanite
alittle less hard than that used for combs, brushes,
etc., compare, under pretty rough treatment, with
leather in durability? A. The vulcanite will
not stand
“pretty rough treatment.’? 2. About what proportion
of sulphur would be used to obtain such a quality
vulcanite? A. For details asto manufacture see Sci-
ENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 252. 3. Can you
give me some idea of the cost of vulcanite in large
quantities? A. The value of vulcanite is dependent
upon its quality, and the price in accordance is from
30 cents to 75 cents.
(7) E. H. R. asks if the ‘‘ white bronze
monuments retain their original color for an indefinite
length of time. A. Yes. 2. Is the expansion or con-
traction of the metal by reason of heat or cold such as
to be material, or worthy of consideration? A. No. 3.
Does the white bronze, which I understand is zinc, wear
well? A. Yes, it is very enduring. 4, My reasons for in-
quiry is, we are about getting up asoldiers’ monument,
and we want a good one. A. White bronze is excellent
for the purpose you mention.
(8) J. H. asks the names of the ingre-
dients composing the liquids in the various patent
fire extinguishers, or a formula for a good liquid for
the same. A. 8 pounds carbonate of soda, 4 pounds
alum, 8 pounds borax, 1 pound carbonate of potash, and
24 pounds silicate of soda solution are mixed together;
13g pounds of this mixture is added to each gallon of
water when required for use. See also answer to
query 7in Screntiric AMERICAN for February 7, 1885.
(9) W. W. A. asks: Can I keep
successfully with sawdust in a room 6 feet square and
8 feet high? The bottom is 6 feet below the ground, and
is well drained. How thick should the sawdust be
around it? A. Your plan is feasible. A layer of saw-
dust from 6 to 8 inches between double wood walls will
be quite sufficient.
(10) H. L. K. asks (1) how sugar coated
popcorn is prepared after the corn has been popped.
A. The adhesive mixture with which the corns are
held together consists of gelatine with a little molasses;
the coloring matter is carmine.—We cannot undertake
to give examples in simple arithmetic in these col-
umns.
(11) F. E. asks: 1. Is there any book
giving full information in regard to the manner of re-
moving hair by electricity? A. There is no single book
treating on this subject, and the practical success
this method can hardly be called proved. , See the arti-
cles on Removal of Hair by Electricity contained in Scr-
ENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, Nos. 176 and 353.
Are there irido-platinum needles, manufactured for
this purpose? A. No. 3. Isaonecell battery sufficient?
A. No. 4, How is turtle shell softened, so that it may
be given any desired shape? A. It is softened by the
heat of boiling water; and if compressed in this state
by screws in iron or brass moulds, till it may be bent
into any shape, the moulds being then plunged into
cold water.
(12) J. W. V. asks: Is there any differ-
ence between the so-called “compound oxygen” used
by some of the doctors, and the oxygen obtained by
heating potassium chlorate and manganese? A. ‘‘Com-
pound oxygen” is simply a fancy name given to an
article made and sold by various physicians through-
out the country. In the May issue of the Druggists
Circular, the analyses of five articles bearing the name
of compound oxygen are given. 2. Is the latter ever
used for medicinal purposes? A. Under certain cir-
cumstances, it is probably used for inhalation. 3.
How are paper mustard plasters made? A. They are
probably made by dipping porous paper in a_ strong
alcoholic extract of oil of mustard. After it has dried,
it may be applied.
(18) C. R. C. writes: An eight day clock
spring % inch in width would be equal to a weight of
how many pounds as to power? A. Clock springs
are not always of the same power forthe same width.
You can only ascertain by trial of a given spring.
(14) E. C. & J. E. Y.—For stove cement
use pulverized clay 8 parts, fine iron filings 4 parts,
peroxide of- manganese 2 parts, sea salt 1 part, borax
1 part. Thoroughly pulverize, dry, and mix. When
required for use, make up the required quantity for
immediate use into a thick putty with water.
(15) C. KE. A. asks the simplest way
melt small quantities of gold, silver, copper, etc., also
if platinum can be melted in the same manner, A.
The simplest method of melting gold, silver, copper,
, etc., is by treating them with a little carbonate of soda
on a piece of charcoal, and then fusing with a blowpipe.
Platinum requires » much higher heat, and is infusi-
ble by the ordinary processes.
Scientific American.
(16) B. writes: I ean buy a good second copper. 2. Would not paper covered wire do? A, Cotton chopper, J. I. Greer et al.......-.......-.0++
Paper covered wire would do, provided you could wind Cotton sliver eveners, device for adjusting, E. P.
hand portable 12 horse power boiler and engine for the
it without breaking theinsulation, The paper covering PRINS... - vay sos snncnnduscedacceebndeeey
ab anaes
same price I cana 5 horse power of same style. I wish
Coupling. See Thill coupling.
to put an engine in my barn for steam purposes gener- should be very thin and strong. 3. What would ma-
Crate for fruit, etc., W. F. Redding.................
ally, such as cutting forage, firewood, etc., but do not chine be worth complete? A. Such machines may be
Cream, egg, and liquor mixer, R. M. Eastman......
need over5 horse power. Which of these two engines purchased for from $40.00 to $50.00. Creamer and refrigerator, combined, F, W. Mose-
is preferable forme? Will the 12 horse power be as
economical as the five"horse power in doing the same Cuff holder, D. ‘Greenhoot. A tresedscapsiedesstesesds
work? In my inexperience, it appears that a 12 horse COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVED. Cultivator, Brown & Bragg.......ccecscccecssvoceces oe
engine doing half work is as economical as a 5 horse Cultivator, G. Carrothers... wis
On Clinical Thermometers. By C. E. W.
Cultivator, J. J, BYRIRIB. 5. cccccovevcesescacece
power at its full power, Is it? A. We recommend the On the Fly’s Foot. By C. H. L.
Cultivator, J. Macphail............++
12 horse power engine, which will do your work at
Cultivator, C. Whitehall.............++ eastans evedaues
half the boiler pressure; and, if your boileris in propor- Cup. See Oil cup.
tion, will not only give you economical results, but will
be a source of satisfaction if you should afterward
INDEX OF INVENTIONS Current wheel, W. J. MceGavock..
Curry comb, W. E. Lawrence...
need more power or wish to sell. Curtain cabinet, B. Vallett......
For which Letters Patent of the Curtain fixture, A. C. F. Grimm..
(17) M. C. C. asks: What chemical is Curtain fixture, Page & Weber (r)... wawh r
used in annealing malleable iron castings, and in what United States were Granted Cut-off, cistern, G. W. & W. Lawhon..........-..+-
proportion? A. Pulverized hematite or pulverized an- Cutter. See Buttonhole cutter. Cigar tip cutter.
vil scales. The goods to be packed in cast iron boxes Clay cutter. Vegetable cutter.
so that each piece shall be surrounded with the above November 17, 1885, Derrick, adjustable, A. P. Cadden...............+6- 330,874
material. The whole to be placed in an oven and heated Desk, ‘Ti. LAlSON 630i5.s iteeccciedep
cts denns conetecsiens 330,404
Desk:chair, As Cutler. cic scecssredecdvcugesesacevetuss 830,382
red hot, and remain so for from 2 to 4 days. AND EACH BEARING THAT DATE,
Die presses, adjusting screw for, F. M. Leavitt.... 530,
(18) G. M.—The bluing of gun barrels Disinfecting apparatus, portable, W. W. Rosen-
is done by heating evenly in a muffle until the de- [See note at end of list about copies of these patents.]
sired blue color is raised—the barrel being first made Distance instrument, J, L. Buford
Ditching, tile forming, and wire laying machine,
clean and bright with emery cloth, leaving no marks of
Air and gas compressor valve, W. H. Worthen.... 330,539 mole, 8. Montgomery. .
grease or dirt upon the barrel when the bluing takes
Air exhauster and water elevator, combined, T. Door strip, W. Clark.......ccccccccsccccevcsesecvecees
place. We do not recommend this except in the hands of ATEBUPS Secs vere cea sGtwadeccveetess
cette a eeeew ee 830,366 Drier. See Clothes drier.
experts. It requires considerable experience to obtain
Animal trap, C. W. Barkley..... . 330,668 Drill. See Rock drill.
an even, clear blue. The receipt for browning is from Animal trap. W. R. Hampton....... . 830,695 Drum and ventilator, heating, J. Springer......... 330,633
the United States Ordnance Manual, andis as follows: Auger, post hole, F. Grimm....... ~ 330,580 Electric circuits, device for making and breaking,
Spirits of wine 114 ounces, tincture of steel 144 ounces, Axle box; car, N. W.-Cutter: . cicceces
cect techs . 330,822 EE IP EO Wiierant ac cclicensdesciddeamenccchesias
sn Gecae 330,466
Ax16 bok; car’ W. C.. Miller. ys ciccves
vende ceteelenne 330,607 Electric lighting, incandescent, H. P. Brown...... 330,464
corrosive sublimate 144 ounces, sweet spirits of niter 144
Bag filler, weigher, and register, grain, L. P. Sum- Electric lighting system, H. P. Brown........ i
ounces, blue vitriol 1 ounce, nitric acid % ounce. Mix,
of Blectric machine, dynamo, O. F. Jonsson
and dissolve in 1 quart of warm water, and keep in a
Electric machines, armature core for dynamo, M.
glass jar. Clean the barrel well with caustic soda Ls SSAA Voie ww ons vvleis'e Wacie viaisieelevns
water to remoye greaseoroil. Then clean the surface Bed clothing clamp or fastener, C. G. Harger, Jr.. Electric machines, armature for dynamo, C. D.
of all stains and marks, by emery paper or cloth, so Bed, folding, H. 8. Hale.............
as to produce an even bright surface for the acid to Bed, folding couch, R. E, Hammer...
act upon. No finger marks. Stop the bore and vent
Bed, sofa,C. Streit...
with wooden plugs, Then apply the above mixture Elevator, B. A. Legg...
’ to every part with a sponge or rag, expose to the air Bedstead, folding,L. C. Royinatous Elevator, W. Stevens
Beehive, E. Armstrong.............- + oF Engine. See Rotary engine. Steam engine.
for twenty-four hours. Then rub the loose rust off
Beehive, Wes Guoit.. cin): + comeseas Sv acecs cide ctiddi de duses's 330,783 Traction engine.
with a steel scratch brush. Again apply the mixture
Beehive, WP.) Hamlin. .cccccdvecs dace vecucech reesh 330,478 Envelope opener and paper knife, combined, G.
and scratch brush, and if not perfect, a third time. Tf Bell,call,, Wi. WDSON vues cave eine e beanie wadecetociebealt 830,756 SENSIS EO Wik can aistelk v cin inis'oasiuaiaies aleie'a a aielawie's cinieselels eae
satisfactory, wash in boiling water, dry quickly, and Bevel, miter, and try square, combined, 8. 8. Colt. 330,378 Excavator, tunnel, C. C. Quinn
wipe with linseed oil or varnish with shellac. Bevel swaging machine, J. T. Speer................ WIS DANBIOM JOU. Ms Els GTA ace ccusaierse code sesseste 330,392
Bicycle holder, A. P. Seiler................ Eyeglass hook, G. D. Briggs Ye
(19) R. G. W. asks (1) how to gold, sil- Bitters sDs TS. Kyteiseerce sh sacs ossicsaseanes Eyeglass nose pad, J. S. Spencer............++-++-4. 330,521
ver, and nickel plate small things. I have a powerful Blackboard composition, L. Chadwick BEDE IRHOrWOOU... .ascc0cceaerddeasss sects decsyess 380,787
battery of zinc and carbon and sulphuric acid and bi- Board. See Electric switch board. Washboard. Fan, J. M. Seymour...... . 880,627
chromate of potash. A. For information on electro- Bobbins DERI fives, ce cisletsacictale tute oe eteatalcjaiaelnets slaunes é Farm gate, 8. W. Smith... 330,631
plating we refer you to SuppLemeENT, No. 310. You Boiler. See Steam boiler. Faucet, water, A. Stover -.. 330,524
will not require a battery giving a high tension current Bdiler tube cleaner, E. W. Vanduzen..... ....+... Feed water heater, O’Brien & Weaver... «.. 330,612
for electroplating. 2. Which can be burnt the harder— Book and music clamp, J. E. Hunsaker.. Feed water heater, S. J. Weaver...........-.+- . 830,650
Boot jack, E. Harris . 330,480 Feed water purifier and heater, J. P. Warner...... bea
a hard pressed brick or one that is not pressed very
Boot or shoe sole, G. B. Seigenthaler....... . 830,625 Fence, metallic, C. Hamika........ssscesececeuesss y-» 580,583
hard? <A. So far as the hardening of the clay is con-
Bottle irrigating attachment, A. B. Tutton. « 380,7: Fence strips, machine for making harnert Jaawne
cerned, one brick will be as hard as the other; but Bottle stopper, W. Ward.......s.csscsscsees vee . 330,812 ROOD serena depiens sb slecswin's peep apieindame deacons arene $50,852
the pressed brick will be more dense, and will conse- Bottle stopper fastening, L. Kalling, Jr...... . 830,712 Fence wire reel device, W. S. Newth..........-- x... 330,610
quently stand more pressure. Bottles, cans, etc., closure for, E. Schmitz......... 330,428 Fencing, connection for metallic, C. Hanika. . 380,584
Box. See Window seat box. BS LEM WHEGI,is-ie GrOLRUMGD. ..8 ne ves renssecnsssvedas 330,781
(20) F. R. H. asks: Will you give me in Bracket; Ui Brtd ge. .22.G peace coven ests vec eee ameslep sisics 330,672 Filter and cooler, combined, J. C. Jewett........... 330,404
ice your yaluable paper a little advice as to the use of Bracket arm, C. Hollweg... Fireplace and heating stove, 8. Reeve ... 380,516
melted paraffine as a means of protecting metal (tools, Broom,G. A. Thompson REM Oey Ore L Ob bicals ieials c(h siclem slagcistacieceivis cin stoncies 330,798
implements, etc.) from rust, damp, and salt air? Here Brushes, machine for making, A. Frazier Fishing reel, J. Vom Hofe..........-..+- 330,811
in Florida I have great trouble with such things as guns, Buckie, ©: Co Shel bynetiscvpsetioksidssass eb ee . 830,518 Fishing rod, bamboo, E. M. Edwards 330,572
carpenters’ tools, machinery, and hardware in the house Buckle shield, harness, J. P. Scollay........ wee 330,429 Flask. See Liquor flask.
rusting, and have heard a good deal of talk about Buckle, suspender, D. L. Durand......--.......:055+ 330,827 Flue welding machine, B. F. Lowther. . -. 330,844
parafline. A. You can obtain paraffine from any of Burner. See Hydrocarbon burner. Folding chair or settee, H. J. Harwood . 330,698
Bustle; Adu Wichiscvcass Vevescieas acseesememoven cane 330,424 Work @uard, J. W< DTOWes cvecccrcavesccvsscrs« 330,824
the wholesale druggists in New York city, who will give
Butter package, W. White .. 830,653 Fortification, revolving tower, T. R. Timby . 330,640
you prices on application, It comes in irregular frag-
Button, R.-H. Isbell....... .22..+ «. 330,403 Fortifications, revolving tower system of, ..sy
ments or in cakes; you can apply it to the metal sur- Button fastener, A. G. Irvine......... gee . 330,588 IBY0Vics tan ease ban galls (davinator 336,638, 330,641, 330,642
faces by warming the metal and rubbing the paraftine Buttonhole cutter, G. E. Combs......... «2. 830,773
on, allowing it to melt, or youcan dissolve the paraf- Button'or stud; TW. S Oster? .2o02.az.o0s =k beat eee 330,390
fine in benzole or naphtha, and apply it as a varnish. Buttons to cloth or other material, connecting, J. Frame. See Quilting frame. Umbrella and para-
RQ UGHLEe ireate5 cisia'oluis ucla oi weerate ate olPale aah iain Une 830,407 » sol frame.
(21) D. G. E. asks: Why will a long horse- Capsule for medicines, wines, etc., C. L. Jensen... 330,491 Furnace. See Locomotive furnace, Open hearth
hair stretched in an Molian harp produce a sound,when Gar coupling; T= Button .c.< vsce shee islam deste seve 330,820 furnace.
a shorter one, blown upon with a current of air from the GCaricoupling? BoGi Markhisiiciwn decere consecuauebalece 330,601 Parnace grate, FMI OL: accecccsisesnacacseascrys
aces
mouth, willnot? Are there any peculiar conditions in Caricoupling AUN Otting fo: -nccccnces veces coveaeiee 330,416 Gume, parlor baseball, Jacobus & McKinley....... 330,788
of which strings produce sounds by such means? A. Car mover, S. Shackelford........... 830,744 Gas, apparatus for making, W. P. Elliott.... a
There is no reason why the Aolian harp effect cannot be Car, railway, A. W. Driggs.........--+. 330,825 Gas conduits, tube joint for, W. L. Scaife
Car replacing jack, L. F. Longmore................. 330,842 Gas, producing illuminating, R. H. Smith
produced by the breath, if the conditions are fayora-
Garispring, RAV O80..6) <ccctsnshiomeesce 380,445, 330,446 Gate. See Farm gate. Water gate. Water wheel
2. ble; probably one reason why you did not succeed in
Car strap, E. Q. Bowman. seeeees 300,461 gate.
your experiment is that your string was so short as Gariwheel,Dy Ei. "Rice s 2. .cSctts cues tsp Veiseha see daw 330,423
to produce vibrations too rapid for a musical note. Car wheel and axle box, 8. A. Bemis... =) . 830,372 330,575
(22) J. B. 8S. writes: Please send me the Car wheel lathe, Small & McNaughton............. 330,628 Gate roller and hinge, combined, E. C. Washburn. 330,648
Carpet cleaning machine, 8. T. Jull...............4. 330,406 Gear cutting machine, M. O’Gorman 330,510
directions for using the Reis telephone, or let me know Glass furnace stone, H. Felker... .............
Carpet sweeper, G. W. Kelley...........+ wee 880,590
in what number of your paper, if in any, I can find an Cartridge shell holder, Raabe & Fisher............. 330,513 Glazier’s point, H. W. Eames
explanation of the same. A. Reis’ telephone may be Case. See Cigar case. Toilet case. Glazier’s point, E. J. Van Reyper..............see0e
used successfully by substituting carbon for the pla- Casket plate, G. W. Moulton ....... Glove fastening, A. C. Mather........ we t
0 seseeeeseeee 330,846 cdasn nest 330,501
tinum points. Itmay be made to transmit speech by Cement, manufacture of, H. Mathey............... 330,602 Governor for vessels, pendulum engine, M. C.
a careful adjustment of the platinum points, but it is Centering hubs and other blocks, device for, B. EAH WINS: se ee malnadsbo a Rakdasysitae aca osne ss secs
not practical when used in that way. Some experi- WY Sie Seis celealana acla deblnattns/addNedate aeeesaanie ene 330,536
Governor, steam engine, A. I. Loop.. .....
menters have placed between the contact points of the Chair. See Desk chair. Folding chair. Ham- Grain binder, A. Stark........... ees
mock chair. Oscillating chair. Grate, C. Lb. Riker:.......... Ant
transmitter a liquid such as acidulated water, thereby
Cherry seeding machine, G. W. Knapp............. 830,839 Grate Dar, Ji 2. ERATBY. cares ves es<scascs sere seus
improving the effect. For description of Reis’ tele- Chicken brooder, G. B. Bayley...........-sssesseees 330,547 Guard. See Fork guard. Razor guard,
phone, see SUPPLEMENT, No. 389. Chopper. See Cotton chopper. Hair, composition for removing, 8. R. Kennedy... 330,715
Chuck, pivoting, F. Boardman Hair, tablet for use in removing, 8. R. Kennedy... 830,716
(23) F. A. H. writes: To-day a man
Cider press. PoR. Cross........0.0+ Hammock chair, -G.. Bs HOOK. ...00.cc0csascecennccees
came in my office with a small glass tube with two
Cigaregse, EE. Waste wilecskcee coiieaasts targa cn dkan Handle. See Shovel and spade handle. Tool
round globes on each end, each as large as anegg. The Cigar bunching machine, J. A. McConnell... Sk: handle.
tube connecting the two bulbs was some 8 or 10 inches Cigar tip cattor, Wi Eis Builly css: <iccswad cpieeriecmcecenl Hanger. See Pipe hanger.
in length. They were about half full of a red, blood- Clamp. See Book and music clamp. Presser Harness pad press, J. W. Johnson.............0008 830,710
looking fluid. By holding one bulb in the hand, for clamp. Harness sweat pad fastener, R. Brownson......... 330,772
some persons, the fluid wouldrush to the other bulb, Clamp for roof scaffolds, ete., A. T. Barlow........ 080,546 Harrow, J.{Maephail.......
although the other bulb was much higher than the one Clay cutter and pulverizer, W. N. Graves......... 330,691 Harrow, iron, A. Callander.
Cleaner. See Boiler tube cleaner. Lamp chim- Harvester, J. Keller...........+.
in hand; for others, the fluid would not moye. Tt was
claimed by the man that had it that it was operated by
ney cleaner. Harvester, Whiteley & Bayley as
Clipping machine, hair, Whittier & Donlon........ EXATV@SLer; M2 Winer ooo cisioueans “ecachncevicarens
the blood; a person having good blood would cause it
Clocks, contact maker for electric, L. H. Spellier.. : Harvester and mowing machine, G. M. Patten....
to flow almost perpendicular into the upper chamber, Clothes and hat rack, combined, J. 8. Lash. . .... 330,497 Harvester bundle carrier, W. Beltz............
whilea person with poor blood would not move it. As Clothes drier, L. A. JOHNSON. .......0.eseeeeeeee sees 830,711 Harvester, grain binding, D. R. Preston.....
Thad never seen anything of the kind before, I was Clothes drier, Z. Stephenson... . «. 830,749 -Hat holder and coat rack, G. D. Spielman...
much surprised. Will you kindly explain in Notes Clothes line, J. S. Wailes.............00. eotessictecsen GO G4G Hat rounding machine, Tweedy & Yule......
and Queries the science of this instrument, what the Chute, As J. Moyer: i s.c.eetes cassie anechet cnet ~ » B30414 Hay press, power, A. B. Farquhar....... ....
fluid is, and why it operates? A. The tube and bulbs Cofiin,F C.. Shuler...) i ciaedecssmavneedss cewek 830,432 Hay rack, FE, COMMU Foe. neo: eveseucaceeced zs
contain ether colored by aniline, The air is exhausted Coke, furnace for the manufacture of, H. M. (Eiay ker TR Welln tatvnc cascade cnescvasancch
RIOKOGs xb sds ek pean sabe ee eaten lava Heater. See Feed water heater.
from the bulbs, so that the ether boils at a very low tem-
Coke, manufacturing, H. M. Pierce - Heating apparatus for buildings, 8. Bradley....... 830,462
perature, the heat of the hand being sufficient to va- Collar and hame, combined, Barber & Reynolds... Hides, machine for unhairing, working, and_
to porize it rapidly. The quality of the blood of the per- Collar, horse, M. F. Sauer. scouring, A. E. Whitney....
son handling the instrument has nothing whatever to do Collar or cuff, B. Kipper s2<icacsoss vsieevesdecssanesie Moeing machine, D. G. Zeigler 330,765
with the action of the ether. Comb. See Curry comb. Hog and cattle separating device, D. L. Monroe.. 330,412
(24) R. L. asks: 1. Would not brass wire Confection.) Fi: PB; Zaeglery ss <ciiesgs's candingnssninds ‘ + « 330,059 Holder. See Bicycle holder. Cuff holder. Hat
Core barrel, collapsible, P, Wilkes holder. Pencil holder.
do for winding field magnets of electric machine de- Corn sheller, King & Gilman Holland cases, extension door for, C. Cregmile.... 330,380
scribed in SupPLEMENT, No, 161? A. Brass wire will Corset.stay, MY. FHOmiuss 2% p05 oan v0 ess o00acde ones Hood and other garments, W. Randel.............. 330.515
not answer so well as copper wire, becanse its elec- Cotter pins, machine for making, J. Adt........ we. 880,661 Hook, See Eyeglass” hook. Fish hook Snap
trical conductivity is considerably less than that of Cotter pins, making, J. Adt..... 20vens oedebecnesncesttihkOOl hook.
 Sh Pe a “eae e ; . 4
- , = ‘S :

ris 3 oe Fa te: ‘ 3 4 ¢ ti fi 4 ° "

DecEMBrk, 1885.] Scientific American, 9
Horseshoe machine, ¥ Billings & Mueller.........
Her: .--++22008+ 330,670
i Pump, issteam, . W. W. B. EB. Eby eves vee ccbescccsccbescezacs 330,571 |Th rashing
i machines, belt shortener
and tightener
Horseshoes, making,J.B. White...:.........+..+.- 830,584 |Purse, M. Stoveken........ Pecdsaccsccocdecareitiepaeeas | etory8..BvAldrtehins 002 he ee svees 930,443 ‘AXfdvertisements.
Hose nozzle, F. W. Robertshaw. . 830,740 |Quilting frame, J. H. Helms........................ 330,482 |Tobacco, machine fo treating leaf, J. A. Poist.... 330,734 | 7
Rich; A. MSTAW Ss «25 SL dcxengn¥”<0eesneetsy «ssee++- 830,771 |Ruck. See Clothes and hat rack. Hay rack. Mat- Tobacco machine, plug, ‘I’. Puetz, Jr.. . 330,849, 330,850 er THe Screntiric AMERIC AN, ARCHITECTS’ AND
Hub, vehicle, D. C. Stover. ...........seeseceserweese 830,809 tress rack. Toilet case, pocket, W. W. Watts... : 330,649 ae mig 8 Bee. reaches al the Architects and
Hydrant, “eali-eineing
Sipitent Z. E. Coffin.............
Downin ‘ ccvcssereconevcsses
Tae. OODjOt? |alt
Radiator, steam, T. P.: Hardy............ ede seeecens 7 880,696 Tool handle, F. Cronin............... 330,774
77 pied
is sti sere One
unquestionably ohoos en
the cheapest eeeffective
and most ee
z. 4 fs way, electric, J. F. MeLaughlin.. ot Tool handle, L. M. Devore... ... . 02. seceeee . 330,383 medium for the display of announcements relati
Hydraulic jack, J. Weeks........ gptesawtt Railway grip, cable, D. Stout.... ..... é Tooth, artificial, ©. P. Grout..... «930,831 to Goods, Materials, and Appliances usea in Builud.
Hydraulic jack, Weeks & Traver..... Railway rail spike, T. A. Davies....... ......+. ne "330,570 Tooth, artificial, L. 'T. Sheftield. . 330,431 ings. The rates of advertising are very low. Ad-
Hydraulic motor, C. G. Wurster............ ; Railway rail spikes, stay plate for, T. A. Davies... 330,568 |Torpedo signal, H. F. Clark...........00.008 330,562 Gees 7 Publishers,
Hydraulic, steam, air, and vacuum brake, H. C. Railway rails, center fastening for, T. A. Davies.. 330,569 |Toy, W. E. Depp............606 ceeceeee 350,681 wees Motes ae shea rind nchcloe
McCarty......... bit sd. 28%... bv idee ‘ i. ae ... 330,796 |Railway rolling stock, . chart for, J.J. 8.S.Graham nd aae 330,577
F |Trace5 tastener, , G. G. D. D. SSpielman........ « 330,436 eae
Hydrocarbon burner, J. Marion “ Railway signal, M. Wuerpel..... .. .830,859, 330,860 |Track clearer, L. BLOTZAN.......sccceessccccseceseees 530,7725 Pree Reduced of E D$0 N’ $ |M P R OV E D
Ice creeper, H. 8. Pullman..........2..0ce0seeee8 Railway switch, N. G@. Du Bois.......-..00--60.-2005 330,826 |Traction engine, C. M. Giddings..........s+.sesesee. 330,576 SPEED AND PRESSURE RECORDING GAUGES.
Incrustation, device for preventing, J. H. Bless- Railway switch; A eS ash 330,509 |Trap. See Animaltrap. Plumber’s trap. Sewer With Time and Alarm Attachments Combined.
Ants cove W Eb nck lesece, S¥snccen Pedhinae
tvs onrs at,etep eDOURROD Railway switch, street, J. Ridgway.......... dekhXe 330,425 gastrap. Target trap. This Instrument gives records simultaneously of the
Incubator, Bassini & Heyden... Railway switches, machinery for operating, Trap for wash basins, ete., R. B. Dick.... .......0. 330,683 Fig or Water pressure and of the Speed of enginesor
Incubator, 0. 8. NOwsOm......00.sccseccecvcrves Wuerpel.. eae cere ecvteeesccscacs Sept. (monte 390,862 |Tray, carrying, C. A. ANAreWS......scsecceeseencres 330,662 aace, onnt anes att aac tar eoom upon the sae
Incubators, egg tray for, G. W. & J. rg!“hort Railway ttWOkA: ‘destroying grass, weeds, etc., on, Trimmer. See Lumber trimmer. The wiath of the loops indicates
the length of time the
burgh..... Re ee eee Se ee + 330,528 D. Hawksworth............. Cae wcuine
nine canaeenne 330,700 |Truck and bag holder, combined, A. C. Dodge..... 330,684 pape Nedoe pe Mat of a train of cars—and be-
Incubators, heat regulating mechanism for, J. L. Railway tracks, device for destroying vegetation Trunk fastener, G. D. Spielman...............05 330,435 afterward. veencion te a Vosoveriiin ane Wena ae
? are Pete ee coke ven sausecers AlONA, D. HawkswoOrth.......cscosescvcsscsescss ... 830,701 |Tub fastener, G. F. Atwood....... 330,814 A i 1
njactor. steam, J. Doansade Rake. See Hay rake. Tack merken Gr Gecdwin 339, ’erfection in Electric Lighting cannot be reached
a. ~3-C.G sew 330,476 | until uniformity shall be secured, henee, Dy On-
Inkstand, J. O. Anderson..... : Razor guard, Partridge & Sweeney............ wee++» 000,418 |Tug, Rohrer, Jr., & Boyer . 330,426 |Zines must be automatically watehed, and data obtained
Ironing board and table, combined, M. Ransom... 530,618
6 |Reamer, : J. Neale........seeeeeeeeenees
NAIC. AECL +++»
...esseeereeeeceeeeesenreeeeeeceer ees 330,508
330,508 |
|Tug,
Tug, hame,
hame, T.
T.L.
Li.Rivers... 330.517 |204
Rivers. ....+-+-eocseeeeeeseeerteees 330, ree PANS atl : ee comparisons
: ofé work performed and
ironing table, A. McBlair.. 0.2.0.2. cccccusccccesves 880,721 Reel. See Fishing reel. ‘ Tuyeres, blast furnaces, etc., w.
water circulation ° lighly camiieaasd bec made EK. Emery, Eng’r and
Irrigating land, apparatus for, E. Briggs.. + $30,556 |Reflector, G. W. & L. A. Scovil..........csccccescsee 330,742 TONS Hea COUN oe <a ovis sce can aseaceds voce ne 330.442 ap t nae York Steam Company, B. F. Isherwood, U. 8.
Jack. See Car replacing jack. Hydraulic jack. Refrigerator, , milk, y R.
Abe R.
TW, Stone............
SUONC. reese 330,751 |Umbrella and parasol] frame, W.‘ B. Conner........ 530,566
eeceeeeeeeerens 8,10 530 566 |
|gineering
N2¥Y: Chas.U. H.8. Loring, Chief othe
Navy, and of Bureau of Steam En-
Lifting jack. Rheostat, E. Weston. . . i Umbrella drip cup, Li. T. Jones.........eescccsescees 330,789 |passenger steamers, cte., ete. hegre we ee
ame Pe ao eee joint. Lal ar am 8. sae ae ga a erratic: 489 { Valve, W. J. Cambridge..........s.csscsessescess
vee 330,676 | Made and for sale by the
—— Ournal brass, P. P. EMOry.....cscccccescvessvccscess 3 ock drilling machine, SC OIBT Rs eke ccirenctsnes 5,316) Valve, Me WuUGiDpel. sc cudects osctemas olacdeevs oaaccess 330,861
Keg washing machine, H. Binder............-....-. 330,550 |Rod. See Fishing rod. Valve, automatic safety regulator, J. W. Parts. ** 330,615 EDSON RECORDING AND ALARM GAUGE (0.,
Key fastener, H. B. Stranahan................. . .. 830,854 |Roll grinding apparatus, H. B. Chess.........-..... 330,561 |Valve gear, engine, J. Grime.........e.c0ec0eeeeenee 330,782 No. 91 Liberty St., New York.
score oetessus ce....+ 830,500 |Roller. See Gate roller,
init Whi tbid aMOGsececk cvvassves Valve gear for compound engines, G. B. Dow...... 330,367 |= Descriptive Pamphiets furnished on application.
Knitting machine, G. A, Olson....... Sap Wsy ve Oke ree 330,728 |Roller and cultivator, combined, R. B. Ralls....... 330,514 |Valve or cock for liquid receptacles, L. Abbott.... 330,766
Lactates, manufacture of, C. E. Avery.......... .-. 330,815 |Rolling mill brass, W. EB. Harris.... . 330,697 |Vault cover and ventilator, A. W. Herr............ 330,400 The Standard Rider
Lamp burner, J. F. Trout.........-+.+++. Rolling mill guide, W. H. Jarvis.... 330,71 Vegetable CUGLOR tA, CATINOM secs ci 07 he sess cnc acve 930)560
Lamp chimney cleaner, W. H. Reed.... Rolle pit, Moe rentisers gase nsre sets ises haces 330,421 |Vehicle platform spring, A. B. Johnson............ 330,405 (HOT AIR)
Lamp, electric, E. Weston........-.+++... Ses Smee sees 330,450 |Rope coupling device, J. & J. Milne................. 330,722 |Vehicle seat, two-wheeled, C. W. Burgtorf........ 330,559
Lamp, incandescent electric, C. Heisler. Saves . 380,586 |Rosin compounds, manufacture of, D. J. Ogilvy.. 330,613 |Vehicle spring, W. W. Grier........ 6... ..cceeeeeee 330,578 PUM PI N G EN GIN E
Lemon squeezer, T. McKeethen....... ais cepeeete 330,505 |Rotary engine, F. L. McIlvaine..........--....se0eee Vehicle, two-wheeled, L. 8. Clark +.» 330,468 For Gas or Coal
Lifting jack, Hamaker & Peck.. . 330,582 |Rotary engine, E. 8. Pambla............ ... Velocipede, ice, J. Hussong....... weee 330,786 j F
Lightning arrester, A. J. Holt...........cececcesees . 330,486 |Rotary engine and pump, J. Henderson WikOsDIDOr ds ally OOISCNvccrecsssssitcs actscicese segmar Pietben aro bege b ers oo an
Lime, manufacture of, H. Mathey.. Rule, calipers, and level, combined, C. D. Janssen 530,589 |Wagon bodies, device for removing, J. B. Taylor.. 3 0, it. as a record of eleven years.
Linings, folding, J. Irving....... ... 7 5 Rule, pocket, H. Judd........ Sade beret Ce dies te ew ce 330,837 |Wardrobe, EK. B. Estes............. a y ccctne cine 330,830 Send for catalogue ** A.”
Liquor flask, H. W. T.: Jemner........0....seeeeeseree 330,709 |Sash balances, > O. Beebe....... 330,371
5 |Washboard,
s I. Husse
mihi BRGY isenccedde
clewsee ast eyoda ce.ccome ees 330,785
300,789 A Sar, a=)
Sash fastener, J. M. Atwood.... . 330,367 |Washer. See Spring washer. Ss = 3 co.,
Loading and unloading platform for street use, J.
PIT, Duck sles... cbs. seweuageees
<s Stecaea ce 330,754 |Sash lock, W. Lang . 830,591 |Washing machine, G.L Ferris...........2.2..+ sees 830,573 34 Dey Street, N. ¥. City.
Loads down mountains, device for transferring, Sash lock, Prindle & Baird.... 830,802 |Washing machine, W. W. Kone..........-ceeeceeees 330,840
A. Roncaglia..........06.. ee clit Rounteresress .... 330,805 |Saw gummer, Herhold & Mills......--.---20--eeeee 330,399 |Washing machine, R. Orford.............06 ceeeeees 330,848 ~~.
Lock. See Sash lock. Sawmill carriage, G. M. Hinkley........ ...+-..+-5- 330,484 |Washing machine, J. A. Tynan............eeeeeeeeee 330,858 iGestern Electric Co.
+. Locomotives and cars, device for arresting, M. F. Sawmiil carriage, S. W. Little....... ..-.scessceees 030,720 |Washing machine and teeter or seesaw, com- a
ee BIOUBANO ; eee te cbiee ces tivene ceeeanede Tes ade des «..... 390,671 |Saw punching and setting machine, J. Laybolt.... 330,499 es UEP |en 9 330,626 CHICAGO anp NEW Y ORK.
Locomotive furnace, J. Burkett Bey i
. 390,819 |Saw swage, 5 D. B. Hanson...... SRUETUC IOOCMUESE
BOO Rees Ose 830,396 hi
hi |Washingg machine i
and wringer, i
combined, J. A. : El s 2 27 é ;
Loom pile wire, Crossley & Cochrane 330,821 |Saw tooth, J. A. Dean..... edly) ceisWie case ete an eV saeys = 330,680, TYNAN. 0. ccecsceves cccevterencscccscceseasescenes 830,857 pact a Coe ole AG ove
Loom shuttle thread guide and tension regulator, Scale beam with indicating poise, R. L. Hassell... 330,397 |Washing machine, boiler, Porter & Kepperling.... 330,735 H 0 U S E AN D H OT EL A N N U N CIATO RS.
G. Baldwin. setenseeees ap cshtonea ner “SARS
Enos e455 830,544 |Scale, weighing and price, L. B. Gibson............ 330,690 |Waste vulve, automatic, J. H. Bacon et al.......... 330,664
Lubricator, P. Armington.........+++++eeeees 830,767, 380,768 |Scales, scoop balance attachment for weighing, Watch balance wheel, A. 8S. Buckelew.............. 830,558 ELECTRIC LICH TS,
Lubricator, F. A. Strong....... noe 330,525 ste'clees osséca56 Edmangs 330,595 |Watch case, B. F. Hope..
AGGTNOAS, cciay colsclaaiOslsieiaiiee 330,487 ARGC 1
Lumber trimmer, A. Rodgers....... seneeccchsces «..+ 330,803 |Scoop, safe edge, A. R. Hynscn A ee 330,834 |Watch case, J. Lamont............0ccceeeceee teens 830,717 ee ee ee
Magnet, electro, , H. P. Brown............ee00000e .... 830,463 |Seraper aad leveler, > road, W.! S. Worley... . 330,764
, |Watch, 5 stem winding and setting, » C.OG. T. LT. Higgin = IT WILL PAY YOu( NO MATTER
Mattress rack, G. E. Bedell..... nagoAsoOSApou 830,570 |Screw caps, mould for forming, D. Barker..... ... 330,545 Dothan sec aks acces ow haw dade dP aeeeaie a 330,401 STEAM TING, WHAT DISTANCE FROM US
330,531 Screw for carpenter’s benches, tail, C. Unger- Watch stem winding and setting mechanism, C. POWER LAIR & CO STayap ANDCOPYFOREsp — eg SENDY :
Medical use, induction coil for, J. C. Vetter........
escece sons Wah
MIANMs sence cca een aar ee Tr UGGiLeta ea nicl aa Seco niecad 330,537 THST.NYM2 specimen ans
“sincl 310-316 E,75
Medicine, laxative compound, C. N. Waite........ 330,532
Metallurgic operations, drying air for, J. H. Sewer gas trap, W. G. Thompson. Led Water closet, J. L. Hutchinson..................... 330,706 Di *,
Gronianc teen weomneceeeee Dinstestesedaes. ee, 20800,001 |Sewing machine; A: D: Pentz 0. <> se.c. sees <0.220-e5. 3% Water closet, single piece porcelain washout, PLAYS!aes ‘ohib ed tb peetaig tes
Meter. See Electrical meter. Sewing looped fabrics, machine for, J. M. Mer- Wowkos a GOUNONY: co eee tcc cctc css Me bass eon 330,574 logue free. T.S. DENISON, Chicago, Il.
Middlings purifier, G. F. Sherwood...............+-. 380,745 SON a ae eee nculdisie wisacco o ateleOiclale eswiealSeaainiy sieges wsinde os . 330,606 |Water closet valve, H. S. Lord.. Spaucdepe 330,843
Middlings purifier, C. A. Smith.................. «eee 330,746 Water gate, R. Pattee.. 380,800 }. Price
. Anew
Milk and cream, centrifugal machine for testing, Water tank, automatic stock, R. H. Barber..
" Tady raatthere are hundreds of places in which it can be used.
Fredericksen & Rasch............ DO «330,779, 330,780 Water wheel gate, D. L. Trullinger Right of use, reasonable. Will be mailed to inventors for $2, if
Milling machine, A. T. Gifford............ « 830,591 330,678 Weather strip, J. Y. Bassell ..., #jmention Sct, AM. Send for catalogue of our REGISTERING in-
OE STRUMENTS. A FEW GOOD MEN WanTen to handle our goods.
Milling machine, compound, C, E. Hadley. .. 330,581 Sewing machine feeding mechanism, P. Diehl..... 380,385 Wheel. See Car wheel. Current wheel. == McDonnett Opomr~ Uo,, 2and 4 LaSalle Ave., Chicago, IL
Millstone dress, A. 8. Baker....... aoe ganas nee sae 330,665 Sewing machine shu:tle, P. Diehl................... 830,386 wheel. Skate wheel.
Mixer. See Cream, egg, and liquor mixer. Paint Sewing machine shuttle operating mechanism, P. . Wheel securing device, G. P. Steinbach............ 330,748 PHILLIP SEMMER,
mixer. DICRI. cc.5~ e e cette cttetstactetstt ontresretecrt 330,884 Whiffletree iron, O. Vanorman............ ape tien 330,530 AMERICAN
Motion, mechanism for converting, 8S. C. Rhodes..
Motion, mechanism for converting rotary into re-
830,622 Shaving, removing hair asa substitute for, 8. R.
Kennedy... cacee«s<sacltncesocRe Uwe Ee ee secs
Meee oc 330,790
Whip socket, C. N. WebDD.....-. secceeseeeeeees oeee 330,448
Window seat box, W. H. Wetherill.......... ....-- 330,651
PLATE and SHEET GLASS DEPOT.
Headquarters for American Polished Plate, French
ciprocating, A. Lewis............- manager
Sou Resets 830,596 Shears. See Pruning shears. Wire machine, barb, W. Edenborn .. 330,686 and English Silvering Quality Plate Glass, Beveled and
Motor. See Hydraulic motor, Shears, Richard & HOlCOMD..........csseeseeeeeeees 330,738 Wrench, G. A. Barnes.......cecccecececcccsvcsccscese 330,369 Plain Mirrors, Beveled, Ground, and Embossed Plate
and Sheet G lass, Cathedral ( Jolored, Single and Double
Mower, lawn, J. Keller..........0.+0+e00- Be s bees 390,714 Shears, J. M. Whiting............ a aeeeesoasies'e wofieeiel OOUjOLO Wrench, BH. B. Jackson.......cccrceescccccsceccccsees 330,835 Strength Window Glass, in., ae. , and lin. Polished
Mus.c leaf turner, R. E. & G. W. Moorman........ Sheller. See Corn sheller. Wrench, §. J. Lea...... 380,594 Plate, etc. All thicknessS ylig ht and Floor Giass.
Necktie supporter, B. B. Scully....... Rie tet oe Shirt or dress placket, V. H. Lavallie............... 330,498 Wrench, R, Wolfe..... 330,453 6, 8, and 10 Desbrosses Street, New York.
Nickel and cobalt from solutions containing the Shovel and spade handle, A. T. Heiser........ ose. 380,481 ESTIMATES PROMPTLY FURNISHED.
same, process of precipitating, C. H. Aaron.... Shutter fastener, F. C. Robinson...... see 300,741
DESIGNS. CHEAPEST MAGIC LANTERNS TO BEST STEREOPTICONS

AGIC AVES
Nut lock, I. Brooke.... -... Sign and door plate, W. Pathie ..... . 830,511
Nut lock, G. W. Desmond. Signal. See Railway signal. Torpedo signal. Burial caskets, ornamentation of, J. H. Mowen ... 16,387
Nut lock, H. H. Ham, Jr Signal compensator, F. 8. Guerber..... eens tee eeees 800,882 Carpet, J. Lyall... 2.2... ccccceeccsscnssenscccvossseces 16,384
Oar and oar lock, bow facing, J. L. ‘Kwarel Signaling apparatus, A. Montenegro........... ». 830,723 Gimp, J. Gralham........ccccccesececececcecceccceccces 16,383 t=" With Posters, Pro Lanes,
Oil cup, I. R. MeNary..........- Pe ebcciascan sseesesees GOU,008 Skate. G. W. Baker..... ONAN. «resis leislow aaikie'saowais s's'e's 300,543 Jewel setting, G. Becker...........+ 16,382 Tickets. acreen, and Views, $i. 50!
Oil-tank or can, W. Heston.........sssscseeccccsreee 330,483 Skate, W. A. Sutton.............cecccee Paleiclah.c oBenton e 330,527 Paper clips, back for, A. E. Seltzer 16,386 (by mail 2.00.
00. UTOM Ago ORGANS a 8) spectalty-
OPTICAL, MUSICAL, ELECTRIC, MECHANICAL ONDERS
Open hearth furnace for iron and steel, Murisier Skate, roller, H. Mueller ... Surface ornamentation, F. Mankey...... a rallies diiaicsts 16,385 CB Magic Lanterns Wanted.) Catalog ue FREE.
& Gilchrist... ......... yest sFees hs moavedessbes OOOAIR Skate, roller, E. V. Whitaker.... ARBACH ORGAN CO., PHILADEL -PHIA, PA.

GOILED WIRE BELTING.

Ore crusher, 8S. R. Krom........-.-. a aat
Oscillating chair, C. EB. Whittlesey... TRADE MARKS.
Ovens, refiector light for baker’s, F. ‘i. Van Agricultural implements named, 8. L. Allen & Co.. 12,765
Skating, instructing beginners in roller, R. A.
Alcohol and its compounds, wood, L. A. Salomon Cheap, Durable. Increases Power. Is not
Overseaming machine, Cc. H. Crawford 2 TORDStON secs escces sees Wes spseees STC eOARTIO BE DSVOa reat seat feslas tee hea wancerasucestisctaciaisccelsacse . 7
Snap hook, G. D. Spielman........ peree affected by Water, Oil, Steam, or Weather-
Overshoe, Arctic, T. B. Lavey..... pecbeae peeeaesa +++ 300,592 Antiseptic dressing, 8. T. Stephenson............0++ 2,786
Soap under pressure, apparatus for boiling, B. TT Easily connected. Thousands of feet in use.
Pad. See Eyeglass nose pad. Baking powder, G. F. Gilman.........eeeeeereeeceeees 12,774
Bapvitt* 27.2... tesse ae Can refer to hundreds of large manufac-
Padlock, permutation, Walker & Ransom.......... 330,647 Balsam for cure of gout, rheumatism, etc., C. Pin-
Spark arrester, J. M. Pitcher.. turing concerns using it.
Paint mixer, F. Brandenberger........ preps ashe oes O0 OUD Mla antares ce csvscameaean-bnacasaade
eseae oeaticase'ceus 12,781
Paper folding machine, W. Downing............... 830,777 Spike, T. A. Davies......... memes Beer, lager, G. Bechtel..........sseeeseceseceeeeeeeees 12,767
COILED WIRE BELTING CO.,
Paper folding machine, C. F. & J. L. Hirt.... . ... 330,485 Spring. See Car spring. Vehicle platform 93 Cliff Street, New York,
Belting, oil dressed and waterproofed flat leather,
Pen, stylographic, C. Stockmann.......... Sa.Rsestvc 330,636 spring. GUAONOHIGLGH ar OO. cataccrcnasaecesscadus ego atic 2,785
Pencil holder, K. Strossenreuther....... Spring washer, D. A. Johnson... ve vervcceteccacpeces 330,492 HENRY DIBBLEE & CO.,
Pencil sharpener, slate, Baker & Craig. Stair rod securer, L. M. Wiler...
Caps or primers for blasting purposes, Metallic WOOD AND SLATE MANTELS,
Cap Manufacturing Comipany.........sseeeseeeee
Petroleum, purifying, J. H. Tiemann.. Stamp, hand, G. J. B. Rodwell TILE FIREPLACES,
LOW’S ART TILES,
Cod liver oil, Ansar, Harford & Co
Photography, instantaneous shutter tor, Damry. Stamp mills, amalgamator and concentrator for, Flour or meal made of the entire wheat, Franklin
Me Lae reese crs c cease vcctsercebs
cee tetesces aes +» 330,775 Bir MM BOR a oye veravocncess attag isewaagiecrase
Mill Company 1,773
Pinions, machine for roughing out, E. A. Marsh.. 330,600 Stamping press. hydraulic, J. 8. Pessenger....
Food for curing and fattening cattle,T|.Massam Floor and Ornamental Tiles,
Pipe hanger, J. Hoey.........cecssesscecseescsssssoes 350,703 Staple machine, J. Adt
Steam boiler, J. H. Bell...
: CE Chi wines accelnnacspes
basceegeas.« Me s damae snes'e one erica YN YY FINE GRATES AND BRASS GOODS,
Pipes to closets, etc., connection for, S.G. McFar-
Steam boiler, J. C. Stead..
Hat polish, C. W. Pratt. PASO eee cave dan stout sadais 12,783 ORNAMENTAL METAL WORKS,
TiNtMOLt. Ee. Js GCM ee eave cc case ens cc cnnccseccises asee 12,77
Planer knife grinder,G. H. Mills Steam engine, J. E. Kimble....... (Giles Building) WABASH AVENUE, CHICAGO,
Medicine for the treatment of thrush or nursing
Planing and matching machine, BE. H. N. Clark- Steam engine, compound, G. E. Dow. sore mouth, Howard Bros......-.seseeeeeeeeteees 12,775
BON. ccnpiee}
Agacrwerensnces ee ey ere seecsess es 300,004 Stone sawing machine, J. Peckover..
Paper, printing, writing, and wrapping, J. W. But- Barnes’ Patent Feot and Wand Power
Planter check row aiachmont cor, W. ” Stew- Stop, automatic, T. Puetz, Jr............ ler Paper COMpany.........---s+ceeesssenesese cee 12,768 MACHINERY, $15.
OTE Soesbacser
voces dsp eccuna seed ‘ Stopper. See Bottle stopper. Peanuts, Norfolk Storage Company............+ evens 12,780 Contractors and Builders, Jobbers
Planter, Gorn, G. F. Nutting aal..... Store service apparatus, L. G. Bostedo. in Wood or Metal, who have no
Remedy for horse colic, P. Crist ...........5+++we ce aoe steam power, can, by using outfits
Planter, cotton, W. H. Hackett.. Store service apparatus, C. W, Smith....... ....... 330,629
Shoes, school, Fearey Manufacturing Company.... 12,772 of these machines, bid lower and
Planter, cotton, R. Thomson...... Stove pipe, sheet metal, J. 8. Brooks........ .... +. 330,770 save more money than by any other
Sirup for coughs, colds, etc., C. Pingel............++ 12,782
Planter, seed, H. G. Smith.........-..ccecseeeeeeeeee Strap. See Car strap. means for doing their work. Lllus-
Soap, toilet and laundry, Kansas City Soap Com- trated Catalogue FREE.
Platform. See Loading and unloading platform. Suspender end attachment, H. Howard............ 330,488
PANY. so oe cen cotinine besege ces ccenaeese s000etescaueses 12,777
Plow, A. M. Fitch Suspenders, A. Shenfield.............+-+++efececeeees 330,519 W. F. & John Barnes Co.,
Tobacco, chewing and smoking, J. G. Dill. 12,770, 12,771
Plow, rotary, F. Wittram...........-6. Suspension device, C. J. Petersen.....-....-+... 20+ 830,616 Address 1999 Main St., Rockford, Ill.
Tobacco, smoking, B. F. Weymad.......-ceeeeeeeeers 12,788
Plowshares, roll for rolling, 8. Oar..... : . Switch and signal apparatus, J. T. Hambay........ 330,395
Tonics and stimulants, M. Kalbfleisch’s Sons....... 2,776 A party to buy patents, or build on
Plumber’s trap, P. J. Clancey..... A: Sevens 330,679 Syringe for hypodermic injections, F. A. Reich-
A N Atl ED, ot alty, some new Seed Drills, Hand
Press. See Cider press. Harness pad press. Hay sige sdepaktes
tine eocescs eeees 300,621 Cultivators, 3ee of iron).
A Printed copy of the specifications und drawing of E. C. ELLWOOD, Dansville, N. Y.
press. Stamping press. Table. See Ironing table.
any patent in the foregoing list, also of any patent
Presser clamp, F. N. Abbott.............++ eoaee Tank. See Oil tank.
issued since 1866, will be furnished from this office for 25
Pressure regulator, fluid, Beard & Oakley...... Target trap, F. Holz..........-- aphiged seineacs svccass B00, 104
cents. In ordering please state the number and date IW.COLBURN & Co.|
Printing, device for chromatic, Lindley & Robin- Telegraph sounder, G. W. Stewart......... PAN . 830,685 FITCHBURG, MASS.)
of the patent desired, and remit to Munn & Co., 361
BOD. pedeesetacecasenae rh ip erry eer ed Telephone system, R. P. Barbier.... ........++ 330,368 200 MAIN “S*. BR
Printing machine tnk table, E. A. Warren Telephonic circuit and apparatus, J. B. Wood . 330,763
Broadway, New York. Wealso furnish copies of patents
granted prior to 1866; but at increased cost, as the OwEeSsT 4° INCANDESCENT
Evie PRICES|"eehTINO MACHINES.
Protractor, G. B. Orendorff....... Terret, harness, G. F. Eberhard........... eae’ 330,685
specifications, not being printed, must be copied by
Pruning shears, W. Richard..... Eaeteadhcascpastsnts 330,787 Thill coupling, E. J. Hart......-. Ba. ey 330,585
Thrashing machine band cutter and feeder, W.
hand.
Pulley covering, G. M. Lindsey.........-.+0. ses--+-
Pulverizer, harrow, and cultivator, combined, BLL TaAghtcap. .ccccccsrecvedsesccvcccvecess ahs capt BOO; TLS Canndian Patents may now
inventors for any of the inventions
be obtained by the
named in the fore-
Bdco System
Gibbons & Flowers. .........0seeeeeeeee toenssseese GUN), 000 Thrashing machine band cutting and feeding Of Arc and Incandescent Lighting.
mechanism, A. MeVeety..........-..-++-+0+ weno 330,507 going list, at a cost of #0each. For full instructions Electric Light and Power.
Pump, G.H. Bennett:..........0.200ce2seeeceeecee+00 300,609 Motors, Dynamos, Lamps, and Batteries in all varieties,
Pump and air compressor, combined water, C, C. Thrashing machine clover hulling attachment, address Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, New York. Other Electro-Dynamice Co., 224 Carter St., Philadelphia.
W. BS. ROCdCr. .cecsecsescccvcvcccccecvscsvevevecses SOU ptO0 foreign patents may also be obuained, w.w. Griscom, Consulting Electrical Engineer,
 =

60 Scientific American. [DEcEMprR, 1885.

SHIELDS & BROWN WATCHMAN’S IMPROVED GET THE BEST AND CHEAPES T

TIME DETECTOR,
Rave PE RIN@MarK,
Manufacturers and Sole Proprietors of
en nn

WITH SAFETY LOCK ATTACHMENT,

Patented 15875, 1876,
1877, 1880, 1881, 1882.
J-A.FAYK Co.
CINCINNATI. 0.
This instrument SOLE AGENTS UNITED STATES
is supplied with 12
keys. Invaluable A. FAY c& CO...
for all concerns (Cincinnati, Ohio, U. S. A.)
For BOILERS and STEAM PIPES employing watch- Exclusive Agents and Importers forthe United States
men. lt contains of the :
Reduces Condenxation of Steam. all modern im- CHLEBRATHEHD
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Prevents Sweating and Freezing. is far superior at
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PERIN BAND SAW BLADES,
The best Non-Conductor of Heat and Cold inthe World Warranted superior toall others in quality. finish,
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uniformity of temper, and general durability.
{32 Cedar Street, New York. Railway Applian- One Perin Saw outwears three ordinary saws.
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ees at Chicago. The only Medal for the most com plete other Patent Wood Working Machinery.
“THE ELECTRICAL REVIEW,”
a Perfect
OX 2875.
Instrument. Send for circular to P. O. «A.
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N.
UTICA,
Anillustrated weekly journal, is theacknowledged lead- E. IMHAUSER, 212 Broadway, New York, Type setting, etc., easy
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Hand and Lathe Tools of all descriptions, unequaled in type, cards, paper, etc.,

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oodenware manufacturers. $20 to $2,000 secures
county rights. to manufacture and sell highly indors- KELSEY & CO.,
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IMPROVED $60

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West BRANCH BOILER WoRKS<U—=
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CHEMICAL C9 NEW YORKUS.A. Drill Presses, Chucks, Drills,
Dogs, and machinis‘s’ and ama-
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Catalogues mailed on applica-

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buying, 165 West 2d Street,
DVERTISERS Can learn the cost of any pro-
posed line of Advertising at GEO. P. ROWELL & Cincinnati, Ohio,
CO."S NEWSPAPER Advertising Bureau, 10 Spruce Whitcomb Lathe and the Webster Foot Whee!
St., New York. Send 10 cents for a 100-page pamphlet.
made by the AMERICAN Neves: ai
foe) hiCO., Walt
tham, Mass. CATALOGUES FREB.
“QUTFITS. Punching Presses
Halaad’s Dove GlobeValves
VAN DUZEN’S
DIES AND OTHER TOOLS
Mechanical Boiler Cleaner. For the manufacture of all kinds of

Rider's New and Improved

SHEET METAL COODS,
DROP FORGINGS, &c,
They combine the brass seat and rubber ’ Takes out all mud and scale Stiles & Parker Press Co. z
forming properties from the Middletown, Conn.
COMPRESSION disks. We guarantee them to weigh more water of Steam Boilers,
than any others in the market. keeping it clean and free

Hot Air Pumping Engine

from allimpurities. Send for
Samples sent for trial. circular. Manufactured by COUNTERSINK and DRILL COMBINED.
New and Improved Designs.
HOLLAND & ‘THOMPSON, Manufacturers E. W- VAN DUZEN,
CINCINNATI, O.
INTERCHANGEABLE 217 RIVER ST., TROY, N. Y.
prose ___ MANUFACTURED BY

EPPS’S
Transmission of Power.
Suspension Bridges,
DELAMATER IRON WORKS, Tramways,
and other applications of
C. H. DELAMATER & CoO., Proprietors, fi;

No. 16 CORTLANDT ST., NEW YORK, N.Y. The Countersink following the Drill, the job is finish-
ed at one operati on, suving the adjusting of too s and
IT PAY To sell our Rubber Stamps. Free Catalogue CRATEFUL—COMFORTINC. work twice. Made by
toagents. FOLJAMBE & Co., Cleveland. O. Wiley & Russell Mfg. Co., Greenfield, Mass,

Remington standard Type-Writer

COCOA
. y re. CF ners

Purchasers per-
Iron Go, AMERICAN
45
STEAM
William
BOILER
Street.
Write for Special Blanket Form No. 99; gives complete
INSURANCE
New York.
CO.,

WORKS and OFFICE, TRENTON, N. J-

mitted to return by New York Office—Cooprr, Hawitt & Co., 17 Burling protection to property, and pays $5,000 for a life and $50
Slip. Philadelphia Office—21 North Fourth Street. Chi- weekly for six months for injury.
Express C. O. D. for SHEPARD’S NEW $60 cago Office—l46 Lake Street.
full purchase price

POWNES’ MANUAL OF GREMISTRY,

sg Screw-Catting Foot Lathe. PRINTING PRESSES,
at any time within
thirty days, thus
we
NATIONAL TYPE CO,
So Foot and Power Lathes, Drill
a Presses, Scroll-saw Attach- PHILA. Pa. 1W-page Book We.
giving an opportun-
8 ments, Chucks, Mandrels, Twist
ity for comparison WJ Drills, Dogs, Calipers, ete. Embracing WATTS’ PHYSICAL and INOR- can make $3 to &15 per day intro-
with other ma- a4 Lathes on trial. Lathes on
3 y payment. GANIC CHEMISTRY. GENTS ducing a new Cash and Sales Book
S he == Send for catalogue of O utfits to business men. No peddling. Sold from sample.
A new American from the Twelfth English Edition. Specimen sheets, showing plan of book, with all
for Amateurs or Artisans. 1,050 pp., Leather, $3.50. Will be sent. postpaid, by particulars, by return mail. Address
MUNN & CoO., on receipt of price.
Address H. L. Shepard, Agent, 134 E, 2d 8t., Cincinnati 0. H. W. PAMPHILON, Publis’r, 30 Bond St., New York.

The Land of Oranges, Sunshine, Tropical Scenery and Health.

OOK 910.00
LAND IS THE BASIS OF WEALTH.

Horez at S1Lver Sprincs Park,

A Lot 40x100 Feet in
Silver Springs Park, ONLY
one
Deed given,
A safe and valuable investment,
of the best lots, 40 x 100 feet,
Every man, woman,
The small sum of $10.00 buys
A bone-fide sale and Warranty
and child should ownalot.
é
A syndicate
ORANGE GROVE TRACTS
of 5acres each can be had of us for
of New York capitalists are building a large Hotel at Silver Springs costing, $200, if secured right away. Buy a
furnished,with the land, $150.000,which will accommodate500 guests. Contractors tract to-day, and secure a fine one,
agree to have the Hotel completed before January 1st, 1886. Other ‘wealthy New Weespecially r commend this in-
Yorkers have invested heavily with us, many ot whom propose building and- vestment to ifJadies. Banks some+
some cottages this fall and winter. Buy a lot for yourself, wife and children. times fail, but land cannot.
It will be a grand investment for them. Health, climate and soil unsurpasse
SILVER SPRINGS PARK is situated in Marion Co., 100 miles south of Jackson-
ville, and in the immediate vicinity of Silver Springs
HARRIET BEECHER STOWE
says, speaking of the wondrous beauty of Silver Springs, adjoining which is Silver
Take, one of the most beautiful and noted wonders of Florida. Thousands of tourists Springs Park, that no Florida visitor should fail to see it, for it is one of the most
visit Silver Springs every year. High, rolling, first-class lands. Noswamps, mosquitoes charming and at the same time one of the most wonderful sights in Florida,

BUY ALOT OR TWO

or malaria. No more beautiful situation can be found in Florida, Several trains daily for yourself, your wife, and each
stop at our commodious Depot right in the heart of the town. Asaw-mill in the town one of your children. Club to-
supplies lumber at a reasonable cost to builders. Houses, Stores, and one Hotel, etc., gether with your relatives and friends and buy a whole block for $320, A small invest-
already built, Several miles of streets already cleared. : ment that will rcturn double the one i
ene e of one 8 year,r. Climate, health and soil
INVALIDS!
e— fw uusurpassed, Why not own your own te
Should buy a lot in sunny Florida, and gain their health. ——— inter home in this land of oranges, tropical
, Thousands of cases where lives have been saved by living —— scenery and sunshine ? Don’t live another Winter in the cold Northern climate. Homes
——
——
there. Silver Springs Park is two miles from Silver Springs, and four miles from —— forall, rich or poor, Nothing equal to a home in sunny Florida for health, pleasure,
——
Ocala, No improvements required on lots until the owner wishes, nor are you obliged § and GRE ue the long, cold Winters north. Secure your lots now, to-day, while
to reside there to hold a perfect title. Every lot has shade trees—magnolia, maple, oak ——
ee H cheap. nly $10. a lot, and how extremely low it is for a fine building lot 40 x 100
or pine. Lots in Ocala, only four miles from us, sell for $300 to $500each. Lots in Silver 4
——— 4 feet! A warranty deed given witheach lot, Silver Springs Park is growin rapidly5;
Springs Park at $10 each are so cheap, that every one can afford to own oneor more, seventy-five people living there to day, and new arrivals every week. A P at of the
Form clubs among your relatives and friends and secure lots near each other. Clerks, town, showingi he avennes, streets ‘ospect Park, school and four church sites, saw-
merchants,ministers and mechanics should buy a lot and some day build a modest cot- mill depot, etc., etc., will be mailed 2
ee to applicants; also, elegant descriptive book of
tage. We willl build Cottages from $100 up to $500 on instalment plan, Mechanics of ey Silver prings Park, with numerous engrariD Ss, and a fine orange grove in eight
all kinds, carpenters, masons, painters, etc,, are wanted in Silver Springs Park at good brilliant colors, all free. AS5 persons have bought Lots of us during the last
Wages, no one need be idle in our town. Cotton, rice, corn, oats, sugar-cane
and vegetables dq four weeks.—A long list of purchasers sent free.
of all kinds and of mammoth size, together with oranges, lemons, peaches, pears WE ESPECIALLY RECOMMEND THIS INVESTMENT TO LADIES, Own a lot in
melons, bananas, figs, etc., are produced, Three crops of garden truck raised annually, our own
ROSES
belt. Thousands
bloom the year round in Silver Springs Park. Think of it, people of
the frigid North! Our town
of orange groves near us in full bearing,
is rightin the heart of the great orango THE ABOVE SHOWS OUR LAND OFFIck AT
name. Itisa good thing to have inthe family. Correspondence solicited” Send remit-
tances by bank draft, ost Office money order, registered letter or express. We will
SILveR SprinGs Park, Fiorina. send youa warranty deed by return All deeds are sent from our New York office,
There are 30 lots ina block. One person or a clubcan Days. There isa Post Office at Silver Springs, and thou- Wrt1aM H, Oakey, President Nat. Citizens’ Bank, 401 Broadway, New York,
pasnase an entire block for $320. All lots guaranteed, sands of people passthrough the town during the Winter 4 GILLETT & MILE 8, Bankers, 42 Broadway, New York.
1igh, rolling pine land. Corner Lots, $15 each. Inside BANK OF OcALA, Ocala, Marion County, Florida, Postmaster, Silver Springs,
Lots $10 each, Prices will be raised again in Sixty
and Spring months on rpleaetre excursions up the Ockla-
waha River, which finds its source at Silver Bunied |ee
eS ew! 5. J. TREVERES, Civil Engineer, Jacksonville, Fla, [Marion Co., Florida,

A FEW RECENT LOT AND ORANCE GROVE TRACT PURCHASERS,

Elmer E, Howe, Oneonta, Otsego Co.,N. Y. Rufus Y, Kirk- New York. Mary Jane Bailey, 21 West!St,, New York, Tear
land, 31 ake i New York. Lizzie L. Winans, Yonkers, C. Phillips, 220 Kast 126th St.. New York. Cora Wells, 42 Fifth
N.Y. Edward C, Winans, Yonkers, N, Y. Wm, A. Winans Ave., Piltsburgh, Penn, Alice Wells, 42 Fifth Ave., Pitts-
Yonkers, N. Y, Clarence L. Winans, Yonkers, N. Y. David burgh, Penn, Clara Wells, 42 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Penn,
A. Winans, Yonkers, N. Y. Ed. O’Donnell, Tomhicken, Bertha Wells, 42 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Penn. W. S, Steen,
Sugarloaf P, O., Luzerne Co., Penn. Pat. McNulty, Tom- 4922 Franklin St., Frankford, Philadelphia, Penn. Mrs, Lucy
hicken, Sugarloaf P. O., Lnzerne Co., Penn, Carlton F. Walker, Willets Point, Long Island, New York Harbor,
Worfolk, Cleveland, Ohio. Caroline Barbot, 1555 North 11th Chas. O. Tenbroeck, Kingston, Ulster Co., N. Y. Chas, Moore,
St., Philadelphia, Penn, Louise de Castleman Barbot, 1555 Willets Point, Long Island, New York Harbor. August W.
North ith ‘St., Philadelphia, Penn, Susan E. Adley, New- Duff, 22 West $24 St., New York. Marcie Hamilton, 2211
pore R Bs Miss Arabella Flora Mackinnon, 433 West Amber St., Philadelphia, Penn. Wm. W. Force, 1511 North
9th 8t., New York. Kate Monroe, 142 East 36th St, New | 21st St., el rs Penn. Thompson J, Steelman, 151
York, Harry Schuyler Atkins, 255 Navy 8t., Brooklyn, North 2ist St., Philadelphia, Penn. David Fleming, 158 Ninth
ia N.Y.
N, Elizabeth A, Hutchins, 97 South Fourth 8t., Brooklyn, St., New York. John M. Crogan, 210 East 109th St., New York,
E. D., N. Y. Jas. D, Luther, 77 South Eighth St., Brooklyn, Chas, Carroll, 324}¢ Grand St., New York, Hannah A. Carroll,
E.D., N.Y. AmbroseC, Zehnder, Hightstown, N. J. Elizabeth $2444 Grand St., New York, David R. B, Kenyon, and Mary
W. Zehnder, Hightstown, N. J. Mrs, Jane L. L nn, N. E. cor. Augusta Kenyon, 109 Dorrance 8t., Providence, *R. I. Geo.
Third and Church Sts., Philadelphia, Penn. Marion Petrie, Maddock, 90 Fourth St., Brooklyn, N.Y. Mary J. Winans,
431 West 35th St., New York. James Barker, Jr., East Chester, Yonkers, N. Y. Jas. B. Van Sice, 47 HudsonSt., Yonkers N.Y,
N. Y. Jos. H. Banks, 18 West 159th St., near Tenth Ave., Frederick G. Howlett, 57 Caroline Avenue, Yonkers, N. Y.
Send for our printed list containing over 900 land purchasers. A large number of these people are contemplating
building a Coitage this Fall and Wiuter.

THE SILVER SPRINGS PARK FLORIDA LAND COMPANY,

! L. Ns. MOWRY, President. PRINCIPAL OFFICE, 179 Broadway, New York.
GATHERING ORANGES IN AN OrnanGE Grove. Branch Offices: 69 Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois, Silver Springs, Florida. A Move FLoripa Homg,

STE AEE aS
 Scientific American.
RUBBER ROOFINC.
Founded by Mathew Varey, 1785. Centennial, Jan. 25, 1885.
BAIRD’S BOOKS
FOR
PRACTICAL
Our new and enlarged CATALOGUE OF PRACTICAL
MEN $3.25
AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, % pages, 8vo, a CATALOGUE OF
BOOKS ON STEAM AND THE STEAM ENGINE, MECHAN- On Barns, ee
oe, ERY AND DYNAMICAL ENGINEERING, and
<at>
a CATALOGUE OF BOOKS ON CIVIL ENGINEERING, Per 100 Square Feet. ==
BRIDGE BUILDING, STRENGTH OF MATERIALS, RAIL- ~ : | Dwellings,
ROAD CONSTRUCTION, etc., a CATALOGUE OF A MISCEI-
LANEOUS COLLECTION OF PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC
Books, a List of Books on ELECTRO-METALLURGY,
=
i
| NSURANCE (HART FORD Conn.
CASH CAPITA! : $ 4,000,000
ETc., and other Catalogues, the whole covering every
branch of Science applied to the Arts, sent free and free
Mi Factories. &c,
LOSSES PAID IN 66 YEARS... $56,000,000
of postage to any one in any part of the world who will fur- Rubber Roofing is ready for‘uses easily applied on flat or steep surrace; forms a durable, water-tight, and fire- The Largest and Strongest lompany.
nish his addr e838, proof covering that gives satisfaction. Samples and book free, if you write at once, and mention SCL. AMERICAN. GoopNow. Sect’y,
L.J, HENDE: ) PRES'Ts Wo. B.CLARK, Asst.Sect’y
HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO., Used 18,000 feet ** Temporary Rubber Roofing.” ———<
INDUSTRIAL PUBLISHERS, BOOKSELLERS & IMPORTERS,
810 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. I have gst ede! tested your Temporary Roofing, and find it a perfectly water and sun proof material; taking
into account the rapidity with which it can be applied, the number of years it will last, and the ease with which it
can be transferred rom one building to another, it is the cheapest article of that kind on the market. We used
= =
= ———o 18,000 feet. :
~ THE ONLY PRACTICAL CAMPS, Ga., Oct, 29, 1884. GEORGIA LAND AND LUMBER CO.
} pt ELECTRIC MOTORS | Note: Temporary Rubber Roofing costs only $2 per 100 squure feet.
a, 1 FOR FAMILY SEWING MACHINES. ,
THE ELECTRO-DYNAMIC Co PHILA,
Save time and money by sending for Estimate for new or
old buildings. Book free if you write to-day. Learn how
as 224, CARTER.S= PHILADA, pa |
\y | to stop leaks effectually, cheaply, save reshingling, &c.
Correspondence invited, Indiana Paint and Roofing Co.,
New York City, or Indianapolis, Ind.
For all kinds of
STEAM BOILERS.
RUE Mere. Co., FILBERT ST., WITILERBY, RUGG & RICHARDSON, Manufacturers
_—_———
Philadelphia, Pa., U.S. A.
THE NEW “GRESHAM ” PATENT of Patent
tion.
ood Working Machinery of every descrip-
Facilities unsurpassed. Shop formerly occupied
For Introduction, on _re-

Automatic Re-starting Injector. INSTRUMENTS.)

by R. Bail & Co., Worcester, Mass. Send for Catalogue,
ceipt of $2.40 we mail our Se
sq cial 10 inch Bow, as in cut. e
make 13 sizes, all secured by
our “*
Locks.
mpion”’ keyless dial
Sold by leading deal-
DRAWING — lilustrated catalogue
sent on application to
WM. ‘I’. COMSTOCK,
hee ers. Ill. List Free. Those who
°4*:.24¢2:,.

eer ar
7 f send 2c. stamp get with our
List a Nickeled Steel Pocket Tool, always acceptable. A most remarkable boiler feeder, which has just taken the first
LLER LOCK CO., Philadelphia, Pa,

MARTIN
BRIGK MACHINE.
premium at the Inventors’ Exhibition in England. May be used
as a lifter or a non-lifter; restarts immediately without any
manipula@on whatsoever, after interruption of the feed from

ORDER FROM OUR

any cause. The most effective injector ever placed on the market Latest AND IMPROVED
Brick MAcHINERY
FoR BoTH STEAM AND HORSEPOWER,
for stationary or portable boilers. Reliable and cheap,
“SPECIAL LIST.” —_fA__
HENRY.JARTIN, INVENTOR PROPRIETOR
THE
ROUGH JonnT.Noyemte.co. FINISHED Sole Representatives in the United States and Canada,
BUFFALO, N. Y.

—~ STEAM ENGINES. Nathan Manufacturing Co., y AND MANUFACTURER, ANCASTER P,USA

Horizontal and Vertical.
92 & 94 LIBERTY ST., N. Y. RAILWAY AND STEAM FITTERS’ SU: PLILS
;
Dredging Machinery;
EZ: Flour, Powder, Slate and
Rue’s Little Giant
Injector.
SCREW JACKS, STURTEVANT BLOWERS, &e.
MAGIC
pee Kline Mill Machinery, Tur-
> 7 a _sCbine Water Wheels. L. MANASEE, Optician,
JOHN S. URQUHART, 46 Cortlandt St., N. Y.
GID NG S
York Mfg Co., York, Pa,,U. 8. A. 88 Madison Street, Chicago, Ills.
CATALOGUES FREE.

CA R D § Sample book and full outfit and Lovely Xmas

Spectacles, Eye Glasses, NOTICE to Users of Steam Pamps.
oman ©ard for 2c.stamp. Card Works, Northford, Ct. Opera, Field, and Marine We have received following letter in
regard to one of our No. 5 “L” (£16)
Glasses, Telescopes, Mi- A ss TOOLS Steam Jet Pumps elevating 1‘« inch pipe
ILLINGS & SPENCER&™
Pepgotally for Steam Hammers. croscopes, Barometers, of water more than 50 feet high:
1ILLER’S PACKING, Thermometers, Medical Batteries, Artificial Human ! “ L’ ANSE, MICH., Feb. 24, 1883.
Unequaled for wa |B ter packing, and Eyes, Architects’, Engineers’, and Surveyors’ Supplies at HARTFORD CONN. “VAN DUZEN & TIFT, Cincinnati, O.:
for oil pumps. In Px om of = y ‘* Money could not buy the Jet of us
sizes, 4, 4, 3, \, » %, %, 1", ete. Eastern Prices. unless another could be had. I would
All quantities, $1. er Ib. It is the not give your No.5“ L”’ foru $700 pump,
most substantial ee ru acking muterial HONOGRA PHY, or Phonetic Short Hand. Catalogue equa! distance to raise.
ever put together! aiivrumeceusdddns Pack with it—take of works by Benn Pitman and Jerome B. Howard,
none out—add a rou nd whenever there AINTERS’ NEW GRAINING TOOLS tontap- with alphabet and illustration tor beginners, sent on ap-
gil “N. A. Litchfield, Supt. Mich. Slate Co.’”
We make Ten Sizes of these Pumps. Prices $7 to $75.
is room forit. MILLER PACKING WORKS, graining Oak, Walnut, Ash, etc. Send stamp for Cata- plication. Address Capacities 100 to 20,000 gallons per hour. State for what
13388 Buttonwood St., Philadelphia, Pa., U.S. A. logue with cuts, ete. J. J.CALLOW, Cleveland, Ohio. PHONOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE, Cincinnati, Ohio purpose wanted and send for Catalogue of ** Pumps.’’
VAN DUZEN & TIFT, Cincinnati, 0,

ROOFING BUILDING PAPER.

ROOFING for Buildings of every eenyace
Durable
Light, Easil Applied, Inexpensive.
Sackett’s aterproot Sheathing.
UILDING PAPER—
Clean to Handle, Impervi- Telegraph and Electrical
ous to Moisture
TAR CHEMICAL CO.
Water, and Guses. NEW YORK COAL
10 Warren St., N. Y.
SUPPLIES
Medical Batteries, Inventors’ Models, Experi-
Mental Work, and fine brass castings. Send for

iath
THE NEW VOLUME OF TILE AND GLAY RETORTS ALL SHAPES
v0 bin BARREL, KEG,
catalogue C. E. JONES & BO.
It is important to us that you mention this paper,
Cincianati, O.
~ = BORGNER.& O'BRIEN =
RACE? PHILADELPHIA.
3 BeadSeod2 2 Lm] Aa OVE
Hogshead, DYKE’S BEARD ELIXIR Forces luxurian'
or ha bald

lavaofAn
‘ER _ To introduce them,
i)
Y AND
BIC OFFER. will Riva Away. 1.000
Self-Operating Washing Machines. If you want Stave Machinery.
one send us yourname, P. O, and express office at
once. The National Co., 23 Dey St ,N. Y Over 50 varieties manu-
factured by

CURE ‘i: DEAF

An active Man or Woman
A
goods.
| T E in every county to sell our
Salary $75 per Month and Expenses. Can- Pi ee
E. & B. HOLMES,
outfit and particulars FREE.
vassin
STA DARD SILVERWARE CO., Boston, Mass. Fan and Stave Jointer. BUFFALO, N, Y. Peck's Patent Improved Cushioned Har Drums
PERFECTLY RESTORE THE HEARING,

ATHE CAMERON STEAM PUMP.

and perform the work of the Natural Drum. Always
DECEMBER NUMBER, in position, but invisible to others and comfortab o ,
to wear. All Conversation and even whispers hear
NOW READY. STANDARD OF EXCELLENCE. distinctly.
llustrated book
We refer to those using them.
with testimonials,
Send for
free. Address, ¥.

The Frontispiece 1s an Exquisite Photogravure after 30,000 IN USE. HISCOX, 843 Broadway, N. Y. Mention this paper. 1s

Ruysdael. ADAPTED TO EVERY POSSIBLE DUTY. CUTLER’S POCKET INHALER

Price, 85 Oents Monthly. $3.50 per Year, The A. S. CAMERON STEAM PUMP WORKS, Foot East 23d St., New York.
AND
THE MAGAZINE OF ART for 1886 will contain a
THE SHIPMAN STEAM ENCINE. F— CARBOLATE -f 1ODINE
Ye? INHALANT
number of Special Articles, prepared by the American
editor, on American Art and Artists, with illustrations
by our best American engravers, The Department of
KEROSENE OIL FUEL. NO DUST. NO DIRT.
American Art Notes will be continued as heretofore, THE SHIPMAN ENGINE is popular above
other 1 and 2 horse-power Engines, because A certain cure for Catarrh, Bronchitis Asthma, and
The Monthly Frontispieces will present a succession of all diseases of the Throat and Lungs—even Consumpe
pictures which will be examples of the several processes 1st. Low Price. Men of small means can own it. tion, it taken inseason. It will break up a Cold at
2d. Economy in the use of its fuel. once. Itis the King of Cough Medicines, A few
employed, such as Photograyure, Chromo-Lithography, inhalations will correct the most Offeusive Breath.
3d. Automatic in its fuel and water supply. It mag be carried as handily as a penknife, and is always
Photo-Lithography, etc., etc. ready.
4th, Consumes only the fuel required for power taken,
This is the only Inhaler approved by physicians of
5th, Absolutely safe from explosion. every school, and indorsed by the Standard Medical
Illustrated Prospectus free on Application, 6th. Puts out fire and relights it again. Journals of the world. Over 400,000in Use. Sold
ith, Moment work is done, expense stops. by all Druggists for 81. By mail, $1.25.
8th. No dust, no dirt, Fire never “to draw.” 0., Buffulo, N. Y.
~ Send Twenty Cents for Sample Copy. 9th. If you have only one hour’s work to do, you HORU the essential element of
can get up steam pressure of 100 pounds, do the hour’s Life, Health and Man-
work, put out the fire, and the time for the consump- y Vigor! Send for FREE Treatise, ex-
CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited, tion of fuel will not exceed one hour and seven or ten
: _planatory of the New English system for
restoring the Nervous System, Lost Power, and arrest-
ing exhausting discharges.
minutes, at a cost of three to five cents per H. P.
739 and 741 Broadway, N. Y. 10th. You can be your own engineer and fireman.
CAVENDISH LABORATORY, 265 Sixth Ave., New York.

EASY STAR LESSONS. By Richard A. Proctor. 11th. If oil and water supply is uninterrupted, the fire, its CAUSES and CURE, by one
With 48 star maps and 45 other illustrations. _Extra boiler and engine will take care of themselves, who was deaf twenty-eight years.
cloth, $2.50. Will be sent postpaid by MUNN & CO., on EAFNESS Treated by most of the noted speci-
receipt of price. Farmers pump water, saw wood, cut fodder, &c, alists of the day with no benefit. Cwred himself in
Printers run from two to five presses, Carpenters three months, and since then hundreds of others

WANTED, &FAAGTIGAL MACHINIST

by same process. A plain, simple, and successful home
and Machinists can run every kind of small machinery. treatment. Address IT’. 8. PAGE, 128 East 26th St., New
Manufacturers find great economy in nearly every de- York City.
partment of their work to use small power, Young

HOW TO KNOV
—————_
Men can make ordinary row-boats into steam-yachts, PORTLAND CEMENT.—THE SCI-
who can make copper or iron utensils, to construct and ence and Art of the Manufacture of Portland Cement,
imtroduce machine for testing tallow, showing About the Shipman Engine! Send one 2-cent stamp and with observationson some of its constructive applica-
commercial value, etc., already patented in the receive in return a fine 28-page illustrated book, tions, By Henry Reid, C.B., author of “A Practical
United States. The advertiser will furnish capital and If you live in the
State of New York, Ohio, Kentucky, Virginia, or West Virginia, write to THE SHIPMAN ENGINE MFG, CO., Treatise on Concrete,” ete. S8vo, cloth. Price $7.25. Ad-
facilities for the manufacture and pay good salary to dress MUNN & Co,, 361 Broadway, New York.
the Right person. The best of references must be fur- ROCHESTER, N.Y. If you live in the State of Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, iowa, .or Minnesota,
nished. Address C, H., Box 773, New York City.
EP" Would be pleased to confer with manufacturers write to THE POPE MFG. CO,, 115 Wabash Ave., CHICAGO, ILL, If you live in the State of Pennsylvania,
willing to build on royalty or otherwise. Delaware, Maryland or New Jersey, write to C, D. YOUNG & BROS,, 42 North 4th St,, PHILADELPHIA, PA, hi A N H re]oO a eth hy on duickiy
Those who reside in or visit New York City can see the engines on exhibition at 40 Cortlandt Street. It you live and secretly restored, full Vigor and Poteney, by tho
PERFECT in any other State than those mentioned abov e, pl ease address us. jin writin
mention this paper. Address SHIPMAN ENGINE CO,, 5 B FRAN
for our illustrated book, please
LIN ST., BOSTON, MASS.
French Hospital ‘treatment.
dllustrated Work (sealed), 6
No Drugging. Send for
Consulting Physicians,

NEWSPAPER FILE x ILLUSTRATIONS

“4 noted and reliable medical firm,”—Tribune & Farmer.
CIVIALE AGENCY, No. 174 Fulton Street, New York,

The Koch sunset Ren i=

mngacines: and pamphlets, has
a
n recently improy
and price reduced. Rubscribers tothe SCIENTIFIC AM-
ERICAN and SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT can be
-
ROBE! inbail
F \'] | (5 C 0 JorBooks Magazines,
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62 Srientific Amerrean, [ DECEMBER, 1885, }

> THE BRIDGEPORT WOOD FINISHING CO. MICROSCOPES,
> TELESCOPES,
G.M: BREINIG. AGENT,Pano) rritgt wuractory NEW MILFORD, CONN. re OPERA GLASSES,
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BOOKWALTER ENGINE.
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full address for a copy of Emerson’s (3 Book
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A of SAWs. Weare first to introduce NATUR-
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The Scientific American.

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J= sawing wood, grinding coffee, gin-
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Postal Order or Check,
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:
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= tural and mechanical purposes, and
are furnished at the following low
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Address JOHN A. ROEBLING *S SONS, Manufactur-
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1 HORSE POWEER....$150|3 HORSE POWER.
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PATENTS.
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39)
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ICE. REFRIGERATING
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 Scientific American,
ROOTS NEW [RON BLOWER, \y
ECONOMIC MOTOR CO.’S PROSPECTING MINERAL LANDS A SPECIALTY.
GAS ENGINES.
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NN

6ztie
DISTANCE BORED AR TESIAN WELLS
BORED ROUND-AND STRAIGHT
Best 1n principle, workmanship,
An unequaled small Motor adapted to all uses.
and materials. ADMITTING LARGER PuMP &
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PENNSYLVANIA:
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Positive BLaAsT. 9 CORTLANDT STREET, NEW YORK. |

IRON REVOLVERS, PERFECTLY BALANCED,
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SHAFTING, DIAMOND DRILL Co.
PULLEYS,
BOX 423 POTTSVILLE PA:
CONNERSVILLE, IND.
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MANFTRS,OF DIAMOND DRILLS
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COOKE & CO., Selling Agts., 22 Cortland Street,
JAS. BEGGS & OO., Selling Agts. 9 Dey Street,
NEW YORK.
SEND FOR PRICED CATALOGUE.
BRIDGE ACROSS THE MISSISSIPPI AT
far +
Prairie du Chien.—By John Lawier, C.E. A paper read
it ‘yie— PATENT FRICTION CLUTCH, Friction Clutch. at the Annual Meeting of the American Societe of Civil
Engineers. and discussion following. With five engray-
lJ
ro) HAS)
cqQ.
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MENT. No.
Contained
463. Price 10 cents.
office and from al! newsdealers.
in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLE-
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Zz Send for Ilustrated Circular and discount sheet.
S|
ud Pristine Clutch. A. & KF. BRO WwW N, 43 PARK PLACE, NEW YORK. i BRADLEY'S
Upright Cushioned
a
Wl
Pump?
NGLE ROCK BREAKERS AND ORE CRUSHERS. Helve Hammer
a SINCTURE
THREE
sizes,
\
We manufacture and supply at short notice and lowest rates, Stone and Ore Crushers con-
taining theinvention described in Letters Patent. issued to Eli W. Blake June 15th. 1858, togeth-
Combines all the best elements
sential in atir.t-class hammer.
es-

4) » er with Niw AND VALUABI.E eee at tS, for which Letters Patent were granted May llth
and July 20th, 1880. to Mr. 8. 1. Marsden be BRADLEY & CO,
ll Crushers supplied by us sre constructed under
2) the superintendence of Mr. Marsden, who, for the past fifteen years, has been connected with Established
1882. Syracuse, N. Y., U. 8, A.

e) MANUFA
the manufacture of Blake Crushers in this country and England.
FARRELL FOUNDKY A ND MACHINE CO., Manufrs., Ansonia, Conn, ICE-HOUSE AND COLD ROOM.—BY R.
a) -GEARED
PUMP
- FOR INTERCHANGEABLE
PARTS;
IN.BE
CAN ‘BUFFALO
U.S.A,
N.Y.
WE STEWART
HEATER
ORS
.TANIK
INACTION
NOISELESS
FEEDING
BOILERS
PUMPING USED
DOUBLE.OR
ASCSE
PARATE 40
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CLINTON
&42 COPELAND & BACON, Agents, New York, G. Hatfield. With directions for construction. Four
engravings. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUP-

THE CURTIS a Andrews’ fii, Bed =

PLEMENT, 59. Price ‘0 cents, To be had at this office

TELEPHONES jisctetccrree
and of all newsdealers,
For Private Lines.
Straight or Crooked; ar) ~ RETURN
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Styles; Very Best Made;
for lilus. Circular.
5 Patents,
J. Holcomb
Prices Low.
& Co., Cleveland, O.
Send | em,
cI
=——<g
> STEAD TRAP.
For returning steam condensed un-
40 Styles: $20 up. The only ad-
Yjustable suspension spring. TAKING A HOUSE.
der pressure xutomatically into the A. H. Andrews & Co.,
boiler, whether taken from above or
195 Wabash Aye. Chicago, 19 Bond St. New York. Practical Hints on Taking a House: Outside the
(852. 1885. below the boiler lever, without loss
house, inside the house, living rooms, bedrooms, drain-
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or waste. Manufactured by SINKING THROUGH QUICKSAND.
J" THE CURTIS REGULATUR C0., —A paper by H.W.
process of sinking through
Hughes, describing the Poetsch
quicksand by means of arti- SURVEYING.
BOSTON, MASS. ficial freezing. Contained in SCIuNTIFIC_AMERICAN
Price 10 cents. To be had at A_ Practical Treatise on the Science of Land and
Send for Circular No. 19. Engineering Surveying Leveling, Estimating
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struments required, &c. By H.S. MERRETT, Fourth
edition, revised and corrected, with an appendix by
GEORGE W. NSILL. 42 plates, 8vo, cloth, $5.00
The Oldest and Largest Manufacturers of the Original
SonripD VULCAN ITE TANNING.
jmmery WM heels.
The Latest Improvement
Ing
CoNE
A Text-book of Tanning: A treatise on the conver-
sion of skins into leather, both practical and theoreti-
eal. By H. R. PrRocTor. With eight plates and nu-
All other kinds Imitations and Inferior. Our name is stamped in full upon all our merous engravings. Crown $vo, cloth, $4.00
standard BELTING, PACKING, and HOSE, Address

TRACTION ENGINES
The above may be ordered through any bookseller, or will
ASSIS
SI)WAV ee Sa os 2 la or atl a aa a (eles be sent postpard on receipt of price.
Emery Wheel. Warehouse: {5 Park Row, opp. Astor House, New York.
JOHN H. CHEEVER, Treas.
J. D. CHEEVER, Dep’y ‘Treas. Branches: 308 Chestnut St., Phila., 167 Lake St., Chicago, 52 Summer St., Boston. E.& F.N. SPON, 35 MURRAY ST..NEW YORK.
The only Engines where the power is practically and
successfully applied to the four truck wheels. Exceeds ICE-BOATS — THEIR CONSTRUCTION
all other Traction Engines in pulling and steering through and management. With working drawings, details. and
mud holes, sand, or any soft or uneven ground, or on any directions in full. Four engravings. showing mode of
road. Is the result accumulated from a third of a construction. Views of the two fastest ice-suiling boats
century of study and practical experience in the manu- used on the Hudson river in winter. By H. A. Horsfall,
facture of M.E. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLE-
MENT, 1. The same number also contains the rules and
Poriable, Agricultural, & Stationary Steam Engines. regulations for the formation of ice-boat clubs, the sail-
ing and management of ice-boats. Priee 10 cents,
With determined policy to build only the BEST MACHIN-
ERY from the BEST MATERIALS, and in the BEST
MANNER OF CONSTRUCTION, and with continued im-
provements, have attained the HIGHEST STANDARD in
excellence of workmanship, simplicity of design, and
capacity of power.
n addition to our STANDARD ENGINES we now offer rhe undersigned, sole agents for the above machine
the first ROAD ENGINE which has the Traction Power
practically and efficiently applied to the four truck
wheels, and while so applied to each wheel independ-
ently, the forward axle is under full control of the steer-
~ BLECTROPLATING AND ELECTROTYPING,
ing Seperate: refer to all the principal Stove Manufacturers, Nickel

Machinery.
Woodworking
escriptive catalogue will be sent on application. and Silver Platers in the country. Over1,500 nowin use.
WOOD, TABER & MORSE, Williamsport
(Ltd.),
Co.
Machine
8t.,
W.
110
U.S.A.
Pa.,
Williameport,
3d Are also manufacturers of Pure Nickel Anodes,
Eaton, Madison Co., N. Y. Nickel Salts. Polishing Compositions of all kinds,
and every variety of supplies for Nickel, Silver, and
PATENT Cutting-off Saw and Gaining Machine. Gold Plating; also, Bronze and Brass Solutions, Com-

JACKET KETTLES, {7 Special Machines for Car

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pressure. Send for Lists.
JAMES C. HAND & CO.
614 and 616 Market St., Philadelphia, Pa.
methods, yields, profits, Bice
and general statistics, FREE.
Work, and the latest im-
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- AMERICAN MAN’F’G CO. Machinery of all kinds. SOLE. AGENTS. . NEWARK;
N. dx
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TRAINING
neers.—A
FOR MECHANICAL
paper by Prof. G. I. Alden, treating of the |
ENGI C. B. Rogers & Co,, New York Office, 92 and 94 Liberty St.

ends which engineering schools must aim to secure in i The KEYSTONE NORW:CH, CONN., COPPER WIRE; HOW DRAWN.—AN
order to meet the growing demands of the profession. interesting description of the process of drawing copper
Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, Steam Driller S AND wire as peacecee at the celebrated works of Mouchel, at
No. 462. Price 10 cents.
from all newsdeaiers.
To be had at this office and i, erm,f ag Ts used for making
Artesian, Water,
=109 Liberty St. N. Y. Aube, Boisthorel,
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Containedin SCIUNTIFIC
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10 to 1,000 feet deep. this office and from all newsdealers.
PORTABLE BRIDGES. — DESCRIP-
SUMMMMis CARY & MOEN
Drills 40 feet solid

2 New Catalogue of Valuable Papers

rock in 10 hours. tion of a novel system of portable bridges devised by

OF OF AESCRIPTION @—o- NZ 4 Machines for sale, Mr. Alfred Cottrau, of Naples. [lustrated with 14 en-
N) and work taken on gravings. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUP-
ZTEEL WIRE EVER’ PTetl SPRINGS: NEWYORK CITY ~~
=
contract by
Keystone Drill-
PLEMENT, No. 466. Price 10 cents.
office and from all newsdealers,
To be had at this
contained in SCIENTIFIC AMi.cICAN
free of charge to any address.
SUPPLEMENT, sent

er Co, (Ltd.), MUNN & CO., 361 Broadway, N. Y.

ENGINEER’S POCKET BOOK. BY —— Box 382, Fallston,
Charles H. Haswell, Civil, Marine, and Mecnanical En-
aes Pa., U.S. A. Ss (lark’s Compressed Paper Skate Rollers,
gineer. Giving Tables, Rules, and Formulas pertaining
to Mechanics, Mathematics, and Physics, Architecture, VOLNEY W. MASON & CO., (
ji|
fh) Immensely
No slipping.
durable
No clipped floors.
Hasy running.
Com-
Masonry, Steam Vessels, Mills, Limes, Mortars, Cements,
etc. 9) pages, leather, pocket-book form. Price $4.
This valuable work will be sent on receipt of price by
FRICTION PULLEYS CLUTCHES aud ELEVATORS. ROCHESTER N.Y.
paratively noiseless. Sample Set Lac-
5; Nickeled, $1.4. Postage
State size spindla,
MUNN & CO., New York. PROVIDENCE, R. I. . Steel Cased Rubber Roll-

MINING aNnD EIOISTING

lers. Protect trade. GEO. P. CLAR IK (Box L),
Woodworking Machinery. Estimates
Windsor locks, Ct.

For face Mills, Furniture [achinery; also, Stationary Engines, Boilers, and Ventilating Fans.
and Chair Factories. Car and made and contracts taken for constructing all kinds of Mining Machinery. ICE-HOUSE AND REFRIGERATOR.
Agricultural Works, Carriage xr A. FINCH & CO., BOX 335, SCRANTON, PA. Directions and Dimensions for construction, with one
and Buggy Shops, and General illustration of cold house for preserving fruit from
Wood Workers. Manufact’d by season to season. The air is kept dry and pure through-

Aluminum Bronze, Aluminum Silver, Aluminum Brass,

: The Egan Companys out the year at a temperature of from 34° to 36°. Con-
Cincinnati, O.. U.S. A. tained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT No. 116.
Full assortment of Perin Saw Blades, Price 10 cents. To be had at this office and of all newse
AND dealers.

TELEPHONES
Fitchburg, Mass.
Send for Circular to F, A. Tele-
phone Co., 12 Cross Street, SiLiIcown BRONZE, FRICTION CLUTCH
Farnished in Ingots and Castings. Rods and Wire Made to Order. We have no Sheet Metal. Pulleys and Cut-off Couplings.
VELOCITY OF ICE BOATS. ACOLLEC. Our Malleable Castings can be made of over 100,000 pounds tensile strength, with extraordinary power to with- JAS. HUNTER & SON. North Adams, Mass.
tion of interesting letters to the editor of the SCIENTIFIC stand corrosive influences, and unrivaled beauty of color. Send for pamphlet.
AMERICAN on the question of the speed of ice boats, de, THE RAILWAY BUILDER. A HAND-
monstrating how and why it is that these craft sail THE COWLES ELECTRIC SMELTING AND ALUMINUM CO., CLEVELAND, 0. book for Estimating the Probable cost of American
faster than the wind which propels them. Illustrated
Railway Construction and Equipment. By William J,

ENGINE 0véR 10.000 In USE

with 10 explanatory @agrams. Contained in SCIENTIFIC
Nicolls, Civil Engineer. Illustrated. In one volume,

O GAS
AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 214. Price 10 cents. To

DTT
full bound, pocket-book form. Price $2. This is an in-
be had at this office and from all newsdealers. valuable book for railroad men. Address MUNN & CO.,

Co IG be wy SS WORKS WITHOUT ENGINEER OR BOILER, STEAM COAL-‘OR ASH. STARTS AT ONCE ANDIS
SCHLEICHER, SCHUMM.& CO
361 Broadway, New York.

LD ROLLED.
FREE OF DANGER FIRE OR EXPLOSION. te 25 HORSEPOWER
47 DEY ST. NEW YORK. CHICAG0.33d & WALNUT STs. PHILADELPHIA
214 RANDOLPH & _

SHAFTING. _ PATENT RIVETED MONARCH

‘rhe tact that this shatting has 7 per cent. greater | RUBBER BELTING.
strength, a finer finish. and is truer to gauge, than any |
other in use renders it undoubtedly the most economica. West in the World.
We are also the sole manufacturers of the CkLeBRATED
CoLLixs’ Pat,COUPLING, and furnish Pulleys, Hangers, Specially adapted for PAPER MILLS, SAW MILLS, and PETROLEUM AS FUEL IN LOCOMO-
etc., of the most approved styles. Price list mailed on tive Engines. A paperby Thomas Urqnuhart.—How loco-
application to ONES & LAUGHLINS, Limited, THRESHING MACHINES. motives are arranged for burning petra@eum. The spray
Try Street, 2d and 8d Avenues, Sees Pa. injector. Storage of petroleum. Experimental engines
THE GUTTA PERCHA and RUBBER MFG. CO,,
|
Corner Lake end Canal Sts., Chicago, 11. and tenders. Results of comparative trials. Contained
g@ Stocks of this shafting in store and for sale by in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT NO. 455. Price
FULLER, DANA & FITZ, Boston, Mass.
@eo. Place Maebinery Agency. 121 Chambers St., N. Y. New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Toronte, 10 cents. ‘To be had at this offiee and all newsdealers,
 -

Scientific American,
NATURAL GAS
Is perfectly free from all impurities, and steel
heated by its use does not scale. It contains no
sulphur or other base substances. We are the first
S. to adopt its use in heating saws for tempering,
which explains the cause of our saws being tougher
DAMASCUS TEMPERED BY NATURAL GAS than any others now made,
HEAT, SUPERIOR TOUGHNESS.

After re than ten years’ experience in the manu-

facture of Band Saws, we have discovered a new process
OUR CIRCULAR SAW
of Tempering and Straightening all at one opera- Of all sizes from 6 inches in diameter to 6 feet, both
tion. This process insures absolute perfection.
We spoeelly request all users of Band Saws to send us Solid and Inserted Teeth, also our
their address in full, and also a description of the sizes of
Saws used, and we will, by return mail, quote them special
prices, and also send”them our pamphlet on the Band Saw.
which contains much valuable information for all users of
Double Toothed Gross Cuts
Band Saws. (two saws in one), for all uses HAVE NO
EQUAL.

The Superior Quality of our and Saws, All Tempered, Straight- Our SAWYER’S HANDBOOK will be sent FREE to any part
ened, and Tried at one operation, which we have patented, makes of the world on receipt of full name and address.
them so perfect that our SALES HAVE MORE THAN TREBLED IN THE
PAST YEAR. Our largest and best customers prefer them to the
best imported saws.
Adaress EMERSON, SMITH & CO. «imren),
tS" WRITE FOR OUR CIRCULAR AND BEDUCED PRICE LISTS._#1 Beaver Falls, Pa.

_——_Uhaniied Indes ofAtesemenns Contain inheZreenh Mumter of fhe Senile Amerinan, Avitets andDudes Gil,
Adjustable Planes. Page Educational Institute, Page Leather actree th Page Rock Drills, Page
Stanley Rule and Level Co,.............. cover ii Phonographic Institute .. ....... etna meda
eeeee 61 N. Y. Belting & Packing Co........ ... mcaEe 63 Ingersoll Rock Drill Co.....- Erie cover ii
pe a Electric Lights. Schieren & Co., C.A.... ... aa sist +ee-+.cover iv Was Diamond Drill Co... 4 ac cctks0<sse.sswae
oses 63
BRE ne; Awents- soe 60 TW. Meolpumar 800! 24, csr. se 238 eee 59 Leveling Instruments, Roofing.
Oe ee ae a eer Blectro Dynamic Oo. casas. cases: sncdeecetegv
ieee Div MaNasee io) Sorc eta tocepinee
dat eo Ae 61
Air Compressors. The Stout-Meadowcroft Co ..... .....- cover ii Ms ROM eG, wets Or OO eG cies aes onesa5,0 «cover iv
Ingersoll Rock Drill Co................ +. cover ii Western HMlECtriC COs. oy Saeasas)
aos eae neler 59 Lithographers. MercnanitieOo. <i isso facsceeliesats tens. eover iii
Schumacher & Ettlinger............ -...Cover ii Pern ood OG: a5. cca sees obese... cover iii
Aluminum, Electroplating and Electrotyping Mchy. Indiana Paint & Roofing Co................. 61
Cowles Electric Smelting & Aluminum Co... .68 Hanson, Van Winkle &Go............ se ea 63 Locks, Roofing Plates,
Annunciators, Zucker & Levett Chem. Co....... SE AS 60 Miller Lock Co....... Tie eae Scateeee azecOL
Stoddard Lock & Mfg. Co. .............cover iii MGPCHANGA O08 sc 5 seoncnctteseeine oetead cover iii
PPRUCM I NOCEO OO. oo. 5. edge eas. alae. wet sient 59 |Bleetrical Supplies. Roofing Slate and Flagging.
Architects’ and Engineers’ Supplies. Bunnell & Co., J. H ....+- Seance Ae orig once 62 Lubricators.
Holland & ThoMpson,.......cssseees ceceeee +60 The Chapman Slate Co...........-...+.. cover iii
L. Manasee......... . “kT ee. 61 Electro Dynamic Co.........sereresccesserssees 60
Art Til mi tealipaiia cate
Teae C. E. Jones & Bro ....... Sehre's
55 Poe Ades: wee 61 Van Duzen & TUHts .veveseess clever ROG CAgERod 62 Rubber Belting, Ete.
les, Ete, Leclanche Battery Co..........0..e0.00- cover iv Lumber. N. Y. Belting and Packing Co.............. -. 63
BaD ROS 85 OO dss Fs oo odeeav soso conte ccenee00 The Stout-Meadowcroft Co.............. cover ii J Ka Ost
& CObssiere cscs, ace ds one voeasCOVer
iil The Gutta Percha & Rubber Mfg. Co..... 63
Asphalt Paint and Cement. Western Electric Co....... seceeneee cre revere eeOO Rubber Stamps.
PRAGMA, I Py OOO 2. <. oes coke s'ctsaiaicitwe's cover iv |Blevators. Machinists? rise femanpe oy a oe en AA 60
The Machinists’ Supply Co..........ssecees ose 62
Asbestos Morse, Walliams 800s. ve csc cssencsret woeemines 62 Rubber Wheels, etc, ,
Ne ORG NOTES OOS oo boixinrsia
sess aime aw 62 VW MASON Or CO secs ceeenceuserence Cot smace oe63 Magic Lanterns, GSEFOIArKC. 8... ce. Bis clas ses sence e aeee es 63
PBEINELS-SPCNCe “OO. dec ics.coes
i Uesde’recee~s 62 Dchirishee Glo cisteCssecescena sateen seecover iii Harbach Organ:Coi....ccvsecvsdessccsancsscenosdo Rules and Levels,
Barrel Machinery. MoAllister..... 0.06.0 > sormnsies Micsachuctonaad 63 Stanley Rule and Level Co.............. cover ii
Emery Wheels. ie MAROO Nn oceans saciceses curse Kae pice vices 62
E. & B. Holmes. .... N. Y. Belting & Packing Co............c0e..-.-63 Sanitary Overflow Basins.
J. Greenwood & Co.. Prentice& Sonscceseveuenecsescecceseceecs . 62
OF Rioninson & OO) ices. 5.-s5<<052555 cover iv
Blackboards. Engines. Mahogany.
Sash, Doors, and Blinds.
National School Furnishing Co........ eover iii og t aby A Gaws Read & Costestsesestssescces ...-coverii
a) SURELY NOW ies on lait ois see Batetco, Beste con sion 55 Goss Ree hips Mite OO wis. cecc. sens blees 55
Black Varnish. Oe TetteléCo.. Jas sctt. se eeee eae See Saws,
SMUT bere Ts 0SWOOF Joico ciesisise®
viasiciess cover iv Shipman Engine Co...............- cn eat eT Malleable Iron.
Syracuse Malleable Iron Works.............. 62 Sa MERUPRU OND cl piorwore sist) 2 aes in.ea's& wine.esre 60
Boiler Cleaners, Nodded. C..208:5 5 issn teehee ee oe eee 62 Emerson, Smith & Co........ SGP PES: 64
E. W. Van Duzen....... pS isl Sue's seers iNios60 Wood, Paber& Morse... ,sezeensersceelicwescs 63 Devil QiCoxr Those mesesecceses cbc cee ee tec62
Boiler Coverings. NovieMiiy. Coiicncawocteuss ewe aceer veers Netenmeme eek Mantels, = Scroll Saws and Tools.
Ty Dibblee GOO... .0 he ceccseoe
soeApride e800 59 bsBe0 one eee Sete) AOL, Ce AGREE DORE: Bo -60
ews JOHMS MTG. O0.....5 cece secs nis olsreteset 62 |Bleetric Leather Beltine Seneca WallsiMie? G0. in tscecce! eel escskcese! op55
Wohatmers-Spane
en Gn eloiGo.)ee
.4. 52.085 ss cuckecsceee
Pr 62 «
C. A. Schieren & Co........ty eee nok Selecta cover iv
. Manufacturers’ Agents.
Imirsy& OO sieomees
acan aves ties c'odulelvie'e:siolentenesiee 62 Silverware.
Standard Silverware Co... ... ....... .....61
Boiler Insurance, Filters. ree Microscopes, Etc.
Skylight and Floor Glass,
Am, Steam Boiler Ins, Co............0s0sse0e- 60 The Newark Filtering Co..............ss.2005 62 LL. Manasee.... ..... PHP OMA PGE’... so cco8sh sion ccs ais'sewnds cover iii
Hartford Steam Boiler Insp. & Ins. Co........ 62] Filter Presses. Prentice & Son........ : AOAC
pt cg I ane Publishers, , Klein, Schauzlin & Becker...........ccseeccees 62 W.H. Walmsley & Co..... ...... Excunte sania 62 Slate Blackboards,
- ©. au" WD) Seidel wisieime ='s:di0; 5.5ofkialatmaiate|,ofs/sayy6 Fire Brick, Tiles, Ete. National School Furnishing Co......... cover iii
Mill Furnishings, .
RORROEEE MOG 5225) sasseeescpsisvupieis
+s Mey Geveen 61 Ba 9 ae ane MUNSON TRVOScis aisles cswisie's es Apa Raniee hase eirmey sts60 Steam Boilers,
ReMBCiMICAUROVIOW........ 2200, soo0erccdsenenees 61 ried ics ee Wei e eee te ee eee eeeer es 7 Rec 61 VOLK MIPS OO vesdedetecerecreoasteccneerert tesce 61 West Branch Boiler Works........... Be re 60
PRO cane tc Re ie ei bete cbaieate coz 62 BS. Vs COISOTL. ses eeevesevereeeecceereee 2over lV Steam Fitters’? Supplies.
Seas MeATU TOD. see 02.5 0'-wale siclals sliaie cs elas Aaas 59 Mining and Hoisting Machinery, emD MU
USIEONELEG sols sere eclemisewmeise
vinoaccnciewseeee 61
RTE OM ce anon otnvathesereeses ssc nal 6 | pr
Brass Goods. F
misonoor BRE eee see T.CAL SINGH
Models, Etc.
'&" CO, scan olesdrape
viet sieclotsclase
RET 63 Steam Printing.
PRRNEIRP SMC RIONE Cah, <0 «(0% Seach aii nae «+ |Ges <0 cee 59
BREN1e AF OD: 5 Savn oon vanyscnineiaass-
doves59 sole Min Co tL wepad Osea 62 C. E. Jones& Bro......... SRB ARE oies ore's wiale'e ee era 61 Steam Pumps.
Brick Machines, Chalmers-Spence Co........ ... de eee TRIOS: Goodnow & Wightman........... SRE ora Spee 63 Cameron Steam Pump Works..... ......... 61
PUee ty TARP IA 0 sino aves v's'se conser ceciaee- 61 Foundry Cupolas, Ete. Motors. CHE een SR ick Woe Gah Sintec a ae voc ceoe Cue
Builders’? Hardware. os GO; D: Colsony 7. onicelnls oaiislec eae eeeeseeces cover iv Backus Water Motor C0.......0 cece cescesece 62 N. Hubbard .........
Bo rripeenaie dade Ae SEIS pareaa eee cover iii Foot and Hand Power Machinery, = Electro Dynamic Co........ Saou nelson ceraaee 61 Stewart Heater Co
cari AMON or PAT Gaga cha’ winSs wince viseaic'e ow epee Oe
Mouldings, Ete,
Flynt Building and Construction Co...cover iv Barnes, OV. een ;:2rs ees. a x :«a 5‘cover iii Steam Traps.
Gose@ Phillips... svc ccsccces wale ese miaerebaicn 55 The Curtis Regulator Co............... ase 63
The Chapman Slate Co....... ...+..... cover iii Sebastian, May & Oo............. oo can enaey eee 60
Building Paper, Felt, Etc. Shepardy tH. Ls....s.0csasecusne
ose eeasreereneee 60 Newspaper Files. Steel Wire and Springs.
Me itivet, Jr... & COs, s1criicss
dec. ate cover iv Louis Van V olen: sasic% os on dace lee eee 60 Munn
& Co........ Wale ates a Saryeutaae segdosidgonte
os-OL Garay ENN AN Borate Messe iitn dnin.cleines
.skeadelaey 63
ee dohne Mig. G0. snes. .csmecneuenee: 62 Seneca Falls Mfg. Co........ we sieae eee oe,i Nickel Plating Machines. Stoves, Grates, Heating Apparatus, Etc.
Bie. Goal Tar Chemical Oo... .. 0.5.5.oe 61 |Fret-Saw Woods,
Hanson, Van Winkle & Co............. . 63 JB. OSBIDD OBOE vesccrtcnnw easter 0 cice wave ramet 35
Building and Construction Company. G. W. Read & Co..... cdeawte canta eeeee COVED ii Zucker & Levett Chemical Co..... .60 The Combination Co,... ...........-...+ cover ii
Flynt Building and Construction Co,..cover iv |Friction Clutches,
Burglar Alarms. HA OS Me BLO Wise asin sieo'ssinsciois cies aileron 63 Odometers. Telescopes, Etc,
Mrestern Mectric Co... ..... 2 sssrvse cheeses 5 sn b0 Vi Wes Mason 100 isecsee neo <et eel: ap eee 63 McDonnell Odometer Co.......... Caneletan seas 59 UR RO ey coe cs tarde + sb.y <scsas face 61
The Stout-Meadowcroft Co............- cover ii D. Frisbee '& Cow. ices calek ee Cee
ane cover iii Optical Goods. Prentice &'Son...... ..:.....-- er ea PRES 62
Prentice & Son.. -62 OW Lem RPE CHD ew c ce tiane's mmcse tere seen 62
Carbolate of Lime, Fruit Evaporators, Telephones.
Ti, Manage, ..2.62) dese on = -61
M. Ehret, Jr., & Co... ..... Stee cover iv American Mig: Co...2...-cdssvarcteseseueeescs 63 W. H. Walmsley & Co...... pesodsh oeeeecesanbas 62 Am. Bell Telephone Co........2... 000 scecbees 62
Cabinet Woods and Mahogany. Furniture, Ete, Organs, Vo LOLGOIMDEINAIIOs sais okUsletloce. cies sss Dlaatoee 63
comme Reader (ig: Ace, cde cover ii Andrews & O0., A. Ho o)-aseeseecs ene ee 63
Harbach Organ Gor.t%. 05. .e oe Pew steamer 59 TFA PER PMOERAIOO oaic®aweaieveee «<cecd tances s 63
J. Raynor...........ovesbus ses Nigas sols acencemeeel 55| Games, Ete,
Cards. Denisong iB... 0 csss 000 eacceies DADS lao iets 59 Packing Materials. Time Detector,
Chalmers-Spence Co........ wpwhalte te . 62 E. Imhauser........ So ee ae 60
SPE WOPIG vadunsitnedrseckae Esp a agai
i ee 61 |Gas Engines, Jenkins Broa, $...00nscsees -62
Castings. Economic Motor Co......2.ccecereeeee = epitome 63
Tin Shingles.
Miller Packing Works.... . 61 Merchant & Co.......... AY Bipa a EE cover iii
EMrSD OTIS ee ee Le 62 Schleicher, Schumm & Co...............-.- tone
Patents, Tools and Foot Power Machinery.
Cements, Gauges, Munn & Co: 25.3%... se0cees SICTEON ss sSoccheses'ece 62 American Water Tool Co... ..... w.ce.s cccmek 60
Chalmere-Spence Ota sence. hatatenndeg
sees62 The Edson Recording & Alarm Gauge Co. ...59 Photographic Outfits, SGTOR OVNI? o 5 oe aca cinoyece< vas 2 >< Da 59
PE A DOING NO . a Soak cies sceuneaccns
deutsates 32
W. H. Walmsley & Co..... ...... aicawetpeee som 62 Sebastian, May. & Come... ccnccceces cccecas 60
M. Ehret, J¥., & Co............e0eeeeeecover iv Gra nilip MEMIMET ce alco asec = awumcseeeenee cover iii Stiles& Parker Press'@o,.... ... 2... .20..2.
000260
Chains, Blocks, Etc, Glue ; Photo-Engraving. H. L. Shepard... ...<.. a oVandeeee .60
DeiGrauw, Aymar & Co........5.0-000 o000e-D0 Russia JCement Co 62 Moss Engraving Co....... mle eek oe Baio eck |61
Glakip Couplings. Prtincaaps ceomyehhadneen og Gas \' Traction Engines,
Pipe Tongs. WO0d, Taberids MOrmG. sc. ./s..060c.0.csticon
anne 63
-~ 2 3 g Toois,
a ae B. BrOWD.-. 05 50 eseeee cesses eetseseeenes 68 J2T CANOW. Steen hee soe tee aati 5B oble, Hall & Co... s ...0%
feee'tetdadese esata
2eee 62
Type.
Plate and Sheet Glass. National ype Gos. «ios pas xfcicoo asin ns dees Bae Te 60
Jas. Epps & Co......... dite deh aceiee oon dead 60 Te a:(6 ees. we 63 Philip Semmer....... .... RsiaMentoes
0wba cover iii
Type Writers, J
Coiled Wire Belting. 0.1. Rackard toc. fre eisee 60 Prepared Roofing. Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict... ................. 60
Coiled Wire Belting Go...... See Dice ee Stiles & Parker Press Go 2...) PSY SE Bag M.- Ehret, Jr., & Con.
.eses “eden eee COVEriV Valves.
Contractors and Builders, Hard Oil Finish, Presses, Dies, Etc, Jenkins Bros. ...s.0....e560- wadeiet
«dy deaeeete eee 62
Flynt Building and Construction Co....cover iv Felton, Rau & Sibley...:...-ccseecscvecacccnevae 55 Poland Re THOMPSoN .2)5 2os ssn owes lode Week Se 60
Stiles & Parker Press Co........cccccccccee Bras.
Cordage, Oakum, Etc, Hardwood Interior Finish, Wiley & Russell Mfg. Co....... fee tee cee eS 60 Washing Machines,
De termaw, Aymar & Cow... ccciccccccccccecccctD Coad Gs PRIBID A 6 5 5 sca. cane te tleees a cneee cman es The National Co ........ wigbed sia eh ~ ae ashaat SER
Printing Presses,
Covering for Steam, Gas, and Water de MAVDOL.:.< iclcsa sess cha seehnnon eee meee 55 National Type Co 5 Water Motors,
Pipes, G. W. Read & Co........ wes Seneca cover ii Kelsey; & O02. .6c., Seas se des baevec sh eeenenene Backus water mor CO... i. ccncass «ose eeenee 62
a 2 SP emer ar «oT Lan, am, 62 |Hardwood Lumber.
Sar Wn ONS MID. OO. 0-6 ces.dekee ihe cevent iis 62 Read & Co., G. W.. cover ii
Printing Inks, White Crockery Wash Tubs, Ete,
IEE Bax SUF OO, natin Sows eoeeea toes cover iv |Hrya eaten) i a ae as GR: Johnson & Oo: tes scasee «<0<5 500 Seer 62 Stewart Ceramic Co. 2. . .e.ceecssuses cover iii
Cold
ERE Rolled
PUI) osc ny cacneeyy
Shafting.
nes xakeaecad 60 So fs "G. Blatchley
© DMCC Y . coerce sccseees
5b Pulleys, Shafting, Ete.
sevessses eeece eOD
Wire Rope.
(Aes Bel. BTW. oo eoreety es cess 9c Pree iochling Sa MR AG wine saitnea ene «oie adele eale 62
SD MEO ISIN 50 5:ysch as ge ondvn ce dow esincs Hied 63 . aaaiii D. Frishee & O0..22 iccdecks - o cover iii TPP CULOTU RMN. os 050.44 SewsvSale 6ie an Gaemende 60
Diamond Tools. Go. WOOHURR.. . 50 isieccevkwaee Scesneebag cover NN. FUDD ArO LS pascs csceaaate csn.ccan crassOO mene De Grauw, Aymar & Co....... aT Hd PO)
WERE mikitraussnts.
CYQUEL 5.wn <5 feces bac nousataee dassty60 Emhaier®s Co., SpA W. G EL
H ans cians 4 Sasa Rages anaes 61 BPRi fo gah. FigSRE Cy ge Nn apie pe 61 Wood Filler, Sf
ieee § : Vc We BiGaOm os Oe, Aan cb aakis 0. acinar amr aene Bridgeport Wood Finishing Co..........,........62
Pumping Engines, Felton, Rau & Sibley... ... IRS ee ae
Pimnnks Warn. TS... i250 4) ct ee lee
G. 8. Woolman.......... cover iii Nathan Manufacturing Co Delamater Iron Works 60 Wood Pum
Sayer & Co...... Place tiniwmh Doane, tanen canna 59 C. G. Blatehley...,...... ecikeaaty seseeerdeeces 6 OD
Drilling Tools and Machinery, Fee ee encaring Oo.....
Keystone Driller Co..... .......... 63 i Eanes so tee > Oe Reflectors, Woodworking Machinery.
Se, SMO TTT AID... ise ccenetesa0 33 |Insurance Companies, BoB, SEDC swasals We dness a or eee. COVER ili The Eagan Co...... tiie nergee ootiaeie dTae
eyay63
Wiley & Russell Mfg. Co 12000222200! Etna Insurance Co...,,.. AeA 4Sine <n sees 61 Refrigerating and Ventilating Appa- E. & F. Gleason. cover iv
mere TOG GD on. ck nd es scesess Iron Blowers, Fay & Co..J. A..... Bef) 4 Ae
Drop Forgings, Roots, Poe, GPM... a0. ca wavences eteakceeuie 63
ratus, = Goodell & Waters. ............. «+002 Coverti
Pork Mia. Oe... neva ccs d moteatee tas Mereae
Billings & Spencer Co........ Plata tse ~vee nd Jacket Kettles, Rock Breakers and Ore Crushers.
Stiles & Parker Press Co. aanmiae dian Hana
& Oo. UC cooccane Te Sora jet he Farrel Foundry and Machine Co,..,.. sneer Witherby,
Rugg & Richardsou.../.00).020002.0.61
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oe | eae Na

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of2B ®e
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a2586
ez @d ad
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ture Round and Drop Leaf Extension Tables. Gentlemen—Your ‘“Medi- UR “STANDARD” Brand is not medicated, /
For price list and further information address cated Toilet Paper” isa use- but is entirel i ean
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ful 7 Tie into
tron,sheets
Any by
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perfora- Engravers’
ie Boxwood, : Ete. Machinists’ Pattern
1 of Anal Diseas¢. allaying toa |tions secures economy, through avoidance of |/ze Letters. Ete.
= ai... x f . litter and waste, unattainabie in the Unperfor-
rPuyrn? ! ¢| sreat extent the intense itch- | +24 Roll, while the rapid dissolution of the pa-
Buildin ad GOnstrnction C0 = | ing, is a remedy easily ap-| per in water prevents loss of health from im- 5
0 " ! lied, ¢anda trial
plied, ge of
inc. | p pure air due to0 st stoppage
ial isi convine pi
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an drai
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ing of its merits, with accompanying Plumbers’ Bills.
General Office, Palmer Mass, rird|| FE x TWO 1000-SHEHET ROLLS
We contract to perform all labor and furnish all a I, M. JOHNSON, M.D. ; and NICKEL FIXTURE_ |
material of the different classes required te tuild com- ? July 1, 1885, delivered FREE anywhere in the United States
plete pana: 3 : on receipt of
CHURCH ES, HOTELS,
OR NOMS. MILLS, PUBLI N il F
:
1%,
*t*ONE DOoODrMUMAR. *—
Also for the construction of
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We solicit correspondence with those wishing to place
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To such parties we will furnish satisfactory references .
from those for whom we have performed similar work, We mantifacture for the use of sufferers from Anal Disease a paper :
Ss 1e Jjarge amoun 0
material that we hiandle inthe execution of our work ; heavily charged with ointment, and have numerous letters from people who
enables us to quote very close prices. F Cars at a
any shipping point, to those wishing BUILDING have been benefited, and endorsements of physicians using andprescribing it.
MATERIAL OF ANY KIND, Its remarkable success as a remedy for Hemorrhoids is no doubt due to
the use of paper as a vehicle for remedies recognized and used by the best
250
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Pa
Philadelph
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&
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Price per Roll of 1,000 Sheets, securely wremeein Tin Foil, os is ged 80.60

2 Two 1,000-Sheet Rolls and Nickel geri . ee) bi ee Ce a 1.80

=
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- | erator Sargen
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t 5
atin
° e 10
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MENTION THIS Ae
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:
ee
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Clirk’s Patent Steel-Cased
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Fes]
ox
RUBBER WHEELS
£ ‘ 7 Ok ys FOR ROLLER SKATES,
Springfield Machine Co. # =i ; which have made a com-
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66 Scientific American. [January, 1886.
UNEXPLORED BRANCH OF THE FIRE ESCAPE PROBLEM. shots. It is provided with a coupling by which, if the Gorrespondence.
It would seem asif the subject of fire escapes had air should give out when the gun is needed, it could be
been thoroughly explored in all its branches when we connected with the ordinary extinguishers carried by Mr. A. R. Bennett's Improved Voltaic Cell,
look at the various contrivances which ornament the the hook and ladder trucks, the pressure in which
To the Editor of the Scientific American:
walls of many of the buildings in this city, when we re- would be amply sufficient.
My attention has been called to the article entitled
member the appliances placed at the disposal of tenants Mr. Francis J. Gray, of Engine House 18, showed a
‘““A Cheap Battery,” in your issue of Apgil 11, which
by the aid of which they can make their own descent, contrivance for discharging arocket. Placed between
describes the voltaic cell invented by me.
and when we see the machines for reaching, from the two inverted conical-shaped cord holders was a wooden
The battery is now extensively used in this country,
ground, those caught within a burning building. trough to hold the rocket. The frame carrying the
especially for telephone transmitter work. Some tele-
Permanent fire escapes, while admirably answering the holders and groove was pivoted between two standards
phone exchange systems use no other. The experience
purpose, cannot be placed upon every building in a projecting from the base; this arrangement permitted
thus gained has Jed to the improvement of the bat-
great city, neither can they be located so as to be within the elevation to be changed as desired. In all the
tery in some respects, especially in regard to the form
access of all the windows; afire in the line of the escape rocket throwing devices a short length of wire was
of the zine plate. Such a plate as is depicted in your
practically cuts off all the adjoining windows, and placed next the rocket, the cord being attached to
illustration is liable to be quickly eaten through at the
though such a case is extremely rare, itcomes within the free end of the wire. water line, whether the cell works or not. Zine rods
the range of those possibilities which should be carefully The cannon was shown by Mr. Patrick Ryan, of En- are subject to the same destructive action when they
eliminated when dealing with this problem People will gine House 25. The projectile was long, extending a lit- are partly in and partly out of the solution. The zine
not, and cannot be compelled to keep private fire escapes tle beyond the muzzle when in the gun. A longitudinal is now placed entirely under the surface of the solu-
—mainly ropes or chains and flexible ladders and tubes recess extended from the rear end nearly to the front tion, and a brass wire, covered with rubber tubing,
—within easy reach. They know the advantage of of the projectile. Closely fitted within this groove was brought up from it for the purpose of forming the
having a rope handy in case of fire, but they do not feel a bar, the rear end of which was pivoted, and the for- connection. This wire is soldered into a deep hole
the necessity, since they have never been taught by ward end formed with an eye, in which the cord was drilled in the zine. The tubing is then slipped down
actual experience—the only school that will vividly im- tied. When the projectile left the gun, the bar swung the wire until it reaches the bottom of the hole, which
press upon people’s minds a dread of fire, and will make around and assumed a position parallel with the for- is then filled up with melted sulphur. When this is
them take proper precautions. Machines operated ward portion. The sighting device isshown beside the properly done, the zine is eaten away only in propor.
from the ground—the most common kind being the gun. One rod of the sight fitted the bore of the gun, tion to the work performed by the battery. The zine
several forms of extension ladders—are impracticable in and the sight was taken along the other rod, which by should always be amalgamated. The rubber should
this city, mainly because of the telegraph wires, the means of the connecting piece was a short distance cover the wire well beyond the surface of the solution.
strength and great number of which in almost every above the gun barrel. The solution should be always caustic potash, as
street effectually prevent raising the ladders. With this With these devices, which we have so briefly de- caustic soda creeps up and makes a very dirty cell.
obstacle removed we would stillhave the time neces- scribed, lines varying from 200 to nearly 700 feet in When the battery is intended for permanent work,
sarily consumed by them in reaching the fire. length were extended up the face of the cliff. None of the outer pot should be of cast iron. This is no better
ice the burning of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN offices them failed. electrically, but lapped and soldered pots are not
‘uary, 1882, the Fire Department of this city has As near as we can ascertain, the Fire Department is trustworthy for a long period. For long continued
been looking for some device by means of which any in search of a device which must be of the simplest use the porous pot should not be less than 6x31 inches,
person caught in the upper stories of a burning building construction, must be easy to handle and control, must and the charge should be 6 ounces of caustic potash.
could be rescued. To further this idea, about one year be unaffected by the weather, must be of compara- The battery may be made to give a much stronger
ago inventors of appliances for throwing a cord or tively light weight, and must be absolutely reliable in current—equal to 2 volts—by mixing 1 ounce of per-
small line over the roof or into any selected window of operation under all conditions. It must be able to manganate of potash with the iron borings, and filling
a building were invited to exhibit their machines to the easily raise a line to the roof of the highest build- them up with the caustic potash solution. It should
authorities. Recently a second test was made at the ings, and it ought to be capable of being aimed so as be noted that unless permanganate of potash is used,
foot of the Palisades, as shown jn our frontispiece. The tosurely reach a window at any elevation. Although no caustic potash solution is put with the borings, ex-
object of these trials is to obtain an apparatus which New York city has taken the initiative in this branch cept what filters through the porous pot.
will, without fail, raise a small cord to the roof of the of the fire escape problem, such a device, if acceptable A. R. BENNETT.
highest building in this city, and if it will carry a line here, would be quickly appreciated in every city of any
into any particular window, so much the better. Of size. The problem has been proposed; it now awaits
course, the cord once over the cornice of the building, it solution. Popular Errors Concerning Health.
is easy for those on the ground to bring it within reach : 8 Professor George H. Rohe, of the College of Physi-
of an individual in one of the upper windows, when a BELT FASTENER, cians and Surgeons, Baltimore, in a recent lecture on
heavy or life line, attached to it, may be raised. The invention herewith illustrated, lately patented ‘“Some Popular Errors Concerning Health and its
The appliances shown in the lower view used pow- by Mr. Lewis W. Herrick, of Edmore, Mich., belongs Preservation,” quoted the saying, ‘‘One man’s meat is
der to throw rockets, to throw projectiles from a can- to that class of belt fasteners formed of a piece of sheet another’s poison,” and showed that, while idiosynera-
non or rifle, and compressed air to throw a projectile. metal having inwardly projecting teeth on its ends, sies with regard to certain articles of food or medicines
To the lower end of each missile was attached the end which are forced into the ends of the belt by dies. The do exist, they are far less frequent than is generally be-
of a cord which played out as the missile rose in the fastening clip, Fig. 2, is made in tubular form, with lieved. Articles of food which ordinarily disagree may
air. No device was presented using an elastic sub- one side left open to allow be better borne if differently cooked. A more serious
stance, such as metallic springs, wood, or rubber. of the insertion of the belt. error is that one should rise from the table hungry.
Mr. Benj. F. Morris, of Hook and Ladder Company 15, The ends of the clip are in- The sensation of hunger is a cry of the tissues for food,
exhibited a device for throwing a rocket, consisting of clined from the closed side and should always beappeased. Much of the ill-health
a brass barrel 344 feet long, and having a bore large toward the open side, and of brain workers is due to a lack of sufficient food. It
enough to easily admit the rocket, and mounted upon the edges of these portions is impossible to lay down hard rules as to the quantity
extension tripod legs, two pivoted a short distance back are bent toward the center of food one should eat, but the remarks of the old
from the muzzle, and one pivoted to the rear extremity; of the clip to form penetrat- | country doctor who had lived in good health, doing
by this means the device could be rapidly adjusted ing projections, a. The hard work until fourscore and ten, might be taken as
so as to discharge the rocket at any desired elevation. purpose of rounding the examples: ‘‘ I have always eaten when I wanted to eat,
The rocket was fired by a cap placed at a point about edges is to aliow the ends as much as I wanted, and the best food I could get.”
in the middle of the barrel. of the belt while being in- Another fallacy is, that all diseases are due to disturb-
Mr. R. MacDonald, of 109 Liberty Street, showed a serted or withdrawn to ances of digestion. Graham bread, oatmeal, cracked
rifle having a bore about 2 inches in diameter, and slightly spring the projec- wheat, etc., are more difficult of digestion than pure
rifled. The head of the missile, which somewhat re- tions apart, to allow of the wheat bread.
sembled a winged dart, was spirally grooved, the shaft easy entrance or withdraw- It is a dangerous error to withhold cold drinks from
was of small size,and the tail was provided with side al of the belt ends without persons sick with fever. It is cruel, objectless, and the
wings and with circular disks closely fitting the bore. the use of tools of any dangers that are said to follow itare imaginary. The
A small charge of gunpowder was used. The rifle kind. When the end of effects of aleohol upon the body were discussed at some
was rested against the shoulder and aimed, as shown in the belt is being inserted, it length, and the conclusion drawn .nat alcohol does not
the second figure in the engraving. will first bear against the supply heat to the body, but rather withdraws it. The
The air gun, shown in the central figure, was design- outer rounded part of the greatest danger to the man who gets dead drunk in cold
ed by Mr. Otto Regl, of the Fire Department Repair projections, then ride up weather is that he may freeze to death. The use of
Shops. The lower portion of the gun formed the air the incline until it strikes alcoholic drinks in health is injurious, but its medicinal
reservoir. and was provided at its upper end with a against the closed side of the clip. It will be seen that use is valuable in many instances. Thenotion that we
pressure gauge indicating up to 300 pounds. A chan- both ends are so secured that any strain put on the should not bathe while overheated is as unreasonable
nel led from the upper end to a rubber cushioned belt will only tend to foree the ends of the belt further as it is widespread, but persons should not remain in
valve, the stem of which projected a short distance up the inclined projections. There will be no tendency the bath long enough to become chilled. The tra-
beyond the exterior. Screwing into the upper side of of the belt ends to come out of the open side of the ditional axiom that boils arean evidence of good health
the valve was a barrel, which, when not in use, was clip, and the strain will not tend to force the’sides of is a snare and a delusion. Prof. Rohe said: ‘‘ For my
strapped to the side of the reservoir. Pivoted by a the clip apart. a own part, I should prefer to be without that sort of
catch pin in jaws placed just above the end of the valve SS health. Even Job, when suffering from an abundant
stem was a curved lever. When the gun is not in use, An Assyrian Statue of 850 B. C. crop, could not gain consolation from his would-be
this lever is so pivoted that the stem enters a concave About twenty-five years ago there was shipped to a comforters.”
part of the curve, and the handle may be pressed down gentleman in Philadelphia, from amissionary to Syria, That vaccination does not prevent smallpox is a very
close to the cylinder without opening the valve. When alife size statue of a king, taken from the ruins of dangerous error, but that it is preventive of other dis-
the gun is to be used, the position of the lever is re- Nineveh at the time of Sir Henry Layard’s explorations. eases is equally a fallacy. Statistics prove that before
versed, so that a slight downward movement of the It had been lost by a caravan in the desert, and when the introduction of vaccination deaths annually from
handle brings the convex part of the curve in contact received was stored and neglected, until a few days smallpox numbered nearly 3,000 for every million in-
with the stem,which is pushed in, thereby opening the since. It represents a king clad in royal robes, bear- habitants. Since the practice has become general the
valve and allowing the compressed air to rush into the ing in one hand a basket and in the other a fir cone, a percentage of deaths has fallen to about one-tenth of
barrel. The projectile was conical in shape at its for- portion of the stone being covered with sharply cut the former number. Without vaccination the deaths
ward end, and was hollow at the rear; across the hol- hieroglyphics, which Assyrian scholars are now en- from smallpox in this country would be 150,000 a year.
low portion extended a bar, to which was pivoted a deavoring to translate. The statue came from the tem- Vaccination has not increased other diseases. That
short rod which rested snugly in a groove cut in the side ple of King Assur-nazir-pal, a famous conqueror who any one remedy is a cure for all diseases that afflict
of the projectile. The string was secured to the end of reigned from 883 to 859 B. C., and who was, therefore, humanity is an absurdity. While hydropathy and
this rod, and passed out at the muzzle. The reservoir is sleeping in his grave when Nebuchadnezzar, King of electropathy are unquestionably of benefit in some d'x
charged by a pump, and at 300 pounds will throw three Babylon, was yet an infant, eases, they cannot be relied upon for the cure of all,

al
 January, 1886.] Scientific American. 67
Scientific American.
ABOUT TERRA COTTA. its veryimperfections are converted into points
Terra cotta must now be regarded as a staple build- | of merit. Terra cotta is used to best advantage in
ESTABLISHED 1845. ing material. The stage of experimenting is past, and moulded bricks for the edges of door and window
the manufacturer is sure of his work andof the market. openings, in plinth and belt courses and cornices of
MUNN & CoO, Editomws and Proprietors, The architects and builders of our large cities are well |modest projection, in moulded architrave blocks,
acquainted with terra cotta, but to many others a con- keystones, tiles, panels, ete., for separate features or
No. 361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
cise account of this material and of the point to be ob- continuous friezes, in pilaster capitals, figured and
0. D. MUNN. A. E. BEACH. served in its use may not be unwelcome. ornamental subject panels, balusters, cappings, cop-
Terra cotta, like brick, is burnt clay. There is no ings, chimney pots, in roof tiles and ridges, and other
NEW YORK, JANUARY, 1886.
patent composition about it, as many might suppose isolated ornamental features, also for fireplace man-
THE from its name. It was known to the ancients, as many tels. A plain brick building may, with the means
discovered fragments from old ruins, aud numerous above indicated, be invested with artistic interest at a
Scientific American, literary references, testify. To make good terra cotta,
the clay must be rich in natural silica and free from
comparatively small cost, and elaborate and high
art effects may be obtained with terra cotta at a cost
ARCHITECTS AND Bul
BUILDERS EDITION. carbonaceous and sulphurous material and from grit. much below that of convex masonry.
Soft, loamy clays, which require the addition of sand to The bedding of the separate blocks is made to work
This isa Special Trade Edition of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, issued
Monthly,—on the first Saturday of the month.
make them fit for burning, are more suitable for com- in with ordinary brick bond; is either 214 inches,
It goes directly into the hands of those who have the ordering of the great
bulk of Building Materials and Appliances, namely, the Architects, Buillsern:
mon bricks and for stoneware pottery. A fine,even, plas- 4 inches, or 8 inches, and so on, according to the size
Constructing Engineers, and Contractors. tic texture is necessary for terra cotta. Hard clays re- of the block and the projection. They are built in
éh It bes ys largest circulation of any Architectural or Building paper in
e world quire to be crushed and pulverized, and all are greatly with cement mortar like stonework, and are inclosed
An Increase of Trade will necessarily accrue to all Manufacturers
and Dealers whose establishments are conspicuously represented in this benefited by exposure to the oxidizing action of the air. secure or held by superincumbent weights in the same
important edition of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
The leading makers now employ expensive and special manner as stonework of great projection is. The butt-
TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION:
For Architects and Builders Edition of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, $1.50 machinery, suitable to the particular clay at their jointing of terra cotta work is peculiar. For balus-
ayear. In Clubs, four copies for $5.00. Single Copies. 15 cents each. command, so as to secure a perfect paste. Clays fit trade cappings and similar top courses of light sec-
Sold by all Newsdealers.
MUNN & CO., Publishers, for terra cotta appear to be found in abundance in tion, where neither weight nor anchors can hold the
361 Broapway, New YORK,
every country, at varying depth below the ground. work, it is well to dowel joint the pieces. For window
CONTENTS The coloring matter is oxide of iron, and the color sills, top courses of cornices, wall copings, ete., it is
Of the January number of the ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS EDITION varies according to the quantity of this chemical, the best to lap-joint the blocks, to protect the joint against
of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN,
degree of burning, the fuel, and the construction of the wet and frost. This practice gives a very good effect
(Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.)
kiln. It ranges from a warm buff through every shade when the joints occur regularly.
Alcoholic ferment, new . 14) Inventions, engineering...
Architecture, Corean . 72 | Inventions, index of.. of red to a rich brown, and can be regulated at will. About cost it is difficult to give data of any value,
Bath, Russian, at hom . 76 |Inventions, miscellaneo
Belt fastener*........... . 6 | Iron, protecting........ . 0 The most ordinary way to shape terra cotta is to unless accompanied by a precise description of the
Boat, torpedo, submarine*. : 83 |Kaolin beds of Chester C ec Pas
Books and publications............ 90 | Keller, J. J........ 5 press the prepared clay into moulds from wood or plas- work understood. The illustrated catalogues of the
Buildings, farm, Withdeane es- PERO TIMIONE s s ss acne sw eee cect 70
BALO See Ol eed cabs ok Besa on bis 87 Laundries, New.York.....c..0.00.- 86 ter models or patterns. This is an important part of leading manufacturers give full information.
Buildings, fire in, safety against.. 76 |Lemon, oil of, artificial..........00. 71
Business and personal.............. 20 Leveling instrument*.............. 75 the business, similar in most respects to the pattern A most important point is toorder terra cotta early
Cab and hack indicator.. ... 14 | Lightning stroke, effects of....... 87
Cars, responsibility for.... . . 838 |Mahogany, lower prices for.. - 0 making in iron foundries. Allowance must be made enough in advance of the general estimate for a build-
Cements for special purposes.. . 16 |Manufacturing items.............. 70
Coal, weight of, loss by storage... . TL | Metals, scale hardness of.......... 75 for the shrinkage of the clay in drying and burning. ing. This will save much delay and annoyance. It
Columns, Gast iron. 3c...Gsse5 theeer<e
og Meteors, GIS PIAVeOE sae. 5b ordewes od 83 It is best for architects to allow the manufacturer to is also well to order a reasonable surplus of bricks or
Copper industry, depression in... 75 |Notes and queries. . ..90, 91
Cork attachment, improved* .. 73 |Our first number.. oes 88 arrange for this himself. tiles, to make up for any accidental breakage in transit
Devices for throwing life-lines Our second number . 82
over buildings, testing*
Doors, tire, in mills......
Paper cutter, novel...c:.2...cecsee. 87
. 8 Park, Yellowstone Na pres-
All terra cotta blocks above the smallest dimensions or on the building. Every architect and builder
Dust cover for drawe' 75 ent condition of.. eeee Oe aremodeled hollow, with suitable solid sides or ends, should seek the opportunity of visiting the establish-
Dwelling costing $4,500 to $6, 600, Parliament, Houses of*. anak
Dente ae casa tases ese ess 84 | Patent, can I obtaina?.. 82 and sometimes partitions to give the necessary strength. ment of a terra cotta maker, to see for himself the
Electric light suits, coming, heavy 76 Pontoon and railway cradle*...... 80
Electrical lamps for firearms...... 71 | Postal system, pneumatic of Paris. i 75 By this method a nearly even thickness of clay is at- various manipulations and the variety of the articles
Fire escape ladder, flexible*....... 75 | Railway cradle*......... .ec..ese-
Fire escape =page? unexplored age ship, interoceanic*. 78, 9 tained, varying from one to three inches, seldom more. made and their diversified application. There is no
DIGIC OES th! ..p- aapinaes vos65, PEOOTE, LORAB ORs ccicons nceceetun 7
Fire in buildings, safety against.. 76 Sash balance, Ormsby west enact vi) Solid lumps of material are thus avoided, the baking other building industry that has made equally phe-
Friction clutch, gravity*........... 75
Garnet, a large. ARES a: method of amoung Sis hier 2| takes place evenly and simultaneously all around and nomenal strides in an equally short space of time.
Gas; Matural: 022.255.
Gas well, Bellevernon
.. 86 |Sewer, extension, Rkerbooker’
. 74 Ave., Brookl lyn, 3|all through the clay, and cracking and warping are — ee a ae
Glazed ware finial*.. : $8 |Ship railway*......
Grotto, wonderful.............-.6.- 74 | Slate, durability of. 1) considerably reduced. This tendency of the clay to Cast Iron Columns,
Healt errors conc Statue, Assyrian, of 850 B
a Steel rails in the U. 8 warp, twist, and crack under fire is the greatest diffi- The design and execution of the columns of the Royal
. 85 |Steel structures.....
Hotel de aan
House, $2,000* 84 | Terra cotta, about.. . 67
culty the manufacturer has to contend with. Bank, Dublin, was matter of the most anxious atten-
Houses, block of three, design for 86 |Torpedo boat, submarine’
PEO veOR: CUCM <0... 57 desi n cc scens Tree growth, observation Ofer vel
. 83 Not only must each maker suit the manner of burn- tion, on account of their unusual length, the great
Houses corner 74th St. and West Turntable, floating* oe Aaae eel! ing to the nature of the clay he uses, but the same loads they were intended to carry, and the architectural
End Ave., New York*........68, 69 |Voltaic cell, Bennett’s improved.. 66
Houses, city, *plock of*..... 68, 69 |Wage earners and their hours..... 88 material seems to behave in an erratic manner under necessity of diminishing their diameters to the utmost
Houses of Parliament*.. .. 11| Water peers balanced*........... 3
Ink, marking a WiOOR ROOU. Fs odes rcenevatigaers 75 apparently identical conditions. Different patterns of extent consistent with safety. The dimensions finally
Inventions, agricul [its1eeepc eee 90 Workingman’s Coliege, Melbourne*/4
— kilns are used—square and round, down-draught and adopted were: Length, 26 feet; diameter of base, 14
OTHER PUBLICATIONS. up-draught, muffled kilns, where the flame does not inches; diameter of head, 12 inches; thickness of metal,
come in direct contact with the clay, and open ones, in 1144 inches. The ultimate strength of this pillar, ac-
which it does. cording to Hodgkinson’s practical adaptation of Euler's
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN A perfect kiln is the great desideratum of terra cotta formula, was 770 tons, and the safe load may be esti-
Weekly, $3.20 a Year; $1.60 Six Months,
Sixteen large pages elegantly illustrated.
manufacture, and experience alone must guide each mated at one-sixth of that amount.
maker toward this desirable achievement. The pre- ._Having decided the proportions of the column, it
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT paration of the paste has almost, reached perfection; was of the utmost importance tosecure good, sound
ls a distinct paper from the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. THE SUPPLE-
the kiln and also the fuel must be suited to this to in- casting, straightness, concentricity of bore to the ex-
MENT is issued weekly. Every number contains 16 octayo pages, uniform
in size with the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. &5.00 a Year.
sure the best possible work. Vigilance and judgment ternal surface, and perfect bearing with flat ends on a
Combined Rates,—The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SUPPLEMENT, on the part of the workinen intrusted with the burn- good foundation. Soundness of casting and straight-
oneeyoar, $7.00.
The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN (weekly) and ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS ing process are of the utmost importance. For the ness were alone to be obtained by careful moulding
EDITION (monthly), $4 a year.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN (weekly), SUPPLEMENT (weekly), and ARCHI- foregoing reasons, architects should joint their lateral and ventilation, but the certainty of obtaining uni-
TECTS AND BUILDERS EDITION (monthly), $5 a year.
cn safest
=e way to remit is by draft, postal order, or registered letter. terra cotta work, such as belt courses, cornices, win- formity of thickness required special precautions. It
Ad
MIUNN & ©€O., 361 Broadway, corner of Franklin Street, New York. dow sills, ete., in pieces not exceeding two feet in is well known that in moulding columns the hollow
length, especially when they are of a flat section. part is formed by means of a *‘ core,” composed of a per-
Table of Contents of
Before being dried, the moulded clay is thoroughly forated metal pipe, wrapped with hay and plastered
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT dried in rooms kept at a moderate temperature. The with loam till it assumes the proper shape and size.
wo. S22, amount of exposure in the kiln varies from an ordi- This core is placed horizontally in the external mould,
For the Week Ending January 2, 1886. nary red heat to a white heat sufficient to melt iron, and held securely in the sand at both ends, ** chaplets,”
Price 10 cents. For sale at this Office and by all Newsdealers. all according to the nature of the clay, the depth of or supports of tinned iron, being placed in addition at
I. CHEMISTRY, ETC.—The Coloring Matter of Wine, and Vegetable
PAGE color desired, and the durability to be attained. All intervals throughout its length. These chaplets answer
Coloring Matters.—By M. TERREIL.—Precipitation and separation
of coloring matter.—Red coloring principles in plants.—Analysis.. 8334
terra cotta should be well burned to be thoroughly very well for small castings, as the sand of the external
Analysis of Black Soil of Manitoba.-By J. M.H. MONRO....... 8342 hard and chemically and physically homogeneous; mould into which they are stuck has sufficient power
IL. ENGINEERING, ne —KFlood Rock Explosion.—Giving full de-
scription of the rock, manner cf charging it, cartridges used, and beyond this point further burning is of no advan- to resist the distorting action of the molten metal; but
of the explosion. —With three full pages of engravings bo Pa
The Manipulation of Heavy Forgings.—Construction of the stern tage, as it only tends to make a brittle fabric, and in- in columns of such length as those here described, they
frame and rudder of a ship.—Paper read before the Cleveland In-
stitute of Engineers by M. T. PUTNAM.—10 figures.................. creases the chances of warping. would not be sufficiently secure to be trusted. It was
A Temporary Rudder.—S HUCK, . . i... 2. casas oss casepeseorencenceser 8332 Terra cotta is now used for every kind of architec- necessary, therefore, to make a metallic connection be-
Natural Gas at Sonecingha: Re history and the corporate organi-
eA taier pioneers.—The
SSI Se) BS Se
lines of piping.—The rival companies.
EE es a reer
tural work, from the simple moulded brick to the most tween the top and the bottom boxes of the mould and
The Combustion of Explosive Mixtures formed with Coal Gas.—
Researches of Mr. A. WILTZ peeaageeene samen inary eolgdss vescn aasncc cases 8333
elaborate cornices. Entire fronts have been carried the metal core barrel.
out in this material, and important constructive func- The strength of a column is very much influenced by
“at Kew
Coiling Metal Tubes = the Inventions Exhibition, London.— tions have been assigned to it. It is, however, an the perfection of its bearing and fixity of its ends, and
Ey son invented by M. T. BUDWORTH SHARP.—Or dinary method.
open question whether terra cotta should be used in!this to insure these the ends of the columns were turned
IV. DECORATIVE
ORION
ART AND ARCHITECTURE.W—A
— WTIUIL EE VIDWE> 00.25 va sac see cs cnendcaonaals
Village
<2s0s esdeere ose
sense. Some recent failures seem to indicate the truly in the lathe; and the base, which was 2 feet
ie Well in the Courtyard of the Hotel de Cluny, Paris.—An en- contrary. Although strong, it is not well to expose it square 3 inches thick, was turned on the upper and
a § SS, ee eer Se > aS See
Oak iireplace and Mantel, Ingestre Hall.— With engraving wie to great weights and strains. Nor can it be said that planed on the lower face. The foundation stone hav-
‘T'y-to-maen, St. Mellons, near Cardiff.—An engraving.............-
V. BIOLOGY, NATURAL HISTORY, ETC.—Correspondence by elaborate continuous features, like, for instance, a ing been set perfectly level and chiseled to fit the plate
Means of Pigeons. —Intelligence of pigeons. —Races preferred.—Ar-
rangement of the pigeon COLCH. 1 TINDRGE) | r.cbuy dak dacesdecorescccere modillion entablature or a fluted pilaster shaft, are exactly, the latter was laid truly in its place, and se
Observations on the Muskrat. iy “AMOS W. BUTLER.—Homes
they choose.—Dangers which beset them.—Their houses.—Habits of a thoroughly satisfactory appearance when viewed cured by means of iron dowels run with lead. The up
and food.—Methods employed for capturing and killing muskrats.. 8341
PR ee! Oriental Honey.—Nectar of poisonous plants sucked by 8342
closely. From reasons already explained, the separate per face of the plate being level, the column when reared
oy > Oran Ae Reo ON ere en moulded pieces are too unequal tomake perfect butt- on it was, of course, quite vertical, and in absolute con-
VI. HYGIENE, MEDICINE, ETC.—Strength and Dexterity.—Pro-
cesses used by athletes and acrobats. ie riments of Dr. Des joints and true continuous lines. Some cornices in tact with the plate all around. The cap, which is also
ar New York city buildings have a distinct wavy out- turned on its under side, was slipped in between the
The Ximerieas Public Health pre. gang—On Son trainin,
the Plymout. line, and much imperfect work seems to indicate that beam and the column, and the space between it and
there,is a tendency to strain this material to uses the beam filled with bars of flat iron, and cast iron ce-
etiovons M.D. OI
U
SOTO an cava (asco inedas ddan soosedevces 8341 which are beyond its capabilities. The proper sphere ment tightly driven in. Both the cap and base had
VIL MISCELLANEOUS.—Prison Labor.—Advantages and disad- of terra cotta is that of an auxiliary decorative projections a quarter inch high entering the column to
vantages of the contract system.— Effect on prison discipline.—The
Eastern Penitentiary of Pensy!vania.—The Crofton or Irish system 8335 and gonstructive material in connection with brick- prevent any lateral displacement.— William Anderson,
Theater Secrets.—Mechanism employed for producing super-
natural effects, etc.—i engraving: Si cecceccverenencteesee arereces erederee- work or stone masonry. Under such conditions in the Architect,
 Srieutific Auvericat | [JANUARY, 1886.

\{\
: Vd.
2AS
i.

AAG
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DETAILS—HOUSES 7ATH ST. AND 14TH AVENUE, NEW YORK 2. ia & RICH, ARCHITECTS,
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HOUSES CORNER SEVENTY-FOURTH STREET AND WEST END AVENUE, NEW YORK.—LAMB & RICH, ARCHITECTS.
A BLOCK OF CITY HOUSES, corner house, a large tiled vestibule invites us to the first selected first quality Colabar pressed brick of the
Our colored plate for this present month of January floor, where is the parlor opening through to the din- deepest red made. The quoins around windows, also
illustrates a block of recently constructed New York ing room, and a staircase both from the hall and from the arched window heads and all projecting surfaces
city dwellings of moderate sizes, showing the latest the butler’s pantry, leading to the basement, while a (where of brick), to be faced with Philadelphia pressed
styles. These dwellings are by Lamb & Rich, the well closet in this hallis a luxury which few sinall houses en- brick. All faced brick to be laid in red mortar, with
known architects of New York, authors of many supe- joy. On the second floor are two large chambers, with thin joints struck flush, and smooth rears, to be neatly
rior designs. The buildings we illustrate sell complete every convenience of closets and bath room. Still above laid up in good quality North River brick in red
with the land for $12,000 and upward according to size. are four more chambers, large closets, and a trunk mortar, joints struck flush and smooth for painting.
They are located in a very desirable part of the city, and store room. We venture to say that this house, Windows to have strong arches turned over as drawn,
.
where land is advancing in value, and improved real though the smallest and least expensive, will afford with rowlocks, the large windows to have extra strong
estate isin demand. A walk of a couple of hundred many desirable comforts. arches.
yards or less from the front doors of the houses brings These are but a few of the many houses being built on All arches or fronts with circular top to be laid up
one directly into the magnificent grounds of the River- the west side. On Seventy-first, Seventy-second, with rowlocks; where straight or level on top, to be ent
side Park, which here extends along the banks of the Seventy-fifth, Seventy-eighth, and in fact all along, they to required shape. All tobe as per elevations. Re-
Hudson River from 72d Street northward for a d's- are springing up, and bid fair to make the whole neigh- veals to be four inches, as shown on plans.
tance of over two miles. borhood settled in point of good, artistic houses. Those Cleaning Fronts.—The fronts and all face {brickwork
In addition to our colored plate, we give a sheet of given in our issue to-day are a representative group to be cleaned down with aqua fortis, and oiled, extra
details showing the plans of the various floors; also a that may be obtained at the lowest price that a really care being taken to prevent staining stonework.
page engraving of ornamental details and an outline first-class house can be built. We will now give a Moulded Brick.
elevation of the 74th Street buildings. specification of the masonwork. Stonework.—The street fronts up to first ‘story win-
They are built in the very best possible manner, SPECIFICATION dow sills to be faced up with Newark or Connecticut
with hard wood on the first floors, and all the best im- of work to be done and materials to be furnished by brownstone. Four inch ashlar backed up with brick.
provements for comfort and convenience. mason in the erection and completion of six brick and To be in courses of various sizes, with horizontal and
Looking forward to future needs, wires are laid for stone dwelling houses for Lamb & Rich; situated on vertical joints, laid in putty. Sills, sill courses, and
electric lighting; the sanitary arrangements are of the West End Avenue, 74th and 75th Sts.; built according cornice bands, caps, lintels, keys, quoins, ete., to be
best, and approved by the Health Board, and the to plans and specification prepared by Lamb & Rich, moulded or rock-faced as shown on elevations, and of
heating so arranged that steam may be introduced if architects, 486 Broadway, New York city. thicknesses as shown or detailed. All these projec-
desired. The location is within five minutes’ walk of Plans.—Brick indicated by red; stone by brown; tions to have drip cut in soffit (to prevent washing on
the Elevated Railroads, and twenty-five minutes to wood by yellow; iron by blue; terra cotta by T. All brickwork), wherever possible.
City Hall; and by reason of the situation the opposite dimensions to be taken from figures, not scale. Tool-draught around openings and corners (only) in
side of the avenue can never be built up, thus giving a Excavating.—Do the necessary excavating for cellars, rock-faced work.
view down upon the river. areas, stoops, yards, foundations, trenches, drains, ete. Walls of areas and stoops below sidewalk level to be
Several of the houses are noticeable in their planning. To be sunk to-depth as shown. faced up with rock-faced ashlar where exposed to view.
In the houses marked A, one enters a large 15 ft. square Workmanship and Materials.—All work to be done Build stoop walls as drawn. Above steps to have ash-
hall with a hard wood floor and open fireplace. The in a thorough and substantial manner throughout. All lar eight inches thick, double-faced (to be in two thick-
vestibule is very large, and made beautiful by colored brick unless otherwise specified to be sound, hard nesses if preferred), coping on stoops to be five by ten
glass and an inlaid mosaic pavement. It is in- burnt North River brick. All mortar for masonwork, inches, tooled on top with rock-faced edges. All
tended that this room shall be fitted up as a reception excepting when specified cement, to be best quality of steps and platforms to stoops and areas to be of brown
hall, such as is made the sitting room in many of our ground lime mixed with Rosendale cement in propor- stone, tooled neatly. The door steps to be beveled to
large country houses. Place herein a center table and tions of one part cement to two parts lime with proper act as saddle as well as sill.
=——
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NE an old English settle near the fireplace, and who could proportions of clean, sharp sand, to make a strong Form the stone balcony in front of No. 4 house as
wish a better welcome home than the glowing embers mortar. All walls to be thoroughly grouted. drawn. To be securely fastened to building, and doweled
of an open fire with such a surrounding and in sucha Footings and Foundations.—To be a footing course together in strong manner. Form the stone arch over
hall? Looking toward the rear,through a large arch- of concrete under all walls and piers, to be 10 inches No. 5 doorway of rock-faced stone as drawn. ‘T’o show
way, the staircase is disclosed, of beautiful design, and | thick, at least 8 inches wider on each side than the a twelve inch soffit, to have carved springers and key
running to the roof, where is a dome light of very large walls they support; to be sunk below cellar bottom as shown.
dimensions, and which throws its light down to the according to sections drawn. The south wall of No. 6 The door heads of Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 6 to have lintel or-
very first story hall--an unusual thing in our city to be sunk 10 ft. below grade. The cellar walls to be namented by reeded work as drawn. Provide and set
houses. Back of this is a large room, that may be used laid up with brick of thickmess shown or with good chimney caps on front chimneys of size as shown.
either as the dining room or asa library, smoking building stone in cement mortar of thickness to con- Rock face to have holes cut in same for flues, to be
room, or office, and through which the dumbwaiter form to requirements of Building Department. To be well clamped together.
A runs to the next story above. well bonded in thorough manner, Lay up requisite Furnish and set the front copingon party wall of No.
, By this means either first or second floor may be used foundations (of stone) for areas and stoops as drawn. 6 house as drawn.
as the dining room. Above is the parlor, which is very The whole of the exterior walls on fronts, where they Ventilating and Chimney Flues.—Build ,all flues as
large, and opening through the house to the library or come in contact wath the soil, to be coated over with shown on plans; thoroughly point all the flues, both
dining room; above this are six sleeping rooms, with cement in thorough manner. inside and outside, and leave same perfectly free from
bath and a very large nuinber of large closets, the pride Brickwork.—Lay up brick walls of good quality obstructions at the close of the works.
of every woman. In these two houses a staircase leads sound, hard burnt North River brick of thicknesses Chimneys to be carried up as shown on plans; each
to the roof, and it is intended that its surface may be shown on plans. to have stone cap.
laid out as in the old Venetian cities, where much of the All basement and first story walls to be laid in cement Every precaution possible to be taken to insure good
time is spent upon the roof, with walks covered by mortar, all above basement in lime mortar. draught. All first and second story flues, where so
awnings, with hammocks, vases with palm, orange, or Brick walls above first story window sills to second drawn, to be eight by twelveinches. Range flues are
lemon trees, and rustic seats. story belt course in street fronts to be faced up with to be eight by sixteen inches where possible, with
If we take, again, the smallest house in this group, Philadelphia pressed brick; remainder of fronts (also eight inch glazed pipe in same for smoke, surrounding
which will be found on West End Avenue next the chimneys where they show in fronts) to be faced with space to be used for ventilation, with ten by twelve

£44
 70
Scientific American. [JANUARY, 1886.
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inch register in kitchen and eight by ten inch in be well haired with fresh, long goat’s hair. All to be of THE UNION LATHE.
bath rooms. Furnace flues to have eight inch glazed the best Thomastown lime and clean, sharp sand. The The lathe herewith illustrated has many new and
pipe, where possible; where coming in twelve inch lime to be run through a box, and thoroughly slaked. valuable features, and is designed for practical use in
wall, to be five inch by twelve inch oval flue pipe. Turn moulded arches where drawn. Cellar to be the workshop—turning in wood or metal, boring, drill-
Outside fireplaces to have two inch air space between smoothly pointed and whitewashed. Cellar ceilings to ing, and polishing, ete. It is strong and durable, be-
outside wall and fireplace back. have one coat, skimmed. ing made entirely of iron and steel, except the stand
Openings in Walls.—Leave openings or slots in Cornices, etc.—Parlors, halls, d.r.s, and second stories top, which is hard wood, It has double treadles, working
walls, as shown on plans, for hot air and plumbing to have neat plaster cornices and centers. Cornices independently, and each being connected at opposite
pipes, ete. averaging 8 x 6 inch centers, worth $1.00 each. To be ends of the driving wheel shaft in such a manner as to
Fireplaces.—The jambs and recesses of kitchen and say seven to each house. produce a strong, positive, and continuous power.
other fireplaces throughout to be laid up with first Finally.—No extras will be allowed in this contract,
quality Philadelphia brick in red mortar, with thin save such as are authorized by printed slip furnished
joints struck flush. by architects.
Relieving Arches.—Turn relieving arches under all The contractor is to give the usual and all necessary
hearths and fireplaces and over all door and window attendance to the above, and the carpenter, plumber,
openings and girders where necessary. gas-fitter, bell-hanger, etc., and to patch up after they
Cesspools.—Provide the necessary cesspools for yards have finished.
and areas throughout. To conform to all State laws and corporation ordi-
Biluestone.—Parapet walls to be coped with 2% nances in relation to building, and to be responsible
inch X< 14 inch coping, all in good lengths, well se- for and make good any and all damages that may be
cured to walls. Furnish per set 12 inch bluestone done to any person or persons. ‘To put in and pay for
lintels in rear, where shown, also 5 inch rough-axed such pipe cock and box as nay be required for water
sills to all rear openings. used in the erection of buildings. To pay for such wa-
Curb.—Furnish and set the necessary curb on streets, ter, and to give receipt to owners.
viz., about 300 feet, to be neatly axed. Clean up yards and street in thorough manner. Con-
All the above to be of good quality axed work, the tractor is also to employ and pay proportion for a
top edge fine-axed, and all laid according to corpora- watchman for requisite time to care for the buildings
tion ordinances. until completed.
To furnish materials for setting furnaces, ranges, THE UNION LATHE,
Hearths.—Provide and lay rubbed bluestone hearths
to each kitchen fireplace 2 feet wide, and full length mantels, and grates, and to leave the place complete,
There are two changes of speed for a one inch flat belt.
of breast, firmly bedded in-concrete. broom-clean and perfect, at close of works.
The head stock has a hollow steel spindle with brass
Kitchen Lintels.—Provide a rubbed bluestone lintel, —@_
—_-7o+o>o—___——__
boxes made adjustable to take up the wear. The lathe
8x10 inches, over each kitchen fireplace. Manufacturing Items,
is provided with a compound slide rest attachment,
Girder Plates.—Provide necessary bluestone plates, The Ferracute Machine Company, of Bridgeton, N. that will turn straight or tapering, and face or square
as required by law, to receive the iron girders, also bond J., are putting in a new 60 H. P. steel boiler, which up surfaces to the full capacity of the lathe. A circu-
stones where marked B on plans. will give them the power needed for considerably en- lar saw attachment can be easily and firmly attached
Sidewalks, etc.—The sidewalks in front of these larging their factory, which they intend to do soon. to the lathe, in the same manner as the rests, and is
houses on street, 10 ft. wide by 30 ft. long, also those on Among the new tools to be put in will be a special bor- designed for ripping, cross cutting, mitering, ete.
avenue, 14 ft. wide by 220 ft. long, to be laid with com- ing mill and several other special machines. The new Full particulars concerning this admirable tool can
position pavement of approved patent on good bed of Ferracute punching presses are meeting with consid- be had by addressing the manufacturers, the Seneca
ashes or sand, to be Schillinger’s, or equally good. The erable favor, on account of their superior design and Falls Mfg. Co., of Seneca Falls, N. Y.
rear yards and areas to be laid with same pavement as their great weight and strength, at very moderate tote
above, pitched to outlets as directed. prices. Among the orders which they have lately re- Durability of Slate,
Cellar Bottoms and Concrete in Floors.—The whole of ceived is one from Germany. Writing on the durability of slate when exposed, Mr.
the cellar bottoms to be concreted with broken stone A. C. Kimber says: ‘‘ In the Granary Burying Ground,
and Rosendale cement in proper proportions to make THE ORMSBY SASH BALANCE, in Boston, there is a stone of slate erected to the mem-
a good hard floor 3 inches thick, the halls, kitchens, ory of Captain William Condy, who died August the
and closets to have sleepers bedded in conctete for 25th, 1685. The style of lettering, position, ete., all in-
wood floor; remainder to have a finishing coat of Port- dicate that it was put there soon after the burial. Yet
land cement 1 to 2 inches thick, and smoothly floated, every letter is clear and sharp, even the guiding lines
to be graded to throw water to cesspool drain in cellar scratched with the chisel being perfectly distinct. In
bottom.
The above cut represents our balance. The spring, fact, the stone seems to have suffered no change what-
Coal Chutes.—Make coal shutes asdrawn of 12 inch
F, which balances the sash, is coiled on the arbor, G; ever. There are many others near it in the same con-
glazed earthen pipe.
one end is attached to it, and the other to a pulley. At dition, and of nearly equal age.”
Tiling.—The vestibules to be tiled with tile worth 50 or 0
each end of the arbor there is a pulley; these are con-
cts. per square foot, all laid on a foundation prepared Protecting Iron.
nected together by means of a cylinder, O.
by masons, each vestibule door to have the necessary The Bower-Barff process for protecting iron from
M M represent the metallic bands or ribbons which
marble saddle. rust, by covering it with askin of magnetic oxide of
connect the balance with the sash.
Terra Cotta Tiles.—Provide and set terra cotta tiles as
I represents the detention pin, used only to hold the iron, appears to be steadily gaining in favor in Ger-
shown on plans where marked T, those around second
spring from unwinding when it is desirable to remove many. Itisnot infrequently mentioned in German
story windows of 1, 3, and 6 houses to be 10 inches| technical journals, and always with approval. Re-
the sash.
square.
L K are the spools around which the bands are cently at a meeting of a branch of the German Engi-
Tronwork.—Furnish all necessary iron anchors,
wound, and then inserted into the sash. These bands neers’ Society, at Hanover, a paper was read by one of
clamps, holdfasts, ete., required about the buildings
| may be attached to the sash by screws only, if desired. the members, in which he very strongly recommended
for carpenter, stone cutter, and mason; furnish all the process to engineers and architects. Speaking of
H H are the brackets in which the arbor rests.
necessary bridle irons for framing as required by him, the fine blue-gray color of the coating formed, he said
also the necessary anchors for beams. that this was always the more beautiful the cleaner the
Girders.—Furnish and set five cast iron lintels about surface of the articles operated upon. The coating ad-
4 feet 6 inches long where directed, all to have 12 inch heres very strongly to the metal, but still not so
bed except that of No. 1 front (supporting third story pp Starce strongly as to allow of working iron so coated beyond
of bay), which will have 24 inch bed, all to have 12 inch a very limited extent. Thus wire cannot be bent with-
web of 114 inch iron, all the above to have strong out cracking off the oxide formed on it. Therefore all
skewbacks. articles to be protected should be finished before the
Registers.—F urnish and set two 10 by 12 inch registers oxidation takes place. As regards the strength of iron
in each house, one in kitchen and one in bath room, IN NEW FRAME. IN OLD FRAME.
treated by the process, the results of experiments go to
for ventilation, and to be worked by cord and wheel in prove that wrought iron does not in any way suffer
usual manner.
by the oxidation, and that cast iron gains in strength,
Flitches.—F urnish two flitch plates in second,and two
When ordering, please state width of sash and weight inasmuch as the outer surface is to a considerable ex-
in third story beams of No. 2house. Also one in No. 3,
of same as near as possible; also the height of opening tent changed, and made like malleable cast iron, gain-
4, 5, and6 third story front rooms, and one in No. 6 ing in toughness.
and thickness of the sash.
third story rear. All to average 18 ft. long. Furnish
The Ormsby Patent Sash Balance is not only appli- There is a gain in weight of about one-half of one
requisite 9g bolts for above plates, 7 inches long.
cable to house windows, but may be used for large per cent, owing to the oxidation, and a scarcely per-
Coal-hole Covers.—Furnish and set as shown on plans
coal-hole covers 14 inches diameter.
doors, dumb waiters, or anything working in a vertical ceptible increase of volume. The protection is very
groove. perfect, as has been proved by burying test pieces for
Provide necessary fire rings and metal covers.
All communications should be addressed to the one year in the ground in very damp and unfavorable
Provide iron guards for all front basement windows
Ormsby Sash Holder Co,, 92 Utica Street, Boston, places. The coating is liable to have its appearance
and cold air openings of neat pattern, also gates for injured by handling, and for objects where this is a
Mass.
front basement doors as drawn. 0 matter of importance, it is better to brush the surface
Also provide iron guards to all the rear windows in Lower Prices for Mahogany, over with grease or wax, which is absorbed into the
basement where opening into neighbor's yard. Owing to the large arrivals of mahogany during the oxide and remains in it, permanently protecting it.
To be of °¢ in. iron, 3 inches from centers, with three
past two months, prices have declined in New York Another property of objects coated with the oxide is
3 inch x 13¢ inch bars, all to be well secured to brick- about 15 per cent» Mr.
J. Rayner has recently received specially pointed out as of great value for some pur-
work. at his yards, foot of Houston Street, East River, two poses, especially for objects of art. The oxide coat
Plastering.—The kitchens and w. e.s, also first, cargoes of Mexican mahogany, of sound and excellent
easily takes enameling, silvering, gilding, or platiniz-
second, and third story ceilings, to have three coats of quality, aggregating about 350,000 feet, and averaging ing. The enamel, or the solution, can be put on direct
_ plaster, hard finished. about 18 inches in width. He also has Spanish cedar and upon the oxide, and then after firing adheres perfectly
Remainder of the walls, ceilings, and furrings| cabinet woods of every variety, which
he cuts to any and has not the tendency to crack off, as in the case of
throughout are to have one good coat of browning, desired thickness
for interior finish, together with a its application to the bare iron. Then a coating of
with sand and plaster skim finish, ready for papering; full line of fancy bracket woods
for scroll-saw work. bronze or other metal can be given to objects in the
angles to be made true and straight, exposed angles to His advertisement will be found in another
part of this simplest manner by brushing them over with a brush
have quarter round. paper; and builders who desire to obtain such stock made of the metal in question. So much of the metal
Where studded and furred, to bedathed with good, from first hands will find at his yards
an extensive line penetrates the oxide coating that the result is perfectly
sound, well-seasoned spruce lath. The brown coat to of goods from which to make their selections. permanent.
 JANUARY, 1836.]. Scientific American, 7%
THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, Loss of Weight in Coal by Storage, Electrical Lamps for Fire Arms,
The Houses of Parliament, or the new Palace of In the course of a paper read at the late meeting of Atthe meeting of the Paris Academy of Sciences,
Westminster, are among the most famous buildings of the Ohio Gaslight Association, the President (General July 6, G. Trouve described two new applications oi
London, or indeed of the world. They are located on Hickenlooper) gave the results of some experiments electricity, which relate to the firing of arms at night,
the left bank of the Thames, between the river and made by him to ascertain the loss in weight suffered by The first consists of a luminous electric button; and
Westminster Abbey, and immediately above the West- coal by storage. A certain number of pounds of coal the second, of a powerful electric projector. These
minster Bridge. They occupy thesite of the old palace, were put into a box open at the top, with lattice work two devices are removable, and they can be applied in-
which was destroyed by fire in 1835, and cover alto- sides, and placed on a loft over a stack of benches; an stantaneously to any ordinary arms; to guns used for
————————
—— gether an area of about eight acres.
——————————— The buildings, equal weight of coal was placed in an open shed in the hunting as well as to weapons of war; to mitrailleuses,
erected at a cost of $3,000,000, are in the Tudor-Gothic yard; while a third portion of coal was filled into a box as wellas to cannon, in fact, to any fire arms. Their
style, and contain 1,100 apartments, 100 staircases, and similar to the one above described, and placed in a con- function is automatic.
two miles of corridors. Our illustrationshows the very venient situation on the top of the tank wall of one of The electric button is the size of an ordinary me
ornate and effective facade, which is toward the river. the gasholders. After a year had elapsed the coal was re- tallic button, and consists of a fine platinum thread
The clock tower, 320 feet high, is at the northeast weighed. That near the stack had lost 11 per cent; that introduced into a little glass tube, which is, in turn,
corner of the building, and strongly resembles the in the shed had decreased 10 per cent; and the third protected by a metallic tube. An opening is left in
clock tower at Bruges, so well known through Long- portion (that on the tank wall), greatly to the surprise the metallic tube, by which to take aim, but said
fellow’s poem. The belfry is 40 feet square, and has of the gentleman who had charge of the experiment, opening is so arranged that the luminous but-
dials on its four sides 30 feet in diameter, while those of showed a loss of only 1°74 per cent. General Hicken- ton is visible to the person using the gun only, and
St. Paul’s are but 18 feet. The great Stephen bell, looper thought the last result might, in great part. be cannot be seen by the enemy. The button is operated
east in 1858, weighs over eight tons, but is, unfortu- attributed to the fact that, just before the reweighing, by Mr. Trouve’s reversible, hermetic pile, presented to
nately, defective in tone. there had been a heavy rainstorm, although there was the Academy of Sciences, by Mr. Becquerel. This
The central spire rises above the main dome to a no extraneous appearance of moisture about the coal. pile, which is about as large as the little finger, can
height of 300 feet. At the southwest corner the Vic- A fourth portion of coal, taken from a coal ‘* wall” on be secured to the barrel of the gun, parallel with the
toria Tower, 340 feet high, surmounts the royal en- the river bank, where it had been exposed to the action same, by means of two rubber bands. The hermetic
trance. of the elements for about three years, showed a loss of pile operates only when placed on its side, that is,
The House of Peers is located in the western portion 13 per cent. It appeared rather strange that, of the horizontally; therefore, it will be seen that when the
of the building, and is 100 feet long and 45 feet in three first-mentioned lots, the one on the tank wall— person using the gun places his weapon in position for
widthand height. It is one of the most gorgeous legis- the most exposed situation—should develop the least firing, the pile immediately begins to operate and il-
lative halls in 2 luminates the
the world, and button; and
contains the that when the
throne, a chair gun is held
for the Prince. upright the
of Wales, and pile ceases to
the woolsack operate, and
for the Lord the button is
Chancellor. no longer lu-
The © stained minous. The
glass windows light given by
are lighted at the button is
night from out- sufficient for
side. sbi taking aim, but
The Queen’s cannot be seen
robing room, by a person
decorated with standing three
frescoes from feet from the
the legend of gun. This is,
King Arthur, of course, a
faces the river, great advan-
and is sepa- tage, it being
rated from the very difficult
Victoria Tower to take aim cor-
by the Victoria rectly in the
Gallery and He Hin dark.
the Prince’s The lumin-
Chamber. ous electric pro-
Since the gun- jector consists
powder plot of of an incandes
1605 a thorough cent lamp and
examination of a little para-
the cellars is bolic reflector,
made when- or of an inean-
ever the royal descent lamp
presence is ex- and a concen-
pected. In the trating lens en-
center of the closed in a me-
building, St. tallictube. The
Stephen’s Hall apparatus is to
is built above THE BRITISH HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, LOOKING NORTHWEST. be applied to
the ancient the end of the
crypt of St. Stephen, the only relic of the old palace, percentage of loss; yet such was the fact. Of course, barrel of the gun, parallel to the same, by means of two
which has now been restored and is used as a chapel. there must have been somewhat contradictory condi- elastic bands. Itis put into operation by pressing the
The hall is of noble proportions, containing twelve tions at work, since the specimen from the river bank butt of the gun against the shoulder, and, by its use,
statues ,of illustrious statesmen, and separates the had lost 18 per cent. The three portions were of iden- the point to be struck can be lighted, and, if it moves,
House of Peers from the Commons. This is located in tical quality, taken from the same mine. allits movements can be followed. ‘The generator of
the eastern portion of the building, and is much less SE a SS ina electricity to be used for this apparatus is the same
ornate than the upper house. It occupies the site of Observation on Tree Growth. as that used for the safety lamp invented by Mr.
old St. Stephen’ Hall, and is 60 feet long, with a height An interesting observation on tree rings is recorded Trouve, and recently presented to the Academy of
and width of 45 feet. The Strangers’ and Speaker’s by Professor Bachelant. During a visit to the ruins of Sciences by Mr. Jamin. It can be worn in the belt,
galleries (the latter for distinguished visitors) face the Palenque, Mexico, in 1859, M. Charnay caused all the and its action is automatic.
Speaker's chair, and are in front of the reporters’ gallery. trees that hid the facade of one of the pyramids of the The services which these two apparatus are capable
The foundation stone of this vast pile was laid April palace to be cut down. On a second visit in 1880, he of rendering to armies and navies are numerous, but
27, 1840. The chief architect was Mr. Barry. In spite, cut the trees that had grown since 1859, and he re- the great advantage which they offer is that they
however, of the great expense and the many years con- marked that all of them had anumber of circles greatly make it possible to aim as correctly at night as in the
sumed in their erection, the constructive features of the more numerous than their age would warrant, suppos- daytime.
a ae
British Houses of Parliament are even more unsatis- ing one circle only to be added annually. The oldest
factory than those of our own Capitol. While we have could only have been twenty-two years of age, but on Artificial Oil of Lemon,
washed our marble columns with oxalic acid, in the a section of one of them he counted 250 circles. The By treating the rectified spirit of turpentine in the
seabeaeel
- vain hope of making them white, and have even been tree was about two feet in diameter. A shrub not more following manner curious chemical changes take place:
under the necessity of painting them, the English are than eighteen months old had eighteen concentric cir- Spirit of turpentine, 2 quarts; rectified alcohol, 3 pints;
forced to note, with considerable uneasiness, the decay cles. M. Charnay found the case repeated in every nitric acid, 1 pint. Agitate the mixture in a glass or
of the outside stonework and the rapid deterioration species and in trees of all sizes. He concluded that in earthen vessel and allow it rest. After one month the
of the interior frescoes of their legislative halls, and hot and moist climates, where Nature is never at rest, reaction will be complete, and a large quantity of hy-
must give untiring attention for their preservation. trees may produce, not one circle in a year, but one in drate of spirit of turpentineis obtained. This hydrate,
0 amonth. The age of a monument has often been ¢al- mixed with alcohol, produces voluminous crystals.
AN American medical missionary, Dr. Allen, who culated from that of trees that have grown on their Submitted to the action of hydrochloric acid gas, the
settled some time ago in Seoul, the capital of the Corea, ruins. For Palenque 1700 years had been calculated, hydrate of turpentine loses a part of its water of erys-
has commended his cause to the authorities so much 1,700 rings having been counted onatree. These obser- tallization, and is transformed into a hydrochlorate, hav-
by his skillful treatment of numerous officials who were vations, however, require the number to be cut down to ing all the properties of the camphor of lemon. When
wounded in the recent insurrection, he himself remain- 150 or 200 years. Prof. Bachelant asks if M. Charnay heated it loses part of its acid; then treated by potas-
ing at his post when all other foreigners had removed took account of certain colored rings which some sium, itis transformed into a fluid colorless oil, possess-
out of danger, that the government is now going to es- tropical trees present in cross section, and which are to ing the odor and chemical properties of the natural oil
tablish a hospital for him, _ : be distinguished from the annual circles.—Zhe Garden, of lemon,
 72 Scientific American, [JANUARY, 1886,
Corean Architecture, dwelling houses directly on the street is offensive to clined toward each other. Across these are placed
A paper was read last year before the Society of the Coreans, who seek to give dignity to their habi- two horizontal sticks, a little distance apart, lashed
Arts in Boston, by Mr. Percival Lowell, on the archi- tations by making the approaches to them particu- to the uprights. Resting on the lower cross pieces is
tecture of the almost unexplored country of Corea. larly imposing. For this purpose an outer ‘‘arrow a row of spear shaped pieces of wood, set with the
The inhabitants of Corea, as is well known, although gate” guards the entrance to all dwellings of import- points upward, and secured to the upper transom,
more than half Chinese, retain a certain individuality ance, and inner gates and arches, opening sometimes above which they project a short distance. These are
of their own, which they guard rigidly against any into successive courtyards, serve, by repeatedly ob- the “ arrows,” which a very ancient tradition connects
innovation. Among their peculiarities, the con- structing the visitor’s way, to bring him into a suit- in some: way with the worship of the divine ances-
struction of their houses is one of the most remarka- able frame of mind for appreciating the exalted char- tors of the king; and the whole is painted of a bright
ble. Like the Japanese, the Coreans build light struc- acter of the personage whom he has come tosee. The red color. Besides the arrows, the gate bears a design
tures of wood, filled in with screens of paper, but the arrow gate, although a simple affair, is made to pre- consisting of two spirals, coiled in a circle, which, ac-
latter know nothing of the endless ornamentation sent a great deal of impressive symbolism to the su- cording to Mr. Lowell, ‘‘ signify the positive and ne,
which makes the paper-covered houses of the Japanese perstitious natives. ‘Two tall posts are set, one on gative essences of Chinese philosophy,” and above
so interesting; and the Japanese custom of setting each side of the passage, with their tops slightly in- them is a representation of flames.
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SUPPLEMENT TO THE OCIENTIFIG AMERICAN-ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS EDITION-JANUARY 1886 Sdhumacher & Ettlinger, New York.

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 January, i836.]
THE KNICKERBOCKER AVENUE EXTENSION
BROOKLYN, N, Y.
The city of Brooklyn is now building a sewer, hav-
ing an area equal to that of a circle 12 feet in diameter,
from the junction of Knickerbocker and Johnson
Avenues, through Johnson Avenue and South 5th
Street, to the East River. The necessity for the work
is apparent from the fact that the present
sewer for this section of the city, which drains an area
of about 2,800 acres, some of which is very low and
flooded by every rain, is discharged upon the low lands
at the head of Newtown Creek, making a nuisance
greatly detrimental to public health and damaging to
valuable property in the vicinity. Frequent com-
plaints from people living near this outlet and by the
Department of Health rendered the construction of a
new outlet absolutely necessary.
Although there is nothing new either in the sewer
itself or the duty it is designed to perform, the method
of building one section of about three-quarters of a
mile in length is certainly unique and interesting.
Owing to the depth of the grade lines of the sewer be-
low the street surface, in the greater portion of section
one (next the river), and the danger to heavy buildings
on both sides of South 5th Street, it was thought bet-
ter to prosecute the work by means of tunneling rather
than by open trench. Our frontispiece is composed of
views showing the manner of prosecuting the work,
both in the tunnel and in the open cuts.
The section of the sewer for almost its entire length
is circular, 12 feet in diameter inside; and where it has
been essential to alter this form, the sectional area has
been inade the same. The sewer is built of brick laid
in cement, and the minimum thickness is 12 inches.
Atsome points a foundation was made of transverse
and longitudinal timbers, and the brick invert was re-
duced in thickness to 8 inches, between which and the
timber was a bed of concrete. Where necessary, re-
taining walls, 3 feet thick at the bottom, 2 feet thick
at the top, and extending a short distance above the
center line of the sewer, were built. For the greater
Scientific American. 73
SEWER, main work, but also serves to firmly hold the sides of the ! BALANCED WATER MOTOR,
excavation, preventing caving in; and where the route
At the Inventions Exhibition, London, Sealey Allin,
extends through a street lined upon each side with
Queen Victoria Street, shows a patent balanaed float
houses, and, as in this case, at an unusual depth
water motor, with which he claims to obtain a work-
below the surface, it has many advantages over the ordi- ing efficiency of over 90 per cent. Our illustration is
nary open cut. In addition, it oceupies the street only from the Engineer. It consists of a series of feathering
at the shafts, so that travel is not much interfered with. floats, hinged to a chain which works over a pair of
Fig. 4 shows an open eut portion of the work. Be- drums, the floats on the descending side being inelosed
outlet fore beginning operations, the old sewer was removed
in a casing, so as to form a series of moving chambers,
and a new one built under each sidewalk, as a tem- which are successively filled with water as they enter the
porary measure during construction. <A platform car- easing.
rying the hoisting machinery extends across the trench, A cross section of the casing is shown in the annexed
and is mounted upon wheels running upon tracks laid sketch. A A are planed grooves, in which slide pro-
at the edge of the opening. The sides are held in the jecting pieces forced on each link of the chain, the
usual way by sheet piling braced by timbers extending clearance being limited to one-
across the opening, and which also carry the gas and sixty-fourth of an inch. The
water mains, clearance of the floats themselves
It is estimated that the total cost of the sewer—which can, therefore, be made very
will be finished in a short time—will be $575,000. small, and the inventor states
that in this way he has been
IMPROVED CORK ATTACHMENT,
able to reduce the loss from leak-
The art of bottling liquids has attained quite large
age to a comparatively insignificant amount. The
proportions as a distinct business. The machinery
feathering of the floats is automatic, and is regulated
and appliances for driving and fastening the corks
by the level of the tail water; for so long as the pres-
have been well studied, and brought to a considera-
{ABD sure of water behind is greater than the resistance in
front, the chain is pushed forward. As soon, however,
as the resistance exceeds the pressure, the floats fall
away from the chain, and rise nearly vertically out of
the water. ‘The power is taken off from the top drum,
which is provided with specially formed teeth, which
take each link of the chain as it passes over. The
speed of the chain is about 180 feet per minute. As-
suming that the difficulties of construction have been
overcome, there seems no reason to doubt that the
efficiency of such a motor as this will be much greater
than that of even the best waterwheels, as a greater
percentage of the fall can be utilized.

y
part of the tunnel section, the work passes through
sand, and the sewer is a simple ring of brick. At each

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crossing street is a manhole, 3 feet in diameter, where i

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it joins the arch, 2 feet in diameter at the surface,
and in height varying with the depth of the sewer be-
low the street. The outer end of the outfall is 18 feet
in width and 614 feet in height, measured from the
center of the invert, the curve of which has a radius
of 41 feet; the sides are vertical, and on them rest iron
I-beams, 12 inches deep, and varying in length from 20
feet at the outer end to 13 feet where the outfall sewer
joins the circular one. f }}
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The general method of prosecuting the tunnel por- HAYWARD’S IMPROVED CORK ATTACHMENT.
tion of the sewer has been to sink shafts at about
every 700 or 800 feet, and then drive the headings each ble degree of perfection. But the reverse process, that
way. Fig. 1 represents the shaft on South 5th Street of unbottling, has received less attention. It is usu-
near 5th, which is 64 feet in depth to the bottom ally left to the individual to struggle with the wires
of the invert. The sides are held by sheet piling, and a corkscrew as best he can. If the cork be of
and extending through the center are guides for the good quality, and not too tightly wedged, he succeeds
cage, the machinery for operating which is in the fairly well; but it often happens that this is not the
building shown at the right. A track is laid down case, and numerous fragments of cork, perhaps the
each tunnel to the heading, as shown in Fig. 5. The largest portion on the inside of the bottle, is pretty
ears filled with the excavated material are run to the sure to be the result. We illustrate the cork attach-
bottom of the shaft, raised to the surface, and run to ments devised by Mr. John W. Hayward, of St. Johns,
the dumping ground. Just east of 5th Street it was Newfoundland, which makes it as easy to get a cork
necessary to build a short section (Fig. 3) by open cut, out of a bottle as it isto drive it in. An ordinary
and after this had been completed, the earth for fill- cork, O, of the required size, has a piece of strong
ing in was obtained through the shaft shown. Fig. non-corrosive twine, 1, letinto its sides. A button or
2 shows the dumping car here used. The faces of the shield, 5, also non-corrosive, is placed on the inner
forward wheels are narrower than those of the rear, end of the cork to prevent the twine cutting through
ones, thereby permitting them to pass between the it. A hand metal tag, 2,.is secured on the twine
ends of the rails, which are inclined upward at a where it is knotted, or in case a capsule is placed
sharp angle, and rest in the curved parts of inner on the end of a piece, 4, which hangs below the capsule.
rails. The rear wheels mount the inclined rails, thus A rubber button, 3, placed on the outer end of the
tilting the car and dumping the load. cork, has a hole or slit through which the twine passes.
Fig. 5 is a view looking into the heading, and Fig. In 6 is shown the wire attached to the bottle neck, 6!
6 is a longitudinal sectional elevation of the same. representing the hook, and 6? the manner of locking it
The pilot tunnel here used is the invention of Mr. J. in place. 7 gives the appearance of a bottle when
F, Anderson, and was first used upon the Hudson corked and the twine secured on the wire hooks. In 8,
River tunnel; the duty it performs in its present lo- a capsule has been placed over the cork, and the tag is
cation is precisely similar to that it performed under seen protruding beneath its edge. 9shows the manner
the river. The pilot is 54g feet in diameter, and is of securing the twine over the wire by stretching the
made up of interchangeable flanged iron plates, elastic button, 3, and 9! the top view of the bottle when
bolted together. It is kept as near as possible in the the operation is completed.
center of the tunnel, and is extended some distance When the cork is being driven into the bottle, the
ahead of the finished masonry, the advance being made rubber button is turned oyer on the twine and tag, as
by removing the rear plates, carrying them forward, shown in 10, to protect them from injury. The button ALLIN’S WATER MOTOR.
and bolting them to those already in place. The for- is then reversed, one loop of the twine passed under
ward end of the pilot being in undisturbed ground, the wire hook on one side, and by stretching the rubber It must not, however, be forgotten that hitherto, in
and the rear end being firmly held by radiating struts button the other loop secured on the opposite hook. the majority of cases where waterwheels have been
resting against the masonry, there is formed a rigid The process of unbottling is shown in our last figure. applied, economy of water has been a secondary con-
center or hub from which the work can be braced. The tag is grasped, and by an upward twist the cap- sideration, and there is, after all, something very fas-
In the heading, the earth at the crown is removed and sule is torn open. The twine is disengaged from the cinating in the simplicity of a waterwheel. What it
an iron plate inserted; this plate is bolted to the one wires,-and, by passing the first and second fingers may be in the future is, of course, a different matter.
already in, and is held by astrut against the pilot. through the loop, the cork can be readily drawn. This Probably, if any serious attempt is made to take ad-
These plates, unless the earth is very treacherous, are system does away with the corkscrew entirely, each vantage of the power to be derived from natural falls
only carried about half way down each side. After the cork carrying its own means of release. It is applica- of water, or, as Mr. Allin proposes, of the rise and fall
plates have been put in far enough, the section next the ble for any liquids, medicines, liquors, inks, ete., and of the tide, inore attention will be paid to efficiency;
masonry is cleared, and a portion of the brickwork built, as the corks are not injured they may be used a num- and if, as is stated, about 93 per cent of the actual
This method of tunneling not only gives an exact ber of times. Mr. A. B Cohu, 197 Water Street, New energy can be given off in useful work, there may be a
‘deaof the nature of the material in advance of the York city, has the agency for this attachment. considerable field for Mr, Allin’s invention.
 74 kis
Srientific American.
A “ WORKINGMAN’S” COLLEGE, MELBOURNE, The Bellevernon Gas Well,
The accompanying illustration represents one of The Bellevernon (Pa.) gas well is now nearly 2,800
many endowed institutions with which the young city feet deep, and drilling ceased. At about 200 feet, a3
of Melbourne, Australia, is liberally supplied. The foot vein of coal was struck, and was the only coal
city had grown from a population of 25,000 in 1851- to found. At 400 feet a pretty strong vein of salt water;
300,000 in 1881, and with this rapid growth many great and at 600 feet another vein of salt water. At
fortunes were made, principally in gold mining, wool 1,950 a vein of gas was found in what appeared to be a
growing, and land speculations, and many of those compact rock formation. The gas not being as large
thus suddenly acquiring wealth have expended it with in volume as desired, the drill was sunk to the present
a free hand in beautifying their principal city and depth of nearly 2,800 feet, and no more gas being found
the foundingof educational institutions. The ‘‘ Work- the well was torpedoed at the gas vein, first with 40
ingman’s” College herewith shown is free to all, instruc- quarts of nitro-glycerine, and then with a hundred quart
tion being given therein to all applicants, both day and torpedo, enough to turn the well inside out. This in-
evening, in practical mechanical work of a wide variety, creased the flow of gas, and it is thought there is suffi-
mechanical drawing, mathematics, and all those cient now to heat a 10 pot furnace.
branches which will aid an industrious and determined or
0
workman to rise in his calling. It is one of those prac-
New Alcoholic Ferment,
tical institutions everywhere needed, but likely to be
especially useful in a new and rapidly growing country, At Busalla, in the north of Italy, there is a small
where the adventurous and enterprising from all quar- brewery which has gained a considerable reputation
ters of the world are attracted in unusual numbers. for its beers brewed on the low fermentation system.
Melbourne is built on numerous gentle hills, which Last season these beers were very inferior, and without
show off to advantage its many fine public buildings. ‘any apparent reason. <A local chemist, M. Mendes, was
Hil
TF if
WORKINGMAN’S COLLEGE, LATROBE STREET, MELBOURNE,
The streets are all 99 feet wide, and the parks, squares, called in to investigate the matter, and the result of
and gardens are so numerous that with only one-thir- his researches was the discovery of what is believed to
teenth the population of the city of London it occupies be a new form of ferment. Among the cells of ordinary
nearly half as great an area. The Melbourne University Saccharomyces cerevisiz# were some of Saccharomyces
isa picturesque mass of buildings, behind which is the Pastorianus, and some other cells very much smaller
National Museum, freely open to the people, as are all in size; these latter were isolated and cultivated by
public places in Melbourne. ‘There are in Melbourne, themselves, and were then found to be almost spheri-
among its numerous state schools, about thirty whose cal in shape, and from 1-300 to 1-500 of a millimeter in
size and proportion entitle them to rank with the archi- diameter. The shape, size, and general appearance of
tectural ornaments of the city. It is said there is no the cells of this ferment were found to be very constant,
city where more has been done for the working classes, and they very closely resembled those represented on
or where they have made so good a use of their ad- the right hand of the plate iii. in Pasteur’s ‘‘ Etudes de
ventages, about three out of every four mechanics who la Biere.” So far there would be nothing very remark-
have reached middle life owning the cottages they oc- able in the identification of a new form of ferment, but
cupy. M. Mendes by some carefully conducted experiments
ROO
has proved that this ferment is altogether without
Steel Rails in the United States,
action on cane sugar. It is generally admitted that
The productive capacity of the steel rail mills of the ordinary yeast is not capable of directly fermenting
United States is about 1,600,000 tons perannum. About cane sugar, but that it first exerts an inversive action
600,000 tons went into new lines last year, and the on cane sugar, and after this inversion fermentation
amount used as renewals, new second track, and sid- takes place. Now the peculiarity of the new ferment
ing is estimated at 650,000 tons, or 5-42 per cent of the discovered by M. Mendes is not that it will not ferment
total amount of rails in track. This rate is equivalent cane sugar, but that it will not invert it. Experiments
to a renewal of the lines once in 18°4 years. At the end were made with this new ferment on impure cane sugar
of 1883, a little more than half the track of the United solutions, and the result was said to be that the glucose
States was iron, The consumption of rails for main- and invert sugar was fermented by it, but the cane
tenance ran down from 10°30 per cent in 1872, when steel sugar was left untouched. The practical importance keeps in motion as long as the seat is occupied, but
rails were first used, to 5°92 per cent in 1877; then rose of this discovery to sugar refiners must therefore be stops short when the customer quits the vehicle. By
again to 11°16 per cent in 1881, and receded again to 5°42 very great, andit is at the same time of very consider- this means the proprietor is able to inspect this auto-
per cent in 1883. The production of steel rails increased able interest to brewers. We propose to refer to it in matic register of the number of hours and minutes the
from 83,391 tons in 1872 to 1,304,393 tons in 1882, greater detail on a future occasion, vehicle has been employed in transporting passengers,
[JANUARY, 1886.
A Wonderful Grotto,
A correspondent in Cagliari writes to the Avenire
di Sardegna the following description of the stalae
tite grotto discovered not long ago at Dorgali, in Sar-
dinia, which is approached by a difficult and tortuous
path leading down into a gloomy ravine on the moun
tainous coast: ‘‘ The grotto commences by an ample
space, the vault of which issupported on columns. On
the rocky ground may be seen the print of a human
foot. From this place you enter a vast hall of such
magnificence that it extorts an exclamation of wonder,
Sixteen columns with varicolored capitals rise from the
marble floor and sustain a pure white roof, from which
depend the figures of birds, guns, serpents, baskets of
fruit, and a thousand other tricks of nature. But the
most striking object is an altar ornamented with enor-
mous baskets of colored flowers, and on which are large
candelabra and a shrine ‘so exactly imitated that you
are tempted to try to open it in order to see the chalice
within. From the roof above hang festoons of flowers,
which reach down almost to the altar as if attempting
to conceal it. The most wonderful thing in the hall
was, however, the petrified skeleton of a majestic stag,
AUSTRALIA.
which was partly destroyed by visitors, and the spine of
which has been sent entire to a professor of natural his-
tory in Cagliari. The grotto contains six other large
chambers, decorated with arabesques in stalactite, and
full of pillars, human figures, opaque mirrors, and other
wonderful imitations of objects of art and nature.”
—_—___—__
—=» + 0 +~<—
Cab and Hack Indicator,
Ackerman’s Gewerbe Zeitung gives a description of a
new apparatus for cabs, hacks, gurneys, ete., to regis-
ter the amount of time each person hiring the vehicle
retained it and paid for, thus preventing the possibility
of fraud on the part of the driver. Most of these regis-
tering apparatus are too complicated and expensive
for general use, but this objection does not apply to
this new invention. It consists of a clock movement
with index and dial beneath each seat in the cab. The
movement is inclosed in a box to protect it from dust,
and when the cushion is lifted up, a small cover over
the dial is seen; this cover locks Gown, and only the
owner of the cab line keeps the key. Lifting this cover,
the register can be read at a glance. The cushion is so
arranged that the weight of a person seated upon it
presses a lever in the clock works and sets the train in
motion, while the weight of any ordinary article of
baggage is not sufficient to accomplish this. The train
2

JANUARY, 1886.| Srientitic American, 75

A FLEXIBLE LADDER FIRE ESCAPE,
Two pieces of canvas, or a single folded piece, are
stitched transversely to form pockets to receive cross
bars. The canvas is then stitched along its side edes to
form passages for the side ropes. Near the sides are
formed hand openings, and just over the cross bars in the
center are foot openings. Along both sides of the lad-
der are placed ropes, which are secured to the canvas
by stitching, and to the bars by rivets orstaples. When
the ladder is to be used as a fire escape, one end is at-
tached to a cross bar of wood o1 fron, having slots made
in it to receive hooks secured to the casing of the win-
level the bar, E, which is determined by placing a pock- DUST OOVER FOR DRAWERS.
et level on the bar, as shown at. The end of the pointer,
The covers, a, c, are made to wholly or partly close
J, is then brought to the zero point on the seale and the the top of the drawers by tongues, d, e, on which cor-
bar, D, thus moved to the level. Ifa line is to be run responding groves, f, g, of the box sides and front ends
with a rise or fall, the pointer will be correspondingly will close when the drawers are shoved back into their
adjusted to the scale, which, being, properly propor- |eases, the covers being attached to the cases so as to
tioned to the adjustable parts of the instrument, may | remain stationary when the drawers are moved. The
also be used for measuring altitudes and distances. covers may close the whole of the drawers, as shown in
This invention has been patented by Mr. Wm. H. Fig. 1, or only close with the front end, as in Fig. 8. The
Munford, of Anna, Ohio. latter device may be easily attached to the front board
a
ooo of drawers in use, and is a simple angle strip having the
Scale Hardness of Metals, tongue, e, suspended suitably for closing in the groove, J,

The following is a scale of hardness in use in the

laboratory of the Technical High School at Prague,
composed of eighteen metallic substances, arranged in
ascending order from the softest to the hardest:
1. Pure soft lead. 2, Pure tin. 3. Pure hard lead.
4, Pure. annealed copper. 5. Cast fine copper.
6. Soft bearing metal (copper, 85, tin, 10; zine, 5).
7. Cast iron (annealed). 8. Fibrous wrought iron. 9.
Fine grained light gray cast iron. 10, Strengthened
east iron (melted with 10 per cent of wrought turn-
ings. 11 Soft ingot iron, with 0°15 per cent carbon
(will not harden). 12. Steel, with 0°45 per cent carbon
(not hardened). 13. Steel, with 0°96 per cent carbon
(not hardened). 14 Crucible cast steel, hardened and
tempered, blue. 15. Crucible steel, hardened and
tempered, violet to orange yellow. 16. Crucible steel,
hardened and tempered, straw yellow. 17. Hard bear-
ing metal (copper, 83; zine, 17). 18. Crucible steel,
glass hard.
The test is made by drawing a cylindrical piece with
a conical point along a polished surface of the metal to
be tested. In the case described, that of a bronze used
for the cross head guide of a locomotive, the point,
HAMILTON’S DUST COVERS FOR DRAWERS,
when loaded with five kilogrammes, was drawn six
times through a distance of three centimeters. Under
dow. For further security, hooks or grapnels may be these conditions the points of the number below five in which may be readily made in the front end of the
secured tothe ends of the ladder for anchoring the lower the scale were blunted without marking the surface; drawer. These covers may be solid boards of the whole
end to the ground, and for attaching the upper end to with Nos, 5 and 6 neither point nor surface was abraded; width of the drawer, or they may consist of a frame,
any convenient object within the room. The ladder is but No. 7, while being slightly worn on the point, be- Fig. 2, which will, when attached to the case, serve the
to be secured on the inside of the window at the top of gan to scratch the surface. The hardness was, there- same purpose, and as well as if solid. Constructed in
the lower sash, so that persons can step upon it from this manr er the drawers of a bureau, desk, or counter
fore, that of pure copper or soft bronze’ The absolute
the window sill and descend on the inner side to the may be tightly closed so as to exclude the dust.
tensile resistance was found to be 2,051°7 kilogrammes
ground. It is made in sections, in order that.any de- per square centimeter, while that of copper is 1,920 kilo-
This invention has been patented by Mr. Alfred J.
sired length can be obtained. Constructed. in this man- Hamilton, of Beaverton, Oregon.
grammes per square centimeter, and that of the bronze,
oe
ner the ladder is cheap and strong, and, being flexible, No. 6, is 2,800 per square centimeter, thus showing an
. Good Wool,
can be rolled up so as to occupy but little space, while intimate relation between the strength and hardness of
it can be quickly adjusted when needed as a fire es- similar metallic compounds. The production of a first class fleece of wool cannot
be accomplished by a novice. It requires, in the first
cape. Seee
This invention has been patented by Mr. Edward P, place, a well bred sheep, and then care in feeding and
The Pneumatic Postal System of Paris. handling through all the stages of growth, and very
Wright. of Portland, Cregon.
0 The pneumatic system in Paris has recently been ex- great care in handling the fleece after it leaves the
tended to the suburbs, and a very important service sheep’s back. No matter how well bred a sheep may
LEVELING INSTRUMENT,
will shortly be opened by the postal authorities. This be, nor how good a fleece it naturally has, unless it is
In a recess in the base, A, which is pivoted upon the system has cost upward of a million franes for the lay- properly treated, its wool will be unmerchantable.
top of the tripod, is fitted a compass for use in obtaining Many think it does not matter how the sheep is kept,
ing of the pipes and the erection of the appliances. The
right angles. Attached to the base is the standard, C, the fleece will grow just the same, and be as nice asghe
longest distance between any two points in the system
pivoted to one side of which isthe bar, D. Mortised into is 11,000 meters (about seven miles), and the uniform fleece on a well fed and shedded animal. It would be
the bar is the hanger, B, held by the same pivot screw charge has been fixed at three pence for the delivery of well for these men if they would compare their clip of
that secures the bar to the standard, so that both parts a letter within one hour after its receipt. Compared wool with those of some of their neighbors who treat
can swing independently. The bar, E, is attached to with either the London postal or telegraph system, the their sheep the way they should, giving them plenty
the hanger so astoform side arms, one of which carries to eat, and shedding them from all storms. They will
facilities thus placed within the reach of Parisians are
a scale bar, e, while to the other end is pivoted a point- find the wool softer, more even, and better matted, so
far greater.
er, f, that is connected by a link, g, to the top bar.
0
This bar carries front and rear sight tubes, 2 7, the lat-
ter of which is fitted with crossed wires, and the former GRAVITY FRICTION CLUTCH,
with an eye piece consisting of a disk of metal with a The object of the invention recently patented, here-
central hole and radial notches. Where a centrally with illustrated, is to provide a clutch fora mowing ma-
chine—or any other machine requiring a clutch—that
will be noiseless and will take up all lost motion, in or-
=“, der that the knives may begin to operate the instant the

HH
wheels move, thus preventing the machine from clogging

te or leaving any grassstanding.

upon horse rakes,
Itis also designed for use
sewing machines, etc.; when used
upon the former, it causes both wheels to begin yorking
at the same time, thereby obviating the jerking of the
shafts against the horse, as in the case with a pawl-and-
ratchet device. The disk, C, is recessed inside, and has
a hub formed with a set screw, by means of which it
may be .rigidly secured to the shaft. The disk, B, is
formed with a cam, B’, upon itsinner face. Neatly but
loosely fitting the recessed inside of the disk are the
disk segments, E. When the disk, C, is revolved in the
direction of the arrow, the eccentric hub, B’, binds
against the segments, E, and the loose disk, B, isrevolved
in the same direction. When the disk, C, is moved in the
opposite direction, the segments will not bind, but be
carried around in the disk.
Figs. 3 and 4 show the same idea differently carried
out. The circular plate is provided with a triangular-
shaped hub formed of three eccentric ares and three
MUNFORD’S LEVELING INSTRUMENT. tangents, the latter meeting the arcs at the centers of }: SIMPSON’S GRAVITY FRICTION CLUTCH.
the sides of the triangle. The recessed disk carries
apertured disk was used without the notches, the cen- three disk segments, which bind against the triangular that it makes nicer looking fleeces.—National Stock-
tral part of the aperture, with respect to the crossed hub when revolved in one direction, and which are man.
—
+0
wires, was more difficult to determine, as the horizontal carried around when the direction of revolution is
and vertical central lines of the apertures had to be reversed. These clutches will not exceed in expense the Depression in the Copper Industry,

imagined, whereas, by this construction, they are ordinary pawl-and-ratchet, and are durable and effect- ‘The price of copper is now so’ ruinously low that the
plainly indicated by the notches. The bar, D, is also ive in operation. : miners in some parts of the country are closing their
provided with a rod, H, for use in obtaining perpendi- Additional particulars may be obtained by address- works. Seven and a quarter cents a pound on the spot
culars. t ing the inventor, Mr. Anson D, Simpson, of Niverville, has been received. Lake Superior copper, the best in
The instrument being planted, the hanger is turned to Dx. market, is worth in New York eleven and a half cents,
 76 Scientific American. [ JANUARY, 1886.
Imitation Marble. The Kaolin Beds of Chester County, Pa,, and of found banked against each other, and running verti-
A good imitation of marble can be made, it is said, Now Castle County, Del. cally downward, side by side. The clay is hard to
by soaking plaster of Paris in a solution of alum, bake BY GRAHAM SPENCER. excavate, and requires the strongest steel pointed
it in an oven, and then grind it to a powder. In using, For the last fifty years the manufacture of china in shovel for work, being dug in sods.—Proc. Eng. Club.
mix it with water, and to produce the clouds and veins this country has been steadily growing, and is now an —__
oe + 0
stir in any dry color you wish. It will become hard important industry, and one that is inereasing in the Cements for Special Purposes,
enough to be susceptible of a polish, and will be found quantity as wellas quality of its goods yearly. The The value of a cement is, first, that it should become
especially useful in mending broken marble slabs. first pottery in America was established in Philadelphia, a strongly cohering medium between the substances
ee about half a century ago, by a man named Tucker, joined; and, second, that it should withstand the action
Safety Against Fire in Buildings. who carried on the business for some time, making of heat, or any solvent action of water or acids. Ce-
A meeting of the Insurance and Actuarial Society very excellent semi-porcelain ware. Since then, Tren- ment often fails in regard to the last consideration. For
of Glasgow was held on April 8, when Mr. A. B. Dans- ton, New Jersey, is the great point of manufacture east waterproof uses several mixtures are recommended, and
ken read a paper on ‘‘ Notes on Buildings.” of, and East Liverpool, Ohio, west of the Alleghanies. the following may be mentioned:
Having given a short summary of the various build- Besides these, Baltimore, Wheeling Steubenville, One is to mix white lead, red lead, and boiled oil, to-
ing acts in England and in America, Mr. Dansken said Beaver Falls, and Cincinnati, and a number of other gether with good size, to the consistency of putty.
that the London and Liverpool acts were the models places have one or more potteries located in them. Another is powdered resin, 1 ounce, dissolved in 10
for all others in England. In Scotland they had no The great bulk of kaolin, or china clay, used in the ounces of strong ammonia; gelatine, 5 parts; solution
act really worthy of the name. In Boston and Mont- potteries of the United States is mined in this section. of acid chromate of lime, 1 part. Exposing the article
real, on the other hand,;the acts were of a more to sunlight is useful for some purposes.
The amount of prepared clay shipped last year was A waterproof
general nature than those in this country, though they nearly twenty thousand tons. paste cement is said to be made by adding to hot starch
contained some excellent provisions which might with paste half its weight of turpentine and a small piece of
Kaolin results from the decomposition of a rock com-
advantage be adopted here. The Metropolitan acts alum. As a cement lining for cisterns, powdered brick
posed of feldspar and quartz; and is found in pockets or
contained excellent structural arrangements. Liver- beds, in low and very often swampy ground (I speak
2, quicklime 2, wood ashes 2, made into a paste, with
pool had paid great attention to regulations for the of kaolin found in this vicinity), the clay underlying
boiled oil, is reeommended.
storing of goods within the boundaries of the borough, the surface soil holding the water. The amount of The following are cements for steam and water joints:
while Montreal had special regulations for the erection covering varies; in some cases being less than eight Ground litharge, 10 pounds; plaster of Paris, 4 pounds;
and use of steam boilers, furnaces, stoves, and such feet from the surface, and in others as much as forty. yellow ocher, one-half pound; red lead, 2 pounds;
like. Great improvement had recently taken place in The pockets are of an oblong shape, the general direc- hemp, cut into one-half inch lengths, one-half ounce;
the storing of goods, particularly in London and Liver- tion being northeast and southwest. The kaolin is mixed with boiled linseed oil to the consistency of
pool, and what was required in Scotland was a general found bedded against veins of tale, which determine putty. Whitelead, 10 parts; black oxide of manganese,
build..g act similar in its provisions to those of Lon- the width of the pocket. The tale is very irregular in 3; litharge, 1; mixed with boiled linseed oil.
don and Liverpool. The most fruitful sources of fires its piteh, but eventually cuts the clay out. The tale A cement for joints to resist great heat is made thus:
in dwelling house property were defective hearths and is in turn bedded against partly decomposed mica Asbestos powder, made into a thick paste, with liquid
vents (flues), and this was borne out by the fire returns schist, and very often against a vein of iron or man- silicate of soda. -
of various cities. The percentage in Glasgow was ganese. For coating acid troughs, a mixture of 1 part pitch,
three times greater than in London, more than double There are no surface indications of kaolin, and it is 1 part resin, and 1 part plaster of Paris is melted, and
that of Liverpool, and one-fourth more than Manches- generally proved by boring, or sinking small shafts. is said to be a good cement coating.
ter. The reasonof that, saysthe Avchitect, was not far After having determined the position of the deposit, Correspondents frequently ask for a good cement for
to seek, for the Metropolitan Building Act required the dirt is stripped off and the clay uncovered, and fixing iron bars into stone in lieu of lead, and nothing
that hearths ‘‘ shall be solid for a thickness of seven taken out by means of carts, cars, or derricks, as the better is known than a compound of equal parts of
inches at the least beneath the upper surface of such case may be. From the situation of the pit, which is sulphur and pitch. A good cement for stoves and
hearth or slab;” while in Glasgow not only were there generally in the lowest.ground, there is no opportunity ranges is made of fireclay with a solution of silicate of
no regulations as to hearths, but the practice was to for drainage after you are down any depth, and con- soda. A glue to resist damp can be prepared with
lay them onthe bare wood—the most dangerous that stant pumping becomes necessary, not only of surface boiled linseed oil and ordinary glue; or by melting 1
could be adopted. Considering how gables and party water, but of large springs, which burst out from the pound of glue in 2 quarts of skimmed milk; shellac, 4
walls were built in Glasgow, it was not surprising to sides of the pit and through the banks. ounées; borax, 1 ounce, boiled in a little water, and
learn that a great many fires occurred from defective The clay is taken from the pit to the washing ma- concentrated by heat to paste. A cement to resist
chimneys. In the construction of dwelling house floors chine, which is a three or four inch shaft, according to white heat may be usefully mentioned here: Pulverized
Mr. Dansken referred to the present method of deaf- the power you have, placed horizontally with knives at clay, 4 parts; plumbago, 2; iron filings, free from oxide,
ening by filling in between the joists a layer of ashes right angles, about four inches apart, made of three- 2; peroxide of manganese, 1; borax, one-half; sea salt,
or rubbish on loose boards, and suggested that if the inch by inch iron, twelve inches long. The whole is one-half; mix with water to thick paste, use immedi-
space between the joists was filled in with concrete the enclosed in a stout framework, with a pulley at one ately, and heat gradually to a nearly white heat.
floor would be practically fireproof. <A floor of that end of shaft connected by belt with main shaft, and |- Many of the cements used which are exposed to great
kind immediately above shops would confine a fire, or an opening made at the other end of the machine for heat fail from the expansion of one or more ingredients
at least retard its progress very considerably, and ren- the escape of the clay and sand. The shaft is set in in them, and an unequal stress is produced; or the two
der the dwelling houses much safer. Were that system motion, a stream of water turned on, and the clay substances united have unequal rates of expansibility
adoptedin mansion houses, there would be fewer in- thrown in the top as fast as a man ean shovel it. The or contractility; the chemical or galvanic action is im-
stances of their total destruction. Having given some sand or quartz coming out with clay and water settles portant. The whole subject of cements has not re-
hirgs as to how to deal with lightning rods, Mr. Dans- in a box, where it is continually being shoveled out. ceived the attention it deserves from practical men.
ken proceeded to refer to warehouse and shop pro- The clay, combining with water, and of the thick- Only Portland cement has received anything like scien-
perty. As the danger from fire increased proportion- ness of cream, is allowed to run slowly off into a num- tific notice, and a few experiments upon waterproof,
ally with the size of the building, he thought some ber of troughs for a time, until all the impurities have heat-resisting, and other cements would show which
legal restrictions should be placed on their limits, for hada chance to settle. It is then turned into large cements are the best to use under certain circumstances,
the extra rates charged for large warehouses had had vats, where it remains until quite thick. It is then —Van Nostrand’s Magazine.
little or no influence in that direction. Within recent pumped into presses, which are a number of wooden oo
years it had become the practice to have ceilings and panels held together by iron rods—each panel contain- ‘A Russian Bath at Home.
walls of warehouses wood lined. That very largely in- ing a canvas bag. The water escapes through the Among the new home conveniences recently intro-
creased the risk of fire; but it might be remedied to pores of the canvas, and leaves the clay in sucha condi- duced, is a simple attachment to the ordinary bath
some extent by having asbestos felt under the wood tion that it can be handled and placed on shelves in tub, by which the luxury of a vapor or medicated
lining of the ceilings and the space behind the lining the open air to dry, after which it is ready for ship- bath may be taken in one’s own house.
of the walls, and filled up at intervals with belting of ment. To persons who enjoy the luxury of the Russian
cement or plaster. Dealing with fireproof iron doors, Kaolin, both in a crude state and washed, is much bath, but do not reside where such establishments are
Mr. Dansken referred to several varieties, but said improved by exposure. If placed in piles, and allowed accessible, the new vapor appliance is a good substi-
that he preferred one formed of a combination of cor- to freeze and thaw during the winter, it will be found tute.
rugated iron and asbestos. With respect to the mode much tougher in the spring. A strong, tough clay is The medicating or disinfecting materials are placed
of hinging them, he thought that where practicable the
of mucl,more value to the potters, as # enables them within cylindrical air chambers, and fed drop by drop
hinges should be bolted through the full thickness of to make thinner ware. It is said that in the manufac- into the water, and mingle with the steam as it is
the wall, and that the steps of the doors should be ture of the finest ware, in China, one generation mines drawn into the bath tub. The invention has been in-
raised higher than the floor level on either side, to pre- the clay for the next to use. troduced into some of our city hospitals, and a num-
vent liquid flowing from one floor to another. Mr.
The average yield of washed koalin from a ton of ber of physicians have recommended it for its eapa-
Dansken concluded by referring to different forms of
erude clay is from thirty to fifty per cent. .I have bility as a deodorizer and disinfecter. A bath may be
floors suitable for public buildings, in which a com-
never seen crude clay in any quantity which would perfumed by afew drops of any odorous extract, put
bination of iron and concrete was treated in various yield above that. into the cylinder with the other ingredients. Hand-
ways.
0 The quartz, washed from the crude clay, is of the some rooms have been fitted up for exhibiting the
purest nature; and when pulverized is worth about practical workings of thenew bath apparatus at No.
J. J. Keller.
$12.00 per ton, and is sold to the potters—they using 12 East 23d Street, New York, and persons residing out
Mr. J. J. Keller, senior member of the well known it in the body of their ware, and also with feldspar as of the city who may desire to know more about the
chemical house of John J. Keller & Co., of this city, died as a glaze. invention can gain information by addressing John
recently aged 61, the victim of a mistake in the giving The mica or tale which is washed from the clay, and Ponder, at the above place. ’
of medicine. As a remedy for facial neuralgia his settles in the troughs, makes a good fire brick. —_______- @-e__ --_—_
physician prescribed, or intended to prescribe, for hima In conclusion, to give a general idea of the size of fleavy Electric Light Suits Coming.
dose equal to three-quarters of a milligramme of sulphate the deposits of kaolin in this section, I would say that The Edison Electric Light Company have commenc-
ofatropine. By some'error'as yet unexplained, the dose in the pit Iam now working, the clay had been proved ed suits against alleged infringers on their patents for
given to the sick man was three-quarters of a gramme, at a depth of ten to sixteen feet from the surface, for incandescent electric lighting ona scale which promises
or one thousand times more than had been intended. over 300 feet in length and 80 to 100 feet in breadth; to give a large number of lawyers a fine field of labor.
The patient took the dose, became immediately un- and in depth 50 feet, and still clay. The greatest depth The various companies made defendants are the U. 8.
conscious, and soon after died. I have ever been down, in any of my pits, is ninety Electric Lighting Co., the U. 8. Illuminating Co., the
Atropine is an alkaloid obtained from the belladonna feet, the strata of clay continuing, but which had to Consolidated Electric Light Co., the Swan Incandes-
plant, or deadly nightshade. Itis a very active poison, be abandoned on account of the expense of keeping cent Electric Light Co., the Remington Electric Light
but a very excellent and wonderful medicine when the dirt from caving in. Co,, and the{Schuyler Light Electrie Co., besides a few
rightly used. Itis especially employed by oculists in The color of kaolin varies from a pure white to a prominent users, who, in patronizing these various
treating diseases of the eye, having a remarkable yellow (as shown in the specimens), the white being
companies, to this extent dispute the validity or force
effect in dilating the pupil. more valuable. The yellow and the white clay are often of the Edison patents,
 JANUARY, 1886.] Srientific American. 77
Loads on Roofs, fully refer to the figures used for the St. Pancras sta- regard it asa rigid beam. But if we divide the length,
The load to which a roof is exposed is of two kinds: tion roof, as given by Mr. Barlow. Here the total the middle or purline point will receive double the
first, that due to the weight of the materials; and sec- estimated pressure, exclusive of the weight of truss, share of weight discharged at the foot. There will, in
ond, that due to the wind, or its vertical pressure. was taken at 80 lb. per foot, and this was made up as fact, be equal weights at the apex and the purline
The first increases with the span, and must be esti- follows: point, but half only at the foot of rafter. In short, at
mated from tables of the weight of the materials used. The truss 10 lb. per square foot, covering 36 Ib., the apex and purline point the loads are doubled,
In the second category the vertical component of the wind 341b. The calculation of the strains ean be ob- owing to the bearings of two adjacent lengths coming
wind has to be considered, calculated about 40 lb. per tained by analytical or graphical means, both of which together. Thus, if we put five at the foot of rafter, we
square foot. For ordinary roofs the following data methods are deseribed in handbooks which treat of must put ten at the purline point and ten at the apex
have been given per square foot: 5 lb. for weight of these matters. Itis convenient to suppose this total of roof.— Building News.
truss, 5 lb. for purlines, etc., 10 lb. for slate, and 36 Ib. load concentrated at certain points, such as the foot of
for wind, making a total pressure of 56 |b., or 144 ewt., rafter, the apex of roof, and a point midway between. THE total number of deaths from smallpox in Mont-
about 1-40 ton, per square foot. For very large roofs Whatever the weight may be on each rafter, half of it real during the late epidemic exceeds 3,000, distributed
these figures ought to be increased, and we may use- | will be discharged at each of the two extremities if we among over 500 houses.

ZA —C Aw
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THE INTEROCEANIC SHIP RAILWAY,—A STEAMER IN TRANSIZ

 78 Scientific American. [Tanuary, 1886.
‘THE INTEROCEANIC SHIP RAILWAY, |progressmade while in tow. Allowing that a sailing ship |author to censure and contempt; and if the liberty of Jaugh-
The transisthmian projects which for many years have at- |can average 170 statute miles in a day’s run, this would add |ing be once indulged, every man will Jaugh at what he does
tracted the attention of engineers may be divided, perbaps 1,700 miles to the 1,200 miles extra run required va Panama, not understand, every project will be considered as madness,
not improperly, into three classes: 1st. Those in which the and hence would serve, practically, to make the Tehuante- and every great and original design will be regarded as im-
construction will be at the mercy of floods. 2d. Those pec route 2,900 miles shorter in the run from New York to practicable. Men unaccustomed to reason and researches
lacking good harbors. 3d. Those which empty into the Dol- San Francisco, and 8,500 miles shorter in the run from New think every enterprise impracticable which is extended be-
drums or Zone of Calms. Of these three fatal objections, Orleans to San Francisco. yond common effects, or comprises many intermediate ope-
the Panama tide water canal scheme is open to the first and In confirmation of this, indeed, as showing that in the rations. Many who presume to laugh at projectors or design-
third, and the Nicaragua lifting-lock plan to the second and above we have underestimated the time required by sail- ers would consider the navigation of the air in a flying ma-
third. Theship railway project of Mr. James B. Eads, il- ing vessels via Panama to cross the calm zone, we append chine as the dreams of mechanic Junacy, and would hear with
lustrated in this number, is open neither to the one objection herewith the testimony of a practical seaman, Captain Silas equal negligence of the accomplishment of the Northwest
nor to the other, and besides being far less costly, it fur- Bent, as given before the Merchants’ Exchange in St. Louis, Passage and the scheme of Albuquerque, the Viceroy of the
nishes a quicker means of isthmian transit than either of pending the unanimous adoption by that body of the reso- Indies, who, in the rage of hostility, had contrived to make
them, and will shorten by considerably over a thousand lution recommending a favorable consideration of the ship Egypt a barren desert by turning the Nile into the Red Sea.”
mniles the contemplated route via Panama between our At- railway to the United States Government: Mr. Eads knew that ships had been going on and off lift-
lantic States and San Francisco or the East Indies. “‘Mere statements of the difference in miles is a very in- ing docks without injury from time immemorial, and that
Until the arrival in the field of Mr. Eads, it seemed to have adequate measure,” he says, ‘‘ of the difference in time that vessels that could safely withstand the terrible buffeting of
occurred to no one that anything but a waterway would would be occupied by sailing vessels in making these several ocean waves could be moved over a smooth roadbed without
serve for ship transit between the two oceans. It did not passages; and when we consider that three-fourths of the fear of injury. In order to be sure as to the roadbed, he took
appear impracticable to some of the transisthmian project- ocean commerce of the world is carried in sailing vessels, with him, to the Isthmus, Mr. J. J. Williams, an able engi-
ors to build a ship canal in a region annually inundated by you can see what an important factor this question of sadling neer, who had made several surveys for interoceanic rail-
mountain streams, or to expect sailing vessels to traverse time becomes in the solution of the problem before us. roads and canals, and Mr. E. L. Corthell, who had success-
hundreds of miles of wind-bereft seas. But to take ships “The northeast trade winds which extend across the fully carried out his plans at the mouths of the Mississippi,
across a narrow isthmus by rail was monstrous, and not to Atlantic are so broken and interrupted when they encounter and is an expert in railroad construction, having been chief
be thought of. the West India Islands that they never penetrate the Carib- engineer of the West Shore Railroad. Being a practical man,
It is no part of the purpose of this article to cast discredit bean Sea; but the northwest portion of them, however, do Eads naturally sought to discover a route that would furnish
upon the rival projects of Panama and Nicaragua, but the extend into the Gulf of Mexico, and often so far down as to asubstantial roadbed, possess something in the shape of har-
promoters of both theone ard the other, in very laudable reach well toward Tehauntepec, so that while in the Gulf bors at either end, and above alla location outside of that, to
efforts in support of their own theories, have led at least a winds are always found, yet the Caribbean Sea remains a the mariner, vexatious belt of perpetualcalm. He found a
portion of the unthinking public to look upon the ship rail- region of almost relentless calm. cross section of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec which combined
way scheme as impracticable and visionary, and a compari- “‘Nor is this all, for the mountain ranges, extending the all these qualities; nay, more, for of all the routes across the
son is necessary to show the relative practicability of the length of the Isthmus of Panama and through Central narrow strip of land joining Mexico with South America,
ship railway and the two most prominent canal schemes, America, offer a still more formidable barrier to the passage none shortens so much as this the voyage from the Atlantic
and its superior advantages when considered from a com- of these winds, thus throwing them still higher into the up- and Gulf States to California.
mercial standpoint. In making this comparison, however, per regions of the atmosphere, and extending these calms Having selected the site for his ship railway, he now
we shall endeavor to give each its just due, setting down far out into the Pacific Ocean, on the parallel of Panama, sought a concession from the Mexican Government. This
naught in malice. with lessening width, for fifteen or eighteen hundred miles was obtained in 1881, and extends over a period of ninety-
A careful study of the engravings as presented in this to the northwest, along the coast of Central America. nine years from its date. It authorizes the construction
number, and the explanation which accompanies each, will “‘This whole region of calms, both in the Caribbean Sea and across the [sthmus of Tehuantepec of a ship railway, an or-
show that while the ship railway is novel and original when in the Pacific Ocean, is so well known to navigators that sail- dinary railway, and a line of telegraph. Besides this it ex-
taken as a whole, it demands no other methods in the treat- ing vessels always shun it, if possible, though they may have empts all ships and merchandise im transitu from govern-
ment of a ship than those usually employed in the dry to run a thousand miles out of their way to do so. ment duty, grants the concessionaire a million acres of pub-
dock and the marine railway, and which experience has “This absence of wind, of course, leaves this vast area ex- lic land, and guarantees protection during the construction
shown to be safe. Indeed, the only remarkable thing about posed to the unmitigated heat of a torrid aun, except when and subsequent operation of the works. To crown all, the
the scheme is that no one has ever thought of it before. relieved momentarily by harassing squalls in the dry season right is given the company to obtain the aid of any foreign
In the ship railway ‘project a ship is lifted out of the and by the deluging rainfalls of the wet season. With these government, and in consideration of this assistance the com-
water by means of a submerged pontoon, similar to those meteorological facts in view, let us now suppose that the pary is authorized by the terms of the concession to discrim-
in use all over the world; but no such force as that used Lesseps canal at Panama and the Eads railway at Te- inate in favor of the commerce of such government against
in hauling a ship up out of the water on a marine railway huantepec are both completed and in running order; then let that of all other countries, save, of course, Mexico, The
is required on the ship railway, although, as well known, us start two sailing ships, of equal tonnage and equal speed, concession obtained, Mr. Eads set about baving a careful
ships are constantly taken on the marine railway without from the mouth of the Mississippi, with cargo for China, one survey made, topographical and physical, for the several pre-
injury. In the Eads system, however, there is no necessity to go by the way of the Panama Canal, and the other by the vious surveys were with reference to a canal or an ordinary
for using any force whatever on the ship itself. way of the Tehuantepec Railway, and I venture to affirm railway. One of the Eads surveys was made by Mr. Williams,
It is lifted out of the water in a cradle which rests upon that by the time the Panama vessel has cleared the cana] and one by Mr. Corthell, and another bya party of engineers under
aseries of rails; and these being brought even with the floats in the waters of the Pacific, the Tehauntepec vessel the direction of Don Francisco de Garay,an able Mexican en-
tracks on the dry land, the cradle in its capacity of a car will have scaled the Isthmus and be well on to the meridian gineer, with forty assistants and iinemen; he being assigned
is wheeled along an almost level railway across the Isthmus of the Sandwich Islands; and that before the former vessel by the Mexican government to assist Mr. Eads in making
of Tehuantepec, and when it reaches the other side a similar can worry through the fifteen or more hundred miles of the survey. Two lines were run over the mountains, and a
means isemployed to float itagain. This is the whole project windless ocean before her, to reach the trade winds to the careful hydrographic survey was made of the approaches of
—a combination of tbe lifting dock in general use and an westward of Tehuantepec, the latter will have sped five the termini. A series of additional surveys were recently
improvement upon the marine railway, because the ship is thousand miles on her way across the Pacific, and be fully made from Minatitlan to Bocca Barra and to Salina Cruz, by
never, as in the latter, required to he off an even keel. thirty days ahead of heradversary. For it is a fact worth Mr. Martin Van Brocklin, of large experience in Spanish-Am-
Looking upon the chart, we find that the Isthmus of Te- mentioning here, that the strength of the northeast trade erican countries in locating and building railroads, and by
huantepec is in Mexico, and in the extreme northern end of winds in the Pacific, as well as the maximum strength of Mr. Deming J. Thayer, an accomplished civil engineer.
the long, slim neck of land which separates North from South the northern portion of the great equatorial current in that The length of the whole railroad line will be about 134 miles
America, and that the Isthmus of Panama is on the extreme ocean, are both found on or near the parallel of latitude from Atlantic to Pacific. Beginning on the Atlantic side, the
south end of Central America, and at the farther end of this of Tehuantepec, the former blowing with an impelling force route will start from the Gulf of Mexico, the ships sailing
strip of land. Having discovered this, we naturally turn to a to the westward of ten or twelve miles an hour, and the latter up the Coatzacoalcos River to Minatitlan, a distance of about
consideration of ocean lanes from the Atlantic and Gulf States with a following strength of three or four miles per hour.” 25 miles. From Minatitlan there extends for about 35 miles
to California and the East Indies, and from California to the It is not to be supposed that Mr. Eads hit upon the plan of an alluvial plain having an underlying stratum of heavy, te-
British Islands, because, in these days of expedition, the his railway before carefully studying the various canal pro- nacious clay. On-the high land and ridges clay, loam, and
shortest route, all else being equal, is sure to prove the most jects; such was not the case, It was, in fact, the result of sand are found. Next comes an undulating table land, and
popular. We have not proceeded far in this inquiry when these canal studies which led him to seek some other means then irregular mountain spurs of the main Cordilleras, that
the advantages of the Tehuantepec route in time and dis- of crossing the narrow strip of land that separates North run through the entire continent, making at this point one of
tance become plainly apparent. from South America, For to his practical mind neither the the most marked depressions to be found in its whole length.
From New York to San Francisco oa the Panama Canal, one canal project nor the other of them gave evidence of From this basin the live passes through a valley formed by
a steamship would be compelled to pass the Isthmus of Te- feasibility, owing to their excessive cost. It was a great a smai stream to the plains of Tarifa, where is situated the
huanvtepec, sail south a long distance, and after crossing sail problem to solve! Here were a paltry forty or one hundred summit of the line. This is 736 feet above lowtide. After
north again the same distance before reaching the short miles of earth and rock, which, if pierced, would serve to traversing these plains, the Pass of Tarifa is reached. This
route to San Francisco. In other words, she would have to shorten by ten thousand miles the present voyage v/a Cape is the most accessible of the many passes in this depression
traverse about 1,200 miles more than if she had crossed the Horn from New York to San Francisco, which now is in the mountain chain, From here the line gradually sinks
isthmus at Tehuantepec. From Gulf ports to San Francisco 15,687 miles, and to reduce the distance by water between to the Pacific, reaching the plains on this side 118 miles dis-
and the East the difference in distance in favor of Tebhuan- New Orleans and San Francisco from 16,112 miles to some- tant from Minatitlan.
tepec is still more marked; the route between New Orleans thing less than 4,000 miles, The pontoon, or floating dock (see Figs.1 to 4), is of the same
and San Francisco via Tehuantepec being about nineteen It is not surprising that the mind that conceived the jetty general construction as those in use all over the world, save
hundred (1,900) miles shorter than ofa Panama. From system, as applied to the mouth of the Mississippi River, in some important modifications rendered necessary to fit it
Liverpool to San Francisco-there is a saving of 600 miles should not be thwarted by the obstacles which confront the for its special] work. For it is not enough that the vessel
via Tehuantepec. With sailing vessels—and sailing vessels, transisthmian projector; nor is it surprising to find that the should be docked and lifted out of the water, but tbat it
much as we hear of steamers, carry fully three-quarters of plan that he has hit upon is thoroughly original, or that it is shall be caused to rest upon a cradle in such a’ manner that
the world’s freights to-day, and are likely to continue to decried by those who do not understand it. Indeed, it its weight shall be equalized fore and aft, and thus enable
carry slow freights—the contrast is still more marked. would be more surprising if this were not the case; for the carriage with its load to move easily and safely. This
A sailing vessel having crossed the Isthmus via Panama have not all original schemes been laughed at? The idea, is effected by means of a system of hydraulic rams arranged
is left in a very ocean of waters, over which reigns a peren- when first proposed, of forcing carbureted hydrogen illu- along an intermediate deck about six feet below the upper
nial calm, broken only by occasional squalls and baffling minating gas through the London streets furnished no little deck of the pontoon (see Fig. 2). The arrangement of the
zephyrs. She must be towed hundreds of miles until the amusement to the illuminati; when the project of sending a rams is in both lateral and longitudinal] lines, the former
region of the trade winds is reached. This, of course, serves vessel across the ocean to England propelled by steam was standing a little less than seven feet apart, the one from the
to adda large expense to the voyage and to lengthen it first made public, an eminent scientist was so sure of the other. The area of the combined rams in each lateral line is
mauy days, so that when we say the voyage between the impracticability of the scheme that he promised to swallow the same ; the area of the one ram under the keel forward or
Atlantic States and California is shorter by 1,200 miles via the vessel on its arrival; when Captain Ericsson proposed to aft is equal to the area of the five or seven rams amidships,
Tehuantepec than it is ea Panama, we greatly underesti- substitute for the direct action of the paddle wheel the They may be connected and made to work in unison, so that
mate the advantages of the former route. It would be a oblique action of the screw, he was looked upon as bereft of the same pressure per square inch of surface of the rams
generous estimate to allow for only ten days’—good authori- reason. Yet all succeeded. will exist throughout the whole system, or they may be dis-
ties say from 20 to 830 days’—delay between the Pacific side ‘‘Whatever is attempted without previous certainty of suc- connected by valves, so that a greater pressure may be
of the Panama Canal and the point where a sailing ship cess,” says an eminent writer, ‘‘ may be considered as a pro- brought upon therams in a certain section or on a certain line.
atrikes the northeast trades, by reason of calms and the slow ject, and among narrow minds may, therefore, expose its It is no part of the duty of these rams to lift the vessel,
;
Scientific American,
f
January, 1886.] 9 |

They are designed only to resist its weight as it gradually |These springs will, as said before, bear a weight of twenty us would be called phenomenal; at times being six inches
emerges from the basin. They get their power.from a , tons and have a vertical movement of about six inches, while in twenty-four hours for days in succession. The river
hydraulic pump placed on a tower affixed to the side of the maximum weight they will be called upon to bear will consequently rises rapidly, and the greater part of the valley
the pontoon, and rising and sinking with it, but of such a not depress them more than three inches, and allow for is submerged. I think I can say that but one effi-
height that, even when the pontoon rests upon the bottom of crossing irregularities without bringing an undue weight cient plan can be formed, and that is to construct drainage
the dock, it is not entirely submerged. The pontoon itself upon the wheels, canals on each side of the valley, so as to intercept the
is directed by powerful guides, which cause it to descend There is also a system of supports for the vessel, each hav- water that will drain from the mountain ranges on each
and emerge from the water always in the same ppsition. ing adjustable surfaces hinged to the top of the supports by side. Now, in severe floods the surface waters of these
A ship having entered the mouth of the Coatzacoalcos a toggle joint in such a way that they may be made to closely canals will be about seventy feet above that of the canal pro-
River, on the Atlantic side, and come up to the basin, the follow every depression and yield easily to every protuber- per; consequently heavy guard banks will require to be con-
carriage with its cradle is run on to the floating dock, ance or bulging. They pierce the girders of the carriage, structed to restrain these intercepted floods. In other words,
then water is let into the compartments of the pontoon, and are exactly pendent over the hydraulic rams when the the water will have to be hung up on the sides of the mountains.
and dock and cradle gradually sink to the bottom. Then carriage is on the pontoon and rests in its proper position. Of course, with such a pressure, there will always be a great
the ship is brought in from the exterior basin, and so ad- Thus, as will be seen, the ship when crossing the Isthmus risk of the water breaking through the banks and the canal
justed as to position that her kee] will be immediately over
(see frontispiece) rests upon what might be called a cushion, so filled by sediment as to stop navigation until it is removed.
the continuous keel block of the cradle, and her center of and indeed she will have experienced far rougher treatment, This would necessarily be a work of time, and destroy the
gravity over the center of the carriage. The water is then both in the Atlantic and Pacific under only ordinary condi- prestige of the canal as an avenue of transport. . . . I
pumped out of the submerged pontoon in the manner em- tions of weather, than that bad while im transitu by rail do not remember ever to bave seen money expended and
ployed in floating dock systems, and it rises gradually, bring- across the Isthmus. such slight results effected; but I wish to add that this was
ing the cradle up under the ship’s hull (see Fig. 2). As soon as As said before, the road is designed to be almost exactly evidently not due tothe gentlemen in immediate charge,
the keel block of the cradle is close to the ship’s keel, the straight, since there will be no curves having a radius of who were capable and zealous.”
hydraulic pump is called into action, and pushes up the pend- less than twenty miles, for the carriage is four hundred feet From evidence furnished by other expert engineers who
ent rods and posts of the supports gently against the vessel, long, and rests upon wheels which, as already explained, are have visited this region, it may be safely predicted that the
closely following the lines of her hull and the run of the not set on trucks swinging to a common center. There are wash from the slopes (clayey) in thé profuse rainfall of this
bilge. The pressure upon the rams increases as the vessel only five places in the whole line where it is necessary to tropical region will tend to fill up the canal and entaila large
emerges from the water,but the water pressure under them deviate from a straight line, and at each of these places a expense in removing material.
being prevented from escaping by the closing of the valves, floating turntable (see Figs. 5 to 7) will be built. These turn- The original estimate of the quantities of material to be
the ship’s weight, when she stands clear of the water, is tables in design resemble pontoons, for they rest upon water, removed has, of course, been greatly increased by the pro-
borne by the rams by means of the supports, and will be strong enough to receive the carriage and its posed Chagres River dam and the diverting channel back of
In the case of a ship weighing five thousand tons, each burden. The turntable-pontoon will be firmly grounded it. Prices for labor, since the deadliness of the climate has
of the fifty lines of rams would, of couse, be called to sus- upon the circular bearers of the basin, when the carriage is come to be realized, have advanced to double and even thrice
tain a burden of exactly one hundred tons; and these lines run upon it, by the admission of water. This is pumped their original figures, and excavation which at first was done
being placed at equal distances the one from the other, it will out by a powerful centrifugal pump, the water being drawn for 30c. per cubic meter advanced last year to 90c. ; 10,000,000
readily be seeu that each unit of the sbip’s weight is equally through the cylindrical pivot of the pontoon, which is hol- cubic yards, mostly soft dredging iu the terminal marshes,
distributed. The weight and displacement of the vessel is low, and discharged into the basin. When the pontoon has has been done in fonr years. But even suppose they can do
Jearned from the pressure gauge on the hydraulic pump. been made sufficiently buoyant to be turned easily upon its 6,000,000 cubic yards of dredging and rock excavation per
The vessel being clear of the water, hand wheels or ad- pivot by steam power, the ship carriage is then quickly year—and this is surely a generous estimate—then?}*=35
justing nuts that move in threads cut in the columns of the pointed in its new direction. The valves then permit the years to complete the caual. The original estimate was from
supports are run down to the bearings on the girder plates, water to enter once more, and the pontoon turntable again $120,000,000 to $170,000,000,but with the obstacles now in
whereupon the valve is opened and the rams withdrawn, rests on its bearings. These turntables may be made to view, aud considering that the rock work has hardly been
leaving the girders to support the weight of the ship. Now serve another purpose. By their means a ship can be run off touched, $200,000,000 would seem to be a not unreasonable
each girder bas tbe same number of wheels, and as described on a siding, so to speak, where she can be scraped, painted, figure which the work will have cost when performed.
above bears its just proportion of weight and no more, hence coppered, calked, or otherwise repaired without removal Let us now turn to the Nicaragua scheme. This project
each of the multitude of wheels under the carriage is called from her cradle, and thus be saved the heavy expense of go- is for a lifting-lock canal—from 17 to 20 largelocks being
upon to bearthe same weight. This weight has been calculated ing on a dry dock. required. The time necessary to cross from ocean to ocean
to be only from eight to nine tons, though the wheels will be The locomotives for hauling the ship carriage over the would probably be about three days. The location is 800
tested to twenty. One of the many ingenious contrivances Isthmian railway will not differ from those in ordinary use, miles farther south than Tehuantepec, and consequently far
in the scheme is the ‘‘hydraulic governor,” so called, and except that they will have about twice the traction power of south of the shortest route to California and the far East. It
by which the unevenness of the plane of the pontoon when the most powerful locomotives that run on ordinary railroads, is situated also in the calm zone and in a country frequently
it is rising or falling with its load can be readily corrected. The big freight engines of the day have no difficulty, as we visited by earthquakes, and bence liable at aJl times to seri-
This apparatus is thus described: know, in drawing freight trains of a total of fifteen hundred ous injury.
“Two cylinders are attached to each corner of the dock, tons; and as the ship carriage moves along three tracks it The harbor of Greytown (north side) is irretrievably ruin-
one being upright and the other inverted. Plungers at- would be easy, if such a course were necessary, to place ed, and Major McFarland estimates that it will cost $14,000,-
tached tojthe pontoons move inthem. Thetwo cylinders on three locomotives in front of it and three behind. The time 000 to make a good harbor of it. The harbor of Brito, as it
diagonal corners are connected by pipes, and all spaces in the estimated for crossing from ocean to ocean is only 16 hours. is called, at the point where the Rio Grande enters the Paci-
cylinders and pipes are filled solid with water. As the pon- Having now been over the ground of the ship railway and fic, is in fact only a small angular indentation of the land,
toon rises, the water forced out of one cylinder by the as- examined its several ergineering features, let us turn to partially protected by a low ledge of rocks, entirely inade-
cending plunger is forced into the inverted cylinder on the consider from the same practical standpoint the plans on quate for the terminus of a transistbmian canal and incapa-
diagonal corner where the plunger is being withdrawn. Now, which it is proposed to construct the rival projects at Panama ble of answering the commonest requirements of a port.
if there is, say, one hundred tons preponderance ov one end and Nicaragua, No reliable estimate of the expense of the Nicaragua
of the pontoon, one-half this weight, or fifty tons pressure, . We have seen that, in the proposed Interoceanic Ship Rail- canal has fallen short of $92,000,000; the Government Com-
will be exerted by each plunger on that end upon the water way, no really new or startling engineering problems present mission estimated $100,000,000, and Major McFarland $140,-
in its cylinder. This pressure is instantaneously trans- themselves. Is this the case with the canal projects? Let 000,000, in which the estimated cost for labor is only $1 per
mitted through the pipes to the water in the top of the us see. At the International Canal Congress in Paris, in day, an amount altogether too small, as shown by the present
upright cylinder on the diagonal corner, which acts with May, 1879, the Panama plan was rushed through despite the prices at Panama. The complication with England, too,
the same amount of pressure as a water plunger upon the protests of the American and English delegates, who insisted makes the Nicaragua route to a great extent objectionable.
metal plunger to hold it down; thus an equilibrium is that it was altogether impracticable. A simple reconnais- By the Clayton-Bulwer treaty, made with England in 1850,
maintained, and the pontoon compelled to rise and fall per- sance had been made by Lieut. Lucien Wyse, and this was we pledged ourselves to exercise with her only a joint con-
fectly level. It is possible by aid of a pressure gauge at- given precedence by the French over the many and care- trol over any canal that should be built at this point, then
tached to the pipes to ascertain the exact amount of the ex- ful surveys which have been made by skillful Ameri- looked upon as a favorable position for a canal because at that
cess of weight, so that, should this gauge show too great can engineers and by engineering expeditions from other time there was a good harbor at Greytown. (The natural
a preponderance, the pontoon must be lowered and the countries. breakwater was destroyed by the sea in 1859, and the harbor
ship placed in a new position.” It was evident from the start that the French had made filled up and ruined.) Only two years ago, as we know,
The pontoon cannot elevate the rails on its deck above several serious miscalculations. They had not given sufficient England reasserted her claims, and insisted that the terms
what would be a prolongation of the rails ashore, because weight to the deadliness of the climate in that part of the of the treaty should be complied with. In the recent con-
of the heads of the anchor bolts or guiding rods, and these Isthmus and the extent of the floods—two factors, as we cession made by Nicaragua, the government of the latter
will also prevent any tipping of the pontoon when the ship- shall see, which, if they do not finally prove an effective country makes the modest demand for one-third the tolls col-
burdened cradle is moving off. The carriage with its cradle barrier to the progress of the work, are sure to greatly retard lected, should the canal be built.
which comes up upon the submerged dock, is calculated to it and render its construction so costly as to make it, at the The cost of the ship railway as computed by expert engi-
hold a ship even more firmly than the launching cradle used best, but a sorry venture from a financial standpoint. When neers will be about fifty million dollars ($50,000,000).
at the ship yards, with its shores and stays. This carriage nearly two-thirds of the whole appropriation for the canal A careful éstimate has shown that it would not be un-
moves upon six rails, three standard gauge tracks each of 4 was expended, and about one-thirtieth of the work performed, reasonable to look for a gross tonnage of 5,000,000 tons in
feet 81g inches. Ships themselves are girders, and must of a startling discovery was made. ‘The course of a greatriver, 1888 for any passage across the Isthmus. Four dollars the ton
a necessity be so, from stem to stern,- because in the tem- the Chagres, must be turned, and some means found of di- would be but a moderate charge—the Panama Railroad de-
pestuous seas in which they are designed to roam, the one verting the mountain streams, before active work on the mands $15 a ton. This would give $20,000,000 as gross re-
part is constantly being called upon to support the other; canal proper could be resumed. Now, the Chagres River, so ceipts. Now, it has been estimated that 40 per cent of this
now her bow projects over a great billow with nothing under say expert engineers who have been on the ground, will re- would pay all working expenses, thus leaving $12,000,000 as
to support it, and again she is poised upon a huge wave, quire an immense expenditure of money—$20, 000,000 at the net profit, or 12 per cent on a capitalization of $100,000,000.
leaving the midship section tosupport in great measure both least—to dam it at Gamboa, and a dam 150 feet high; also a The Tehuantepec ship railway is a private enterprise that
the bow and the stern; and were she not constructed as a lateral channel to divert these impounded waters thirteen does not ask a dollar from the government, and there will
girder fore and aft, her back would be broken in the first big miles in length and as large as the main canal, for there will be little trouble in its construction if the government does
seas she encountered. Comprehending this, the designers of be twenty million cubic meters in it. not by legislation or by committing itself to the Nicaragua
the ship carriage make its strength reach its maximum in the Some-idea of the destructive powers of this Chagres River canalscheme injure its prospects and defeat its aim, which iy
cross girders, which,are spaced like the lateral lines of the may be had from the fact that, in 1879, during an unusual to furnish a cheap, rapid, and safe passage for ships across
rams already described; that is to say, seven feet apart, and freshet, it flooded its entire valley for thirty’miles; there being that narrow stripof land which heretofore bas proved an
having sufficient depth and material in their plates to insure eighteen feet of water on the line of the Panama Railroad. effectual barrier to aspiring canal builders.
an equal deposit of weight upon all the wheels. These latter The lateral canals for carrying off the water are likely to The company supporting Mr. Eads, and which owns the
are double flanged and are placed close together, each being prove dangerous as wellas expensive. As to these Colonel concession granted by Mexico, is composed of some of the
hung independently on its own journals, and having its own John G. Stevens, of New Jersey, one of the most eminent most wealthy and influential men in Pittsburg, St. Louis,
axle. Under an ordinary railway car the four or six wheel and experienced canal engineers in the country, and who New Orleans, and other cities, They are thoreughly ip
trucks move together about a central/pin. But in the ship visited Panama some two years since for New York earnest, and determined to build the ship railway.
carriage, which is not designed to move off from au almost capitalists, says: ‘‘ Being situate in a depression of the Cor- The Route via Tehuantepec is immeasurably superior to
straight line, this is not required, and greater strength is dilleras, and flanked on each side by lofty mountain ranges, other projected lines, especially sin its advantages to the
obtained by adheringto the rigid principle; elasticity be- with steep sides, all water drains rapidly into the valley. United States and Mexico.
ing had by placing a powerful spring over each wheel. Then again the rainfall of the tropics is excessive, and with It is by far the shortest distance by water between our
 Scientific American.
°

|
HHA
lt
;1A
i |
‘|
i

Eastern and below New Or-

Western Jeans had ap-
ports. It is proached so near
a direct and the surface that
necessary it looked as
supplement though that
to the Missis- great city would

rom
sippi River be open in the
and is virtu- |
Hl
near future to
ally its com- nothing larger
mercial ex- than sloop navi-
tension into gation. Two
the Pacific bills were intro-
Ocean. dnced into Con-
It is the gress relating to
best strategic this subject,
location for One from the
the protec- headquarters of
tion of the the Engineer
ship railway Corps of the
by Mexico army advocated
and the the construc-
United States tion of the Fort
as it can by St. Philip Can-
the time it al, leading from
is completed THE INTEROCEANIC SHIP RAILWAY.—SECTIONAL ELEVATION OF PONTOON AND RAILWAY CRADLE. the river to the
be reached adjacent bay
by railroad as well as by steamers from our Gulf ports. Davis, Porter, and Farragut to open the Mississippi and cap- about forty miles above the mouth of the river, The
The promise of an original undertaking may be said ture Mobile. During the seven years succeeding the war second bill was presented by Mr. Jas. B. Eads, and contained
of the a proposition for improving the mouth of the river by means
to be directly as its author has succeeded or failed in pre- Mr. Eads was engaged in the design and construction
vious enterprises, and hence it is but natural that the reader magnificent steel arched bridge over the Mississippi, whose of jetties. This met with strong opposition. Mr. E. L.
should like to know something about Mr. James B. Eads. foundations are the deepest in the world, and whose three Corthell’s paper on ‘“‘ The South Pass Jetties,” read before
Mr. Eads designed and constructed fourteen ironclad grand arches each exceed 500 feet span. This structure is the American Society of Civil Engineers, says:
steamers for the U. 8. Navy in 1862 to 1864. On some of pronounced by the British Encyclopzdia the finest speci- “The propositions enunciated by the Board of Army En-
these from his designs the first heavy guns ever worked by men Of arch construction in the world. gineers and by the Chief of Engineers, on which they based
steam machinery were used. These vessels enabled Foote, Ten years ago the bars at the mouths of the Mississippi their published prophecies of failure, were:

1
==
=

ee

—————

THE INTEROCEANIC SHIP RAILWAY.—THE LIFTING PONTOON AND RAILWAY CRADLE,

 JANuARY, 1886.]
“* First.—That the jetties would be undermined
the sea ends.
«* Second.—That the foundation on which they would
rest was unstable. And
“ Third.—That there would be a greatly accelerated
advance of the bar after the jetties were con-
structed
“Three positive opinions were given in official te-
ports by three prominent United States engineers—one
the then Chief of Engineers, another the present Chief
of Engiveers, and the third the officer in charge of the
improvement of the Gulf ports—in reference to the
rapid and accelerated growth seaward of the bar in con-
sequence of jetties, which would produce a depth of
from 25 to 27 feet, if such could be constructed,
gentlemen respectively gave as the annual rate of ad-
vance, after the construction of jetties at the mouth of
the South Puss, 670 feet, 2,240 feet, and (in the lan-
guage of the third) ‘jetties will have to be built fur-
ther and further out, not annually, but steadily every
' day of each year, to keep pace with the advance of the
river deposit into the Gulf, provided they
are attempted.’ ”
Of this ponderous opinion Mr. Corthell
remarks, with something very like sarcasm:
‘* The necessary extension of the jetties
into the Guif with these rates of bar advance
would have been up to this date respectively
three-quarters of a mile (to where there
is now actuaily 160 feet depth of water),
two and one-hulf miles, and well out
toward Cuba.”
Mr. Eads fivally succeeded in convincing
Congress that there was at least something
in his scheme, and he was given the con-
tract, with the proviso that he should not
be paid until he had secured the depths and
widths of channel specified in the contract.
From the very inception of his jetty system
it was a remarkable success; the South
Pass deepened more and more by the scour of the river,
until upon its shoalest spot he had 30 feet of water—a
depth it maintains to this day, when the Great Eastern,
the largest ship in the world, is able to cross the spot
where, ten years ago, there was only 9 feet of water.
The fame of Mr. Eads, and his new interpretation of the
Fie, 7-THE INTEROCEANIC SHIP RAILWAY.—THE FLOATING TURNTABLE,
Scientific American. 81
at in improving the water communications of North
America, and have tbereby rendered valuable aid to
the commerce of the Old World.”
Mr. Eads is the only American on whom this dis.
tinguished honor has been conferred. If his plans are
not thwarted by impolitic government interference,
: there is reason to believe that ere long the gracefu.
masts and trailing yards of majestic ships will be seer
'o mingle with tropic palms in the mountain fastnesses
of the Cordilleras, on the ship railway.
In our illustrations, Fig. 1 shows an elevation of the
adjusting of the screw standard for supporting the ves-
sel oti the pontoon, the detail of these standards being
given in Fig. 4. A is the standard, having a head plate
These with universal joint, its top cushioned with rubber or
canvas, to prevent damage to the ship; B is an adjust
ing nut, which, when the rams are down, stops the de
scent of the jack by contact with the top side of the
main girder, C, on which they will rest, D being the top
of the hydraulic jack of the pontoon, the number of
these jacks used being better shown in Fig. 3, a per.
spective of the floating pontoon. EF G,
in Fig, 2, show the sectional girders by
which the weight of the vessel is distri-
buted on the jacks. H shows one of the
upper pontoon sections. J shows an ar-
rangement in connection with the pump on
pumping tower, L, to distribute the load
of the vessel equally on all the jacks, Iand
K show the arrangement by which the
water is exhausted from the pontoon. On
SS
cach side of the basin there are several rods,
Ze ZZ
WAGE on top of which are nuts capable of hold-
ing the pontoon, to prevent its rising above
the level of the railway when the ship and
cradle have been taken off. Figs. 5 and 6
i
show a plan and sectional view of the float-
S SS
ing turntable, and Fig. 7 a perspective
Figs. 5 & 6—ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE TURNTABLE, view, with aship on the turntable.
——__—$ +2
Old World’s jetty system, soon became an absorbing topic It is proposed to hold in London, in 1886, an American
among hydrographers and engineers far and near. The Exhibition, in which American manufacturers, merchants,
Prince of Wales presented him with the Albert medal, which and producers will be invited to show the products of
was awarded by the Society of Arts, American intustry of all kinds and descriptions. The
‘To Captain James B. Eads, the distinguished American intention is that the exhibition shall be opened on May
engineer, whose works have been of such great service 1, 1886.
 82 Scientific American. [January, 1886.

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OUR FIRST NUMBER, OUR SECOND NUMBER, Can I Obtain a Patent?

The first number of the ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS With the December number we sent two large sup- To one who has made an invention or discovery, the
EpITION of the ScrENTIFIC AMERICAN was issued first inquiry that suggests itself is, ‘‘Can I obtain a
plements, one of which comprises colored plates illus-
November 1, 1885. Its contents are of much interest patent?” If so, ‘‘ How shall I proceed ? Whom shall
and value, as will be seen from the table given below. trating a beautiful and attractive country residence by
IT consult? How much will it cost ?”
It is accompanied by two supplements, consisting Mr. John E. Baker, the well known architect of Newark, The quickest way to settle these queries without ex-
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Of the November number of the ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS HDITION
Of the December number of the ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS EDITION of We will immediately answer and inform you whether
of SCLENTIFIC AMERICAN. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. or not your improvement is probably patentable; and
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Atlantic, origin Of.......cccccsccces 10 ;Fuel, liquid, in California. . (Illustrated articles are marked *.) if so, give you the necessary instructions for further
Aqueduct, new, map and profile of* 7 |Glass, stained, tests of..... procedure. Our long experience enables us to decide
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——
 [JANvARY, 1886.
Responsibility for Cars,
Judge Samuel Treat, in the United
Court, lately delivered an interesting opinion in the
ease of the Missouri Pacific Railway Company against
the Chicago & Alton Railway Company, which throws
light upon the vexed question of ownership of and
responsibility for cars given to another
regular course of railroad traffic. Said the court:
It appears that the course of through traffic among
railroads requires each to receive cars owned by
other than the transporting road, and forward the
same; and accepting the general principle stated in
109 Illinois Reports, 135, that each road as to said
ears by it so received and forwarded to the next road
is under the obligations of a common carrier, the case
before the court shows that there were 10 cars to be
delivered to the Advance Elevator, and received by
the defendant for that purpose. Six of these were
actually delivered, and were in possession of said ele-
vator. Four of said 10, still in actual possession of
the defendant, had been tendered to said elevator and
remained in the custody of the defendant from the
inability of the elevator to receive the same when so
tendered.
All of these cars were destroyed by fire without
any fault of the defendant. As to the six cars actu-
ally delivered and so destroyed, there evidently can
be no recovery. .The duties of the defendants as to
the other four of said cars were simply those of a
warehouseman. When a common earrier transports
merchandise and delivers the same _to the consignee,
its obligations with respect thereto are at an end. If,
however, the same are tendered to him, and through
no fault of the carrier he does not, or will not, re-
ceive the same, the carrier can cause the same to be
stored at the risk of the consignee
sion of the same simply as a warehouseman. Were
this not so, the through traffic from one part to the
other of this vast country would compel not only the
breaking up, but the stoppage of trains, if at the in-
termediate points of delivery the consignee failed or
refused to receive consignments.
In this case, if we treat the transportation of cars| the De Lamater Iron Works, this city. The boat is 30|
as if merchandise to be received
the consignee, it appears that
these cars, with their contents,
Scientific American. 83
A SUBMARINE TORPEDO BOAT. hatch is a well, provided with a door on one side lead-
States Circuit The accompanying engravings represent a submarine ing into the hold. Placed at each side of the keel is
torpedo boat, designed mreMr. J. L. Tuck, and built at enough lead to load the boat to the water’s edge; and
to sink the vessel below the surface there are several
small compartments, which can be filled with water
and emptied as required. Over these compartments,
road in the on each side and beneath the floor, are a number of 6
inch iron pipes, which can be filled with compressed
air, to be liberated as the air within the boat grows
foul. The propeller is turned by an ordinary dynamo
run by storage batteries, which also furnish electricity
for the ineandescent lamps lighting the interior. A
common rudder steers the boat to’starboard or port,
while a horizontal rudder, centrally hinged in a frame
i rr at each side of the stern, will elevate or depress the
stern, and thereby guide the vessel further from or
nearer to the surface, independent of the action of the
water ballast pump.
The well hole in the center of the deck is fitted with
an air tight hatch, which ean be removed from within.
The individual wishing to go on deck when the boat is
submerged dons an ordinary diver’s suit, the air pipes
of which connect with the interior, enters the well,
closes the door behind him, and after the well has filled
with water removes the hatch. In the well are suit-
able devices for directing those inside for elevating,
lowering, and propelling the boat. When leaving the
well, the hatch is closed and the water allowed to run
into the water ballast compartments, when the door
leading to the interior can be opened.
When used in warfare, it is designed to sink the tor-
pedo boat to the proper depth, approach the vessel to
be destroyed, and, as the torpedo passes beneath her,
release a strong insulated wire carrying two cartridges
—one at each end—filled with some powerful explosive
or retain posses- and lightened with cork, so that they will rise against
the bottom of the vessel. The torpedo is then run
ahead to a safé distance, when the cartridges are ex-
ploded by electricity, through wires leading from the
boat to thecartridges. Just astern of the hatchis a cu-
Fig 1—THE TORPEDO LEAVING THE VESSEL. pola, having glass windows. In the engravings, Fig. 2
shows the torpedo approaching the vessel, and Fig. 1
shows the torpedo passing away, the cartridges having
and delivered to! fers long overna 716 feet broad, and 6 feet Geen. cy been released. Fig. 3 is an enlarged view of the tor-
pedo directly beneath the vessel.
“+7.

were to be delivered loaded with A Large Garnet,

grain to the elevator. If both While making the excavations

the ears and their contents are for a sewer on 35th St. between
to be covered by the same rule, 7th Ave. and Broadway, New
then the delivery of the ears York city, the workmen recently
with their contents terminates uncovered a large garnet which
the obligations of the defendant, was inclosed inthe gneiss about
The court is not prepared to nine feet below the level of the
yay that where a railroad ear, street. The crystal was a well
in the course of through trans- defined trapezohedron, having
portation, is received to be de- its angles truncated and beveled
livered to another railroad, and by the rhombic dodecahedron
has been so delivered, it is bound and the hexakisoctahedron, a
to cause the same to be returned combination quite characteristic
either to the owner of the ear or of the garnet. The crystal had
to the railroad from which the Fig. 3.—THE “TORPEDO DIRECTLY ‘BENEATH THE VESSEL. been a little mutilated by the
same was originally received; workmen, but all of the upper
nor that it is under all circumstances entitled to re-|side frames are carried up and arched over the top to| octons were very well developed, and the lower ones
cover in its own name from what may subsequently |form the rounded deck, which completely covers the |for about half their distance. The owner of the mine-
happen with respect thereto. In this case, as already | hold, except at the round hatch in the center. At this|ral, Mr. J. J. King, determinedits total weight, includ-
stated, there can be no ing a little quartz and
recovery as to the ten serpentine attached to
ears shipped to the Ad- the lower portions,, to
vance Elevator. be nine and a half
Two other cars were pounds. The horizon-
delivered to the defend- tal axes were six inches.
ant to be sent by it The exterior of the erys-
eastward, which were tal was slightly weath-
destroyed by the fire ered, but a fresh frac-
alluded to, the value of ture showed a fine red
said cars being $602, color.
$100 of the wrecked ma-
terial having been re-
eeived by the plaintiff.
As to said two ears, the Display of Meteors,
obligations of a common A grand display of
earrier existed, conse- ineteors was witnessed
quently the defendant by Mr. P. Benson, at
is liable for the sum of Ishpeming, Mich., on
$502, for which judg- the evening of Nov.
ment is ordered,—wSt¢. 27th. They appeared,
Louis Rep., Nov. 7. he says, with few excep-
2+O ee
tions, to radiate from
a region bounded by
Marking Ink, the constellations Aries,
REIMANN gives the Andromeda, Pegasus,
following recipe for a Lyra Corona, Borealis,
marking ink: 11 pts. and Ursa Major. Be-
nitrate of silver, 2:3 pts. tween six and sever
spirit of ammonia, 2°2 o'clock Mr. Bensu:x.
pts. soda, 5 pts. gum counted as many as
arabic, 0°2 pt. sap- thirty in five minutes.
green, 2 or 3 pts. dis- The appearance of
tiled water. After many of them was very
marking apply a hot striking, and all seemed
flat-iron until the trac- moving in a westerly
ing is perfectly black. Fig. 2—A SUBMARINE TORPEDO BOAT—THE TORPEDO APPROACHING THE VESSEL, direction.
 Scientific American.
e

84 [JANUARY, 1886.
in the corners is an innovation on the present popular
style of bay windows, and is certainly much less expen-
sive. This building can be erected for from $4,500 to
$6,000, depending altogether upon the styles and charae-
ter of finishes used.

Fig. 2.-FRONT ‘ELEVATION OF DWELLING COSTING

ABOUT $3,500.

Figures 2, 3, and 4 show the plan, front and side

elevations of a beautiful country dwelling, costing
about $3,500. This sum can be varied greatly, as al-
most double that amount could be used to advantage
if extra nice finishes are employed. The amount quoted
allows for as nice finish on the outside as is shown by

NrePerery

FIRST
PLAN
FLOOR
WKS
Room
Dinwng

Wxrise Fig. 3.-SIDE ELEVATION OF DWELLING COSTING

Receptional ABOUT $3,500.

the engraving, and neat finishesinside. The arrange-

ment of the rooms is suchas to especially recommend the
A $2,000 HOUSE. plan for a country dwelling. Stairs are shown leading
to the attic. If desired, the elevation could be made 24%
A $2,000 HOUSE. of a semi-colonial style—not so much so, perhaps, as |feet higher than shown, and the design thus changed
We give plans and elevations of a Western cottage some of the houses East, but I think more pleas-|intoa 114 story house. It will be noticed that the ar-
designed byD. 8. Hopkins, architect, Grand Rapids, ing, and certainly more adapted to the climate of this
Mich. State.”—Builder and Wood-Worker.
“The plan,” he says, ‘is one that generally pleases et ee
the people of this section, and is admirably adapted to CHEAP HOUSES.
their wants. I built this house during the past season Figure 1 represents a design for a commodious coun-
for a speculator, under contract for $1,740, without try dwelling. But little attempt has been made at or-
plumbing. I call ita $2,000 house, however, as the namentation, the object being to present a showy house
contractor says it cannot be built for much less. It is at as little cost as possible. The windows being placed
Kucdew
Wreo'n 180"

Bantov
een 17S

os

nM
al
=
Fig. 4—PLAN OF COUNTRY DWELLING COSTING $3,500.

it
A RA
=
|
rangement of the hall is such that in summer a perfect
4 hy
| oon wer system of ventilation ean be had, and in winter, by the
| {les =n =—-
use of the hall and other fireplaces, the home can be
I :
——
agreeably warmed in every part.—Cal. Architect.
$+ 0>—_§_—_—_—
Parn’ sticks to tin that has been exposed to the
weather for
a short time better than to fresh, bright
tin. There is a slight film of oxide formed by the
exposure, which prevents the paint from chipping,
Fig. 1,—DESIGN FOR A COUNTRY DWELLING COSTING $4,500 TO $6,000. One. | , f
 JANUARY, 1886.| Scientific American. 85
HOTEL DE VILLE, ST. QUENTIN. readily over it. Lintels should consist of good brick springs or weights attached to them, so as to be at all
arches. When swing doors are used, they should be times closed. Fire doors ean be shut automatically by
Tuts charming building hasan uncommonly well- hung on good iron staples, well walled into the mason- a weight, which is released by the melting of a piece
designed facade, picturesque in the extreme, rich in ry, and the staples so arranged that the door will have of very fusible solder employed for this purpose. So
detail, and thoroughly dignified. We are indebted to a tendency to close by its own weight. The door sensitive is this solder that a fire door has been made
M. Levy, of Paris, for the loan of M. Garen’s spirited should consist of two layers of good one and a quarter to shut by holding a lamp some distance beneath the
etching, from which our illustration is taken. The inch boards, nailed crosswise, well nailed together and soldered link and holding an open handkerchief be-
areaded piazza on the ground story, the niche-spaced braced, and then covered with sheet iron nailed on, or tween the lamp and link. Though the handkerchief
tier of traceried windows on the first floor, the flain- if of sheet tin, flanged, soldered, and nailed. Partieu- was not charred, hot air enough had reached the metal
boyant paneled cornice stage, and the three crowning lar care should be taken to insert plenty of nails, not to fuse the solder and allow the apparatus to start into
gables over it unite in one harmonious conception, the only along the edge of the ,door, but crosswise in all operation.
whole elevation being finished by a central tower, while directions. I have seen cases, where the entire cover- These solders are alloys more fusible than the most
at either end of the facade two massively treated but- ing had been ripped off through the warping tendencies fusible of their component metals. A few of them are:
tresses furnish a satisfactory inclosing line, and give of the sheet iron. ; Wood's alloy, consisting of: cadmium, 1 to 2 parts; tin,
more than a suggestion of massiveness, So necessary to The hinges on these doors should be good strap| 2 parts; lead, 4 parts; bismuth, 7 to 8 parts.
render an areaded front like this quite complete within hinges, tightly fastened to the door by bolts extending This alloy is fusible between 150° and 159° Fahr. The
itself; otherwise it must more or less appear to be. only through it, and secured by nuts on the other side. fusible metal of D’Arcet is composed of: bismuth,
part of alarger building. Thestyle is Late Gothie, de- Good latches which keep. the door in position when 8 parts; lead, 5 parts; tin, 3 parts.
signed when the first influence of the Early Renaissance closed should always be provided. Inno case should lt melts at 173°3°. We can, therefore, by proper mix-
was beginning to be felt ture, form a solder which
through France as well as will melt at any desirable
Belgium, and in several temperature. Numerous
respects the design has a devices for closing doors
Flemish character about it. automatically have been
St. Quentin is situated constructed, all depending
on the Goy, in the depart- upon the use of the fusible
ment of Cotes du Nord, and solder catch.
the town is seated in a
picturesque valley some
STEEL STRUCTURES.
ten miles §8.8.W. of the
capital, St. Brieuc, which AT a recent meeting of
is a bishop’s see, and has a the Engineers’ Club of
small harbor near the En- Philadelphia, Mr. James
glish Channel, and about Christie presented a paper
thirty miles from St. Malo, upon ‘‘ The Adaptation of
—Building News. Steel to Structural Work.”
The price of steel has now
FIRE DOORS IN fallen so low, as compared
with iron, that its increased
MILLS.* use will be actively stimu-
THERE are few parts in lated as the building in-
fire construction which are dustries revive. The grades
of so much importance, and properties of the steels
and generally so little un- are so distinct and various
derstood, as fire doors. that opinions differ much
Instances of the faulty con- as to the adaptability of
struction of these, even by each grade for a special
good builders and archi- purpose. Hitherto, engi-
tects, may daily be seen. a
SY Witney
neers have favored open
Iron doors over wooden hearth steel on account of
sills, with the flooring uniformity, but recent re-
boards extending through sults obtained from Besse-
from one building to the mer steel tend to place
other, are common occur- either make on equality.
rences. We frequently find The seeming tendency is
otherwise good doors hung to specify what the physi-
on wooden jambs by or- eal properties shall be, and
dinary screws. Sliding not how the steel shall be
doors are frequently hung made.
on to woodwork, and all For boilerand ship plates,
attachmentsare frequently the mildest and most duc-
so arranged that they tile steel is favored. For
would be in a very short ships’ frames and beams, a
time destroyed by fire, and harder steel, up to 75,000
cause the door to fall. In pounds tenacity, is fre-
ease of fire, a solid iron quently used. For tension
door offers no resistance to members of bridges, steel
warping. In an iron lined idi Ai!
of 65,000 to 75,000 pounds
door, on the contrary, the ANNA tenacity is usually speci-
a fied; and for compression
tendency of the sheet iron vA. SHUN sttta tN ae LS aeye AG
to warp is resisted by the
Pn I! hg
- i;
SDuMTy unt a ML
i
MITTIN members, 80,000 to 90,000
interior wood, and when pounds. In the Forth
this burns into charcoal, it
1 PAM =: A?
3
ERI
wh
Bridge, compression steel
still resists all warping
nS, tig): is limited to 75,000 to 82,000
tendencies. I have seen pounds. Such a marked
heavily braced solid iron advantage occurs from the
doors warped and turned use of high tension steel
after a fire, having proved in compression members,
themselves utterly worth- and the danger of sudden
less. It is needless to say failure of a properly made
that when wooden doors strut is so little, that future
are lined, they should be practice will favor the use
lined on both sides; but of hard steel in compres-
frequently we find so-called sion, unless the material
fireproof doors lined on should prove untrustwor-
one side only. thy. In columns, even as
Good doors are frequent- long as forty diameters,
ly blocked up with stock steel of 90,000 pounds te-
and other material, so that nacity will exceed the mild-
in case of fire they could est steel 35 per cent, or iron
not be closed without great 50 per cent., in compressive
exertion; or they have been resistance.
allowed to get out of order, The present uncertainty
so that in case of fire they consists largely as to how
are useless. This has been high-tension steel wil! en-
so common thatit has given dure the manipulation usu-
rise to the jocular expres- al with iron withoutinjury.
sion of insurance men, A few experiments were re-
when they are told that a cently made by the writer
tire door exists between the on riveted struts of both
two buildings, ‘‘Warrant- mild and hard steel, which
ed to be open in case of had been punched,
fire.” The strictest regula- straightened, and riveted,
tions should exist in regard ae, al coon
as usual with iron, but no
to closing the fire doors indication of deterioration
nightly. Frequently we was found.
find that although the fire Steel castings are now
door, and its different made entirely trustworthy
parts, are correctly made, for tensile working stresses
there are openings in the of 10,000 to 15,000 pounds
wall which would allow the per square inch. In some
fire to travel from one
HOTEL DE VILLE, ST. QUENTIN. portable machinery, an in-
building to the other, such termittent tensile stress is
as unprotected belt and shaft holes. That a fire door the door be provided with a spring lock which cannot applied of 15,000 pounds, sometimes rising to 20,000
may be effective, it must be hung to the only opening be freely opened, as employes might thereby be con- pounds per square inch of section, without any evi-
in the wall. fined in a burning room. dence of weakness. :
The greatest care must be exercised to keep joists Sliding doors should be hung on wrought iron run-
from extending too far into the wall, so as not to touch ways, fastened tightly to the wall. Wooden runways EQuAL volumes of amyl alcohol (rectified fusel oil)
the joists of the adjacent building, which would trans- iron lined, which we frequently see, are not good, as and pure concentrated hydrochloric acid, shaken to-
mit the flames from one building to the other in case of the charring of the wood in the interior causes them to gether ina test tube, unite to forma single colorless
fire. A good stone sill should be placed under the weaken and the doors to drop. Runways should be liquid; if one volume of benzine (from petroleum) be
door, and the floor thereby entirely cut. Sills should on an incline, so that the door when not held open will added to this, and the tube well shaken, the contents
be raised about one and a half inches above the level close itself. Care must be taken to have a stop pro- will soon séparate into three distinct colorless fluids,
of the floor, in order to accomplish the necessary flood- vided in the runway, so that the doors may not, as I the planes of demarkation being clearly discernible by
ing of the same. If stock must be wheeled from one haye frequently seen them, overrun the opening which transmitted light. Drop into the tube a Sim of
building to the other, the sill can be readily beveled on it is to protect. Doorsshould overlap the edges of the ‘acid magenta;” after again shaking the liquids to-
“both sides of the wall, allowing the wheels to pass openings on all sides. Large projecting jambs should gether, the lower two zones will present different shades
never be used. of red, while the supernatant hydrocarbon will remain
* From a lecture before the Franklin Institute by C, John Hexamer. All doors contained in “fire walls” | without color.
should have
 86 Scientific American, [JaNuary, 1886.
TRAVELING STUDENT- to cost seventy-five cents a dozen to have collars and 1,200 napkins and towels can be washed in each drum.
ROYAL ACADEMY For the dirtiest linen special soap and sal soda are used.
OF THREE cuffs washed and ironed here, they got the work because
SHIP DESIGN FOR BLOCK
they could do it cheaper. But that work is done here The pieces tumble about, and the dirt falls out and is
HOUSES. now. The furnisher, while admitting that the work is carried away through pipes. In the smaller washing ma-
Tus is a perspective drawing, exhibited in_ this done here, will tell you that itis the Troy finish that chines the pieces are thrown into a cylinder of perforat-
year’s Academy, of the design by Mr. Frederick M. you will get. You will find the so-called Troy laundries ed iron that turns afew times one way and then re-
Simpson, that gained the R.A. Traveling Studentship wherever you go. I was down in Massachusetts a verses. The revolutions must be at a certain speed to
in 1884.— Building News. while ago, and saw a furnisher who advertised as the insure thorough washing.
agent of a Troy laundry. I saw the card on one bundle, When washed, the pieces are packed in the upright
and it was that of a New York laundry. It isa big centrifugal drying machines, from the sides to the axle.
NEW YORK LAUNDRIES. branch of the business, and ean be carried on here just When the machines are in motion, the water flies out
ALTHOUGH thousands of small Jaundries exist, some as wellasin Troy. Machinery has cheapened the cost. and the clothes gradually shrink away from the center
by the robust daughters of the Emerald Isle, Come into the wash room,” and pack themselves solidly against the sides. The
managed
some by dusky maidens, and the rest by Celestials, the In the rear of the office, half the floor was given to the machines can run up to 1,600 revolutions a minute, but
big laundries get the big bundles of soiled linen. Like receiving and delivering of bundles, and the rest to it is not considered necessary. The pieces are not
everything else, washing thoroughly dried in the
and ironing have devel- machines, but sufficiently
oped into a business of THE Burrpia News.Qor. 1G. 1355. so to be handled. They
considerable size and im- are sent up in elevators to
portance. Says a writer ROYAL ACADEMY TRAVELLING STUDENTSHIP the drying boxes. The
in the NV. Y. Times: The floor of the wash room is
washerwoman nowadays PRIZE DESIGN FOR BLOCK OF THREE HOUSES as wet.as the deck of a
has to compete with ma- ship, and the planks have
FRED
«sM: SIMPSON ARCHT to be laid and calked like
chinery and steam power.
The washtub becomes a those of a ship. In the
huge revolving drum, the stories above are fifteen
wringing machine a cen- ironing machines, with
trifugal drier, the clothes rollers from five to six feet
line in the back yard a in length heated by steam
frame in a drying box, and and gas. In the drying
the flat-iron an iron roller boxes the heat is so great
six feet in length. In that pieces of linen are
buildings rising story upon dried in eight minutes.
story, an entire floor is de- The pieces are put on long
voted to each branch of frames that arerun through
the work. The bundles the boxes, and by the time
are gathered by covered one end of a frame is
wagons, and hundreds of reached the pieceson the
women and girls are em- other end are ready to be
ployed in the various taken off.
branches. <A day’s stock “Concussion does the
of linen in a big hotel can washing,” the manager
be washed, dried, and iron- explained. ‘‘ There must
ed in six hours. Every be some fall to clothes to
week day is wash day in knock the dirt out. It
a big laundry, and in the eannot be thrown out by
middle of the summer sea- centrifugal force, and it
son work is carried on dur- eannot be beaten out. The
ing half of Sunday. Ina constant tumbling about is
big laundry on the West the only sure method. We
side of town, the manager’s have tried all kinds of
office is as comfortable and washing machines, but we
neatly furnished as that of find those of our own make
a wholesale dry goods mer- the best. Weinvented the
chant. The manager is a ironing machines we use,
man of business, having and sheets that used to be
dealings with hotel pro- ironed in the old fashioned
prietors and the agents of way may. now be ironed
steamship and steamboat by machinery. In takes
lines and palace car coin- four girls to iron a sheet—
panies. The plant cost two to put the corners be-
more than $100,000, and tween the rollers and two
the concern is under the to take the sheet out. It is
control of a stock ecom- cheap labor, however, and
pany. It has facilities for is done by girls fourteen or
fifteen years of age. Iron-
ES
turning out 75,000 pieces
of linen in a day. In the ing is the longest part of
busy season an ocean a
——————$—————— the work, because each
steamship will send 15,000 piece has to be handled
pieces to be done in a day. separately. Collars, cuffs,
The company has built a and all plain pieces are
tall, deep, well-lighted and ironed by machinery, but
well ventilated building of shirts are ironed by hand.

va aye}||\I}
brick with stone trim- There are some men who
inings. One 100 horse-pow- iron shirts, but most of
Not] Mat zt
them are graduates of
‘AT LT ca
tos
i36 Hh
er engine and two 200 horse =) 3 CTT
power boilers furnish the it
&4 State prison. It is easy
power and the steam and ¥‘ ili 4 enough to keep track of all
fed (IF CE
= ac a=
hot water. ftfay L—4 = PULL
fs i the pieces by having a sys-
‘‘A laundry is the poor- tem. We give an entire
est place in the world to floor to the work for the
show the use of money,” Pullman Company, and
the manager remarked in by making a separate job
the course of a general talk of each lot that comes in
about the business. ‘‘ More from a hotel or steamship
than $100,000 in hard we know where we stand.
money has been spent in We charge so much a hun-
this laundry; but if I dred pieces for a big lot,
should take a business man and every bundle that
through here and tell him comes in this morning goes
what it cost, he would out to-morrow morning.
not believe me. The cost In arush we can take ina
ofthe steam pipes that are lot at 10 o'clock in the
out of sight in boxes was morning, and have it ready
immense, and wood was to send out at 4 o’clock in
not a small item. We must the afternoon. The pieces
have the best of dried from an ocean steamship
lumber for the drying will vary from 300 to 15,000,
boxes. Then come the and those from hotels run
washing machines and up to 2,500 a day. When
ironing machines. Of travel is large the bundles
course, we are not work- are large, and they must
ing up to our limit all the bedoneina hurry. Guests’
time, but we must be ready linen is washed and ironed
for arush any day in sum- separately, like the rest of
mer. We do the work of PootoLithopraphed
& Priated bw Jarses Alehemas.6. (hieen Square W our piece work. Some
city hotels. ocean steam- hotels do the guests’ wash-
seer iver seed Rear and the Pullman
washing machines. On the floor were piles of dirty ing, but the others send out the bundles with the house
ad ar any. ggest linen, some comparatively clean and others offensively linen. For piece work each piece is numbered with
job lately was
the linen of the sleeping cars that took to and brought dirty. They were collected in big canvas bags marked indelible ink, and after going through the machines is
from Washington the inauguration crowd. With trains with the name of the hotel or steamship. The linen is put into a compartment corresponding in number to
going out every two hours, we had to be lively in order assorted and piled according to the degree of unclean- that piece. It is a good deal like sorting letters ina
to furnish a stockof clean linen. Besides using our liness. The dirtest piles come from the kitchens. Each post office.”
own wagons, we had to hire wagons to collect and collection is washed, dried, and ironed separately, and
deliver the bundles. We do a little piece work, but we each assortment is washed separately, a special wash- NATURAL GAS.
don’t cater to that trade. We have, perhaps, forty or ing machine taking the dirtiest. Along the ‘sides of
fifty customers in this neighborhood, but the work for the room were big wooden iron-strapped drums reach- Mr. 8. SPEECKLY, of Cool Hill, Venango Co., Pa.,
them does not amount to much. This isa separate ing nearly to the ceiling, with lines of iron pipes on top sends us an account of three wells on his farm, which
branch of the business. . and underneath. In the middle of the room were are the largest ever found in Venango Co. They ave-
* Doing up new linen is another distinet branch of several smaller washing machines, and back of them rage a depth of 1,950 feet, and showed an open test
the business, and we do nothing with that. Some were three centrifugal driers revolving at the rate of pressure respectively of 70, 125, and 130 pounds per
laundries do that and nothing more, and they have 800 times a minute. In the big drums are two revolvy- square inch. Gas from the first two wells is allowed to
built up a fine business with furnishing houses. ‘There ing cylinders with arms that work in opposite direc- escape through an 18 foot length of 2 in. tubing, and
are other big Jaundries that have only piece work. tions. Soap is bought in casks by the hundred pounds, shows inclosed pressures of 500 and 600 pounds. It is
They get the collars, cuffs, and shirts supposed by many and when ready for use is melted and in a condition to thought that the inclosed pressure in the third well
persons to be sent to Troy. The Troy laundry that be immediately taken up by the water. Through open- would amount to 800 or 1,000 pounds, but the pres-
you see on the signboards of furnishing and some dry ings in the big drums pieces of linen are thrown as a sure was too great to permit the well to be packed. It
goods stores is really in New York. Years ago, collars farmer throws hay. One set of arms catches them and supplies most of the gas consumed for domestic and
and euffs were sent to Troy. Several large manufac- throws. them .about. When they fall, another set manufacturing purposes in Oil City, Franklin, and
turers of collars and cuffs are there; and when it used catches them and shakes them, About 150 sheets or Titusville.
 JANUARY, 1886.] Scientific American. 87
FARM BUILDINGS. defied the guards, was caught, fined $100, and impris- park, so that it is difficult to guess at the motive which
oned for six months. prompts the proposition in view. The project should
TuE buildings shown in our illustrations have been These measures of protection ean, however, only be be subjected to the most rigid examination, as any
erected within the last few months upon farms belong- carried into effect by an increase in the force and their alienation of the territory of the park seems to be
ing to Lady Ogle, of Withdeane Court, Sussex, Eng. proper distribution throughout the territory. Persons unnecessary. On the other hand, much greater security
At Tongdeane Farm the new buildings, in addition to may now hunt undetected in the park, and may drive as a game preserve would be accomplished if the region
the cottages shown in the view, comprise cart sheds, game outside of its boundaries without difficulty and on the southeast border of the park, which includes
root houses, stock yard and a cowhouse for sixty cows, kill it. The disposition to kill is not controlled by any the Hoodoo Mountains, were annexed to it. It is the
with all the latest improvements in the drainage and considerations of decency in some men. Thus a party headquarters of the game of the country, and that of
water supply, each cow having a separate water tap, of English shooters killed, for their amusement, twenty the park frequently resorts to it. It is excessively
and the water being obtained from the corporation or thirty from the bison herd without taking any part rugged, and is nearly useless to man for any other
reservoirs at Brighton. of the animals for their use, thus reducing their numbers purpose.
The buildings at Tongdeane and Varndeane were by one-fourth at least, at one battue. Some persons state As regards the entertainment of tourists, the admin-
erected by Mr. James Barnes, of Brighton, and the that protection is useless because the game leaves the istration of the new superintendent, Mr. Weare, has
whole of the works were designed by Lady Ogle’s park in winter. This I ascertained is not true, for been a great improvement over that of his predecessor.
architects, Messrs. Charles The monopoly of trans-
E. Clayton and Ernest portation sought to be es-
Black, of Brighton.—Z'he tablished has been abol-
Builder. ished, and competition is
free to guides and hotel
THE PRESENT CONDI- keepers. This naturally
TION OF THE YEL- has the effect of reducing
rates, and will do so still
LOWSTONE NATION- more, for the charges have
AL PARK. not yet reached bed-rock.
By E. D. CopE. : When this desirable result
has been achieved, the
Time has fully justified Yellowstone National Park
the enterprise of Dr. Hay- will become one of the most
den in urging upon Con- popular resorts for tourists
gress the project of the of all nations, who will be
creation of the Yellowstone amply repaid by an in-
National Park; and the spection of one of the few
protection of this and other remaining regions of the
especially interesting parts earth where thermal activi-
of our country by the arm
of the National Govern-
i!
=
ty still reaches its surface,
and of the grand and im-
ment has met with almost = pressive scenery which sur-
unanimous approval. = rounds it.—Amer. Natu-
The function of the Yel- = ralist.
lowstone Park may be
looked on as. three-fold: A NOVEL PAPER-
first, as a place of perma-
nent preservation of the
CUTTER.
geysers and hot springs OuR Boulogne corre-
and their deposits; second, spondent writes: ‘Some
as a place of protection of months since Holkar, while
the game of the country; on a visit to Lord Dufferin,
and third, as a place of re- saw his lordship going
creation for tourists. The through the process of cut-
first of these uses has ting his newspapers and
always been uppermost. reviews. The Indian po-
The second has been more and more engaging there are numerous well-protected localities where the tentate asked for the ivory paper-knife, promising
the attention of Congress, and the Naturalist pub- game winter safely. : another in return. The prince returned recently to
lished an editorial in its issue of July, 1884, pressing The bill which was brought before Congress last Government House, taking with him a young elephant.
on publie attention the necessity of making it a more winter for the more efficient protection of the park The animal had had its tusks shaped and sharpened,
complete preserve for game than it had previously should be passed by the Congress of 1885-86, with some and between the rajah’s two visits to Caleutta had
been. ‘This article was reprinted; and later, our con- possible amendments. Thus the force should be in- undergone a training in secretarial work. When led
temporary Science took up the subject editorially. As creased to twenty-five men, each with a salary of $1,000 into Lord Dufferin’s presence, it took up some news-
a probable consequence of this agitation, a bill was per annuin exclusive of his food and boarding. The papers with its trunk, cut them, and placed them on a
introduced into Congress, last winter, providing for a park should be divided into twenty-five parts, each carpet in an orderly fashion.”—London Times.
more complete supervision of the territory of the park. one supervised by one of the guards, with perhaps an
Ten men with a gamekeeper and the superintendent assistant or roustabout. A simple house for the guard
constitute the present force. As this was manifestly should be erected in each one of the divisions, and the THE EFFECTS OF LIGHTNING STROKE.
insufficient to police a territory of such great extent, guard should reside there through both winter and sum- Ata recent meeting of the Berlin ‘* Verein fur In-
the new bill contemplated the addition of fifteen men mer, and not be permitted, as is now the ease, to come neve Medicin,” Dr. Liman described the changes
to the number, thus increasing the police to twenty- into the settlements and remain there during the winter. present in the bodies of two men who had been killed
five men. ‘Their salaries were fixed by the new bill at It is well known that large game may be more readily by lightning when taking shelter under the trees of
$1,500 per annum. The sum now paid is $900, from destroyed in winter than in summer. Those guards the Thiergarten. In the one subject, the hair over the
which the men are expected to feed themselves, an whose districts include the geysers will naturally be left temple was singed, and the skin from the left ear to
important consideration in so expensive a region. This more oceupied with the protection of these objects the shoulder-blade was discolored a brownish-red, the
bill was not passed. than with the protection of the game, as the one is chest and abdomen: being covered with red and white
Since the attention of Congress and of the press has generally abundant inversely to the other. Visitors streaks. Reference was made to the dendritie figures
been directed to the park, the protection of its beauties should not be permitted to carry guns or other hunting described in many cases, and attributed often to im-
and curiosities has been more efticient. A number of apparatus through the park, and should be required pressions of twigs, leaves, etc., and in this body there
persons have been fined for breaking the geyser de- to deposit them with some designated person to be held was a figure which could be compared to a palm-leaf,
posits, including at least one member of Congress. In| during their stay in it. but which was undoubtedly due to the contact of the
this respect the protection may be considered to be now A project for reducing the size of the park has folds of the shirt. The parts thus pressed upon re-

FARM BUILDINGS, WITHDEANE ESTATE

fairly good. Protection of game has been less success-
ful because more difficult, and because of the great
inadequacy of the force. Bison, elk, moose, deer, ete.,
»are far less abundant than when the park was first
ereated. The bison have been, I am informed, reduced
to a herd of about sixty individuals, and the elk have
been decimated. The moose are confined to a small
region. From the inaccessible nature of their habitat,
mountain sheep have not been so reduced in numbers.
Protection has, however, become more definite in this
direction. During the past year several persons have
been fined from $75 to $100, and one old hunter, who
already been introduced into Congress. This is in mained white, the surrounding skin being reddened.
order to permit the construction of a railroad to the The apex of the heart was the seat of an irregular cavi-
Clark’s Fork mining camp, through the park via the ty, which communicated with both ventricles; evi-
Yellowstone, the East Fork, and Soda Butte creek. dently the lightning stroke had caused rupture of the
As the law creating the park forbids the passage of organ. In the other case, the skin and hair were simi-
railroads through it, it is sought to alienate a tract of larly excoriated and singed, and numerous eechymoses
land from the park, of a triangular shape, of about occurred beneath the serous layers of the pericardium
forty miles in length and twelve to fifteen miles wide and pleura; the lungs were much congested. Here
at the widest part. An examination of the map will death was evidently due to asphyxia. Dr. Liman men-
show that the direct route from the Clark’s Fork mines tioned, and Professor Leyden eonfirmed, the fact that
to the Northern Pacific Railroad is not more than ove- death by lightning is occasionally accompanied by rup-
|tenth as long as the one proposed to pass through the ture of internal organs, as the brain and liver,.—Lanoet,
 Srientific American. _ JANUARY, 1886.
GLAZED WARE FINIAL. reason the workmen are more regular and steady in ness and temptation. Asa financial operation Pull
their labor, for there is no St. Monday holiday, nor man is profitable. There are now 1,700 dwellings,
Tis grand 16th century finial is a fine example of confused head and uncertain hand; the tenants are either separate or in apartinent houses, in this
Freneh ceramic ware, or glazed it is better able to pay their rents, and when their landlord
terracotta, and town, where five years ago the prairie stretched on
illustrated both by geometrical elevation and a cross and employer are the same person, he collects his rent every side unbroken. Every tenement is connected
sectional drawing. This latter shows the clever build- out of the wages; the superior accommodations and with common sewerage, water, and gas systems, in
ing up of the structure by means of a series of five pieces, more settled employment act strongly against labor which the most scientifie principles and expert skill
overlapping each other, and kept rigid by means of a strikes. It will be seen that the larger and better have been applied. The price of tenements ranges from
stout wrought-iron upright in the center, bolted on product of labor is a great factor in the profitableness $5 per month for two rooms in an apartment house to
to the ridge, and strapped down on the hip pieces. of such enterprises, and that it arises from the im- $16 for a separate dwelling of five rooms; but there is
Its outline is well designed for effect when seen at a dis- proved character of the laborer, on the same principle a different class of houses for clerks, superintendents,
tance or from below, and its glazed surface heightens that a farmer’s stock pays him best when it is of good and overseers. The average price per room is $3.30 a
the artistic colorings, giving ita brilliant character breed, is warmly housed, and well fed. Against the month, or nearly twelve per cent. higher than in
in the sunlight, as well as protect- Massachusetts manufacturing
ing the ware from the action of towns, where it is $2.86. Taking
smoke and weather.—Buwild. News. each tenement at an average of
three rooms, this rate will pay
six per cent.on an investment of
WAGE EARNERS AND THEIR $3,140,000, without taking into ac-
HOUSES. count taxes and repairs, or say six
per cent. on $3,000,000. But one
MANUFACTURERS AS LANDLORDS. source of profit of great moment
AMONG the more prominent move- must not be overlooked, and it is
ments of the day for the improve- the appreciation of real estate by
ment of the condition of the work- the increase of population. This is
ing men are those which are growing a small factor in a great city, at
into fashion with large manufac- least so far as concerns the humbler
turing incorporations. Their pro- grade of dwellings, but in the coun-
mise lies Hnmediately in the fact By. it isenormous. A tract of land
that they call for no new convic- which has been a farm becomes a
tions of political economy, and village of from 1,000 to 10,000 in-
hence have nothing disturbing or habitants. Its value advances by
revolutionary about them. Accept- leaps and bounds.
ing the usages and economical prin- At Pullman, in addition to the
ciples of industrial life, as the pro- shops and dwellings, there are trees
gress of business has developed and turf-bordered malls and
them, an increasing numberof large squares, a church, a theater, a free
manufacturers have deemed it to library with reading rooms, a pub-
their interest not only to furnish lic hall, a market house, provided
shops and machinery for their ope- at the expense of the company.
ratives, but dwellings as well, and Liquor can only be sold at the hotel
in some instances the equipments to its guests, and then under restric-
of village life, such as_ schools, tions. There isa system of public
chapels, libraries, lecture and con- schools under a board of education,
cert halls, and a regime of morals which is about the only civie organ-
and sanitation. Probably the most ization, strictly speaking, in the
expensive investment of this sort in community. One man suffices for
the United States, if not in the police duty, and he made but fifteen
world, by any single company, is arrests in the last two years. It is
that of Pullman, on Lake Calumet, reported that the death rate so far,
a few miles south of Chicago, an including the mortality from acci-
enterprise as yet scarcely five years dents, has been under seven in 1,000
old. It is by no means a novel perannum. In Great Britain the
undertaking, except in the magni- rate isa small fraction over 22 in
tude, thoroughness, and unity of 1,000. The vital statistics of the
the scheme. Twenty years ago the United States show a smaller mor-
managers of the Lonsdale Mills, in tality than this, but they are ren-
Rhode Island, were erecting cottages dered abnormal by the heavy
on a uniform plan and maintaming immigration which pours into the
schools and religious services for country. Emigrants are, in the
their operatives. More recent but language of insurance men, a se-
more extensive is the village of the lected class. They are usually at
Ponemah Cotton Mill, near Taft- the most vigorous time of life and
ville, Conn. These are illustrations of hardiest and most enterprising
merely of similar investments upon spirit.
a smaller scale elsewhere. But the They leave behind them _ the
European examples are older, such very young and the old and those
as Robert Owen’s experiment at enfeebled by disease or habits. To
New Lanark in Scotland, Saltaire this cause must be attributed in
in Yorkshire, Dollfuss’ Mulhausen part the exceptional record of Pull-
Quarter in Alsace, and M. Godin’s man in death rate, as it is a new
community in the French village town. Yetthere can be no question
of Guise, which are among the more that the sanitary conditions of the
familiar instances of investments place are excellent. It is difficult
originally made on business princi- in mixed enterprises of this nature
ples, with a view to the improved to tell what the rate of profit upon
conditions of workmen. New Lan- the tenement part of the business
ark failed as a commercial commu- is, since the rental and the factory
nity through the visionary character react upon each other; but in the
of its founder; the Godin works at American instances quoted in this
Guise have passed into the co-ope- article the investment as a whole is
rative phase within the past five remunerative. Inthe Godin opera-
years, but Saltaire and Mulhausen tions at Guise, which have been co-
still retain their proprietary busi- operative for the last five years, the
ness features. capital is put at $1,320,000, and the
The class of ventures of which net earnings have averaged during
these instances are but the more that time $204,640 per annum, or
conspicuous examples has peculiar 1514 per cent.
characteristics. They differ from At Pullman a demand has arisen
the Peabody and Waterlow build- on the part of the tenants for a
ings of London, described in Brad- chance to acquire proprietorship in
street’s last August, from Starr’s their homes; and while the com-
Philadelphia dwellings, and from pany has withheld the privilege
the operations of the ‘‘ Improved from its original purchase of 3,500
Dwellings Association” of New York acres, it has bought adjoining land,
in these particulars: the latter are where it offers to advance money
financially a pure question of direct for building, and to take pay in
investinent; are mainly concerned monthly installments. This assimi-
with life among the poor of cities, lates so much of the enterprise to
and, whatever philanthropy may that at Mulhausen, and shows the
be in their motive, are capable of drift toward a co-operative phase
adaptation to any class of citizens.
The former, while investments also,
are composite, the business of man-
f of capital and labor.
tendency will probably prove to be
Indeed, this

strongly characteristic of all similar

ufacturing being associated with schemes as fast as they attain to
that of rent collecting and sharing any magnitude. Tendencies which
its profits and losses; their field of ean be resisted in communities of
operations is almost invariably ru- \ few hundreds become overpowering
ral, and tenancy is restricted to the RNS when the population rises into
employes of the proprietor. On the thousands. But from the purely
other hand, they differ from all co- GLAZED WARE FINIAL. commercial point of view, this drift
operative and socialistic communi- is hardly to be deprecated, so lon
ties in that they are an adaptation to existing cireum- operations of the London Peabody and Waterlow as the operation of selling houses returns the capit
stances, propose to demonstrate no new theories of funds it has been alleged that they dispossess the poor and interest safely.
economies, are free from all religious bonds, do not shiftless tenant and bring in a new class, so that they Projects of this nature go far toward modifying the
depend on any unity of opinion, and do not touch the do not improve the condition of their tenants, but stress of antagonisms between labor and capital,
question of the proper distribution of wealth. afford opportunity for better ones to cheapen the price because if they are successful these are harmonized to
It is, of course, no new thing for owners of large of their accommodations. The manufacturing land- an appreciable extent, and this gives public interest to
factories, particularly in country districts, to furnish lord cannot wholly do this, because the first thing he them. The eventual adjustment must come, not from
tenements for their operatives, and oftentimes it is the applicant for a dwelling ! convictions of duty, doctrinaire opinions, or sentiments
has to consider is whether
quite indispensable that they should, because there is a good workman, not whether he can be trusted for of sympathy, but on business principles, and it is a
would otherwise be no accommodation for their work- his rent. Hislabor he must have. His outlook is to sure step in advance toshow that self-interest and
men. What is recent and exceptional is the spread of make that labor worth more to him, by placing it in philanthropy are in accord. How great the field for
the belief that it pays to make the accommodations the best attainable surroundings. Can this be done? experiments of this nature is in the United States may
furnished healthful, convenient, and attractive. The If so, the ends of humanity are answered as well as the be gathered from the census‘of 1880, which shows 2,718,-
sources of profit from this careful provision are these: purse filled, for both interests correspond. 805 persons employed in the industrial establishments
the proprietors have control of the territory, and are Mr. Pullman, who founded the enterprise on Calumet |of the country, with an annual production of $5,342,-
able to prescribe regulations which keep out the saloon Lake, has uttered sentiments like these, and has | 000,000, and a capital of nearly half that amount. of
and disreputable characters,and at once there is a proved that.in this instance it does pay to make his these hands and values nearly two-thirds belong to the
saving in police and court and poor taxes; for the same ‘workmen’s families comfortable, and secure from sick- | north Atlantic States,—Bradstreet's.
 JANUARY, 1886.] Scientific American, 89
WOOD PUMPS, Dk: GRAUW. AYMAR & CO, How
Drawing,
to Learn to Draw.—Mechanical
by Prof. C. W. MacCord,
vens Institute of Technology. A series of new,
original, and practical lessons in mecha. ical draw-
of the Ste-

HYDRANTS, —MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS—

ing, accompanied by carefully prepared examples
for practice, with directions, all of simple and plain
character, inte nded to enable any person, young
Poplar and Hard Wood Lumber
Lordage, Vakim, Wire Rope, Chains Blocks &e,
or old, skilled or unskilled, to acquire the ‘art of
drawing. No expensive instruments are involved.

Bills Cut to Order. The series embodies the most abundant illustra-
tions for all descriptions of drawing, and forms the
most valuable treatise upon the subject ever pub-
lished, AS WELL AS THE CHEAPEST. The series is
illustrated by upward of 450 special engravings,
Special Discounts Contractors’ and Builders’ Supplies in these lines. and forms a large quarto book of over one hun-
dred pages, uniform in size with the SCLENTIFIC
AMERICAN. Price, stitched in paper, $2.50. Bound
made on Pumps to
Builders buying in Nos. 34 & 35 South Street, New York.
in handsome stiff covers, $3.50. Sent by mailto any
address on receipt of price. Address Munn & Co.
Publishers, 361 Broadway, New York. Office of
Quantity. the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
For the convenience of those who do not wish
to purchase the entire series at once, we would
state that these valuable Lessons in Mechanical
Office and Warerooms: Drawing may also be had in the separate numbers

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FOOT POWER paper of special practical interest to farmers, giving
PATENT important practical! instruction on this important sub-

RANSOM
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Ot EEA
ae INE Ew. Beck's Journal of Decorative Ari
Manufacturer and Dealer in THE JOURNAL OF DECORATIVE ART

MAHOGANY
HINGiAWND.
The subscribers to this Journal have the advantage of receiving two
Journals at the one price.
Part of this Journal is prepared and printed in England, and imported
in sheets; the remainder is published in New York.
Thus a full record of the progress of Decorative Art in the two hemi-
All thicknesses for interior finish; also all spheres is placed before the reader monthly.
The value of sucha Journal to Arhitects, Builders, and Decorators is
most evident, as they will be kept au courant with the best examples of
interior decorations throughout England and also in the United States.

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Beck’s Journal of Decorative Art will be found a thoroughly practical
Journal; the reading-matter and illustrations are all original, and the
publishers desire to make it a means of communication between all practi-
cally engaged in the work of interior decoration, and the decorative
fittings of houses.
A Full Line of Fancy CONTENTS FOR JANUARY, 1886.
ScHEME OF THE NEW DECORATION OF EATON HALL, owned by the Duke of
Westminster.—(lllustrated. )

Bracket Woods,
DEcORATIONS OF LONDON PALACE HOTELS—THE HOTEL METROPOLE.—(IIlustrated.)
INTERIOR OF OAKLEIGH HOUSE, Burnly, England.
Home DeEcoRATIVE ART.—(Illustrated.)
JAPANESE ART. with original sketches by Japanese Artists of the JAPANESE VIL-
LAGE, New York.—€llustrated.)
THE EcLectic Room, original article by Mrs. H. R. Haweis of London.
A ScHEME FOR THE DECORATION OF A BEDROOM, Oriental style, by Raphael
FOR SCROLL SAW WORK. Guastavino, of New York.—Full page Illustration, Notes, Ete.
AN ELABORATE SUPPLEMENT, GIVING ORIGINAL DESIGNS AND FULL-
SIZED WORKING DRAWING FOR A WALL DECORATION, BY W.
SUTHERLAND, OF MANCHESTER, ENGLAND, 3 SHEETS 40x30 INCHES.

Correspondence Solicited. PUBLISHED" (MONTEHLY.

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 go
ENGINEERING INVENTIONS,
A boiler flue cleaner has been patented
by Mr. James M. Ferguson, of New Orleans, La.
nozzle has a central aperture in its disk portion, with an
mner tubular extension, around which is an annular
space opening through the disk portion, and connecting
with a steam chamber of the nozzle, whereby the flue
cleaner is operated to remove dirt and soot and prevent
the formation of scale.
A slide valve has been patented by Mr.
William Mitchell, of Altoona, Pa. It has a central ex-
haust chamber, and the steam inlet port is formed clear
through the body of the valve, the tops or outer edges
of the side bars of the valve at each side of the exhaust
chamber standing back of the plane of the contact faces
of the chamber walls which form the valve face, so as
partly to equalize the pressure at both sides of the valve
and reduce its length of travel.
A revolving cylinder engine has been
patented by Mr. John J. Blair, of Cincinnati, 0.
bined with a fixed piston and a revolving cylinder sur-
rounding it, with a cylindrical chamber in the piston hay-
ing a sliding valve, there is a rod connected with the re-
volving cylinder and the sliding valve, a sleeve sur-
rounding one end of the rod, weighted levers on the
sleeve, and a plate on the ends of the rod against which
the ends of the weighted levers rest.
eee
AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS,
A eutting apparatus for reaping and
mowing machines has been patented by Mr. Elias
Hazelton, of Brantford, Ont., Canada. It consists of an
endless chain of knives, made by chain links, with a
projecting bracket from one side adapted for the attach-
ment of a knife, so that when the chain is run back and
forth along a guide rail the edges of the oppositely moy-
ing knives cut against each other.
A seed planter has been patented by
Mr. Charles C. Kierulff, of Starke, Fla. It is a light
wooden box, tapering to forman edge like a spade onits
lower end, with a slanting partition to guide the seed,
and a vertically-sliding zate, with other novel features,
the device to be operated by hand to make the holes in
the ground, and mechanically drop therein cotton, corn,
and similar seed.
3-9
¢ —___
MISCELLANEOUS INVENTIONS,
A hat and bonnet fastener has
patented by Clara Abell, of Geddes, N. Y. Combined
with a hat or bonnet is an elastic band having one end James I. McCalop, of Clinton, N. C. It hasa cross slot
secured to the hat or bonnet, and having a hair pin at- ’ in which is placed the tongue of the journal made sepa-
tached to the opposite end.
A lumber drier has been patented by features, providing for adjusting the wheels upon the
Mr. Orman A. Duke, of Clanton, Ala. It is so con- axle when worn at the hub, and at the same time main-
structed that all the hot air and gases of the furnace are taining them at the same distance apart.
utilized directly in the drying of the lumber, while the
flues are so arranged that there is no danger of the lum-
ber being fired by sparks escaping from the furnace.
A toy cap exploder has been patented
by Mr. Henry M. Dixon, of New York city. Its con-
struction is such that, in exploding a paper cap, a re-
presentation of a bird perched upon the toy will fall off
as if shot, and the sparks will be prevented from flying
about.
A rosin holder for violins has been pat-
ented by Mr. James W. Angus, of Macon City, Mo. It
consists of a plate having lugs for holding it on the vio-
lin, with spring jaws for holding the piece of. rosin,
whereby the rosin will be held in such a manner as to
be at all times handy and convenient.
A ring holder for displaying rings to the
best advantage has been patented by Mr. Max Eising,
of New York city. Itisaclamp made of sheet metal,
with aslotted tongue, on one end of which a bow is
formed, from which a bent tongue projects through the
slotted tongue, and has a curved prong on its end.
A lock has been patented by Mr.
liam G. Mumma, of Warrensburg, Mo. It can be made
right or left handed, and the case may be so arranged
that it will serve for either a mortise or rim lock, all
parts being of cast iron except the springs, making a
cheap lock for barns and outhouses.
A braid board has been patented
Mr. Charles E. Barnes, of Paterson, N. J. It ismade of
two flexible parts connected at the ends, so that the
board or card of which it is made, and the braid wound
thereon, may be opened out and placed upon a reel for
convenience in unwinding the braid from the board.
A wheel fender for carriages has been
patented by Mr. James M. Todd, of Albert Lea, Minn.
It is a movable or rotatable fender for the forward
wheels of vehicles, held to the carriage axle by novel
means, to prevent mud and dirt taken up the wheels
from being thrown on the carriage or its occupants.
A money envelope has been patented
by Mr. Patrick Scanlan, of Ida Grove, Iowa. It is of
novel construction, for the use of express companies
carrying valuable packages, so thai after it has been
sealed it will be secure against abstraction of its con-
tents without breaking the seals or cutting or tearing it cream, the paper being then dried, when the polishing
open.
material is mechanically held in the interstices of and
A foot rest for shoeing horses has been
patented by Mr. Benjamin Lear, of Woodstock, Vt.
is for supporting and holding horses’ hoofs while par-
ing, shoeing, and clinching the nails and finishing, and
can be adjusted very easily to any desired height, while
the horse’s leg is not twisted or strained, and the hoof
cannot slip.
An adjustable seat has been patented
by Mr. Manoah Miles, of Russell, Kansas. Two slotted
upright end pieces have a swinging seat board hung be-
tween them, with a hinged wing and a cross rod or
pivots, passed through notched curved slots in the up-
rights, making a seat which can be easily adjusted for a
lounge, invalid chair, ete.
A gas pressure regulator has been
ented by Mr. Robert F. Hatfield, of New York city. It
is contained in a case holding water or other liquid, and
is so made as to give notice, by the flaring of the lights,
when the liquid needs replenishing, and shut off the
gas before the liquid becomes so low as to break the
geal of the regulator,
Scientific American. [JANUARY, 1886.
A split gear has been patented by Mr. NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS. Wanted.—Patented articles or machinery to manufac-
ture and introduce. Lexington Mfg. Co., Lexington, Ky.
James Lawlor, of Fall River, Mass. Combined with a CHEMICAL CONVERSION TABLES FOR
flanged hub are two or more wheel sections bolted on USE IN THE ANALYSIS OF COMMER- For Power & Economy, Alcott’s Turbine, Mt. Holly, N.J.
The
the flange, the sections having side recesses for receiv- CIAL FERTILIZERS. By F. B. Dancy Machinery for Light Manufacturing on hand and
ing the flange, the wheel being readily fastened on or and H. B. Battle, Raleigh, N. C.: The built to order. E. E. Garvin & Co., 139 Center St., N. Y.
removed from a shaft without requiring the {removal of Authors, 1885. Send for Monthly Machinery List
other wheels and pulleys. These tables are intended to dispense with the neces- to the George Place Machinery Company,
A safety stirrup has been patented by sity of calculating the amount of any constituent in 121 Chambers and 103 Reade Streets, New York.
Mr. Henry Coates, of Newark, N. J. It has a pivoted commercial fertilizers, from the weight of the precipi Presses & Dies. Ferracute Mach. Co., Bridgeton, N. J.
guard to prevent the foot from entering too far into the tate obtained. If an invention has not been patented in the United
stirrup, the latter being made in one piece and the en-
A GUIDE TO SantraAry Houser INSPEC- States for more than one year, it may still be patented in
tire guard in one piece, avoiding the necessity of seve- TION. By Wm. Paul Gerhard, C.E., Canada. Cost for Canadian patent, $40. Various other
ral castings, while there is no need of a spring to hold New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1885. foreign patents may also be obtuined. For instructions
the guard against the stirrup. address Munn & Co., SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN patent
It has been Mr. Gerhard’s purpose, in writing this agency, 361 Broadway, New York.
A bobbin for sewing machines has been little book, to instruct the householder. The main
patented by Mr. William W. Ford, of Elmira, N. Y. It Curtis Damper Regulator for draught and steam pres-
features of sanitary house inspection are unfolded for sure in boilers. Curtis Regulator Works, Boston, Mass.
has one loose head, with a spring to engage therewith
his benefit, and are presented so briefly and so well that
and lock it closed on the barrel, to catch and hold the Supplement Catalogue.—Persons in pursuit of infor-
the scholar will find the perusal of his text-book a
mation of any special engineering, mechanical, or scien-
end of the thread on the bobbin preparatory to filling,
pleasure rather than a task. So many elements enter
and for afterward releasing the thread from its lock, tific subject, can have catalogue of contents of the Sci-
Com- into the make-up of a truly healthy home that every ENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT sent to them free.
saving time in filling, avoiding breakage, etc.
housekeeper, no matter how thoughtful he may be, The SUPPLEMENT contains lengthy articles embracing
A telegraph insulator has been patented will find a guide in this matter absolutely essential if the whole range of engineering, mechanics, and physical
by Mr. Benjamin N. Deblieux, of Bay St. Louis, Miss. the inspection is to be at all thorough. Ordinarily, science. Address Munn & Co., Publishers, New York.
It is composed of two longitudinal sections placed to- the examination of a house for either purchase or Guild & Garrison’s Steam Pump Works, Brooklyn,
gether to form a joint in the middle and retaining the lease is limited entirely to visible qualities, and the N. Y. Steam Pumping Machinery of every description.
wire between them, with devices for holding the sections points which really determine its healthfulness. and Send for catalogue.
together, to support the line wire without wrapping or desirability are lost sight of. Mr. Gerhard’s book goes Send for catalogue of Scientific Books for sale by
cutting, and altogether obviating a tie wire. into a brief analysis of these features, and points out Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, N. Y. Free on application.
A bit fastening for bridles has been pat- to the would-be tenant the chief matters which he Wood Working Machinery. Fullline. Williamsport
ented by Mr. Daniel Waters, of Wilkesbarre, Pa. This should investigate in choosing either a city or country Machine Co., “ Limited,” 110 W. 3d St., Williamsport, Pa.
invention consists of a bit ring on which is formed an home. Itis not intended to be at all exhaustive, but “How to Keep Boilers Clean.” Send your address
annular recess, with a plate to which the bit wires are the hints which it contains, and the special points in- for free 85 page book. Jas. C. Hotchkiss, 86 John St., N. Y.
fastened, the plate being placed around the annular re- sisted upon, are calculated to give us healthier homes,
Mineral Lands Prospected, Artesian Wells Bored, by
cess formed on the bit ring, to prevent rapid wear of and, as a happy corollary, a stronger people.
Pa. Diamond Drill Co. Box 423, Pottsville, Pa. See p. 46.
the bit end.
A SKETCH OF THE GEOLOGY OF CORN- Timber Gaining Machine. All kinds Wood Work-
An artist’s sketch book has been pat- WALL. By Brenton Symons. London: ing Machinery. C. B. Rogers & Co., Norwich, Conn,
ented by Mr. William T. Brundage, of Brooklyn, N. Y. The Mining Journal, 1884. Bradley’s improved Cushioned Helve Hammer. New
Combined with an artist’s box are socket pieces on one
Undoubtedly the most striking feature of Cornwall is design. Sizes, 25 to 500 lb. Bradley & Co., Syracuse, N. Y.
end and a palette fitting in the box having at one end
its ancient mining industries, which have been in Chucks—over 100 different kinds and sizes in stock.
hook clips fitting in the sockets, to hold the palette on
almost continuous operation since the days of adven- Specials made to order. Cushman Chuck Co., Hartford,
Ct.
the end of the box, so that the holding of the palette in
turous Pheenicians. A Cornishman has become almost
the same hand with the box will be facilitated. Crescent Steel Tube Scrapers are made on scientific
synonymous with a miner, so wide is the reputation of principles. Crescent Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio.
A comb attachment for shears has been the country for its mining. Although so old a coun-
patented by Mr. Daniel M. Young, of St. Louis, Mo. Curtis Pressure Regulator and Steam Trap. See p. 350.
try, and so well explored, its geology is in some re-
The scissors blade has screw-threaded apertures near its spects still quite obscure. A wide diversity of opinion The Improved Hydraulic Jacks, Punches, and Tube
opposite ends, through which pass thumb screws, fast- exists among those naturalists who have given it Expanders. R. Dudgeon, 24 Columbia St., New York.
ening the comb through similar apertures in the back careful study. In describing the geological features, Hoisting Engines. D. Frisbie & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
of the latter, the comb thus attached serving as a guard therefore, Mr. Symons has put forward his own views Tight and Slack Barrel Machinery a specialty. John
been and to regulate the length of cutting the hair. tentatively, and avoided so far as possible adding to Greenwood & Co., Rochester, N.Y. See illus. adv., p. 414.
A vehicle axle has been patented by Mr. the causes of controversy. He gives an excellent ac- Pays well on Small Investment.—Stereopticons, Magic
count of the.different formations and a full descrip- Lanterns, and Views illustrating every subject for public
tion of the chief mining districts into which the coun- exhibitions. Lanterns for colleges, Sunday schools, and
rate from the main body of the axle, with other novel try isdivided, with the principal minerals which are home amusements. 136 page illustrated catalogue free.
made the object of search. Considerable attention is McAllister, Manufacturing Optician, 49 Nassau St., N. Y.
given to veins and their formation, since in few mining The ‘‘Improved Green Engine,” Automatic Cut-off.
countriesare the vein systems so complicated as in Corn- Providence Steam Engine Co., R. 1., Sole Builders.
A combined overshoe and leggin has wall, and probably in none have the theories offered Catechism of the Locomotive, 625 pages, 250 engray-
been patented by Messrs. Henry Rudolph and Henry in explanation been more absurd. The book is illus- ings. Most accurate, complete, and easily understood
Schwenk, of Rico, Col. This invention covers novel de- trated with a number of steel plates and a good geo- book onthe Locomotive. Price $2.50. Send for catalogue
logical map of the country. of railroad books. The Railroad Gazette, 75 B’way, N. Y.
tails of construction and combination of parts for a shoe
and leggin suitable for wear in cold mountainous dis- 1,000 photographs of New York houses, exteriors and
tricts, for warmth as well as for protection of the feet interiors, doorways, vestibules, porches, oriel windows,
and ankles in a rough country. ‘Business and WMersonal. libraries, parlors, halls, stairways, store fronts, etc., 25
cts. each (8 x 10). Send for circular. Rockwood, 17
An electric regulator for dampers has | Union Square, New York.
Any person having anew invention may, without charge,
has been patented by Mr. Wilson E. Facer, of Cleve- |
conswt MUNN & OO., Scientific American Office, “Wrinkles in Electric Lighting,” by V. Stephen;
land, O. Combined with a flue and its dampers, mag-
361 Broadway, New York, for advice how to obtain with illustrations. Price, $1.00. E. & F. N. Spon, New
nets and armatures are made to open and close a dam-
a Patent or Caveat. Our Hand Book of Instruc- York.
per, a battery and thermostat having contact points
tions relating to Patents sent free. Seam and Looping Machines, patent Burr Wheels
for directing an electric current to automatically main-
Brushing Machines. Tubbs & Humphreys, Cohoes, N. Y.
tain any desired temperature for which the device may
be set. Gold Fields Iron and Steel Wire, Wire Rope, Wire Rope Tram-
that pan out richly are not so abundant as in the early ways. Trenton lron Company, Trenton, N. J.
A sash frame, holder, and casing for California days, but those who write to Hallett & Co.,
carriages, cars, and other uses has been patented by Mr. Machinists’ Pattern Letters. Pattern Letters to order.
Portland, Maine, will, by return mail, receive, free, full
Vanderbugh, Wells & Co., 110 Fulton St., New York.
Albert Ayers, of Rahway, N. J. The casing has a cury- information about work which they can do, and live at
ed groove with a “ throw over”? in the bottom of its home, that will pay them from $5 to $25 per day, and up- Astronomical Telescopes, from 6/’ to largest size. Ob-
threw over sash groove, and the sash frame has spring ward. Hither sex, young or old. Capital not required; servatory Domes, all sizes. Warner & Swasey, Cleve-
friction holders,the improvement being designed to keep you are started in business free. Those who start at land, O.
sashes from rubbing or rattling, and to hold them firm- once are absolutely sure of snug little fortunes.
Wil-
ly in position. Modern Machine Tools a specialty. Abbe Bolt Forg-
A ribbon and lace exhibitor and meas- ing Machines, Power Hammers, Lathes, Planers, Drills,
urer has been patented by Messrs. William B. Gleason Shapers. Send for estimates. Forsaith M. Co., Man-
chester, N. H.
and Milo J. Harrington, of Albion, Pa. It consists of
a drum or roller having an eccentric hub, while there is For Sale-—A valuable patent Coal Conveyer. Ad-
by areciprocating and swinging arm operated from the dress W. 8. Tomkins, Boonton, N. J.
hub, and a counting wheel operated from the arm,
Specialties wanted to manufacture by a well equipped HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS.
whereby ribbous and lace may be measured automati-
machine shop. Chas. F. Hollingshead, Camden, N. J.
cally as they are drawn from the holder. Names and Address must accompan all letters,
For Sale.—Scientiric AMERICAN, 47 volumes, un- or no attention will be paid thereto. This is for our
A photographie printing frame has been bound; January, 1862, to July, 1885. William W. Stapler, information, and not for publication.
patented by Mr. William H. Lewis, of New York city. It Wilmington, Del. Heferences to former articles or answers should
has one or more swiveling locking springs applied to its give date of paper and ba og or number of question.
Woodw’kg. Mch’y, Engines, and Boilers. Most com- Inquiries not answered in reasonable time should
back board and ears or lip pieces applied to the frame, to plete stock in U. 8. Prices to meet times. Forsaith M. e repeated; correspondents will bear in mind that
engage positively with the locking ends of the springs, Co., Manchester, N. H. some answers require not a little research, and,
the ears or catches being of a noyel construction, and the though we endeavor to reply to all, either by letter
Geo. E. Lloyd & Co., Electrotype and Stereotype Ma- or in this department, each must take his turn.
whole calculated to allow of the progress of the print- chinery, Folding Machines, etc. Send for catalogue. Special Written Information on matters of
ing being watched without danger of shifting the paper. Chicago, D1. personal rather than general interest, cannot be
expected without remuneration.
A polishing paper has been patented by Nickel Plating.—Sole manufacturers cast nickel an- Scientific American Supplements referred
Mr. Robert J. White, of West New Brighton, N. Y. Un- odes, pure nickel salts, polishing compositions, etc. $100 to may be had at the office. Price 10 cents each.
“Little Wonder.” A perfect Electro Plating Machine. Minerals sent for examination should be distinctly
sized paper is coated with a solution of rotten stone, marked or labeled.
Sole manufacturers of the new Dip Lacquer Kristaline.
pumice, or other polishing substance by makinga solu-
Complete outfit for plating, ete. Hanson, Van Winkle &
tion of the latter in water of about the consistency of
Co., Newark, N. J., and 92 and 94 Liberty, St., New York. (1) J. A. W. writes: I want an instru-
Grimshaw.—Steam Engine Catechism. A series of ment to give the per cent of sugar there is in the crude
thoroughly Practical Questions and Answers arranged juice of the sorghumcane. A. The determinations of
on the surface of the paper ina form convenient for so as to give to a Young Engineer just the information the specific gravity by the hydrometer are approxi-
It use. required to fit him for properly running an engine. By mately correct; if these are unsatisfactory, you must use
A portable hay and cotton press has Robert Grimshaw. 18mo, cloth, $1.00. For sale by
a polariscope. We should very much doubt the prac-
been patented by Mr. Charles L. Barnard, of Byhalia, Munn & Co., 861 Broadway, N. Y.
ticability of the other machine you mention.
Miss. It is supported on wheels, so that it may be run The Knowles Steam Pump Works, 44 Washington
into the field where it is to be used, and the front part St., Boston, and 93 Liberty St., New York, have just is- (2) C. G. asks what to get to dissolve
of the press carries a windlass mechanism for operating sued a new catalogue, in which are many new and im- platinum, A. Platinum is soluble in aqua regia, a
the platen, the middle part being the press box proper, proved forms of Pumping Machinery of the single and mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids. It is not
and the rear part being large enough to afford a space duplex, steam and power type. This catalogue will be soluble in any single acid.
mailed free of charge on application.
for placing hay or cotton, in which the follower recipro- (3) F. B. P.—For how to remove mar-
cates in forcing the material into the press box. Huswell’s Engineer's Pocket-Book. By Charles H.
ble stains, see SUPPLEMENT, No, 129. For black enamel
Haswell, Civil, Marine, and Mechanical Engineer. Giv-
A telephone exchange forms the sub- to apply on bicycles with a brush: Dissolve in about 2
ing Tables, Rules, and Formulas pertaining to Mechan-
ject of a patent issued to Mr. William 8. Ford, of Den- ics, Mathematics, and Physics, Architecture, Masonry, pounds of tar oil, 44 pound of asphaltum and a like
yer, Col. The invention consists of an apparatus for Steam Vessels, Mills, Limes, Mortars, Cements, ete. 900 quantity of pounded resin; mix hot in an iron kettle,
pat- making connections on a switch board between a line pages, leather, pocket-book form, $4.00. For sale by care being taken to prevent any contact with the flame,
Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, New York. When cold, the varnish is ready for use.
strip and a connecting strip by means of a current act-
ing upon the latter and another current operating elec- Air Compressors, Rock Drills, J, Clayton, 43 Dey st.,N.Y.
(4) F. M. Z. asks for a formula that
trical devices acting upon the line strip, these currents Shafting, Couplings, Hangers, Pulleys. Edison Shafting will make tallow soap foam well. A. See “'The Method
being sent to the switch board from an operator’s table Mfg. Co.,86 Goerck St., N.Y. Send for catalogue and prices. of Making Soap,” in ScreNTIFIO AMERICAN SUPPLE-
|having upon it contact points in connection with the Tron Planer, Lathe, Drill, and other machine tools of MENT, No. 494. Numerous receipts are there given for
electrical devices at the switch beard, modern desigi. New Haven Mfg, Co., New Haven, Conn, tallow soaps that ‘foam well,”
 January, 1886. |
(5) C. A. asks: 1. How do the so-called
fire eaters perform their feats, or what chemicals do
they use to keep the fire from burning them? A. Di-
lute sulphuric acid, strong alum, and hard soap are the
principal substances used. 2. What article which,
when mixed with coal oil, will keep it from exploding?
A. The [explosive properties of coal oil cannotbe
removed except by so transforming it that it can no
longer be used for burning purposes.
(6) F. J. E. desires information as to
the value and process of manufacture of dissolved
bone, a fertilizer used on wheat fields. A. Messrs.
H. J. Baker and Bro., of 215 Pearl Street, New York,
are the manufacturers of the fertilizer known as dis-
solved bone, It isexcellent for wheat lands. As manu-
factured by a New York firm, it contains about 17 per
cent of phosphoric acid,and is made by treating the
bone with sulphuric acid in the proportion of 0°64 per
cent of concentrated acid to each pound of bone.
(7) A. D. S8.—Kerosene can be mixed
with lard oil in small quantities with good effect for
lamps. The kerosene should be 150° test. The quan-
tity used must be determined by atrial as to the smoke-
producing results. The browning of a gun barrel will
not prevent rusting unless the barrel is oiled or var-
nished. Inside of barrel should also be oiled. No
useful alloys of silver and steel can be made that will
not rust.
(8) Student asks how he may obtain
transfers or offsets from printed matter upon white
paper—plate, litho, and type. A. The following process
is given for the purpose of transferring engravings to
paper: Place the engraving a few seconds over the
vapor of iodine. Dipa slip of white paper in a weak
solution of starch, and when dry in a weak solution of
oil of vitriol. When again dry, lay a slip upon the en-
graving, and place both for a few minutes under a
press. The engraving will be reproduced in all its deli-
cacy and finish. Lithographs and printed matter can-
not so be transferred with equal success.
(9) J. H. I. asks what size return tubu-
lar boiler it will take to run two engines, cylinders
2x3, revolutions 250, boiler pressure 100 pounds; and
what horse’power; cylinders or crank at right angles; and
what size boat they would drive at about six or seven
miles per hour? A. Your engines are 3 horse power,
and will require a boiler of 40 square feet heating
surface. With ai5inch screw in an 18 foot boat you
accomplish six to seven miles per hour.
(10) A. P. asks: What is the difference
between coal oil and insurance oil? Also, what is black
oil? A. By coal oil, we infer you mean the ordinary
burning fluid, or kerosene. This is one of the dis-
tillates of crude petroleum, which is probably the
“black oil’ referred to by you. The “insurance oil”
is a high grade of kerosene, haying a greater density
than the common article and a higher flashing point;
in other words, an oil with a lesser tendency to explode
than the common article.
(11) L. E. O’M. asks how to cut a pinion
of 21 teeth on planer centers that are only divided
with the numbers 16, 20, 86. A. By using the 20 index,
and slotting the index catch so as to retrograde the
index by one-twentieth for each tooth cut. The side
of the index catch may be divided so that the length
of one index notch represents 20 divisions arranged
like a vernier; add one more division for the 21st tooth.
Then, by drawing back the catch one division for each
index division, the 20 index will produce 21 teeth.
Make a trial, marking to see if the arrangement is
working correctly before cutting the pinion.
(12) A. M. D.—Thereis no practical way
of destroying the odors of melted tallow or soap boil-
ing except by fire. You may put a close hood over
the kettles, and carry the odors in a large pipe of tin
or sheet iron to the boiler furnace or to the furnace
that heats the kettles. Close all air inlets to the fire
except from over the kettles. The only machinery
this purpose in use in this city is a sealed kettle
boiled by steam, with a vent pipe extending under a
fire, either under the boiler or separated. Such ap-
paratus is used for rendering offal and dead animals
for their fat.
(18) W. O. asks: 1. What is the differ-
ence between cast iron and malleable cast iron? A.
Cast iron is iron that is melted and cast in moulds and
used without further treatment. Malleable cast iron
1s iron that has been cast in moulde, and afterward an-
nealed in annealing ovens for a considerable time to
render it malleable. 2. What is meant by volts and
ohms, used as terms in electricity? A. A volt is the
unit of electromotive force. An ordinary or Daniell
or gravity battery produces a current of about one
volt. A machine which produces a current equivalent
to that of one of Daniell battery will produce about
one volt, The ohm is the unit of resistance. It is about
equal to 350 feet of No. 9 telegraph wire. 8. What is
the power of a chrome battery (bichromate of potash
battery) aside of the Grenet? If they will run a 6 can-
dle power incandescent light, how many? A. The
bichromate of potash battery produces a current of
about 2 volts. To run a6 candle power of incandescent
light will require about 4 to5 cells of bichromate of
potash battery. 4. I noticed, early one foggy morning,
in looking at an are light (Brush), that‘it had a full
purple-pink cast. In looking at the same light on a
clear morning through « frosted window (that was
from the cold), it made the colors of a rainbow on
the window. Is thisspectacle natural with the light?
A. The purple color of the arc lamp observed by you
was probably due to the temporary elongation of the
arc, the light produced by the long arc always having
a violet tinge. It isnot uncommon to see the colors of
the spectrum in frost crystals. 5. Have you a book
for sale called “Catechism of the Locomotive? If so,
what is the price? A. Yes. The price is $2.50.
(14) D. MeP. writes: There is one man
maintains that it does not take any more power on the
pump to test a boiler that holds 5,000 gallons of water
than one that only contains 50 gallons. Isay, the more
water, the more power on the pump (both boilers being
perfectly tight). Will you be so kind as to decide the
argument? A. It takes no more pressure on the pump
‘
Scientific American. go!
piston to test a large boiler than it does to test a small Doubling and twisting machines, thread breaking
one, but in testing the large boiler more water will be Bedstead, folding, G. H. Kanmacher.......... eeses O02,612 attachment for, F. Haggas............seeeeeeeee » 332,512
required to bring it up to the necessary pressure, and Beer cooling and drawing apparatus, P. F. Gard- Drawers, deyice for securing a series of, M.
consequently more power will be consumed in testing
the larger boiler. Bell, magneto electric call, H. T. O. Fraser. Drier. See Cotton “Grier. Fruit drier. Lumber
Belt, driving, Mellette & Harris. ............ . 332,672 drier.
(15) J. R.—You are making your mag- Belt, electrical therapeutical, C. N. West... « 332,467 Drill. See Well drill.
neto electrical machine too small to be of much service. Belt fastener, A. D. Sikes......... . 382,449 Drill press; W. FIVADS... .+«s<ssecvespaued i ee
It would not be much more expensive to make it much Belt waist, M. Rubin . 832,624 Dust pan, S. Clodd.<... sssea ca. osavsaveccosaweasnacse-~ 382,591
larger, and the labor of winding the armature would
Bicycle, J. Laughlin.............. 352,263 Dyestuff made from diazo-naphthaline, M. Hoff-
Binder, temporary, H. Goodohild........... ar ses 302,390 TOD ss’ nc cnccsgccaavadel Gicaedcsnsensalgeenyeascee . $32,5
beless. Probably, with so small a machine, 6 sections, Bit. See Bridle bit. Earthenware, plated hollow, D. 8. Plumb.......... 332,435
each wound with four layers of No. 32 wire, will secure Block. See Brake block. Elastic gore for wearing apparel, M. Cohn......... 332,492
the best results. Boiler. See Steam boiler. Electric machine,’ dynamo, F. G. Waterhouse..... 302,685
(16) C. A. B. writes: In making an elee- Boiler heater and feeder, O. Rothrock.............. 332,561 Electric machines, commutator for dynamo, ©. D.
Boller aput, Et. Ps WOM cp cceascinss déncnanelenes sca 332,338 AOUDGSY ...00paascsangenierbaaaas vewesaeaee EEN s:d.0 © 332,399
tric'machine, I used comimon ‘green glass bottles for Boilers, device for cleaning water legs of, C. H.
Electric machines, ventilating device for commu-
supports for the conductor, and the machine worked Man ninginiessccsxs uss osean Sap emi SONGSaces ines as 832,266 tators of dynamo, C. Parham..
all right. I tried to better the appearance, and used Bolting reel; Jo W. Hilss pec. cee. caectaee Electric mat, H. H. Hoffman.. ........ .ssssesee0-s 332
flint glass rods for supports, and the machine would Book mark, W. F. Clark...
not work at all, under the same atmospheric condi- Book shelf, C. B. Taylor..... dis inoue cOucgentoca sees Bd2,027
tions. I made two Leyden jars out of green glass and Boot and shoe cabinet, W. Denton............. - 332,238 Electrical conductors, conduit for subterranean,
Boot or shoe, J. H. O’Donnell.... ....... 832,423 whe As REPOGEs can aceantcns ven aseeg tue teeganeee sas. < 332,319
succeeded, and tried several out of good white glass
Boots or shoes, manufacturing, J. G. Ross 32,362 Elevator. See Hydraulic elevator.
and failed. A. The white glass contains a certain
Boots, shoes, ete., machine for hardening seam- Nmbossing plastic material, C. Schwartz...........
amount of lead, which renders it to some extent a con-
JOSE FORGE VW 5 Fret ELV At coriocscnccec cased awentses « 332,659 Engine. See Air and gas engine. Compound en-
ductor of electricity. The green glass which you used Bottle covers from tule, machine for the manu- gine.’ Gas engine. Rotary engine. Steam en-
contained no lead and was therefore a better insulator. facture of, EB. K. Cooley............. ea Selby aris 332,640 gine.
(17) R. L. D. asks: 1. What size of wire Bottle nozzle, 8, B. Opdyke..............0.. 332,281 Bn velope, 8. Ei: Sistth. csscesrsecccoumdscssen bees <cs.
Bottle washing apparatus, A. L. Bernardin... 332,582 EXXCAVALOr, Ma We BYONORE ia cedscsnlndaataseedacd cys. oe
and cores, and how many layers, will make the strongest Bottle washing machine, A. FB. Rich............. - 332,437
Excavators, universal swivel and pipe connection
electro magnet, using one cell of gravity battery in a Bottle wiring machine’attachment, Ff. Neumer.... 332,547 LOK, MEE. BYOINATO ric ckccsscss seccasetraetcce sa
circuit not to exceed 40 feet (besides spools)? A. Make Box. See Ballot box. Folding box. Paper box. Extension table, 8S. BE. Claussen...........sceeeeeee>
the cores of your magnets 2 inches long and % of an Tape line box. Extractor. See Stump extractor.
inch in diameter; wind them with ten or twelve layers Box ventilator, W. T. Atterbury..........cssecesees 332,638 Eyeleting machine, L. C. Emerson.............2+.-- 332,304
of No. 24 wire. 2. Why would not vulcanite plates Brake. See Car brake. Vehicle brake. Wagon Fabric. See Non-conducting fabric.
answer in’ the place of glass ones in a Wimshurst brake. Fabric turfing machine, M. F. Connett, Jr.. . 332,689
Brake block, R. 8. C. Herrman....... .....seses2+-- 332,693 Fan, columnar, J. M. Seymour............seseee+55382,446
electric machine? A. Vulcanite will undoubtedly an-
Brake lever, T. Pinard.......... 332,434 Fanning mill, automatic, H. 8. Zink........0 0..... 382,470
swer, but on account of the oxidation of its surface it
Branding iron, A. Stollstorff.. . 332,300 Feed water by exhaust steam, heating, W. FE.
is not so durable and reliable as glass. 3. Take a cop- Brick machine, J. Baillie................ ceaeee see OBZ ATL PCSTEOM)ccucer occsanearapsers Uealereareten ts
per tube which weighs one ounce per foot and a cop- Bridle bit) Aol. Treg, o6 6sci bews cb eset deescee «« 832,571 Felly, vehicle wheel, E. Danford.....
per wire of exactly the same weight per foot—which will Broiler for ranges, J. J. Richardson, . 832,558 Fence, barbed, J. Haish...............s00- 382, 392
have the greatest resistance to the electric current? <A.Broom holder, O, Ludwig..... ARE 832,618 Fence building machine, J. T. Fairburn... . 382,600
There will be no difference. 4. Which would melt Brush for lining brick houses, W. C.Green. 332,392 Fence wire, barb, J. Haish..... aeonaxces 332,252
first under a heavy shock of lightning? A. There might Brush, reservoir window washing, T. McCabe 332,545 Fence, worm, Du A. McHenry... 6c... .ccceess-s.. §332,416
Buckle blanks, making, T. O. Potter 332,622 Fiber for textiles, cordage, ete., treating animal
be a very slight difference in favor of the tube, on ac-
count of its surface being extended, so as to radiate
Buckle, suspender, W. F. Osborne........ 832,425 and vegetable, W. W. Hamilton......... 382,513, 382,514
Buckle, suspender, Shenfield & Voorhis........ eeee 332,448 Fiber for upholstering, treatment of animal and
more heat than the wire, but we think the difference Burnishing machine, A. H. Bliss...................- 332,476 VORSLADIC, Ws. We. EAAUAMIEON: occas cmecaap seeds --- 33
will be inappreciable. Bush for barrels, tap, L. Selgrath,.. ~ 852,445 File, paper, J. H. Laney.............-- oe
(18) G. A. C. writes: 1. The ScrENTIFIC Button, Li. Morse. oo. sca snce'sve isla Sieleiie cise tiasiaasec 332,276 File, transfer, J. H. Laney 332,664
Button, cuff and collar, E. B. Nock.............0.+0+ 332,620 Piling casey. FE Lane ys . .22tis bes ae cacdet imeey .-- 302,665
AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT contains a description of an
Button fasteners from shoes, implement for de- Filter, B. James
electric machine which, say, for instance, were it folr TROD kee ROROs swt cone ec ceccde ns Sevanaers sees 382,000 Filter, W. L. Johnson
times as large, would be sufficient for an are light. Calipers, spring, BH. 8. Pield...........sscscsecccecces Bilters Wo NGracher.cccscscocceadcessdeaeaes eet s.. § 382,422
Now, how can I calculate what size machine and wire Call, individual, J. Stephen.. ........ Fire alarm, electric, 8. A. Chase.. 82,638
to put on it if it would operate two lamps, and also how Cam, P. B. Mathiason...... Fire escape, Keck & Schadt...........s.cscsses os--- 332,255 ~
tocalculate the wire for using about 30 incandescent Can. See Oil can. IPG CB CSDG, Fe Di FARGO. se cedencciaesnncatsnsneehrs.- 382,
lights at different times? A. We believe there is no Capsule for bottles, W. R. Clough..............+0056 Fire extinguishing apparatus, chemical, J. ‘
rule which will enable you to calculate all of the di-' Car brake, W. M. Brisben......... 332,324 Britto 332,229
Car coupling, C, A. Chamberlain... 332,380 Fireplace, hot air, D. Poursda, F + 882,429
mensions of a dynamo electric machine so as to ena-
Car coupling, A. T. Lott........... . 332,617 Fishing line float, W. H. Tufts..............0....0- 382,573
ble you to construct a machine to deyelop a given cur- Car coupling, C.8. Maynard . 332,353 Floors, device for preventing draughts beneath,
rent; it is largely a matter of experiment. Much de- Car coupling, S. F. McAllister... Wa Win Ola Waiie saepenccsawas spaced tncteauedcers.-.- GOaate
pends upon the quality of the iron used in the field Car coupling, G. D. Pearson.........scccessceese ee eee 8d2,430) Fluxes, manufacturing, Taylor & Leyshon......... 382,458
magnet and in the armature, in the quality of the cop- Car. coupling sd. Et. WUKIN ns sssccascssiesnan cecceeee Sde016 Fodder binder, C. E. Moles ..... . 382,619
per used for the conductor, and in the relative position Carrier. See Cash and parcel carrier. Folding box, Brumby & Clarke... ..-. 382,486
of the various parts. 2, Why the United States in- Cash and parcel carrier, D. EF. Kempster..... sesece O50,000 Folding chair, Horn & Gundlach..........-......... 382,342
Caster, Van Valkenbergh & Teal..... rig Ronnie: Ap 332,629 Forging machine, hydraulic, C. Davy............... 382,594
candescent machine is self-regulating? A. We believe
Frame. See Clock frame.
Casting gate, C. Truesdale..... wa MAMET clot Race tes 6 332,462
the automatic regulation is effected by compound wind-
Casting mould, J. R. Davies.... ... Oe «+ 382,508, 332,504 Bruit. drier, §; Deanicccs ccs scce) secccceuasiacaaivesas... SOG p00
ing. For information on the construction of dynamos, I ROIG MIOL. We the] VIGW esate cus ccawcesocmuacenadaepe' 332,596
Chain, drive, J. Hs Weaver, «ssc <acsscecesesessstisns 332,311
consult Thompson’s ““Dynamo Electric Machines,” Chair. See Convertible chair. Reclining chair. Fuel and making the same, artificial, W. H.
Gordon’s ‘‘Electric lumination,” and Dredge’s ** Elec- Check hook, N. McGoldrick................-+0+ . 332,269 LOG Ta TRG ORCC Co ARIDCNGCREE AN: pcr MeeRCorniatc > pomp. 20/0
tric, Dlumination.”” As you fail to give your P. O. ad- Chimney cow] and ventilator, W. G. Henis 332,523 Fuel and making the same, carbonaceous, W. H.
Cresg, we are unable to send the SUPPLEMENT desired. Chloriodine double combinations from pyridine OLY cs ctacedeedcs sane Sache ner eseiavasses ts ss 332,498
and chinoline bases, producing, Ostermayer & Furnaces, device for burning gas in, J. Ash-
(19) U. O. C.—Follow the instructions POL ace cacaeis les teecioseteskecie «iamaateimed yathench «« 332,223
for making an induction coil given in SupPpLEMENT, No. Fuse, electric safety, G. Pfannkuche............... 832,286
160, omitting the condenser, and making the iron core Churn, J. W. Kernodle.. Gauge. See Sewing machine gauge.
removable, to vary the strength of the secondary cur- Churn, H.R. Knox...:..... . Gas, apparatus for manufacturing, J. L. Stewart.. 332,5
rent. A short piece of iron should be left in one end Churn dasher, J. B. Swaim........ ieeavdercerenn see. 392,680 Gas burners, safety key for, J. & J. H. Dutton. ... 332,648
Churn ventilator, J. G. Pritchard................... 332,677 Gas compressor, Jungenfeld & Rassbach 352,346
of the core tooperate the interrupter; or, if desirable,
Circuit’ breaker and closer, automatic, M. J. Gas engine, C. Shelburne...............+5+ .. B2447
you may make the interrupter entirely separate from
WINEVONA «ca caatuptars Odea stele elstetnis calana etna caesar eevee 332,420 Gas engine, S. WilCOx. «2.22... ccescccececees 32,313 to 852,315
the coil, winding it with coarse wire and placing it in
Clamp. See Wire clamp. Gas flame, support for holding and adjusting in-
the battery circuit. Clapboards, adjustable gauge for supporting, H. candescing bodies in a, O. B. Fahnehjelm
(20) J. C. T. asks: What kind of an in- 332,323 Gas regulator, automatic, A. J. Stewart...........
Clock frame, R. W. Lucius ° - 332,265 GtG> El. GrOGlinsesedtess<cscsadcace. aawcdedecaspscca.. OnGgEN
strument is used for registering the degrees of heat in
for Clothes cleansing machine, J. M. Chamberlain.... 332,588 Glass and articles therefrom, manufacture of, F.
a forge or furnace, and where could I obtain a good
Coaster, O. A. Wheeler 832,575 S. Shirley
description of a simple one? A. The instrument for Cock box for water and gas pipes, “iy Bie, kbs Glass, making crystalline, E. A. Savary............ g
measuring high temperatures is called a pyrometer. WEQCEDAIN ae temas nems dagtine r= aelvaneiecie sein csieaeae's 332,401 Grain binder, M. G. Hubbard, Jr..........
You will find different forms of pyrometers described Cock for ammonia gas, stop, Jungenfeld & Rass- Grinding mill, vertical disk, J. T. Case...
in SuPPLEMENT, Nos. 198, 33, 228, 358, 172, and 256. DAGN: Ksickaweepevaunacadseaetedewed aidewssens sence GOR,045 Hair crimper, E. J. Brooks
Coke, manufacture of, I. M. Kelley Mena rsiecrn ease 382,613 Halter, E. R. Michaelis..........
(21) L.O W. asks: 1. What must be the Collar for overcoats, storm, Brock & Wiener 332,230 Hame, E. G. Latta. ps
diameter of a lens to reflect a picture 4 inches square to Coltar; In@y's, Be WiskGer ck oder ncstecsscccessasoc +. 332,507 Hame fastener, M. M. McKinnon.,............-- +-- 332,270
a size of 8 feetat a distance of 12 feet from the screen? Hamé fastener; His Nadtorific.s..cccccenetpucwtesees. 332,409
Composite bar, R. H. Libby............... seein kes 332,405
A. A lens of 6 inches focus and 2 inches diameter. 2. Composite bars, making, R. H. Libby........... sees 302,406 Hammer for welding locomotive frames, J. R.
Are there two lenses used in a polyopticon, or only Compound engine, P. Brotherhood..... ee VAMOS viccacsassictpshuccdags csacctecsnaee SaheKiee- d
one? A. Two lenses are used in a polyopticon, ar- Condenser, surface, F. M. Wheeler............60.+0+ 332,468 Hammock awning support, J. Hamilton............ 932,607
Conductor pipe, J. Leadley...........sseceeceseeeces 32,402 Hammock support, J. A. Woodworth 332,369
ranged on the same principle as the magic lantern,
Converter for the manufacture of iron and steel, Harrow, Barnard & Geary............0++
the light being placed on the side of the lens tube, PABITOW; ds Gc BOWCM caen cotecidateorvotecwe Wevsnsass bateM2
aeanen<a ceils cee 332,636
so as to illuminate the picture. Convertible chair, J. K. Perley.. Harness crupper, F. K. Hickok...........ssss+e0eee+
Cooker, steam, J. H. Parker....... Harness trimming, W. Boese............+6.+++ ae
Harvester, self-binding grain, P. A. Spicer........ é 5
Cooking vessels, etc., automatic heat regulator
INDEX OF INVENTIONS TOPs
Corset,
Acid. Si DAON csccaas
T. 8S. Gilbert........
Harvester, sugar cane, C. H. Lee...............se0-- 332,411
Hat brims, setting the folded or curled edges ty.
Cotton drier, J. H. Lorimer...... R. Eickemeyer....... vascehecucreaneeaye Siveeerses 382,599
For which Letters Patent of the Cotton gin rib, J. A. Smiley....... eee ose» 882,296 Hay and straw rack, W. G. Houk. 382,590
Cotton packing device, D. C. Summers............. 332,304 Hay rake, horse, G. Robinson............000 cence -.. 332,440
United States were Granted Countersink, G. R. Valentine...............- eeseees Bd0,008 Heater. See Boiler heater.
Coupling. See Car coupling. Lightning rod Hinge: Mi Camppell.ccc<. coscceccsscacaemsmedvasec.. SOG?
coupling. Pipe coupling. Hoe. Fi. Ss Kretainger ssc. accncscs coetaesdbaensisane 382,850
December 15, 1885, Holder. See Bag holder. Broom holder,
Cradle, ©. Streit... caccscccsessccsccee Sn POCeEee sevees Bon 004
Crate, E. F. Barton........ Hook. See Check hook. Snap hook.
Cross-over switch, N. Cort. Hop stripping machine, E. D. Mills.........-....... 332,275
AND EACH BEARING THAT DATE. Crutch, J. W. Tuttle.......c.sdsecccsnce ads aavhsbwntrs Horse detacher, T. W. Lambert........ ids eaexecs« f 332,257
Cube, aggregate, H. Keeler.. Horseshoe nail, B. Watkins...
Culinary beater, EK. Baltzley.. Hose truck, H. P. Cope.........eeseees
[See note at end of list about copies of these patents.)
Cultivator, J. B. Morrison..... House. See Tobacco curing house.
Cultivator tooth, J. T. Bond..... ° House, tenement, W. Sturm..........- ..-.e0+- eese. Bb2,457
Air and gas engine, S. WilCOxX...........c0eeeeeee ee. 332,312 Curtain, window, F. H. Goodyer.......... Hydraulic elevator, P. F. Morey......+. sseeeeeeees 382,418
| [ce cream freezer, J. G. WeDD......-...eeeeeceeeeeee 382,466
Alarm, See Fire alarm. Cuspidor and dust trap, Deis & Croxton
Amalgamator, M. J. AMICK........+-.eeeeeeeeeceeees 832,473 Cut-off for bath boilers, anti-freezing non-explod- Ice machine, T. L. Rankin. ..........0 0000s PyoeAG 882,361
Ash pan, Hofer & Martin........... re Pe - 832,527 ing, W. C. Ellis....... eiseeetoes As Ice plow, J. G. & H. Bodenstein.................00- 332,477
Auger, hollow, P. Miller..... Cut-off valve gear, J. J. Holland.. > lluminating device, C. A. Leager et al........ aes 332,541
Axle box, car, M. Dougherty. Cut-off valve gear, J. D. Cite. .......sccccsecesecceces Indicator. See Magneto-electric indicator.
Bag. See Paper bag. Cutter. See Stalk and clod cutter. Straw cut- Induction coil, J. A. Robinson 352,559
Bag holder, J. 8. Brailey............essseees ter. Injector, steam, J. Desmond... .. 332,886
Baling press, W. W. Post..... Dentists’ chairs, lowering mechanism for, L. Inking pad, B: B. EW. 025.6. cess ccctecedesoes 4... 832,895
Baling press, W. W. Seeley can BOOM cs c- an>oseagtseeeea
na Ria gedaan had be Ceacea teen 332,626 Iron. See Branding iron. Soldering iron.
Ballot box, registering and candeling, 8. J. How- Desk, washstand, and other ‘furniture, J. Pen- = Iron and steel, apparatus for manutacturing, B.
PLOY aos wake ne ee ee Re ee seee + 332,360 Ba yliGtie Alias sadencds«esirnushpipisenesaa-meraiaice DOWNS
Band for strapping boxes, ete., a. Nicholson. P; Dials, transferring letters and designs to, F. Ironing table, F. A. Lerch..... 352,404
Siohmal en aieatasas.
+>sas <<a Seatinakne Rias one ees 382,678 Knife. See Pocket knife.
Banjo, C. J. Kelly....... Ceo wadnca « ssgeeh dae rea
Bar. See Composite bar. Digger. See Potato digger. Knife blade holder, E. Nicholson............... +++.. 332,48
‘Basket and skip, Milbourne & Humphreys......... 352,407 Distilling wood, apparatus for, T. H. Berry........ Knife for cutting seed potatoes, D. 8. > eatephead 332,657
Bed bottom, spring, J., Jr., & A. K. M. Ainslie.... 382,471 Doll body with corsets, P. Goldsmith...,........ Knitting machine needle, Adgate & Kittle..,...... 982,372
Bed rail fastener, A. Schnell............ceeereceeees Sz s442 Door or shutter fastener, P. J. Conroy... Knitting machine, weft thread, J. J. Adgate....... 32.374
 Scientific American. [JANUARY, 1886.
Knitting machines, cam cylinder for, J. J. Adgate 332,373 Sails for vessels, rigging for, G. Bianchi......:..... 332,583 Windmill, self-regulating, A. W. Lane............. 352,261 CET THE BEST AND CHEAPEST
Knob attachment, W. B. Smith........-0+0+seeeeee 332,455 Sash balance, J. A. Rogers........ CELE RT OLYa.. 332,368 Witdow screen, 8. J. Vance.........scieieseceedeves 832,574 r TRADE GLEE RING MARK. ;
Knob attachment, door, J. A. Paine - 832,309 Sash fastener, J. BE. Alexander.. 332,472 Wire clattip, P. F. Keelyn............cceetsecssseaas 882,347
Lamp, heating, A. F. Zimmerling........+-+-teeteee $32,370 Sash fastener, S. N. Chapin.....:......0ee. 008 Leveeds Bde 20 Wire coiling machine, C. C. Hill.... ...s.-. aecstses. BBR,525
Lamp, moderator, BE. Bourdon.........eeeeeesseteete
Latch, mortise, W EE. Sparks............ .
$32;322
B82456
Satchels, fastener for hand, M. Rubih.....; Seeeeees
Saw guide track, P. Miller...........-..008. Sere
832,625
. 832.273
Wite for drawing, preparing, Booth & Ney... .ss..
Wite rods, machine for reducing; W. Tucker,... .
862,321
882,572
|
SA.FAYK Co.
CINCINNATI, D.
Lath attachment, E. J. Bracken........- 832,481 Sawmill, band, 8. Stephens ...... dovecess deccteccess Ouran Wire stretcher, L. D. Drake ...:...... et. +s 332,240 val SOLE AGENTS UNITED STATES.
Lathe, R. C. Fay .......cc ccccceceteccncsesucsenioszes 332,335 Sawinill, circular, H. Wright......:..... Pm pa de 832,691 Wool burring and picking machine, T. H. Faulk- J. A. FAY & CO.,,
Lathe for turning spirals, A., Sr: & A. Gassinger, Sawmill, portable, H. Wright...............ee00 a... 332,690 HOY A Vee: seb dices ba re soutatessr Jsaseascess 888,661 (Cincinnati, Ohio, U. 8. A.)
TID does a6 ven cin ao the she See kaa ESlen 6 ... B32,510 Saw sharpening machine, D. W. Johns ...... teens 882,011 Wrench, Heiney & Lauck ivf Exclusive Agents and Importers forthe United States
Lathe, many-spindle, A. & A. Gassinger, Jt......., 382,609 Sawing machine, scroll, A. D. Goodell. ........41.., 352,391
Scalping machine, W. D. Gray........eeceeseeeeeeee 832,250
Yoke or bar for double teams, draught, Stockto:
ie Ol De revenue
csexteks oss «54 o's 0a Sworn se. 802,866
ofthe CELEBRATED
Lathes, taper and pulley turning attachment for,
EES WY OFLA. ccs ~nn. vanes acvns ge er stain esas 832,578 Scraper, wheeled, . W. Hubbard......... 332,531 to 332,533 PERIN BAND SAW BLADES,
Leather splitting machine, E, Cummings.......... 832,885 Screen. See Window screen. Warranted superiortoall others in quality, finish,
uniformity of temper, and general durability,
TANT Ss Th WAY oc vc scvowrecasugvorcsusccvpseus weg 332,630 Screwdriver, self-holding, J. W. Richardson...,... 332,438 DESIGNS, One Perin Saw outwears three ordinary saws.
Lightning rod coupling, A. J. Munson..........+..+ 332,673 Seal, metallia, C.. Us. PON. 6.02. cccsesccesenest
venus 332,556 Manufacturers of Planing Machines and
Burial caskets, ornamentation of, Quint & Mowen. 16,418 other Patent Wood Working Machinery,
Lightning rod standard, Cole & Knudsean.......... 332,383 Seeding machine, L. Eberhart....... ..-...see+es +. $32,506
Sewers, device for tiushing, A. T. Elford........ ees 982,000
Dish, B. Gerard...........0.00- AiG aC Nee 16,414
RiGee , F1. "TAYlOL sc: <p nenkmns ase Pues ouaessies che 332,469 Lamp globe or shade, J. Webb ..16,419, 16,420 Type setting, etc., easy
Locomotive traction increaser, J. J. Steiger....... 332,298 Sewing machine, H. P. Aldrich............eeeeeeeee 332,317 by printed directions. For
Moulding, F. Mankey.........c.ccccceeeeeet cece osb18 ti 16,416 business or home use
Loom shuttle driving mechanism, F. Kesselring.. 332,400 Sewing machine, J. W. Tuttle... ......--ccecreceees 332,683
Ornamentation of walls, ete., surface, F. Mankey.. 16,415 yor money making. For old
Lubricator. See Pulley lubricator. . Sewing machine buttonhole attachment, W. H. or young. Send 2 stamps
Scarf, etc., knot for, C. H. Page......ssscccescceecces 16,417
TAIDTIGALOT, J. POWGIL< «ois ccc ne ccnscanpscesopescvepsace 352,623 RTEDOPG sas octane ove sinsce sce cn qirss sag oareemaiens ce 332,511 for catalogue of presses,
Stove, cooking, H. C. Bascoml.........ss+eeeees 16,421, 16,422 type, cards, paper, etc.,
Tramber drier, O. A. DUKGs. . 6.05.08 case ceenvenctseees 332,241 Sewing machine buttonhole attachment, J. M.
Stove, parlor, H. C, Bascom........ ek RDO Ie 16,413 pe pet en ec: a to factory.
Magneto-electric indicator, J. C. Boyle............+ 632,480 GHAGKU Sox sou agie succes ons spcnpeme cnceese® «co teee 332,251 as.reuNewepanes? KELSEY “4
& - CO.,
Masts, withe band stay for, R. B. Chute...........-. 832,232 Sewing machine buttonhole attachment, J. H. Size, ®44. Meriden, Conn.
Mat. See Electric mat. PAIMOL..... 6= 05 cicioeesses soins vive nah> onimegnpise an eee 882,426
Sewing machine buttonhole attachment, E. 8. TRADE MARKS.
Mattress, G. D. Peters.....0. ces cocsecccccccerccers 332,432
WATCHMAN’S IMPROVED
TIME DETECTOR,
Measuring vessel, E. R. Stasch.........eeeeeeseeeeee 382,297 PAUL... oenckevsetadvencritanse pac cosnats sieeeseseses 332,676 Abietine gum, ard salves, ointments, and other
Meat chopping machine, A. Heusch...............+ 332,608 Sewing machine for connecting soles and uppers compounds made therefrom, distillation from,
Metal pressing apparatus, fluid, W. R. Hins- of turned shoes, P. A. & J. Coupal..... Neareasee 352,642 Abietine Medical Company..........++ Viiwcebeds © ALB,S08
RIBS csinjec oo pax bias Race Ns aincaseppae cession vsnesess 382,656 Sewing machine gauge, H. Hitchcock..... schaagaga 882,526 Ale and stout, Read Brothers......sceseseeeeeeereees 12,866
WITH SAFETY LOCK ATTACHMENT,
Meter. See Water meter. Sewing machine thread waxing and heating de- Baking powder, G. B. Burlingame...........5. ssteeee 12,889
Patented 1875, 1876,
1877, 1880, 1881, 1882.
Middlings purifier, W. Klostermann......... 332,615, 332,616 VIGO, 33. B's SiQOIG «os seisie nies cyis se abiereis ceisiins ae ¥iareld 332,259 Baking powder, Thomson & Taylor Spice Com- I This instrument
Mill. See Fanning mill. Sawmill. Shade roller, automatic, G. W. Stewart.. DADYr ce ages do ncn eh aiaora sashes siewis unpeemend 12,870 is supplied with 12
Sheet delivery apparatus, L. C. Crowell.. keys. Invaluable
Mould. See Casting mould. Blood purifier and cancer cure, R. G. Jones et al.... 12,860 for all concerns
Motion, transmitting, H. Wright..........s+e-eeeere 382,692 Shoe, HlOW,. Ms Walker... cp cecsseeessinsceversane +» 332,463 Boots and shoes, sectional metallic protectors for employing watch-
Motive power, W. A. Brown. .........- Ron ee 332,231 Shutter, He. EAM ccc. cess eweinc es ciscccccscesccscs 332,655 soles and heels of, J. Blakey............ ah Meade eee a,O54 men. It contains
all modern im-
Motor. See Electric motor. Shutter fastener and opener, combined, Horn & Cards, Christmas, New Year, Easter, birthday, provements, and
Motor, Graham & North...........sseeceee nits Sanita 332,249 DIOR ovieveersics sa Fce s sitaaee arose inal apres esc 382,343 Scriptural, and other, J. & H. Castell............ 12,840 is far superior at
Sifterh ash; WGA neo sews ceees vce eus svcuetcees 382,394 the old style. 1882
EEG Ec, ERATE ON 5:5 ai5ss:08 9 nan sixcmupplsinissauniescennines \BOAAOLC Condiment, bottled, S. F. Beer Company............ 12,869 —At the National
Mowing machine finger bar and finger, D. C. Sign for railway cars, traveling, G. M. Traylor.... 332,306 Dental rubber, Boston Rubber Company............ 12,835 = etl FU for
0 LANG RO Racy ae Re pernosaereee . 332,67 Signal. See Railway signal. Railway time sig- Essences and toilet soap, Eastman & Brother ..... 12,843 = ailway pplian-
ces at Chicago. The only Medal for the most conplese
Musie and book rack or holder, B. Dreher.. nal. Finger rings and thimbles, filled, H. Muhr’s Sons.. 12,847 and Perfect Instrument. Send for circular to P. O.
Music leaf turner, Andersen & Wilhjelm Signaling device, J. D. Fee@..........cscccescccecere ++ 882,336 Hose, canvas, J. MeGregor...... 5 Box 2875.
Musician’s exercising device, A. P. Scheurman..,. 332,290 Silk fabrics, machine for finishing, A. Crew. . 832,245 Jewelry, imitation diamond, H. Muhr’s Sons........ 12,846 E. IMHAUSER, 212 Broadway, New York.

FOWNES’ MANUAL OF CHEMISTRY.

Nail. See Horseshoe nail. Skate fastener, H. F. Osborne..... ae + 882,424 Lanterns, magic, J. Scheidig & Co........-++eeeereees 12,851
Nail drawer, G. lL. Donovan... ........0.+ Eb eNnmealhts 332,598 Skate, roller, T. Mulyin............ . 832,217 Medicine, corn, E. E. Howard...........- Weatetts 12,858, 12,859
Nippers, cutting, G. L. Donovan.........eeeeeeeeee 332,597 Skate, roller, Nelson & Donovan e . 382,278 Milk, condensed, Boden Condensed Milk Company 12,855
Non-conducting fabric, W. P. Adams. os. 332,001 Skate, roller, H. Thomas........... icles sia serge . 332,460 Oil preparation for alleviating pain caused by
NUGAGGe esSs Bes TB WES cenisanideneckiswsls dates OBR 080. Skate sharpener, E. F. WatsOn........sseeceeeeesees Sd2,400 nervous diseases, I. EK. Porter.. sabe cswewes 12,865 Embracing WATTS’ PHYSICAL and INOR-
Nut lock, C. Maldner.. ‘ .. 332,669 Sleeve, garment, C. H. Ostrander. . 332,553 Opera glasses, J. Scheidig & Co.........--++ ~ Br ee 12,852 GANIC CHEMISTRY.
Wrutsoge, 1. EF. ROSG. oc cans kh cal ats tapes seincictannsnin 332,288 Snap hook, W. H. McGrew........ e 832,415 Paper, writing, East Hartford Manufacturing A new American from the Twelfth English Edition.
OU Onn’ 3S. Denton sevens ex cstats sane in oe ophoeineny 382,239 Snow plow flange, I. P. Kilgore .. 4 - 832,348 Comipalty RU. AA 8. SSRs Tice side oalebvinpwetey 12,042 1,050 pp., Leather, $3.50. Will be sent, postpaid, b
MUNN & Co., on receipt of price. PORE Tenet
Ore crushing machine, EB. M. Carhart. 332,488 Soap, manufacture of, W: A. Grant............ eres 802,606 Salt, Phillips, Henry & CO.......seeeeeeee ite ttteae see» 12,850
Oyster opening machine, C. Leduc ... - +» 332,403 Soap manufacturing machine, W. A. Grant........ 332,605 Silverware for table use, watch cases, ete., imita-
Packing, metallic piston, N. Pflaum... « 332,483 Soldering iron, J. A. Bostwick (1r).........2e0-eeeeoe. 10,672 tion, Holmes & Edwards Silver Company....... 12,844 Remington Standard Type-Writer
Packing, steam pipe joint, J. B. Lyons...........+- 332,667 Spark arrester, TE. andiscn... 2. sas ress ener penne 382,260 Soap, laundry,-Oberne, Hosick & Co +s. 12,848 Purchasers per-
Pad. See Inking pad. Spark arrester, "D> TUOCHtOM sia os a0 cee neues auiyne 332,628 Soap, glycerine, Mulhens & Kropff......... --- 12,868 mitted to return by
Pan. See Ash pan. Dust pan. Speculums, electric light attachment for, C. Soap, laundry and toilet, N. K, Fairbank & Com- Express C. O. D. for
Paper bag, J. P. Onderdonk........ ane cine bacoaseele 332,280 352,453 DEDV ss reves lac celcmeie tars ciesiele-ss F aigeean
sterstesiere 12,856, 12,857 full purchase price
Paper bag machine, D. Appel.. 332,631 Spindle steps, setting, F. H. Colony 832,328 Stoves and ranges, cooking, Western Stove Manu- at any time within
Paper box, G. L. Jaeger... ......-... 332,535 Spring. See Velocipede seat spring. facturing Company sesteve 12,853 thirty days, thus
Paper folding machine, T. C. Dexter.. . 823,331 Sprinkling machine, J. Dahn,..........-.eeeeeeee «.. 332,329 Thimbles, gold, silver, and other solid, H. Muhr’s giving an opportun-
Paper folding machine, J. T. Hawkins.............. 332,520 Stalk and clod cutter, J. C. Farley «. 332,601 Sonsesvesdaeln Sages sash oases Bate siesteals tngabs-» 12,861 ity for comparison
Paper folding machines, sheet switching device Stamps, envelopes, etc., apparatus for moisten- Tobacco, cut smoking and cut chewing, B. Payn’s with other ma-
Saves Gs DOXBOL: « Gasiaaeehiseine dpislvieie'> Lalsasiaeinn 332,532 Ings W.. bs. Se. ANCHE coe. ces seas ner gene cients 332,542 Son’s Tobacco Company.,.......esseseeee noeeaae 12,849 chines.
Peanut roaster, I’. Lee 332,351 Starch, treating buckram and other fibrous sub- Tobacco, piug, Perkins & Ernst..........- aopdunlenis sia eae:

Photographs in permanent pigments, producing,

332,419 stances with, P. C. Ritchie................ seeeees
Steam boiler, J. H: Mars............. ABRAMS Dany bh
Od2,439
832,267
Varnishes, jupans, wood stains, etc., D. Rosenberg Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict,
Ql BOS co viss sivicne a apt tteniewzs eslemseenels
ideals 12,868 339 Broadway New York.
IV ANYo FOMROT INN 5 alate pigtsie: trie patsaie Ie ice a's)ciis 89 332,364 Steam boiler, Vibes ODIO. weasc cca vveeiclsicew
cnet vsteins 332,007 Watch cases, Crescent Watch Case Company . 12,841

NICKEL PLATING
Piano and organ music desk, 8S. G. Chickering..... 352,326 Steam engine, R. Creuzbaur 332,502 Watch cases, filled, H. Muhr’s Sons..........-ss0.--+ 12,862
Pullen, WH, A. COS se ac rasas cmasis sccsisis uie'slvaniecie 332,493 Steam engine, R. M. Marchant... . 832,670 Wood stains, varnishes, etc., D. Rosenberg & Son.. 12,867
Pills, lozenges, ete., machine for making, KE. A. Steam pipe covering, C. Lamkin................ ve ves BdRy208
MN |Snheie svn as cipigtsisiee a 332,494 Stenographer’s use, line finder for, A. & W.
& POLISHING ‘MATERIALS.
A Printed copy of the specifications and drawing of
Pin stem, C. I. Loveren 332,264 INimmM0: cases ees aesse ape cs eed ee sidesisines
Spe Oar ele any patent in the foregoing list, also of any patent
Pipe. See Conductor pipe. Stocking exhibitor, J. D. & G. W. Hibbs............ 332,524

ZUCKER
& LEVETT
issued since 1866, will be furnished from this office for 25
Pipe coupling, J. A. McCormick (r)...............++ 10,674 Store service apparatus, R. H. North............... 332,674 cents. In ordering please state the number and date
Plane, floor, J. A. Traut.......... 832,305 Store service apparatus, switch for, H. L. Giles. - 332,339 of the patent desired, and remit to Munn & Co., 361
Planter, corn, A. Glisson..
Planter, corn, KE. M. South..
. 882,602
« 332,679
Stove, oil burning, J. F. Trout.
Straw cutter, F. W. Miller........
- 832,307
332,272
Broadway, New York. Wealsofurnish copies of patents
granted prior to 1866; but at increased cost, as the CHEMICAL-C° NEW YORKUS.A.
NICKEL 6:
Planter,.corn, A. YORDRL Ge scmssssascea: agnosie 332,469 Stuffing box for piston rod of ice machines, etc., specifications, not being printed, must be copied by
Platform dump and elevator, portable, A. L. G. TROti jem wee ctinecemesenoePOR eH rcs 332,675 hand.
MRPITA GUN: (5c sw eieicia's wieaiejpie> vlaipe= eee <> nieairsie= eralertaat ts 332,654 Stump extractor and stone lifter, W. O. White.... 332,368

ELECTRO PLATING
Canadian Patents may now be obtained by the
PRN CLALG. -Sannes sc a0exes suman hits oi sic patsieramials 332,302 Suspenders, G.'H. Boyd............ceeeees ails hes ay ~ 332,479
inventors for any of the inventions named in the fore-
Plow and pulverizer, cylinder, 8. M. Neely... +» 332,421 Switch. See Cross-over switch.
going list, at a cost of $40 each. For full instructions
- +»832,652 Table. See Extension table. Ironing table.

OUTFITS.
Plow attachment, W. S. Felton
address Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, New York. Other
Plow carriage, C. B. Spurr........ 5 . 832,566 Tank. See Water tank.
foreign patents may also be obcained.
Plow, en0vel, J..&, Po BCOb 6... 0c c0-cwinpersrsiiess ees 332,563 Tanning apparatus, L. Simpson............+.882,450, 382,451
Plgw eek, 'U. Ws BOVIC cocacestacacs subse eeieeaias 332,225 Tape line box, Hi. EH. Dickhut....... Snsleieie'sies apaaneete 832,505
PIG eECy, WW = SUPEIE. Sat gioco a soennieeinns 1555 nneoeee 332,301 Tapping device, J. H. Rathbun......... . 832,436 ‘Modvertisements. OUR ODOMETER attached to a wagon gives the miles traveled fror
Vrieg
Pocket and protector, detachable, A. Warshoar.. 332,310 | Telegraph, printing, R. N. Dyer......... .. 332,649 Anew
Pocrenknito, 0. MH. Kanier. ...ccercesacconecsns seve 382,537 Telegraph, quadruplex, H. OC: Nicholson..382,549 to 332,551 (es Tue Screntiric AMERICAN, ARCHITECTS’ AND
Post driver, A. Weeden ...........-.. 332,687 Thrashing machine and dust protector, W. W. Buiupers’ Epririon, reaches all the Architects and
Potato digger, C. J. Cummings.......crccsoresssnecce 382,644 Baxrhoti be. cteenodateease swcones sobs mimpioiastitaass sais $32,224 leading Builders throughout the United States, ond
as unquestionably the cheapest and most. effective
Power. See Motive power. Tie. See Railway tie. medium for the display of announcements relating
Press. See Baling press. Drill press. Tile, encaustic, F. J. Frenzel, Jr....... ....:... eens BO2,000 to Goods, Materials, and Appliances used in Build-
Pressure regulator, fluid, J. F. De Pew............. 332,645 Tile machines, automatic cut-off and take-away ings. The rates of advertising are very low. Ad- ICE-HOUSE AND COLD ROOM.—BY R.
dress the Publishers, G. Hatfield. With directions for construction. Four
Printer’s chase, L. W. Hardwicke...,... 382,516 for drain, Merrill & Viggers..........sccscsereees 352,546 engravings. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUP-
Primgae ss galley, D. B. Watts. ooss< sec opo0excepverse « 332,686 Tobaceo curing house, J. Osborn......... +. 882,621 MUNN & CO., 361 Broadway, New York. PLEMENT, 59. Vrice 10 cents. To be had at this office
and of all newsdealers.
Printing machine sliding bearer, 8S. Whitlock...... 382,577 Tobacco holder and shaver, S. R. Parks...... eseces Bor eo4
* Printing machine, web perfecting, J. T. Hawkins, Tongue support, wagon, J. Smalley 332,452

Printing press gearing, S. Whitlock................. 382,576

332,518, 332,519, 332,521 Toy gun, G. S. Tingley
Truck, car, W. 'T. Browne.. :
332,461
soses BOR 819
Punching Presses
Printing rollers or blocks, making, F. Beck... .... 382,337 TRUCK CAT, ds WUTTION cmemeaeeeweann sacs eet sana +e. 382,682 DIES AND OTHER TOOLS —7
For themanufacture
ofall kinds of
Printing surfaces, machine for justifying mat- Truss and supporter, combined, H. A, Schulz...... 352,443 SHEET METAL GOODS,
DROP FORGINGS, 4c,
rices for producing, F. D. Maltby................ 332,852 Type matrices, machine for forming, 0. Mergen-
Stiles & Parker Press Co 2a)
Propeller, screw, A. VogelsSangd.......050. scscessees 332,309 BRAISL No ois'civinis cleVee hsisinie vg'ete gikisiale «vines o:dioaieth clan aaaoe 882,00
Pulley lubricator, loose, W.J.Ormsby
PRI COLALY «ds Bo BY GUE: e.c.is.c00
......... 332,552 Vacuum brake apparatus, automatic, J. Gresham. 332,653
casio es«+ assis v'0's nance 382,586 Valve, balanced slide, J. D. Olds..............05.+-- $32,278
ENGINES
AND anted—The right to manufacture some patent. arti-
Pumps, oil drip and separating tank for ammonia Valve, piston, P. Armington « 832,682 cle or device in which light ironworking machinery
gas, Jungenfeld & Rassbach................ee00e 882,344 Valve, steam engine, H. H. Westinghouse.. . 332,689 can be used. Will purchase patents or manufacture on
royalty. Address P. O. Box 23, Decatur, IL.
Pumping apparatus, device for transmitting mo- ° Vault, fireproof, C. C. Gilttian.....).....ccccseens cose OBR 24T
of all sizes.
SEEErAEAVOIE, Ao, ATION vats sess casas sinda0'sae'sepoid been OOD Vehicle Drake, Uriah. > tascetnccsee cme csadeeaa « 832,482
Write for Circular and tell us what you want. VAN DUZEN’S
I EEL. LANO, on s'sonsee mains npein.ces aisle aescaniens $52,666 Voebicle dasngvA. SUP ArROn. ps actmcss csins cociassias tens 332,282 B. W. PAYNE & SON, Drawer 1004, Elmira, N. Y.
Rack. See Hay and straw rack. Music and book Vehicle seats, adjustable back for, Straubel & Or address our New York Office.
rack. TROD GI. vnpiacainmeen Gi tacts Sinnee asi 6cingie Eastern Agents, HILL, CLARKE & CO., Boston, Mass,
Our patented Vertical Boiler will not prime. No dan-
Mechanical Boiler Cleaner,
Rails to metal sleepers, fastening, J. Conley....... 332,384 Vehicle top, K. W. Holmes.......... ger of burning flues. Takes out all mud and seale
Railway heads, etc., stop motion for, A. Schaer... 332,289 Velocipede, C. S. Leddell (r).......... 22... : forming properties from the
Railway signal, W. M. Pease..........cercossccceres $32,431 Velocipede seat spring, R. HE. Humphreys.......... 332,658 Zagua water of Steam Boilers,
SA'S keeping it clean and free
RiMMRITA. Ba ME. CAPRIS. aisa'svocnacine sacked sina 382,490 Ventilator. See Box ventilator. Churn ven-
Railway time signal, electric, G. Cornell............ 332,496 tilator. ue ST iy REL from allimpurities. Send for
circular, Manufactured by
une LLG HTNIN Ss
23 wo
Rake. See Hay rake. Ventilator for cooking and other apartments, D.
ae | Sere : IE. W. VAN DUZEN,
Reclining chair, M. S. Curtiss.........scsccessecssece 882,237 BUTPORS case sscccassseetssss none ector sees tyr esc raae 832,379 aS
Ths CINCINNATI, O.
Reclining chair, J. Gloekler...........sseccecesecsess 382,603 Vessel, screw propelled, C. W. Field, Jr............ 382,243 aOR
2
Refrigerating vessel for cold storage, A. M. Vieo, aa. 0.) BOUIN acs, cab anemers dak cee rah eae es cule ras 32,478 i=} AMERICAN MECHANICAL DICTIONARY. |A
NM OIL.. «on sche odansetyccth ov) savon ehcvaaake 382,584 Vuleanizing rubber and for other purposes, appa-
Boa Descriptive Word Book of Tools, Instruments, Machines,
s
Chemical and Mechanical Processes; Civil, Mechanical,
Refrigerator, A. McKenzie................+! Sp Gracie . 832,417 ratus for, H. C. Miller........ «++ 832,408 ah =~ Railway, Hydraulic, and Millitary Engineering; a His-
oO
Refrigerator safe for bread, cake, ete., H. D. Wagon brake, Swann & Adkins... ... 382,681 tS 3 ¢ tory of Inventions; General Technological Vocabulary ;
Streator........ 00 barca ttenannddnch Ewe oSoe5 ou .. 832,367 Wagon, dumping, J. McFarlawd............ ... 332,414 & EW SAT and Digest of Mechanical A pennes in Science and In-
dustrial and Fine Arts. lustrated with upward of
Regulator. See Gas regulator. Pressure regu- Walls of buildings, preventing saltpeter exuda- Wiley & Russell Mfg. Co., Greenfield, Masx. 7,000 engravings. By Edward H. Knight, A.M., Civil and
lator. tions from forming on the faces of, J. C. Mechanical Engineer. In three octavo volumes. The
Roaster. See Peanut roaster. AROGIEON ~ ace cisabisstas eric hs sastnpse 50 v iebn aps es 332,580 DVERTISERS Can learn the cost of any pro- set, cloth, $24.00; sheep, $27.00. For sale by MUNN & Co.,
posed line of Advertising at GEO. P. ROWELL & 361 Broadway, New York City.
Rock drill core lifter, G. F. Case.........ccssscscess 382,587 Washing machine, G. G. Koschel............0.es00- 332,662 CO’S NEWSPAPER Advertising Bureau, 10 Spruce
Rock drilling and tunneling machine, R. Dal- Water closet, automatic flushing, W. B. Parsons, St., New York. Send.10.cents for a 100-page pamphlet. AMERICAN STEAM BOILER INSURANCE CO.,
By bisa siadens whavidio Aol cid ailstents wcain oo Ua teenie 45 Willlum Street. New York,
Write for Special Blanket Form No, 9; gives complete
Rooting, W. H. Stewart # Water closet supply tanks, valve for, W. Bunt- protection ta property, and pays $5,000 for a life and $50
Roofing anchor, sheet, metal, W. A. List............ 852,418 Sd Gitte tae Reaite «vain: usaaieiss odacly aie dhe sedis « 332,635 weekly for six months for injury. :
Roofing, machine for edging and seaming tin, Water meter, oscillating, J. W. Byrne.............. 382,687
LP Drea 5 04 Ceens teheh
Rotary engine, J. Harrington..
Water tank, FJ. CArnGS. .: scesccneve>sctwehonvtnatne $52,489
Weaning calves, device for, Shank & Meek........ 382,293
Bsdco System
Of Arc and Incandescent Lighting.
Saddle, harness. A. GAM... ...5....s000e.ceereee’s $82, Well drill, self-pumping and expanding, W. C Valuable Fertilizer Distributer Patent for Sale entire, Electric Light and Power.
or will license; already introduced in several counties ; Motors, Dynamos, Lamps, and Batteries in all varieties.
Safe and vault, tireproof, C. C. Gilman............. 382.246 US CAIN voiviaan edo:acai a socune +> celta Stree ee 852,688 acknowledged the best. Address JOSEPH B. DENTON, Electro-Dynamic Co,, 224 Carter St., Philadelphia.
Safe, druggist’s, T. Knoebel,........eesees Pena reneeee 332,061 Windlass locking gear, C. A. POtter.,.ccceceeereee> 382,287 Newtown, Long Islund. Send for circular, W.W. Griscom, Consulting Electrical Engineer,
 Srientific American.
eam

JANuARY, 1886.]

Important PraskioulandSrientiteBooks THE NEW “GRESHAM” PATENT

LIST
Amateur Mechanics’ Workshop.—Containing Plain
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Antomatic Re-Starting, Injector
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Arlot.—Complete Guide for Coach Painters. 12mo, $1.25 be used as a lifter or a non-lifter; restarts immediately
Armengand, Amovoux. and Johnson,—The
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by Mr. Charles Paine. Contained in ScrEN‘1IFIC AMERT- 4, Pulley. ELMER BE. HAWHS, Sole Pro-
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 Scientific American. [January, 1886.

THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN,— G.M. BREINIG. AGENT, Principal (riceAtmanuractory

NEW MILFORD, Conn.
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for oil pumps. In We for of =
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Send for circular.
ERICSSON’S
PIPE COVERING. ae

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Barnes’ ’ Patent Foot and Mand Power )

FIRE BRICK,>abRcNene OE
ig ||G) Com \ Cj) TILEAND CLAY RETORTS ALL ee i)
Ky \ al MACHINERY,
PUMPING ENGINE, in Contractors
$15.
and Builders, Jobbers
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| FOR steam power, can, by using outfits
A 2 of these machines, bid lower and
HYPNOSCOPE.—A PAPER BY’ J. Dwellings & Country Seats save more money than by any other
| Ochovvicz, M.D., describing a new apparatus for ascer- means for doing their work. Illus-
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three figures. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN nomical! Absolutely Safe!
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DELAMATER W. F. & John Barnes Co.,
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Address 1999 Main St., Rockford, Ill.
Iron Works,

SPECIAL FELT
Fireproof Non-conducting
Boilers, and all hot surfaces.
feet long. Easy to_apply.
FOR
Made in sections three
Asbestos Materials—
ICE
Coverings for Steam
HOUSES.
Pipes, EPPS’S STEAM CATAMARAN
NEW
Foot of W. 18th St.,
YORK,

MAY
U. S. A.

BAR-
THE
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WESTON DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINE

cost, and in quantities from 5 YATT FE printed, elegantly illustrated; it presents in popu'ar
gals. to 5,000 gals. per minute. ==. y style a descriptive record of the most novel, interesting
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ELECTROPLATING AND ELECTROTYPING, | Saws,
| Mills,
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Our Filters are simple in
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Cane Sine
impurities from the Filter
and every variety of supplies for Nickel, Silver, and } bills. Is noiseless, neat, bed. Plans and specifications Industry, l’rogress, Thrift, and Intelligence in every
Gold Plating; also, Bronze and Brass Solutions. Com- | compact, steady; will work ready for a 15,000,000 gallon
\ ;} at any pressure of water community where it circulates.
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| THE
Prices from $15 to $300. Send for circular to
BACKUS WATER MOTO CO., Newark, N. J.
THE NEWARK FILTERING
141 COMMERCE ST., NEWARK,
COMPANY,
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INSTRUMENTS.
M. T. COMSTOCK, Cheap, Durable. Increases Power. Isnot Foot and Power Lathes, Drill
affected by Water, Oil, Steam, or Weather. Presses, Scroll-saw Attach- Postal Order or Check.
6 Astor Place,
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Can refer to hundreds of large manufac- Lathes on trial. Lathes on 361 Broadway, New York.
turing concerns using it. _ payment,
s— = Send for catalogue of Outfits
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LaTesTANO IMPROVED Brick MACHINERY profusely illustrated with engravings.

GS
t)

FORBotH STEAM
ANDHORSEPOWER, The most important Enyineering Works, Mechanisms,
and Manufactures at home and abroad are represented

HENRY )V(ARTIN. INVENTOR PROPRIETOR

MESSRS. MUNN & CO., in connection with the publi- and described in the SUPPLEMENT.
cation of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, continue to ex- Price for the SUPPLEMENT for the United States and
amine improvements, and to act as Solicitors of Patents
for Inventors.
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AND MANUFACTURER,| ANCASTER P,ISA Canada, $5.00 a year, or one copy of the ScrENTTFIC AM-
ERICAN and one copy of the SUPPLUMENT, both mailed
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BLAKE’S IMPROVED PIPE HANGER.

Designs, Patents, Appeals, Reissues, Infringements, As-
signments, Rejected Cases, Tints on the Sale of Pa- for both ScTENTIFIC AMERICAN and SUPPLEMENT for
tents, etc. one year. This includes pestage, which we pay. Remit
by postal order or draft to order of
We also send, free of charge, a Synopsis of Foreign Pa- IT IS THE CHEAPEST AND BEST HANGER
tent Laws, showing the cost and method of securing MUNN & CO., %1 Broadway, New York.
patents in al! the principal countries of the world. IN THE MARKET,
MEUNN & CO,, Solicitors of Patents, It saves many expensive Blacksmiths’ Jobs.: Can be attached to pipe when in position. Expansion always
361 Broadway, New York.
provided for. Cheap because it is simple. Pitch lines of mains easily obtained. No troublesome screws to adjust,
PRINTING INKS,
BRANCH OFFICES.—No. 622 and 624 F Street, Pa- JENEINS BROG., SoLe AGENTS, fQHE
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71 JOHN 8T., NEW YORK. 13 SO, FOURTH ST., PHILA. 79 KILBY 8T., BOSTON. bard Ste. Phila.. and 47 Rose St., opp. Duane St., N. ¥,
 JANUARY, 1886.1 Scientific America. 05
iss5.|NEW YORK BELTING AND PACKING CO.
Oldest and Largest Manufacturers in the United States of

Vulcanized Rubber Fabrics ADAPTED TO MECHANICAL PURPOSES.

RUBBER BELTING, PACKING, AND HOSE,

CORRUGATED POSITIVE B LAST.
Mats and Matting, and Stair Treads, &c. IRON REVOLVERS, PERFECTLY BALANCED,
The Latest Improvement BLOXOLE TIRES, CAR SPRINGS.
HN H. CHEEVER, Treas, DVewr7 Yorl= Belting and Packing Co., P.H.
Has Fewer Parts than any other Blower,
& F.M. ROOTS, Manufacturers,

TRACTION ENGINES
JOHN D. CHEEVER, Dep’y Treas. Warehouse, 15 Park Row, opp. Astor House, N. Y. CONNERSVILLE, IND.
Branches: 308 Chestnut Street, Phila., 167 and 169 Lake Street, Chicago, and 52 and 54 Summer Street, Boston. §.S. TOWNSEND, Gen. Agt.,22Cortland
St., 9Dey St.,
COOKE & CO., Selling Agts., 22 Cortland Street,
JAS. BEGGS & OO., Selling Agts. 9 Dey Street,

The only Engines where the power is ae

successfully applied to the four truck wheels.
aoe and
Hxceeds
all other Traction Engines in pulling and steering through
THE
Unequaled
STOCKPORT
for simplicity, Durability, Reliability, Economy
GAS
Lightness, and
ENGINE. cEND
NEW YoRK.
FOR PRICED CATALOGUE.

mud holes, sand, or any soft or uneven ground, or on any

General Design.
road. Is the result accumulated from a third of a
century of study and practical experience in the manu- Starts with ease. Receives an impulse at every revolution. Runs silently at a regular PROSPECTING MINERAL: LANDS A:SPECIALTY,
speed with the least attention. Send for parti ulars of Sizes and Prices to “CYLINDRICAL SECTIONS OB TES TANS THE WHOLE
facture of DISTANCE BORED
Poriable, Agricultural, & Stationary Steam Engines, DICKSON MANUFACTURING CO., Scranton, Pa. 112 Liberty St., N. ¥., U. Ss. A.
A
With determined policy to build only the BEST MACHIN- ADMITTING WLARGER PUMP&

SHAFTING,
ERY from the BEST MATERIALS, and in the BEST CASING.IN PROPORTION. TO
MANNER OF CONSTRUCTION, and With continued im- $12 B)-OF HOLE THAN’ BY ANY.
provements, have attained the HIGHEST STANDARD in
excellence of workmanship, simplicity of design, and OTHER@PROQCESS: ESTIMATES

PULLEYS,
capacity of power. GIVEN ANDCONTRACTS MADEBY

PENN. VANES
In addition to our STANDARD ENGINES we now offer
the first ROAD ENGINE which has the Traction Power

HANGERS.
practically and efficiently applied to the four truck
wheels, and while so applied to each wheel independ-
ently, the forward axle is under full control of the steer-
ing spperane-
escriptive catalogue will be sent on application.
WOOD, TABER & MORSE, Pat. Steel Shafting. BOx423 See
Eaton, Madison — N.Y. RSS PATENT FRICTION CLUTCH, Friction Clutch. MANE TRS.OF DIAMOND DRILES
FOR ALL KINDS-OF-
PATENT. Internal Clamp Couplings. ROCK BORING. +

(OLD aXe) ee a)
Send for Illustrated Circular and discount sheet.
Friction Clutch. A. & F. BROWN, 45 PARK PLACE, NEW YORK.
RINTER’S £
SHAF TING.
‘The tact that this shafting has 7% per cent. greater
strength, a finer finish, and is truer to gauge, than an
other in use renders it nndoubtedly the most economica!
We are also the sole manufacturers of the CELEBRATED
COLLINS’ PatT.COUPLING, and furnish Pulleys, Hangers,
OTTO
GUARANTEED
PER CENT.
TO CONSUME
LESS GAS THAN
CAS 25 to %5
A fd Y
ENCINE. OTHER
Per BRAKE-HORSEPOWER
GAS ENGINE
Machines, for inserting large eyelets in SHOW-
CARDS. Price, $12.50.
P. 0. Box 282.

BRADLEY'S
J. T. TURNER,
Baltimore, Md.
i
etc., of the most approved styles. Price list mailed on Upright Cushioned
application to ONES & LAUGHLINS, Limited, SCHLEICHER, SCHUMM & Co., PHILADELPHIA and CHICACO.
Try Street. 2d and 38d Avenues, Pittsburg, Pa.
Corner Lake end Canal Sts., ‘Chicago, il.
t2™ Stocks of this mete in store and for sale by ECONOMIC MOTOR CO.’S
Helve Hammer
Combines all the best elements es

GAS ENGINES. :
FULLER, DANA & FITZ, Boston, mane ey ; sential in a first-class hammer.
Geo. Place Machinery Agency. 121 Chambers St.,
BRADLEY & aeOn
Established
1882. = Syracuse, N. Y., U.S.
COUNTERSINK and DRILL COMBINED. ——

WATCHMAKERS. _
Best in pene workmanship, and materials.
An unequaled small Motor adapted to all uses. Before
Simple, Safe, Economical: Durable. buying,
Four sizes: 1 H. ., 1man power, and a Sewing Machine Motor. see the
Send for Circulars.” Whitcomb Lathe andthe Webster SOLE Wheel,
ECONOMIC MOTOR CoO., made by the AMERICAN
tham, Mass.
WATCH
CATALOGUES FREE.
L CO., Wal-

9 CORTLANDT STREET, NEW YORK.

The KEYSTONE
The Countersink aceon
work twice. Made
ee Drill, the job is finish-
ed at one operati = sae Jie
he adjusting of toois and RUBBER BELTINC, AND ALL OTHER
PACKINC,
KINDS OF
HOSE, Steam Driller
Is used for making
Wiley & ieeeeell: Mfg. Co., Greenfield, Mass. Artesian, Water,

Transmission of Power. RUBBER Goonrvs, itedager de

Suspension Bridges, FOR rills 4 eet solic
Tramways, rock in 10 hours.
and other applications of MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING PURPOSES. Machines for sale,
The Largest and Most Extensive Manufacturers in America. EA th —
THE GUTTA PERCHA AND RUBBER MFG. CO., Keystone Drill-
New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Toronto. Bor 2 oh in,

ROCK BREAKERS AND ORE CRUSHERS. a co

Trenton [ron Co. We manufacture and supply at short notice and lowest het Stone and Ore Crushers con-
taining the invention described in Letters Patent. issued to Eli W. Blake June 15th. 1858, togeth- Sy ~
LEATHER
“248 best and most
BELTING
reliable Belt
WORKS and OFFICE, TRE NTON, N. J.
er with NEw AND VALUABLE tlet pbs pod aly for which Letters Patent were granted May llth = trod 1. Made b
New York Office—CooPER, HEWwirr & Co., Gls Burling and July 20th, 1880. to Mr. 8S. Marsden All Crushers supplied by us are constructed under = ELECTRIC . CG. 4ae HIE REN
EN i c oO.
Slip. Philadelphia Oftice—2i North Fourth Street. Chi- the superintendence of Mr. Atle foe who, for the past fifteen years, has been connected with J RS. 47 Ferry St., New York; 416
cago Office—l46 Lake Street. the manufacture of Blake Crushers in this country and England. Arch 8t., Phtieacipnint 86 Federal Street; Boston.
FARREL FOUNDRY AND MACHINE CO., Manufrs., Ansonia, Conn,
J. G&G TODD, COPELAND & BACON, Agents, New Y ork,
‘THE ELECTRICAL REVIEW,’’
Manufacturer. Anillustrated weekly journal, is theacknowledge d lead-

Aluminum Bronze, Aluminum Silver, Aluminum Brass,

“Flax, Hemp, Jute, Rope, Oakum, er inthe world of electrical science. Edited with care.
its editorial opinion is reliable,its news columns bright
and Bagging Machinery, Steam En- and instructive. $3.00 per year; single copies, 10 cents.
ines, Boilers, etc. Sole Agent for
ayher’s New Acme Steam Engine 23 PARK ROW, NEW YORK.
and Force Pump combined. Iso f=" Best advertising medium in the electrical field.
owner and exclusive manufacturer of SiLicCcown “BRONZE,
THE NEW BAXTER PATENT Furnished in Ingots and Castings. Rods and Wire Made to Order. We have no Sheet Metal. CATALOGUES FREE_TO_
RRS
ANY oe
PORTABLE STEAM ENGINE, Our Malleable Castings can be made of over 100,000 pounds tensile strength, with extraordinary power to with-
These Engines are admirably adapt- stand corrosive influences, and unrivaled beauty of color. Send for pamphlet.
ed to all kinds of light power for driv-
ing printing presses, pumping water,
sawing wood, grinding coffee, gin-
COWLES ELECTRIC SMELTING AND ALUMINUM CO., CLEVELAND, 0.
ning cotton, and all kinds of agricul-
tural und mechanical purposes, and
are furnished at the
prices:
following low IMINING AND EIOISTING
Machinery; also, Stationary Engines, Boilers, and Ventilating Fans. Estimates
1 HORSE POWER....$150|3 HORSE Seta
14% HORSE POWER.... 190 4 HORSE POWER.... 350
made and contracts taken for constructing all kinds of Mining Machinery. A New Drill Chuck.
xr A. FINCH & CO., BOX 335, SCRANTON, PA.
2 HORSE POWER.... 245|)5 HORSE POWER.... 420 THE HARTFORD.
Send for descriptive éireular. Address No. 1 holds 0 to xs in. Price, $7.00.
J.C. TODD,
Or 36 Dey St., New York.
Paterson, N. J.
TAKING A HOUSE. a
W
No. 2 holds 0 to 4in,
(a It cannot a excelled. Address
Price, $8.00.

Practical Hints on Taking a House: Outside the o) WAS)

HMA THE CUSHMAN CHUCK CO.,

a SNe aaa
house, inside the house, living rooms, bedrooms, drain-
age, &e. By H. PERCY BOULNOIS 12mo, cloth, 50c. Z Hartford, Conn,

FO nESCRIPTION Oy ©) =) Or any dealer in machinists’ Tools.

; SURVEYINC. Be Pumps:
E
STEEL WIRE Ofer’ Peter SPRINGS NENYORK CTY ab
A Practical Treatise on the Science of Land and
Engineering Surveying Leveling, Estimating
o
ul
URE
THREE
S1ZES, Model Steam Engines,
For Private Lines, Quantities, &c., with a description_of the various in.
struments required, &e. By H.S8. MERRETT. Fourth
al SING "| Twenty-five
“iy complete set of finished
cents
parts, including
to ten dollars for a
Straight or Crooked; Call
Eells, Ear-Phone, ete. 4 edition, revised and corrected with an appendix by a § boiler. lustre ited catalogue sent free.
GEORGE W. NSILL. °42 plates, Svo, cloth, $5.00
Styles; Very Best Made;
for lllus, Circular. J. Holcomb
5 Patent 8, Prices Low. Send
& Co., Cleveland, O.
a 38 Clermont
P. RYDEI
Ave., Brcokivesd. Y.
TANNINC. (0) CO. BUFFALO
US.A.
(NY.
TEWART
HEATER
A very strong, durable Lacing;
made by a new process, and per- A Text-book of Tanning: A treatise on the conver- =O = PUMP
GEARED
- OR
FEEDING
PUMPING
FOR
BOILERSOR ¢
MANUFACT
DOUBLE
BE.USED
ASCSEPARATE
PARTS,CAN STREET
CLINTON
&42.
40
INTERCHANGEABLE'IN
INACTION
NOISELESS
TANKS) Ww =\ Andrews’ Office&Bank Desks
fected, after years of experi- won of ekine leather, nen pamela theoreti: Se work oa ene U.S.; Se *
ment. It has been tried by many cal. ROCTOR. ith eig plates and nu- = : ‘ ec nbe work guarantee
who use large amounts of lacing itadhuercngravinges OrownsyG: sloth: sia $4.00 VOLNEY W. MASON & CO., BE ie on Poem hol Desks, Globes.
demonstrating, to their satisfac,
tion, its superiority
kinds. Made only by Page Belt-
over othe- pi aowemay be ordered.they
The above may be ordered through any bookseller, or will FRICTION PULLEYS CLUTCHES and ELEVATORS,
PROVIDENCE, R. I.
A.H.Andrews
&Co. io'pona!st. Re
Ildrews & Co, 19 125Bond-st.
afNew ame
Y.

Clark’s SteelCased Rubber Wheel,

ing Co., Manufacturers of Supe-
rior Leather Belting, Concord, N.
E. & F.N. SPON, 35 MURRAY ST., NEW YORK.
H.; also Boston, New York,
Chicago, St. Louis, and Cincin- Curtis Pressure Regulator, FOR ROLLER SKATES.

MAGIC LANTERNS
nati. Send for circulars.
FOR STEAM AND WATER, For use in dwellings, public halls,

VAPORATING FRUIT
Is made entirely of Metal. Occupies the ma ste. Will: not chip or injure
> common
same space as a Globe Valve. it has no Wy fioors. Noiseless. Geo. P. Clark,
glands or packing, and is a lock-up valve. (Box 1.) Windsor Locks Ct,

CURTIS STEAM TRAP e PATENT

And es, Views illustrating
Full treatise on improved }J every Ra. Lad OF. PUBL EXHIBITIONS, ete.
methods, yields, profits
eee =: (A profitable business for a man with a small capital, Also,
and general statisti cs, FREE. B Lanterns for Home Amusement. 136 page Catalogue /ree, Has main valve outside and air valve | @& edt JACKET KETTLES,
WMICALLISTER, Mfg. Optician,49 Nassau St.,N. Y. inside. ‘
AMERICAN MAN’F’G CO. CURTIS REGULATOR CO.,, Plain or Porcelain Lined, Tested to 100 Ib.
PLANING AND MATCHING tLe aap 54 Beverly St., Boston, Mass. Deen
Ee Or ee y's OO:
- , Siow 4o rise SEA
li ealava cs 614 and 616 Market St., Phils adel phia, Pa
The Cheapest and Best Lubricator. es 1
Se rg
Become
—The
QUICK AT FIGURES. : "Seoaien Fore
Woodbury Company, Boston, Mass.—
The feed is very plain and pos-
itive. It has less parts than any rao
2££| «gp\Woodworking Machinery, Sea:R
co oQ ‘ ‘ _*
oiler yet produced. We avoid
glass tubes, and guarantee the
most reliable feed. The new gan .—) For Planing Mills, Furniture EBS
glass is almost everlasting. A BE : and Chair Bactoriés. Car and E MANUFACTURES,
child can replace the new shape fs gricultura orks, Carriage
glass. A specialty is our Small ; and Buggy Shops, and General
Engine and Pump Lubricator. 2 § ‘ woe Workers. Manufact’d by F R : CT : oO N CcL U T Cc 4
Etolland dé Thompson, cial Machines for Car Work, and she latest improved
The Kgan C omnpany,
Cinctnuati, O.. =. Pulleys and Cut-off Coupiings.
217 River Street, Nroy, N. ¥. Wood Working Machinery of atl kind 1 assortment of iis Saw ‘ainda JAS. HUNTER & SON, North Adams, Mass,
 Scientific American,

NATURAL CAS
Is perfectly free from all impurities, and steel
heated by its use does not scale, It contains no

Band Saws. Band Saws.

sulphur or other base substances. We are the first
to adopt its use in heating saws for tempering,
which explains the cause of our saws being tougher
DAMASCUS TEMPERED BY NATURAL GAS than any others now made.
HEAT, SUPERIOR TOUGHNESS.

After more than ten years’ experience in the manu-

facture of Band Saws, we have discovered a new process
OUR CIRCULAR SAW AY
THeC} |
of Tempering and Straightening all at one opera- Of all sizes from 6 inches in diameter to6 feet, both
tion. This process insures absolute perfection,
We aevecially request all users of Band Saws to send us Solid and Inserted Teeth, also our
their address in full, and also a description of the sizes of
saws used, and we will, by return mail, quote them special
prices, and also send “them our samphlet on the Tare Bate
which contains much yaluable information for all users of
Double Toothed Gross Cuts
Band Saws. (two saws in one), for alluses HAVE NO
EQUAL.

The Superior Quality of our Band Saws, All Tempered, Straight- Our SAWYER’S HANDBOOK will be sent FREK to any part
ened, and Trued at one operation, which we have patented, makes of the world on receipt of full name and address.
them so perfect that our SALES HAVE MORE THAN TREBLED IN THE
PAST YEAR. Our largest and best customers prefer them to the
best imported saws.
Address FMERSON, SMITH & CO, (umrten),
ke WRITE FOR OUR CIRCULAR AND REDUCED PRICE LISTS._31 Beaver Falls, Pa.

Classified Index of Adverisements Published inthe Present Number of the Soiewltis American, Architests and Builders Edition,
Advertising Agents. Page |Drop Forgings, Page |Leather Belting. Page |Rubber Belting, Ete. Page
SEs REONVOR. UG YO Diee CF vece.cic cistas cwteynin
ges =92 Billings & Spencer Co.~.....-..2. s+.-ee2+e2 0: o4 N. Y. Belting & Packing Co 95 N. Y. Belting and Packing Co 95
ic ee Stiles & Parker PYESS CO. oe o.ccaicc
oe dsae ecw ans92 Sonleren ee eh: IMs sinaieRas
cap emetee , The Gutta Percha & Rubber Mfg. Go........ 95
Cowles Electric Smelting & Aluminum Co....95 |Electrie Lights, Bear ne sac Rubber st
A tak Brush Hleetric'\Co... .2....0 .cccees cues cover iii |Lithographers. Fobiainbe @ Co.” 98
- vcct: mn
Efentric C HEE. % Te sColburn &Oo HF. 0G, 25% See Seteee. 3 - 94 Schumacher & Ettlinger................ cover ii s Sy ee ear eee eter escorts
ey raat ais te kaa SD ENED BE Hlectro Dy nano Cos .s... 2: bees one ree -2 -921 Rocks. Rubber eros: ete,
Asphalt Paint and Cement, sabe ++ cover iii
Western Electric Co............-.+64 Cincinnati Safe & Lock Co......... _....cover iii GREAT. EEO AL 22-0. ARSE TT 95
REPESRVOC Shae COlc. ssc ccocsyeressenns- sCOVOLAIV Electric Matting. Lubricators. Safes.
Asbestos, feSe APPLE Gate. ooo ctscee eg ewe niemnie esse cee meen 93 rpOnanS. & ps cae +s eaiesescelsvnsitic, ©00+ssie = Cincinnati Safe & Lock Co.............. cover iii
Baan . Jona) Mir £00, £ Ben eae
ome de te94 Lape lating and Electrotyping Mchy. an Duzen co tte eect cece ecereccesenecaee
Pmalmers-SPenCC CO. .2c.ccccecs feccceeccercs 94 es Van
Hanson, r r
Winkle & Co. oo ds
occ ses ncconues s94 Lumber.P on Sash,
Goss Doors, andMfg)
& Phillips Blinds,
Co... ..o...26-
c20 sees 89
Barrel Machinery. Zucker & Levett Chem. Co................5- .- 92 pees roe & Co.Piet ease Ct ONSEN as
ORME cael rps oman mrrieaaen 94 |Electrical Supplies.
Wlectroa DynamiciCo ck. chesesnonbhseceeeeccecd g2
nS Ie SO
|Magic Lanterns,
eae os eRe eerCover» : |\SawJo Set and :Vise:
BS COXNCRO Tea. cca si Fe Ta de a'«5:6ieee» ols.ais89
Wink w: sah
ae Bierais wan Ae C. B. Jones& Bro ... 94 McAllister............ ¢ tereerece entenseccaccces % |Saw Clamp.
. 9 UT ey MW CO. sce eeeeeeeee sees see Western Electric Co.........+e008s: . . .cover iii |Mahogany. pr. LS DOLARSHAAS ES. BOT eet vaste eles Saks alee wah 93
Boiler Cleaners. Elevators. Tio MSY TICE va secre sins camistnieers Gojs\na's ce vicnlseeeniae
esos 89] Saws.
EEMYY .HVGAIEPLUIBOT) . on care ccc c tcue pusstewere coe te V. W. Mason & Co... “A ,.95 |Malleable Iron, pA Eye Oy a GRE ee Fae ie cover ii
Boil er‘Coverings D. Frisbee & Co............. cover iii Syracuse Malleable FTO: WOPkiyrdt s: . ..00 de: 93 NERY 3 CN ae Oe ae oe 92
<s- WOVEN & CO, THOt reso. snc diet y-\sesleanie
cies94 EEMOTSON cOUGIGH Gi OOn nsbarde io ce oon viens ccese vs 96
H. PORTB EMT SO Obata sss ocicine vies iain cose 94| Emery Wheels, ;
( Sa RA PONOO GD SS. cas sine = 6 ta cmc cones ee94 N.Y. Belting & Packing Co............. ..95 |Manufacturers’ Agents. Screw Drivers.
BemMhret ies 85 COL. cere: sscoscee-s ce cover iv W-Bs Barey 5.02.
2 ..02%..2 6 RRNA SA ‘cover ii ae phy : Hoe Feeseene ot eden seeeseee
sect es4 Standard Tool Co. ...........seeeseseeeee
aneee 93
Metallic Shingles. Sscrew T 1
Boil
een amen I
ot ty ce oo || TSCA
2e,

Hartford Steam Boiler Insp. & Ins. Co........ 4

Hara Wntke.,.
OOS Dam,
Engi nes.
52. coteoSneeenerne
Meenas
eaeSeek|o|94| Cincinnati Stamping Co .........4-.-.2- cover ii |"
Will Furnishings,
"Phe J.B. Smith CO......cessceeceseesseeseesees 89
Serew Jacks,
- Tang Files,

BW. Payne: & Son. Guteccces

ect tees eee ate 92 MUTISOW BLO: Ss veces oars cPu betes acicccls ce ossncies 93 Joyce, Cridlands&)CO.<c.c22 aesce o- onde cover ii
ie baa and Publishers, if¢iba em Uae Ip RaPS Rh Sen ESBS WORK MiP CO sa crettrcclens
alt dnd sooctiec ee telsieistate 8 | Seroll ute and "Tools
Te Rae ee
ep.
Wiwler&® Wells'Co
-
ce 2 ke ¢eisai
LBL. 55 BS Saeed:
5 RAR SrN 9
nat ee
+
93 El
wand
pana,
ie 21 Sa r & 5
, a a zn. ctl : ee Cope ole sine cB sfe\ea,0 v0.44
Mining and Hoisting napMachinery,
1; As Binech;.& Cosssia.) Wie asco h tates ined 95
2c
Seneca F: Mfe.
op.Oo ee
ae = SP
oe none
Se oe ee
--
89

Searionl Reviews 0d Obes.

clans. eles ooe8 93 ¢ r2 rome 5 pet 95 Models, Ete. Shingles,
fern. .8o Ob oss Soe ee 8...Lasts Mowowewt oe 94 ig ara epraetor Die ala apr Met nmmeaye gee eG a OC. .E. Jonesi& Bro. ins .<sttatv
sees Piece Mae ote 94 Chas. B. Crombie... ...........0----.5--- cover ii
Bw ON. Spon... csacee «eee « isesaeteieestiee 95 rk th neh ag Be Goodnow & Wightman.............. ses..0.---- 95 Cincinnati Stamping Co... 222206200222: cover ii
Braseiioods. a a :4 ie a wila Teese eeieceweseeieceseee 2 SP A RY Ger. aeeciiaise
asst) 8Oba eaeicisciaemenae Ae: Silverware, |
“TTMSLSEET OS gag Ce Joes ea UR 93 xtens on a oF ides, : Motors, Standerd«Silverware Oo... . Wo... cece. ccsinesees 93
£ Wilson & Robotham....:. ......00: cece cover iv Backus Water Motor Co Siecle ee Bo PAE .94| Skylight and Floor Glass.
Brick Machines. Files, Hleotro Dynaie Oo Fier acen-en cha poeta cberna 92 Philip Semmer...... As Po Cae OP eee6 aoe 94
NN MAGNSis 4wait, Pe Sis cies lew Sn v lassen oh 94 Thewd 68. Snith) Core cet s.t tis. «5 Mie Sites > 89 Mouldings, Ete, Skylights.
Builders’ Hardware, Filters. 5 . Goss @ PUOMAPS lets ace tht setases deste ee serene: 89 TADWN. chats < oceitene TSM CN aSwenSe ceeb pees cover iii
Fire Go liGwweeces. Hasett...
Peete. sees the cover iii The N ewark Filtering Co............0-.20+-++- 4 J. Moore & O0:i.......<0000. SAkccean ace cover ii |Sliding Door Hangers.
Building Materials. |dacs Ba Ete. ‘4 Newspaper Files. American Mfg. CO.........sseseecceeeee
Flynt Building and Construction Co...cover iv Be cok sc SeSaw gong seths QoOoaI"
siehtom gO ce ueee em ae Munn & COi.........05.....00. teeter eee eee eens 93 |Steam
7 Boilers.
= am a
Building Paper, Felt,os eaeBte,eae eed ead
FireLudlow
Hydrants.
Valve Mfg. Co...........c.ece0s cover iii
pier Socaetear psiey
Hanson, Van Winkle & Co....... Shela aipfe sigue aces94
TM
See aPayon
eetao ee fe4
ee 1c,ee .
M. — SM IG
H. W. Johns Mig. Co Hire Proofing Material Zucker & Levett Chemical Co........ BucrereOe92 pecans askew Supplies. a
N. ¥. Coal Tar Chemieal 061.0000... Johns Mfg. Co., H. Wo... sesceseceue WA 94| Odometers. e50092
per gnincias
eco a
eae:
i.
muwayart
ia
wigs a ™
Building and Construction Company, so ssseccensence
Chalmers-Spence Co......°; 94 McDonnell Odometer Co... ...s000000sccse
Flynt Buildingcs and Construction
. Co. ..coverbd ivok Foot and Hand Power Machinery. Packing aereals ; lameron Wonton:
Stawnit am rie
Pum Pp OESrks etait <ceie's's «sie ; 9
Burglar Alarms. Am. Watch Zool CO vies. «te.. Seen eterscote95 Ch ee fee ene sSpehieenehenbe: BOs -COVGE Mi Van Duzen & Tift
BR ADDIMR
US. 0 2 one in-opine seaentenernannsn 93 Barnes, W. F. & J...s:.s..eeeesae . 94 Jorkie Beeo ckmeer Se a ee 04 |Steam Traps.
Western Electric Co.................000- cover iii Sebastian as pee oe ae oe Miller Packing WOrkS.......-..sccceesssseee 0-94 The Curtis Regulator Co..............-. apeidese 95
Carbolate of Lime. p Seneca Falls Mfg. Co Patents. Steel Wire and Springs.
OR POL, DEW OO: 2, > pnabscls sedbteetee cover iv a nae Olaieked Wivanine! Az Gn eco oa ss ke eee ee eee 94 Oey a IM Grier ace eee cles ae aac nee censs anne oan
Cabinet Woods and Mahogany. gto ee Perforated Wrapping Paper. Telephones.
MERELY DION 22 S0Es 57 save io sas oakhonda nameaeeee 89 V. W. Mason & Co... Albany Perforated Wrap. Paper Co...cover iv Am. Bell Telephone: CO... e eeeeeestress woes BE
Castings. D. Frisbee & Co..........s+.+006 Photo-Enegraving. RES IS Co chins Bp oe Sete ste Skt BS
sere 93 orewse eh RN
Moss Engraving CO. .....:.....0000s2-s20- ae seinen: “**° 2 Ts ors
meevlin & O0.-....-.---.--s00000cnereon «e... 94} Fruit Evaporators.
: American Mfr> Oo... ......a8eeceenee
oa teeet 5 |Picture Frames, Mouldings, Etc. We icihnuber ae 92
Cements. Zimmerman Mfg, Co..........-++++.0008 cover iii J. MOOTE S00 2.4 fee -eetbe een. cover ii beat Pecpaneer sscaesepe-o 12es<o85 “
feunmers-Aipence Oo.6s «Seo fects ».d ete uses 94] i E Gi Ry Bide sek et os net achece de bloninc Caacee OF cover iii |Tools and Foot Power Machinery.
Been Trot, JT., Ok s.%5 2 Llcieass
ses unek cover iy urniture, Etc, American Watch Tool
Andrews & Oo., As Hv. ..4.é.tecccvdesss¥endes ..95 |Pipe Hangers, Searels: citadel arerbenrson95°
4
Chains, Blocks, Etc, Games, Ete A CTURAUIA FROG. «= cisiacte ents eciness octetswane neaaee94 Setnation May -& Coe sereretecees Hi
Tos teetter
SRSCRUW, AYIOR? A OD... .o<sncsonsesel
cunene 89 Y
Denison, ri csecane ves sdacin ranean ae eens oe 93 Piipe Tonge:
LS Tongs. revpsegr & egrets
Stiles Parker <Ramentia “Sik
Press Co..... t pare
......... A aeSE aSee 92
Chairs. Gas Engines. Noble; Hall\&:CO cr. cccecce
concss ceRe ctomacst 95 H. L. Shepard. ...... eno ene. See eae
Pema WIR OO eee
se as, ke cover ii DicksonmeMie.O0, 4.50. .2u0--
teeeres emcee 95 |Plate and Sheet Glass. ‘| Traction Engines.
Chucks. Economic Motor O05. cviccew «ns an 0fivnsiap ennai 95 Philip Semmer.... .. .... ....s00-0-0-.0000
0. oO W000, ‘Taber GMOrsGr. vs<suscccewavcseves ret
Cushman Chuck Co.... .ite ee 95 Schleicher, Schumm & Co.........0:0scsseeroes 9 |Prepared Roofing _ |Wype Writers.
Clamp Couplings. Glass, M. Ehret, Jr., & CO..2...-- as) veeccerse-COVEr iV Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict................--- 92
ESAT pe ee ee ee 8 95 PHIMD SOMME? pinicw- sesinsewrune were so niep entity 94 Presses, Dies, Etc. Valves,
Cocoa. Hammers. Stiles & Parker Press Co..........+.++2--0+-e5: 92 Jenkins Bros. ......0....+.-. WR cin sce ante M4
tines 6:00.25 ce ccdut ob oh eee 94 Bradley & Co Wiley & Russell Mfg. Co......°..............4. 92 Holland & Thompson.............s...-.ssseee 95
DSA RO? “OO w cscaiwr vee tieee oeces sv eactec : Stiles & Parker Press Co Printing Presses, : Ludlow Valve Mfg. OCo...........c..e008 cover iii
Coiled Wire Belting. Hardwood Interior Finish. Kelsey & Co ....2. cscccseescrecceenccesee-neees 92 |Washing Machines:
Coiled Wire Belting Co................. eee nL: 4 Goss & Phillips Erigting Inks. THeMBMONAN GO se etek cae’ vias «ewes ueesse cece 98
Contractors and Builders, J. Raymer 25. ssenmecscers ; ONEE SONTBONG M0225.) tate mae ence mecenett.s 94] Water Motors,
Flynt Building and Construction Co....cover iv |Hardwood Lumber. _|Bulleyas 8Shafting, Etc. Backus Water Motor Co......... sete eee eeeeeees Oo
Cornices. has. B..Orombie:.i0-.5 62.224... eck. cover ii BYOWD.....2++++++eeeeee te teeeeereee: % |Wind Engines.
ME MOOTO-
6 CO... 0005 i0eneveanens Poe coverii|Hydrants, a Be ee ivtres 5 EEE) shale Springfield Machine Co.................coveriy
Cordage, Oakum, Etc. OG: Ge Blatchley:.ciget tenn bewdntia's
Urcvsce tend Arts) SSE Nove Mia sons oe iy ee ctee » |Wire Rope.
De Grauw, Aymar & C0.........0.s0cecccedeces 89] Ink. V. W. Mason & Co. ae: eae Dew Aymar& Co
Covering for Steam, Gas, and Water G. By Woolmas, 3.5 £:</6.3.4508£03 cee cover iii | p ympine Engines Roebling’s Sons, J. A......
Pipes, ’ Sabieleta, Delintter a Works Trenton [ron Co..........
malmere-Spence Co......2........2ceeeceeceed rt Smith & Oo., WoT. vacsdiese-sorgessnccnecae93 Bayer & Come 2 Wood Filler, if
Beat. Johns Mfg, O0......,..0...-sconsene oes| y tana ees Bridgeport Wood Finishing Co,......... cecenes
oeDb
ANT IUc5 OS OO es cones cncep'esescvasee cover iv njectors. ; Railroad Oak. | Wood Pumps
ID SIOMETL yess sinner cn awh.pasesie vinvsae cee 93 oe apa gel CO...
.060. seca reeeeees 93 Chas. B. Crombie. +.» 252» 2¥anee84>
=> cover ii C. G. Blatchley 89
s tue Manufacturing CO...............ceeseees 93| Refrigerating and Ventilating Appa- |. 7 a tk eB a
.-old etled shasting. AE pei em a getera de’ 95 Dirguneriedites.& cn) os. scence ee ee 93) ratus. od eg A ee Machinery.
Dealing Tostroumonts BP Insurance Companies. YORK Mfg..00. carcudeansta
svieeat ecewecrcccces 93 Fay & Co., es 9 peleiadaliaiaas So aC ee
ee Win t...... 8ee ot AStna Insurance Co............. EN ee 93| Rock Breakers and Ore eukbaxs- Rogers & Co.en ak On
RE IBOIINGD wo nc id si line ons ils Sacer ve cover iii |rom Blowers, Farrel Foundry and Machitie 90.c.7+% Re The Eagan © ventana sauce
; we HOGS, PSE, O& Bs Wi te< cscs « soeabop Vee 6.cn0 ame 9% |Rock Drills, Witherby, Buse “© Richardson. Juv. ennaeentana nee 93
es Ning Tools and Machinery,
SOY: OS a ee eee Jacket Kettles, Pa. Diamond Drill Co........ so eede Battets aipiaals 95 Wrenches,
Keystone Driller Co... 95 Hand & Coa cess cow vidos ilaeds seine ......95| Roofing. Bemis & Call Hardware & Tool Co......cover iii
a. Diamond Dri oe Journal of Decorative Art. mu.
eae A ey Toe SS ee giavaaneagsPOVeray Wrought Iron Pipes
Wiley & Russell Mfg. 00..0000.000III S921" F, Beck
& CO... 20.0006: Red ih Sac al . Coal Tar Chemical 00.0.0 ..0.003220000..098 | de O. MOPS... ..., css eeeeeeeeeeeeee
eee-COVEF ill
id ’ .? ‘5 ; ‘
 Plans of the Dwellings Cor. 74th St. and West End Rve., New York.
Lamb & Rich, Axchitects.

an 2
hd 7 . a S3om norm

G)
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=~ TH) f

Details to accompany Colored Plates. — For description see Architects and Builders Edition of Scientific American for January, 1886.
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. With Two Supplements consisting of
_ Two Plates in Colors and One Large Sheet of Details.

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New York: Published by MUNN & CO., 361 Broadway, corner Franklin Street.
ECONOMIC * GAS * ENGINES.
Best in principle, workmanship, and materials.
TWIN ROTARY PUMPS,
For Fire aud Supply
An unequaled small Motor adapted to all uses.
it ceases.
When the Motor is not at work, the expense of running
Simple, Safe, Hiconomical, Durable.
PURPOSES.
No extra Insurance required.
TES PIU ears’ PUMSE.
They need only to be seen and
examined to convince and satisfy.
The improvements are obvious and
|
vital—just what the people have
been looking for.
Send for Catalogue.

WM.CLARKE & CO,,

Pittsfield, Mass.

TRON CLAD PAINT Co.,

Factory, 75 & 77 Central Way. Sec. & Treas., No. 3 Case Building,
CLE VETAN DD, OBIO, OC. S.A.
No. 6.
| Orcer direct from the

IRON CLAD PAINT CO,

Good pushing men can get exclu-
sive agencies abroad.

IRON CLAD PAINT is the

most durable, most fire-
: =
We, and
AINT MADE,
CHEAPEST

Furnished both ony and Ground in

‘li.
Trade Mark “Patented—Paint Patented. Used by near'y all the Railroads.
one genuine unless marked with above.

Capacity 250 Gallons, 50 feet high, per hour,

THIS ENGINE IS ESPECIALLY USED FOR PUMPING WATER INTO HOUSES.

Our MOTOR ENCINES are particularly adapted for supplying power for

J0 = N MOORE & CO., ree York, U. S. A.

Aerated Water Machines, Dentists’ Lathes, Jewelers’ Lathes,
Bakers’ Machinery, Dumb Waiters, Laundry Machinery,
Burring Machines, Fans for Cooling Restaurants, Meat Choppers,
Book Binding, Fountains, Manufacturing Jewelers,
Cigar Box Machinery, Grindstones, Organ Blowing,
Confectioners, Goods Elevators, Polishing Lathes, T
Coffee Mills, Hoisting Machinery, Printing Presses, rin,let lds — Jas
Coffee Roasters, Ice Cream Freezers, Sewing Machines, ee 1 SS

Etc., Etc. Ete., Ete. Etc., Etc.

Our
Four Sizes, from
Gas Engines
Motor for Sewing
will work
Machine
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when
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Machines,
CORNICES. Window.
Fit
aly
ALSO MANUFACTURERS OF
SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. CORNICES, PICTURE FRAMES, and GILT, ANTIQUE BRONZE, GOLD, and HARD WOOD |

ECONOMIC MOTOR CO., =F

Epatent
ae
Extension
TABLES,
ORNAMENTAL MOULDINGS
PICTURE
for
FRAME
decorating Walls
MOULDINCS.
. and MIRROR FRAMES,—CATALOGUES seut free, by mail, to any part of the World, on application,
and Ceilings; PARLOR EASELS, OARINETS,

Office and Salesroom, 9 CORTLANDT ST., NEW YORK. ("Parties can order through their New York commission houses, specifying Goods must be our make. 4§

E. W. VAILL,
PATENT

FOLDING CHAIRS, Worcester, Mass., U. S. A.

——.>——

i Lu LARGEST MANUFACTORY of the KIND tn the WORLD,

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—— A VARIETY OF FOLDING CHAIRS FOR TROPICAL
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as Send for Illustrated Catalogue, and mention
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CUTLER’S ute INHALER

Schumacher & Etlinger, N. Y. Lumber & Wood-Working Co.

AND

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INHALANT. Wholesale Lumber Yards and Docks,

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RESGAN’S
32, 34 & 36 Bleecker St. Journals of the world.
by all Druggists for $1.
over: 400,000 in Use. Sold
1. $1.25.

PATENT METALLIC SHINGLE.

W. HS SMe Ka CO., Buffalo, N. Y.
oS
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—AND— THE RAILWAY BUILDER. A HAND-
Made of the best quality I 0 Ro-:fing Tin, 311 Mott St.,
book for Estimating the Probable cost_of American
Railway Construction and Equipment. By William J.
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Japanned on both sides, in sizes 7x10 inches, full bound, pocket-book form. Price $2. This is an in-
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scientific principles. The best and cheap- Manufacturer of Improved

est in the market, quality considered. Wood Working Machinery of all kinds,
Testimonials from some of the best
Twist Bits to bore Pail Handles and Thread
Architects in the country. For prices Spools; Pail Handle, Clothes Pin, Fish Kits.
Butter Tub, Ice Cream Freezer, Tub, Pail, and
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CINCINNATI, 0. SPECIALTY. Price List SENT FREE. Cabinet Finish of all Kinds,
WINCHENDON, MASS., U.S. A.
 The Ludlow Yalve Manufacturing Co.. MANUFACTURERS OF
ORR & LOCKETT,
VALVES AND FIRE HYDRANTS. 184 & 186 Clark Street, Chicago,

BUILDERS HARDWARE
CB HW chs bo vec eos Gy be LO ING

Sole Chicago Agents for

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Dudley Shutter-Worker,
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vaienes
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and 67 to $3 VAIL AVENUE,
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GRAVES’ This Hanger is easily adjusted,
| perfectly made, and we claim su-

foVY AOTORS, | i
| perior to any Hanger on the mar-
| ket. Sample sent to Architects
PASSENGER and FREIGHT,
MANUFACTURED BY

L. 8. GRAVES & SON, Rochester, Ney

BRANCH OFFICE; 46 Cortlandt Street, New York.
THE CINCINNATI SAFE AND LOCK CoO.
JAMES O. MORSE, — MANUFACTURERS OF ——

Be
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SF Tete be
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Make beautiful presents, decorate
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Work and make money.
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46 John St., 29, 31, & 33 Platt St., New York.
WROUGHT IRON PIPE & BOILER TUBES,
WITH ALL KINDS OF
4sA Ee® Ee SS Bank Locks and Vault Work.
Runs easy and cuts fast. A lady can Brass and Iron Fittings and. Fixtures,
useit. Send 6c. for 36-page illustrated | 4 Cast Iron Steam Fittings. Solid Dies. Office and Factory, 43, 45, 47, and 49 ELM STREET, CINCINNATI.
catalogue, giving full descriptions of Steam Valves. Hand Taps.

CONTRACTORS AND BUILDERSo

Scroll Seedy new designs, tools. &¢ Steam Cocks. Pipe Tongs.
Address A. H. M rY, Steam Gauge: Pipe Vis
Section S, 216-220 Asylum St., |] Steam Boiling Kettles. Steam Boilers.
Hartford, Conn. Safety Valves.
Screwing Stocks.
Steam Traps
Coils for Bier Pans.
J. K. POST & CO.,
Without Steam Power, by usin
Lumber Merchants outfits of pete RE leg $195

—AND— mone aan their pope than by any

ESTABLISHED 1863. rere oa sae ing uae
wor end for Illustrated catalogue
SHIPPING AGENTS, free.
TARR & WONSON’S OSWEGO. N. Y:.
W.&. & John BarnesCo.,
Address No. 1994 Main St.
Rockford, Ill. 35
_-
==

Patent Copper Paint, Samuel J. Creswell,

IRON WORK
Western
CHICAGO anp
Electric Co.
NEW YORK.
For the BOTTOMS of WOODEN SHIPS. LAGE ' Electric Bells, Burglar Alarms.

:
This paint, when applied according
will be found a PEK*ECT SUBSTITUTE FOR COP PER
to ae BU IOUDIN G@S-| House ano HOTEL ANNUNCIATORS.
. SHEATHING, for one year, qaecee Sates
bottom from 23d and Cherry Streets, ELECTRIC LICHTS.
the eine of worms and nevatlioaion of barnacles, grass, ?&e. Address TARR & ON.
PHILADELPHIA,
ARC AND INCANDESCEN'TS.
MANUFACTURED AT GLOUCESTER, MASS., U. S. A.

MASSACHUSETTS REAL ESTATE COMPANY,

THE STANDARD TOOL CO." "twist ositus ano'sréciat
Toots. TAUNTON,
Will pay from
MASS.
12 to 15 per cent. Yearly. Incor-
porated 1885. Capital, $2,000,000. Chartered to buy Busi-
ness Blocks. Payments, $25 Monthly. Paid Up Shares
can be bought. Interest will commence at once.
A SURE INVESTMENT.
Send for Prospectus and list of officers.
CLEVELAND, OHIO, U.sS.A. VE NTILATORS*
ESTB. 1868 -
Special Attention given to Export Orders, Catalogues and Prices furnished on application. 36th ANNUAL STATEMENT
ELEVATORS.
OF THE

BRUSE LIFE
A= TNA
INSURANCE CoO.,
The best and cheapest Steam Elevator on the
market, engine of the Cowdry, four-cylinder
type, with our improved Reverse Valve. Engin«

Electric Lights.
has constant rotative movement. No dead cen-
OF HARTFORD, CONN, ter; works at best angle of crank. By our valve
we control the lowering, so it is impossible to
January 1, 1SSsc. have car accelerate or run away ; having all th:
Premium Receipts in 1885, $2,845,786.72 advantages of hydraulics at much less cost. Aiso
Interest Receipts in 1885, . 1,739,845.45 Belt Power Machines, fast and safe, avd Friction
Total Receipts during the year, 4,585,632.17 Clutch Pulleys and Cut-off Couplings for all
Disbursements to Policy-holders, work.
and for expenses, taxes, &u., 3,791,622.49 D. FRISBIE & CO.,
Incandescence Lights for Apartment Houses Assets January 1, 1886,
Total Liabilities,
30,562.261.83
25,368,058.21 479 N. 5th Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Surplus by Ct. and Mass. miaiaaats 5,194,203.62
and Residences furnished by Surplus by the standard of N. Y., 6,665,000.00

H.S:M LE@D:
Policies in force January 1, 1886,
61,437, insuring, 3 $7.791,243.44
Poliices issued in 1885,

THE BRUSH ELECTRIC COMPANY, 5,711. insuring, . 11,018,298.00

FIREBRICK 2
CLEVELAND, OHTO. MORCAN CG. BULKELEY, President.
J. C. WEBSTER, Vice-President.
J. L. ENGLISH, Secretary.
NEW YORK OFFICE: No. 210 Elizabeth Street. H. W. ST. JOHN, Actuary.
CHICAGO OFFICE: No. 111 La Salle Street. GURDON W. RUSSELL, M.D.,

TROY. N.Y.
ST. LOUIS OFFICE: No. 404 Market Street. Consulting Physician.
DETROIT OFFICE: No. 76 Garfield Avenue. T. J. MUMFORD, Manager,
| SEND FOR CATALOGUE No. 8. 165 Broadway, New York, N. Y.
 PREPARED =,
Pi)
ROOFING
BE
fe FIBA
gee
a

ANYBODY CAN PUT IT ON. EASILY HANDLED.

Put up in Rolls of 100 Square Feet,

Send for Latest Circular, Price List, Efe.

— MANUFACTURED BY —

LARGEST
'M. EHRET, Jr., & 60, +
MANUFACTURERS OF COAL TAR PRODUCTS IN UNITED STATES,

ROOFING AND PAVING PITCH. (wit

tines
pM \ ROOFING FELT.
ASPHALT CEMENT (for two and three Ply). SLATERS’ FELT.
ASPHALT PAINT (for Tin and Iron Roofing). TWO AND THREE PLY FELT.
BLACK VARNISH (for Cast or Wrought Iron). PREPARED ROOFING.
PIPE COATING (for Gas and Water Pipe). CARBOLATE OF LIME (Disinfectec). |

PHILADELPHIA, CINCINNATI, ST, LOUIS, . CHICAGO,

423 Walnut St. 16 Public Landing. Sth & Olive St. 12 N. Clark St.
Fu
Yy NT
HOLBROOK CoO.,
Building, and Construction Go, THE MARVELLOUS
Hard Wood Lumber and |
“EASY” =LAWN= MOWER
General Office, Palmer Mass,
We contract to perform all labor and furnish all
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CHURCHES, HOTELS, MILLS, AES BUILDINGS
Timber. |
AND RESIDENCE
Also for the construction of INTERIOR FINISH AND STAIR-
RAILROADS, DAMS, AND BRIDGES.
We solicit correspondence with those wishing to pluce
IS BY FAR’ BUILDER®S STOCK, WAREHOUSE
the construction of any proposed new work under ONE AND BRIDGE TIMBER
CONTRACT, which shall include all branches con- The most easily ope«
nected with the work. CUT TO ORDER.
To such parties we will furnish satisfactory references
from those for whom we have performed similar work. rated Lawn Mowerin
BUILDING MATERIALS. The large
material that we handle in the execution valour work
amount of
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child seven years old
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POLICY YET ISSUED. For Catalogue and Prices, address

B FoR
BLAIR & FISKE MANUFACTURING CO,, Springfield, Mass., U.S. A. es EAMEESS
SRY O bee
5 =<< PIS
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S aM
aoe SAALO
STS UTUNEST. =
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AGENCIES:

WOKLD- WIDE
JE TRAVEL. Holland :—Alfred Field & Co., 9%Chambers St.,| Germany
New York, U.S5. A.
and Sweden: :—Markt
Centre 8t., New York, U.S. A.
& Co., 139

Colonies and South .Africa:—Henry W. Markt: & Co., 39 Upper Thames St., cohen E. C. PROSPECTING MINERAL LANDS A SPECIALTY.
CYLINDRICAL SECT CORES OBTAINED THE WHOLE
Peabody & Co., 114 State St., Boston, Mass., . 22 Catharien Strasse, Hamburg.
Cash Surrender Values, Paid-up Policy, U.S. A.
DISTANCE. BORED a ARTESIAN WELLS
BORED ROUND AND STRAIGHT
or Special Term Insurance, plainly ADMITTING ALARGER PUMP & J
stated in every Policy issued. ma CASING IN PROPORTION. To |
SiZE OF HOLE THAN BY ANY
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GIVEN AND-CONTRACTS MADE BY

ELEVATORS,
ASK AGENTS TO SHOW A COPY, PENNSYLVANIA |
DIAMOND DRILL C0.
AND SEE FOR YOURSELF,
PASSENCER
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MANUFACTURED BY MANFTRS,OF DIAMOND DRILLS
il a FOR ALLKINOS OF

FLOLWY Are IRON WORKS, — ROCK BORING, —

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GANHTD&SLACK BARR
Ti atUISHER. ELGrMnAWCeHpy
OC
Z
OTTa
ies The Elevators in the State Capitol, Albany, New York, were A SPECIA
Me, LT Y
AYWARD ,Ger’/ Agent, built by us, and many others in some of the finest buildings in the
“ AQT Broadwoy N.Y. Ciby.
country.
a JOHN GREENWOOD & CO.
; ROCHESTER N.Y
 _ ; tn= at
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aA A ff =f 8 © 2 © © © © © «2 «© @© ££ @© @£ &£ ££ @ @© & £ &£ &© 2 © @& 2 © @ 2 2 & a w | Di i Oa 2 i A i . oo 8 oS

— 8 _ 8 = ee 88 |e we aera |

Py

ra Ap fs Dia P| Py y Ly er YO

Vol. 1. GOS) subscription, $1.50 a Year. NEW \ ORK, FEBRUARY, 188¢ Single Copies, 15 Cents.

THE ST. MARY’S FALLS CANAL, of copper and iron mines was commenced, and ‘‘the| them, and the, supplies for the laborers had all to be
St. Mary’s Falls Canal is situated at the village Sault” was found to be aserious obstacle in the way |unloaded from vessels at the foot of “the Sault,”
of Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, and affords a navigable |of the successful prosecution of these enterprises. The| carried overland to the head, and there reshipped to
channel by means of which the principal rapids of St. | products of the mines, the appliances for working| their destination. At first the portage was made with
Mary’s River are passed. horses and wagons.
The river is the outlet Subsequently a tram-
of Lake Superior, and it way was built and ope-
empties into Lake Hu- rated with horses, in
ron. The canal is 15 this way greatly increas-
miles from Point Iro, ing the facilities and
quois, the foot of Lake ameliorating the condi
Superior, and by the tions.
present route of naviga- As time passed on,
tion is 60 miles from steamers and sail ves-
Point Detour, Lake sels were transported
Huron. The rapids upon ways from below
known as Sault de Ste. to the head of the ra-
Marie are a little more pids, relaunched, and
than half a mile in used for carrying the
length, and have a fall freights which were ra-
of from 1614 to 181¢ feet, pidly increasing and
depending upon the rendering the detention
stages of water in Lakes and difficulties of the
Superior and Huron, portage at ‘ the Sault”
the mean fall being 18 quite too great to be
feet. From Lake Supe- borne.
rior to ‘‘the Sault,” the Application was made
fall is only one-tenth of to Congress for relief,
a foot; thence to Lake resulting in the act of
Huron it is about 2 feet, Aug. 26, 1852, by which
distributed through a 750,000 aeres of land
distance of about 20 were granted to the
miles. ‘ State of Michigan, ‘for
Hence ‘“‘ the Sault” is the construction of a
the only obstruction to ship canal around the
such navigation as the Falls fof St. Mary’s in
depth will admit of be- said State.”
tween the two lakes. It must not be sup-
Prior to 1845, the fur posed that earlier efforts
trade constituted almost had not been made
the entire commerce of toward the construction
Lake Superior. At that of a canal at this point.
time the development Fig. 1—ST. MARY’S FALLS CANAL.—END VIEW OF LOCK WITH GATES CLOSED. (Continued on page 98.)

7 —
rer ETE!ol el eee

~ N

Fig. 2.—ST. MARY'S FALLS CANAL.—VIEW OF THE MOVABLE DAM, CLOSED.

 98 Scientific American. [FeBRuaARY, 1886.
’

THE ST. MARY’S FALLS CANAL.
(Continued from first page).
They were actually begun in 1837, but the history of
these is too long to be here given.
In 1853 the State of Michigan accepted the land grant,
and soon afterward made a contract with a private
company which undertook to build the canal, and to
take the granted lands in payment therefor. The sur-
veys for and the plans of the canal and locks were made
under the direction of the late Captain Augustus Can-
field, Corps of Topographical Engineers, U. 8. A., and
the company promptly began operations.
On the 18th of June, 1855, the completed canal was
opened to navigation, the company having expended
thatin the spring of the year ice might be driven the hollow quoins and 80 feet wide, narrowed to 60 feet
into it at the head to such an extentas to delay its at the gates; the depth is 391¢ feet. Its capacity is
opening for navigation. To guard against this, a 1,500,000 cubic feet. The lift of the lock is 18 feet, and
curve was made near the upper end, so that the di- the depth of water on the miter-sills 17 feet. The sills
rection of the canal above the curve was nearly nor- are placed 1 foot below the canal bottom, so as to be
mal to the direction of the current in the river, which protected from injury by vessels. A guard gate is placed
is quite rapid here. This rendered the entrance diffi- at each end of the chamber, making the length of the
walls 717 feet. The walls for 14 feet from each end are
13 feet wide from top to bottom; then for 1211 feet at
the west end and 13314 feet at the east end they are 25
feet wide from top to bottom. Between the wide walls
the width is 18 feet for 10 feet up from the foundation,
then it narrows in 2 feet for four offsets, 5 feet apart
vertically, until the wall is 10 feet wide, at which

:
in its construction nearly $1,000,000. In view of the width it is carried up to within 6 inches of the top of
large amount of capital required, no return being pos- the coping, which is 5 feet wide, as shown in the plan
sible until after the sale of the lands, the isolation of view of the lock, Fig. 5. The masonry is all laid
;
the locality, inaccessible during the five months of in cement mixed with sand in the proportion of 1 to 1.
winter, and the severity of the winter climate, which About 35,000 barrels of cement were used in the con-
greatly retarded operations, the rapid construction of struction of the 34,207 cubie yards of masonry.

:
the canal was a remarkable feat. This was the first In the miter walls for the upper Jock and guard gates
ship canal made in the United States. The locks and there are nine courses of cut stone, each 2 feet thick.
gates were the largest built in the country up to that The walls are 14 feet wide at the miter angle, are
time. The depth of water was greater than had been
called for in any American canal.
a
arched to resist the pressure on the gates, as shown at
the right in Fig. 5, and are bonded into the lock walls. :
The engineering features were thus without prece- MADISON ® P v The top course of stone is set back 1 foot, soas to leave
dent in American practice, but they were well worked
out, and the canal proved a remarkably successful
A we LANSING
7 [ G Oh
in)
an offset, on which the oak miter sills rest; these sills
project 2 inches above the masonry.
Jackson” Detroi
one. It was 5,400 feet long, had a width of 100 feet at The foundation is on rock throughout. In exeavat-
the water line, with slopes of 14g to1, paved where ‘6 » Chicago” ing the lock pit, rock was reached at from 1 to 15 feet
ENG’D BY AMERIQAN BANK NOTE CO.NEW YORK aoe Toledo - 14810

the cutting was not through rock, and a depth of 12 above the grade of the lock floor. A floor of timber
feet at mean stage of water. The locks, located near Fig. 3—MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF ST. MARY’S FALLS. and concrete extends across the bottom of the lock arid
the foot of the canal, were two in number (now known 5 feet under each wall; the rest of the wall foundation
as the “‘ old locks”), combined, each 350 feet long, 70 cult toa single vessel and impracticable to a tow of is concrete, one-half to 2 feet thick on the rock. All the
feet wide, with a lift of 9 feet, with 12 feet of water three or more. Experience showed that there was foundation timbers are of pine, 1 foot thick. The
in the miter sills. At the time the canal was made, really no danger to be apprehended from thejice. The miter sills are of oak, 12 x 18 inches, and are held in
it was deemed of ample capacity to meet the needs of direction of the upper entrance was therefore changed place by bolts, 10 feet long, fox-wedged and conereted
commerce through all future time. The depth was soas to make the canal straight. At the completion in the rock, and also by timber braces bolted to the
sufficient to pass any vessel on the Lakes, fully laden. of the new lock, replace the guard gates by a mov- rock.
The locks were large enough to contain at one time able dam. The positions of the four gates, designated as upper
a tug and three vessels, of the average size then in From its beginning to May 1, 1873, the work was in and lower lock gates and upper and lower guard gates,
use, which generally constituted a ‘‘ tow.” charge of General O. M. Poe, Corps of Engineers, U.S. are shown at P Q RS, respectively, in Fig. 5. The
By the year 1870, owing to the general improve- Army, and from that date to completion in charge of guard gates are only for use when repairs are being
ment of channels and harbors on the Lakes, these di- the late General G. Weitzel, of the same corps. _ made to the lock; they are opened and closed by means
inensions no Jonger sufficed. From October, 1870, to completion, the local engineer of temporary block and tackle operated by a power ~
The size of vessels had increased, and they were no was Mr. Alfred Noble, to whom the greatest credit is capstan. Both leaves of the upper guard gates are pro-
longer able to carry full loadson a draught of 12 due for the accomplishment of this magnificent work. vided with valves through which to fill the lock after |
feet; only one of the largest vessels could be passed
at one lockage, and the number of vessels engaged in
The effect of the canal improvement is shown by the
fact that the commerce has increased from 1,567,741
it has been pumped out. The framework of the gates,
|shown closed in Fig. 1, is of white oak, and the sheath-
|
the Lake Superior trade had ing is of Norway pine. The
increased so greatly that they weight of one leaf of the upper
were frequently delayed at the lock gate is 40 tons, and of one
locks several hours. It became leaf of the lower lock gate 76
necessary to provide for more tons. Each leaf is thoroughly
rapid lockage, and for the pass- braced by transverse and diago-
age of larger vessels. The slope nal rods, and around each end
walls of 14g to 1 had been found post are straps bolted to the
objectionable, as vessels fre- cross pieces.
quently came in contact with Water is let into the lock from
thei below the water line, and ENG’D.BY#AMERICAN
BANK “Zp
NOTEGOAM “YORE é
ig culverts under the floor extend-
sustained damage. ing from the well, X (Fig. 5),
In July, 1870, Congress made Fig. 4.—MAP SHOWING OLD (E) AND NEW (F) LOCKS AND MOVABLE DAM. above the upper lock gate to
an appropriation for beginning the well, Y, above the lower lock
improvements, and the charge assigned to General tons of freight in 1881 to 3,300,000 in 1885. That is, it gate. The two culverts are separated by a longitudinal
O. M. Poe, of the Corps of Engineers, who in August has more than doubled in four years. bulkhead, and each is 8 feet square. The floor of the
following submitted a project therefor. The project It-is now proposed to further improve the canal by lock forms the roof of the culverts. The water passes
promptly received the approval of the Chief of Engi- making it 20 feet in depth, and replacing the ‘old locks” into the lock chamber through 58 apertures in the
neers. After some modifications it embraced the fol- of 1855 by a single one having horizontal dimensions floor, shown in Fig. 5. The total area of these apertures
lowing points, viz.: equivalent to the ¢zvo, and a depth on the miter sills of is 174 square feet; this outlet area is increased to 190
Build a new lock opposite the old locks, parallel 21 feet. square feet by manholes left in the bulkhead at the
to them, at a clear distance of 100 feet. Take down It is not proposed to disturb the new lock (of 1881), lower end of the culverts. The combined area of the
the guard gates with their masonry, and rebuild them but the increased depth of the canal prism will make cross sections of the two culverts is 128 square feet.
700 feet nearer the head of the canal, and at a lower available the full depth of 17 feet on its miter sill. Having the inlet area considerably less than that of the
level. Form entrances at the new lock—at the foot, The new lock (of 1881) seems to be nearly perfect. After outlet tends to diminish the velocity of the water
by excavating out to deep water, and revetting the five years of use, there is no improvement to be suggest- when projected upward into the lock chamber. The
channel with pier work: above, by widening the canal ed. Its operation is rapid, quiet, and in every way satis- water in passing out of the lock goes down through
from the new lock to the new position for the guard factory. It has attracted more attention abroad than the well, Y, which, as well as the well, X,is covered
gates. Remove the slope walls, and use a timber re- at home, especially among the Germans and Russians. with a grating, thence through short culverts and up
vetment with a nearly verticalface. Where the cut- Only a couple of weeks ago General Barminsky, of the through the well, Z.

Hh
Bi ee

wrFle
End
ower

Fig. 5ST. MARY’S FALLS CANAL—PLAN OF LOCK.

ting was through rock, the revetment to be placed on Imperial Russian Engineers, visited it and fully in- The water enters the lock through filling valves,
the first sound rock reached. Below the base of vestigated its operation, devoting a couple of days to AA (Fig. 6.), located in the well just above the upper
the revetment, the rock to be cut to a slope of the inspection, and upon the conclusion remarking lock gate. Each valve, when shut, closes the entrance
one horizontal to four vertical; where no rock was that it is the most effective work of its kind in the toone of the culverts. Each valve is 10 feet wide by 8 feet
found, the revetment to be built from the new world. deep, so that when open it gives a clear aperture greater
grade of canal bottom. The improved canal to be The relative positions of the new and old locks are than the cross section of the culvert. Bolted to the
made 16 feet deep at ordinary stages. At the shown at F and E E respectively on the map, Fig. 4: woodwork at the culvert is a heavy iron frame in
time the canal was originally made, it was feared The chamber of the new lock is 515 feet long between which the axle of the valve has bearings. The valve
 Peery Any, 1886. } Scientific American. 99
consists of a cast iron frame covered with boiler iron through its upper end. The operating ropes are Engineering by the Ancients,
and made of such size as to leaveaspace of ¥ inch at wound upon windlasses, K, provided with pawls and At the meeting of the British Association, the presi-
the edges between it and the rectangular frame. Lugs friction brakes. A wicket fully drawn up is shown at dent of the section on Mechanieal Science, B. Baker,
projecting from one face of the valve carry the end L, another in the act,of dropping into position is shown civil engineer, recalled certain engineering feats of the
of a pitman joining the end of a piston rod operated at G, and another after it has been dropped at G, Fig. 7. ancients: *‘ I have no doubt that as able and erterpris-
by water entering the cylinders, L, Fig. 6. Water In dropping a wicket, the down stream end is first let go ing engineers existed prior to the age of steam and steel
from the accumulator, described below, can be admit- until it strikes the water, the up stream end is then let as exist now, and their work was as beneficial to man-
ted to either end of the cylinder, which is 15 inches in go by the run, and the frame swings down until this kind, though different in direction. In the important
”
g
diameter, The two emptying valves are similar matter of water supply to towns, indeed, I
ny in construction to the filling valves, and are doubt whether, having reference to facility of
located in the well just above the lower lock ty Yj YU Y execution, even greater works were not done
gate. Each culvert is complete in itself, so c 1
A
Z
Ys
Y
We,
2,000 years ago than now. Herodotus speaks
thatif an accident should occur to one, or to its of a tunnel, 8 feet square and nearlya mile
valves or engines, the other could still be used. long, driven through a mountain in order to
The power is obtained from two 30 inch tur- 2 UY)» CII
tj
supply the city of Samos with water, and his
bines, geared to a main shaft, and fed through ; statement, though long doubted, was verified in
asupply pipe, B C, Fig. 6, from the canal above W YY 1882 through the abbot of a neighboring cloister
the lock. A belt from the shaft runs two force Yy accidentally unearthing some stone slabs. The
pumps, each having three plungers, which German Archeological Society sent out Ernst
pump into an accumulator loaded so as to give Fabricius to make a complete survey of the
a pressure of about 120 pounds to the square work, and the record reads like that of a mod-
inch. Water is taken from the accumulator to ern engineering undertaking. Thus, from a
the engines operating the gates and valve. covered reservoir in the hills proceeded an
ee
Ee
ee
ee The interior diameter of the accumulator cyl- arched conduit about 1,000 yards long, partly
inder is 21 inches, its length 124 inches, and its driven as a tunnel and partly executed on the
capacity is 1,859 gallons. The plunger carries ‘cut and cover’ system adopted on the London
a heavy crosshead moving up and down on underground railway. The tunnel proper,
guides fastened to the iron girders of the ma- more than 1,100 yards in length, was hewn by
chine house. The weight case is suspended hammer and chisel through the solid limestone
TUL
from the crosshead by rods. The weights are rock. It was driven from the two ends like
east iron plates made to fit the weight case. As the great Alpine tunnels, without intermediate
the area of the cross section of the cylinder is shafts, and the engineers of 2,400 years ago
346 square inches, it requires 69,200 pounds of might well be congratulated for getting only
weights to produce a pressure of 200 pounds to some dozen feet out of level and little more
the square inch. The water enters and leaves: out of line. From the lower end of the tunnel
the accumulator at diametrically opposite ——} branches were constructed to supply the city
points at the base. When the accumulator is mains and fountains, and the explorers found
full, the belts which run the pumps are auto- ventilating shafts and side entrances, earthen-
matically thrown on loose pulleys. ware socket pipes, with cement joints, and
The position of the four gate engines is shown other interesting details connected with the
at J JJ J, Fig. 5. The interior diameter of the water supply of towns.”
eylinder is 15 inches, and the length 132 inches. ———__o-o1oe———

The piston rod projects from both ends of the Two Forms of Liquefied Air,
cylinder, as shown in Fig. 6. Water is taken —Y In a recent communication to the Comptes
from the accumulator, and is admitted through Rendus on the liquefaction of air, Herr §.
pipes to either end of the cylinder, and con- Wroblewski states that he has obtained from
trolled by hand valves. Each crosshead is con- ( OS NG WH = \S Np \F
jw
air two liquids, different in appearance and in
structed with two sheaves. One end of a vire composition, which can exist together as sepa-
rope is adjustably fastened at I, Fig. 6, and, Fig.6.—PLAN OF UPPER LOCK GATE SHOWING OPERATING MACHINERY, rate layers with a perfectly visible meniscus
passing around one of the engine sheaves, is between them. To obtain this result, Herr
led by suitably located sheaves down througa the well end strikes the sill, the wicket then lying horizontally Wroblewski liquefied at —142° C. a certain quantity
in the lock wall, around the drum, Q, and to a leaf to in the water and presenting only its end surface to the of air in the tube of the apparatus which he employs
which itis secured. The four ropes necessary for the current. The wicket'is then drawn into a vertical for using permanent gases as cooling mixtures. He
opening and closing of each gate are clearly shown in position by the chain atits down stream end. When the then allowed a quantity of gaseous air to enter the
Fig. 6. When the engine makes a stroke, the end of wickets are in position, there is a space of one inch be- tube, so that, the pressure of the gas having become
the rope attached to the gate moves four times as far. tween the frames. Theaxle, H, is so placed as to leave equal to 40 centimeters, and its optical density the
With a pressure of 200 pounds per square inch, the the pressure of water on the upper and lower parts of same as that of the liquid, the meniscus entirely dis-
total pull on the leaf of the gate is 8,835 pounds, less the wicket nearly equal. The dead weight on the truss appeared. He then slowly lessened the pressure, and
friction and rigidity of rope. It will be noticed from due to the wickets and frames is 1,600 pounds per run- at the moment when the gauge indicated a pressure
the drawing, Fig. 6, that each closing rope is attached ning foot, which is counterpoised by brickwork at the of about 3876 atmospheres, he saw a new meniscus
to the leaf at the opposite side of the lock. Hand other end of the truss. formed at a point in the tube much higher than the
power capstans can be used in case the gate engines The total amount expended upon this improvement, place previously occupied by the vanished meniscus.
are disabled. up to June, 1885, is $2,400,000. A few minutes afterward the first meniscus reappeared
The centrifugal pump for emptying the lock is run We wish to acknowledge our indebtedness to Gen, O. at the place where it was seen to disappear, and at
by a belt connected with the main shaft. A power M. Pes, by whom these improvements were planned the same moment two liquids, different in character,
capstan, located on the were distinctly seen, one
lock wall near the machine on top of the other. The

See)
house, Fig. 5, is run by liquids remained separated
belts from the main shaft, for severalseconds. After-
and is used for warping K{) f ward a current of very
vessels into and out of the ‘ee it {pl small bubbles formed and
lock. A | LIN WTA ascended, detaching them-
Cae) EE
The location of the mov selves from the meniscus
I
ea
ee
PE
Ty
Se
Thy
aS
BARI.
LEa able dam, shown in pe,- ;=
a ,
S|:
a separating the two liquids.
spective in Fig. 2, is indi- In consequence of this
eated on the map, Fig. 4, phenomenon, the upper
j
a
It is about 3,000 feet above Al /\I/\\
liquid became a little
the locks, and is designed
to check the flow of water
| an] WW opaque; the meniscus, gra-
dually destroyed by the
so that the upper guard eurrent, ultimately disap-
gates could be closed if the peared altogether; and the
SSS last result was a single
lock gates were accidental- qo
ea

ly carried away. It con- liquid homogeneous in ap-

sists of an ordinary swing pearance. In this experi-
bridge, one end of which Yy me { ment, air (which is a com-
can be swung across the SUE SSE —_ pletely colorless liquid)
eanal. A series of wickets, Dele Se presents an enigmatical
Fig. 7, are suspended side =
——__ ma
Ake en Pe
optical phenomenon, which
by side from a horizontal rea WW a STSSS
|y immediately precedes the
SSSS SSS
Soares
WD)| ee a a

rit | |
truss hung beneath the rr
; GLEELOEA : J = re a y — ss appearance of the upper
bridge and abutting at We GMM ea
OPP Vij ia le ieee This er ot
A
either end (when the bridge =X | the tube assumes a feebly
is closed) against heavy orange coloration, which
buffers securely anchored Fig. 7—THE MOVABLE DAM.—SHOWING THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE WICKETS. vanishes immediately upon
to the masonry. ‘One end p the formation of the me-
of each wicket can be let down until it rests against a and under whose direction the work has been most suc- niseus. Nothing like this ever precedes the forma-
sill, O, in the bottom of the canal. When the wickets cessfully carried to completion, for notes and drawings. tion of the lower meniscus. By means of a small metal
are all down, they form a vertical bulkhead or dam, tube introduced into the apparatus, Herr Wroblewski
as shown in Fig. 2. CocAINR, like fireor alcohol, is again proved to be a has succeeded in taking at will a sufficient quantity
Each of the twenty-three wickets is supported in an good servant but a bad master. A Chicago physician of either the top or bottom liquid for analysis. While
iron frame, and turns on an axle, H, and islet down and addicted to its use experimented not only upon him- the lower liquid contained 21°28 to 21°50 parts of oxy-
drawn up by chains attached to each end as shown. self, but upon his wife and children, until he is a ray- gen, the upper one only contained 173 to 18°7 of tha
Each wicket frame is hinged upon a shaft passing|ing lunatic and they are incurable wrecks. same element,
waded’ 22) .
 I0O Scientific American, |FEBRUARY, 1880.
' : j ‘ . :
A NOVEL | planet—one of rotation upon its axis, called its diurnal |two wheels, e f; but as these wheels move in opposite
CJ.OCK,
We take pleasure in presenting to our readers the motion, producing succession of day and night, and | directions, it consequently follows that one-half the dif-
following description of a differential clock, invented | another, that of its orbit, or revolution round the sun, ference in the rates is lost, or instead of making a com-
and designed by Mr. H. Conant, of Pawtucket, R. L., | called its annual motion, which causes the four seasons plete revolution—the difference between 1 and 2—it
and built for him by Messrs. Tiffany & Co., of this of the year. The exact time occupied by its first, the has only recorded half a revolution.
diurnal, rotation is 23 hours 56 minutes and 4°09 see- Now, to compensate for this error—in_other words,
onds, this being a sidereal day, so called, because in that to regain the half revolution lost—the wheels on the
time the stars appear to complete one revolution round upper ends of the shafts, ab, have 60 teeth each,
|the earth. But as, while the earth is rotating on its and the pinions at the lower ends have 30 teeth each;
/own axis, it is also traveling forward in its orbit around and as the driving wheels, ¢ d, having 90 teeth each,
the sun, it therefore has to turn a little more each day are connected through the pinions, shafts @ 6, and
—about one three hundred and _ sixty-fifth part of upper wheels with the wheels, ef, also of 90 teeth,
its circumference, which
amounts to 38 minutes 56
seconds of time—before a
given meridian is again
under the sun; in other
words, it will require 24
hours on an average te
through the year for the
sun to pass from one me-
ridian of a place to the
same meridian again. If
this difference in time of
the two revolutions be

“ill
as
OB
multiplied by 365, which is
the number of times a me-
TTI
Elle ° C

ridian has been brought to

irs’
£
the sun during the year,
a the result would be one
i
sidereal day; consequently,
N the earth in reality turns
; on its axis 366 times each
year.
Now, if a clock were con-
structed with two works or
movements, and, of course,
each movement with its
own pendulum and weight,
one regulated to mark
mean solar time and the
other to mark sidereal time,
it is evident that, as the
| |)i
ima)
pais
I
one would continually gain
at the rate of about 3 mi-
haa ATT
COATT
nutes 56 seconds a day on
the other, the time indi-
cated on the two dials
would correspond but once
{in ayear; and if this differ-
mn
t i ue |
ence in time of the two
| dials could be automatic-
ally recorded on a third
dial, it would mark the
space which, in conse- Fig. 3—VIEW OF WORKS WITH DIALS REMOVED.
quence of the earth’s
motion, the sun appears to describe among the it is evident that the wheels, e jf, revolve twice
stars. This great circle of the sun’s apparent yearly while the wheels, ¢ d, revolve once. By thus pro-
motion is divided into twenty-four meridians, and is portioning the gears, the exact differencein the speeds
called right ascension, that measure in the heavens of the wheels ¢ d, is transmitted to the shaft, h, and
which is the same to the astronomer as longitude is to is recorded by the pointer or hand.
the navigator. These meridians are not reckoned Now, as the clock marking sidereal time gains at the
Fig. 1._THE CONANT DIFFERENTIAL CLOCK, in degrees, but in hours, minutes, and seconds of rate of about 4 minutes in 24 hours, or 10 secondsin
time; thus 15 deg. would answer to 1 hour, 1 deg. to 1 hour, and as 10 seconds is one-sixth of a minute, it
city, in their best manner. Fig. 1 is a perspective view 4 minutes, % deg. to 2 minutes, and 144 deg. to will take 6 hours to complete one revolution of the
of the clock; Fig. 2 is an enlarged view of the dials; 1 minute. hand on the differential motion, which is the period .
Fig. 3 is a front elevation of the works with the dials The clock herewith illustrated accomplishes this ob- of 1 minute in right ascension; 15 days6 hours is 1
renoved; and Fig. 4 isaside view of the diagonal ject by a most simple and ingenious arrangement of hour, and 1 year is 24 hours in the same measure.
shafts, @ and 6b, and the differential motion; similar the parts. The hour hand on the large dial therefore represents
letters refer to the same parts in the different engray- Firmly secured on a solid base of metal are two regu- the sun’s apparent yearly motion among the stars,
ings.
lators, each having a one-second mercurial pendulum.
There are two principal motions that belong to our One of the pendulums is regulated to mean solar time
and the other to sidereal time, the dial of the latter
being divided into 24 hours and that of the former into
12 hours. The escape wheel shaft of each clock is
long enough to reach out through the dial plate, and
on the outer part is fitted, with a slight friction, a
sleeve. On the inner ends of these sleeves are the
beveled wheels, ¢ d, of 90 teeth each, and their outer
ends carry pointers indicating seconds on the dial
plates. Engaging with these wheels are beveled pin-
ions, of 30 teeth each, mounted on the lower ends of the
long shafts, @ b, which are carried up at an angle of
about 45 deg. and connected with a differential motion
(Fig. 4) controlling the works and hands of a larger
dial placed above the two others. This peculiar SECOND
HAND
motion is constructed of a light and accurately turned
arbor or shaft, 2, on which is fastened at right angles
a ecrosspiece, on one end of which is mounted the
wheel, g. On the shaft, h, and engaging with the
wheel, g, are two larger wheels, e f, of 90 teeth
each; these wheels are cut on both sides, as clearly
shown in Fig. 4. Engaging with these wheels are
iv \
wheels of 60 teeth each, fastened on the upper ends of
¢ WN} | the shafts, ab. It will-be seen that both clocks are

SIDEREAL TIME
4)
/\}/}
}
directly connected with the differential motion, and
A Hil) also that as long as the wheels, e f, which turn in op-
posite directions, are driven at the same speed, the
wheel, g, will simply roll on its pivot without alter-
ing its position or that of the shaft, k. But assuming
that the wheel, f, revolves twice around while the
wheel, e, revolves once, then the wheel. g, will neces-
Fig. 2-ENLARGED VIEW OF THE DIALS, sarily followf, and in proportion to the speed of the Fig. 4.-SIDE VIEW OF THE DIFFERENTIAL MOTION.
 FEPRUARY, 1886.| Scientific American. IOI

Another hand, k, representing the moon, and making autumnal equinox. The signs of the zodiac are also their respective places, just in the same way as when
exactly one revolution from one new engraved on the dial in their proper positions, as
moon to the shear legs are being used.
next following, has been added. shown in Fig. 2. A crane such as we illustrate herewith is free from
The hour and minute hands of the different dials The name differential is applied to this clock be- these defects. The jib rises and falls by power, and
are independent of each other, so that one set of cause the hands of the large dial are indebted for thus secures the covering of a large area. Boilers or
hands may be set, if necessary, without affecting the their motion to the difference of speed in the two other loads may be stored all round the wharf, and,
others; but, as has been already said in describing separate clock movements, the mean right ascension by adjusting the jib radius, may be placed exactly
the differential motion, the second hands are con- of the sun being always the difference between mean in position on board the vessel, which remains
nected, so that if either of the clocks should vary solar and sidereal time; and the inventor's theory is moored, or may even be aground.
one way or the other, the seconds of right ascension that, starting the hands at zero or 24 o’clock, regulat- The crane now illustrated was constructed by
would also be affected. In that case it is simply ne- ing one to sidereal and one to solar time, they will Messrs. George Russell & Co., and has been placed
eessary to correct the second hand of that particu- come together again at the end of the year, that is, on the wharf in the works of Messrs. D. J. Dunlop
lar clock, when the seconds of right ascension are the hands of the large dial will have made a com- & Co., engineers and shipbuilders, Port Glasgow. Its
thereby also corrected. plete revolution, and the solar clock will give the ex- working load is 60 tons, lifted at a radius of 35 feet.
The shaft, 2, carries the second hand of the large act time to a second when the year is completed, or The foundation consists of three concrete bloecks—
any portion of the year. one at the center and one for the loading of each
This clock is intended for the Observatory at Dudley, diagonal stay. These blocks rise to a height of 14
Mass., connected with Nichols Academy, where it feet, so that cart or railway traffic may pass under
will probably be placed the coming season. the horizontal stays; and this arrangement also en-
m+ 0> ables the body of the crane to clear the gunwales of
SIXTY TON CRANE. vessels at high water, besides giving the additional
advantage of a higher lift in shipping heavy masts.
Shear legs, says Hngineering, are now frequently
The jibis 60 feet long, and the horizontal stays are
used by marine engineers for the purpose of placing
35 feet long from the center of the crane to the
boilers, engines, and other heavy machinery on board
holding-down bolts. Both the horizontal and the
diagonal stays are of box section. The chain barrels
are 3 feet 9 inches in diameter, spirally grooved to
receive the chains, and their shafts are made of steel.
><
Oo

Improvement in Car Seats Wanted,

Some of our railway men appear to be awakening

to the existence of a need for more comfortable car
seats. Views differ as to the details of improved forms,
but agreement is pretty general that decided improve-
ment is possible. There is no directionin which the
public comfort in the ecarcan be studied with greater
satisfaction to the people. If the traveler is comforta-
bly seated, he will be satisfied, even if some other
comforts are meagerly supplied. And the seating
should not be temporarily comfortable. A seat may

a
al
4
Ta

IMPROVED SIXTY TON STEAM DERRICK CRANE.

dial, and from it an ordinary train of wheels gives
minutes and hours; when the hour hand passes en-
tirely around the dial, it indicates that the sun has
passed through all the hours of right ascension, and
a year of time has been exactly measured off. The
hand representing approximately the moon’s mean
tight ascension revolves 254 times in 19 years, or a
lunar cycle, and passes the sun 235 times in the same
period, making that number of lunations. The large
dial also represents that portion of the heavens tra-
versed by the sun and all north of the same, the cen-
ter being the north pole. A number of the most use-
ful and best known fixed stars are engraved thereon,
with their names affixed. The eccentric circle repre-
sents the ecliptic; the equator and northern and
southern Arctic circles are concentric, the latter being
the outer one. “The sun touches the outer circle on
the 21st of December (the winter solstice) and the
inner or northern circle on the 2ist of June (the
summer solstice). It passes the 24th hour of right as-
cension and crosses the equator on March 21, or ver-
nal equinox, and at the 12th hour of right ascension
it again crosses the equator, on September 21, the
large steamers; but inasmuch as their motions are be so constructed as to look inviting and luxuriously
restricted to two, their usefulness is also limited. easy, andsoas to be really easy for a while, but its
The motions referred to are hoisting lines may yet be such as make it very wearying
or lowering
and traveling outward or inward in a when it is occupied
straight line for any length of time. The
at right angles to the wharf on which limitations in the way of the designer are not to be
the shear legs
are erected. When a boiler or piece of machinery is lightly dismissed. He must make his seat reversible,
to be shipped, it must be brought under the lifting which fact bothers him not alittle. He must be eco-
block. It is then raised and projected outward until nomical of space, and must study conditions of clean-
it hangs directly over the vessel, which is itself then liness in both the seat and the car. Cheapness of
moved forward or aft, so that the object that is being construction and strength must also not be lost sight
dealt with may be lowered into its exact position. It of. But with all these it is yet not an insurmounta
will thus be seen that shear legs of themselves only ble task to design a seat that will be very much more
covera line, though by moving the vessel they can comfortable than the majority of those now in use,
be made to cover an area. and we are glad to see that efforts are being made
Cranes having a fixed radius of jib are sometimes to obtain such a seat.—The Railway Review.
used for similar purposes, and such cranes have a : a ee ae
slight advantage over shear legs, as the boilers and ONE of our contemporaries reports that Isabella,
pieces of inachinery may be deposited upon the quay ex-Queen of Spain, is not only an owner of considera-
or wharf under the range of the jib, ready to be ble real estate in Philadelphia, but is a shareholder in
lifted on board; but in this case also a line only is the Keely motor. From the same source we learn that
covered—the only difference being that it is circular the Motor Keely promises positively to mote very soon,
instead of straight, and the vessel must be moved but it. begins to be believed that his mote is the much-
forward or aft when the loads are being lowered toi quoted one which is all in his eye.
 102 Scientific American. [FEBRU

Sricntific American,
~~. COUNTRY STORES AND DWELLINGS. processes of thawing and freezing being repeated uw
Our colored plates this month depict a most ad- the stone assumed the appearance of ordinary weath
ESTABLISHED 1845. mirable and picturesque design, by Frederick B. ed stone. After the last thawing and washing, the
White, architect, 189 Broadway, New York. The stones were finally dried and weighed, to ascertain the
MUNN & CoO, Editors and Proprietors, | plans and the sheet of details will be of much inter- loss by disintegration. In this way a comparatiye
est, as they are carefully reduced from the working durability scale for the stones of any locality may b
No. 361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
drawings. expeditiously compiled.
0. D. MU: NN. A. E. BEACH. The idea embodied in this design is somewhat + +e________
unique. It is the utilization of the lower portion of a Navigable Balloons,
NEW YORK, _FEBRUARY, 1886. ‘hillside dwelling as stores, the stores being entirely At one of the late sittings of the French A
THE distinct from the dwelling portion, and entering from of Sciences, Captain Renard, the superintendent
a street at the foot of the hill. the aeronautical workshops at Meudon, gave
Scientific American, By this arrangement, the stores have all the advan- very interesting particulars respecting the e
tages possible, while they in no way detract from the ments carried out by him, in conjunction with Cap-
ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS EDITION. desirability of the dwelling portion. At the same tain Krebs, with the navigable balloon, which, it
This is a Special Trade Edition on of
the first Saturday of the
of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, issued
month.
/time, the economy of the arrangement is evident, as appears, have been recently completely success:
Monthly
It goes di rectly into the hemnde of thase who have the onicring of the great the stores would of course bring a much higher rent The two experimenters have made, altogether, sey
bulk of Buiiding Materials and Appliances, namely, the Architects, Builders,
Construct ing Kngineers, and Contractors than would any other utilization of the same space. ascents, and in the final trials the balloon attained
It has the largest circulationnm of any “Architectural or Building paper in
the world. The interior of the stores may be fitted up for any speed of 6 meters per second, or 22 kilometers (13
An Increase of Trade will necessarily accrue to all Manufacturers
and Dealers whose establishments are conspicuously represented in this line of business, but in the design the one on the miles) per hour, so that maneuvering against the
aaecneet edition of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
TERS OF SUBSCRIPTION:
right is a pharmacy, the other being intended as a wind is now possible if the velocity of the air eur
For Architects and Builders Editio yn of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, $1.50 restaurant. rent is less than the above speed of the balloon,
a year. In Clubs, four copies for $5.00. Single Copies. 15 cents each.
Sold by all Newsdealers. The arched way between the stores serves as a The screw of the balloon is driven by an electric mo-
TMEUNN & ee Publishers,
co.
ROADWAY, NEw YORK. ‘more retired place for wagons with provisions, etc., tor, and makes between 2,700 and 3,000 revolutions
to transfer their contents through the side doors. per minute,,the shaft being cooled by a stream of
CONTENTS We will now leave the stores, and, passing around cold water, which prevents heating of the bearing
Of the February number of the ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS EDITION
of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. the roadway, ascend the hill. surfaces. In reply to a question, Captain Renard
(Ilbestrated articles are marked with an asterisk.)
Turning again toward the building, we find our- stated that they preferred hydrogen gas to coal gas,
Air, liquefied, two forms of.. 92 aes and precious stones, Ameri-
Amber and meerschaum indus- selves approaching a fine stone porch. because the latter possessed less buoyancy. It is in-
ary ek Awiiria ) >...2<. 5.08. i@ Guat spectacle, focal distance 108
Art, decorative, suggestio ms in*.. 118 Greenhouses and conservatories*1(8 We enter, and the spacious hall with its oak paneled tended to construct a new balloon with the means
Milwaukee, Health and education...
- Heath Lodge Hampstead re ceiling, hardwood floor, and tasteful mantel ,bids us provided by the French Chamber, which is to be per- _
- 16 Ice, blocking, precess of and ap-
- ® Paratus for* cheerful welcome. fectly navigable, and to form the model for all future
Seno -. 2 Inventions, agricultural
— predict the weather, how... 18 Inventions, engineerin Looking through the half drawn portiere to the balloons. The mixed commission for arms and war
Blotter, Binkley & Wrizht's*.... [il Inventions, index of
Bone, architecture of a. ww stairease hall, we catch a glimpse of the oak stairway. material has also recommended to the war ministry
Bopks and publications. fee ass
. suspension. between Passing into the parlor, we will make a tour of inspec- to undertake trials with a new military balloon of not
hese and New York, cost
tion, taking notes as we go. too large dimensions, which is to be made ready for
attachment fo The parlor is large and well lighted, opening into a ascent in less than halfan hour, and may follow an
commercial, purifi
Memory vs. progress.
Metallic plastering surface*.
snug little library, with bookcases built in across one army on a two-horsed carriage with all the apparatus
tion of, method for 0 Micrometer, the side of the room. appertaining to the balloon, From a more recent com-
, Steam, new* 1S i
Car seats, improvements wanted. ii
Cathedral, Hereford m
Mining, hydraulic.to be regulated 112
Motors, steel —<
The dining room is of the same dimensions as the munication, it appears that the Meudon aeronauts
CG constructing, ieciente
and cooling*
Notes and queries...
Natmeg plant
parlor, with open fireplace, dumbwaiter connecting will work the steering apparatus of the new balloon
Clock. differential Ocean, wave, power with kitchen above, and butler’s pantry at side, from by steam, as advocated byM. Henry Giffard. Elec-
Glock, novel* Onur first number.
Qiothing, waterproof Qar second number. which the servants’ stairs ascend. There are two bed- tricity is to be quite given up, on account of its want of
Comservatory. an ornamentaF..
“15 {| rooms on this floor, so placed as to enter from the rear power for continuous action. :
;| hall, opposite the dining room door, thus concealing ST ee
Gpeboidotro =
Dalimeryer, John Henry Pipes, waste.caanias re 2 them from the hall, parlor, and library. On the next Back Numbers,
Dam, movable* Plate bending machine,improved*i6
Propeller, buoyant, for steam- floor there are three large bedrooms, with plenty of de- At present we are able to supply to new subscribers {
Diamonds, artificial. | ier. 5 14
Diseases, contazio | Reader. to the - 165 sirable closet room, a bathroom, and ample hall. The the back numbers of this journal from its beginning in |
pavilions for* Reading, slovenly - ill
Eatables on ocean steamers...... 18 Roadways, ancient...... -- 1 kitchen is placed near the servants’ stairs, and is also November last. Each number is accompanied bya | ae
| Sand blast machine, improved*.. 138
School, technical Bradford*...... 12 connected by dumbwaiter with the dining room. sheet of colored plates and a sheet of details.
hants carrying teak timber.. 105 | SRow box cover*......---....-...-. 110
Elephant, sacred, of Burmah*.... 196 | Stone, building, durability of.... 12 It will be obvious that the interior arrangement of The contents of the several numbers are given, in { —
Elevator, largest in the world.... 104 Stores and dwellings, country.... 1
Engineering by the ancients .- $1 Testing machines. .....-........... 110 the structure might readily be changed to suit any de- part on this page and in part on page 115. |q
eats. Stirlingshire*.
5
Figh ezg food, Indian..
. 119} Vehicles, draught device for*.... 114
- 1 | Waiting to be invited... one Sas
sired purpose.
Frostbitten fingers War steamer Chicago, U. ew* 117 With this description, and the accompanying plates | i
treatment for-........ Wheel, tide, duplex* - - Wi TABLE OF CONTENTS }
ee ee ee eee Wires, underground.......... .... 114}jae feel confident that the reader will concur with uz |
Gas, patent. — forgat Cleve- Wool, miverai, manufacture oe
NO NE ee ee improvement in..... eovs-ve---- 114 | when we pronounce it a happy solution of a most in- Of the January number of the ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS EDITION _
i
of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN,
teresting problem of suburban architecture.
OTHER PUBLICATIONS. We also take this opportunity to thank Mr. White |Alcoholic ferment, new............ 4
Architecture, Corean..... . 72 | Inventions, index of... .....
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN) for the use of his design, as well as for aiding us in pre- Bath, Russian, at home.
Belt fastener*...........-.
ae
66 | Iron, protecting........ ...
Weekly, $3.20 a Year; $1.60 Six Months. paring our description. Heis oneof our most talented, |Boat, torpedo, submarine* . 8

Sixteen large pages elegantly illustrated. | successful, and experienced architects.

Books and publications............ 90 | Keller, J. J......
eer reo
Seca
farm, Withdeane es-
emcee ere e crew esceeseccsos
=
‘
ee Buildings, fire in, safety aeties:
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT Durability of Building Stone.
Business and personal.
Cab and hack gape)
: Leveling instrument*.....
Lightning stroke, effec!
Is a distinct paper from the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. THE SUPPLE- Cars, responsibility for.... Mahogany, lower prices for.
MENT is issued weekly. Every number contains 16 octayo pages, uniform
in size with the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. $5.00 a Year.
The question of the durability of building stone is Cements for special purposes...... 76
ufacturing items.....
Coal, weight of, loss by storage.... 71
Combined
one year,
Rates.—The ScIENTIFIC AMERICAN and largely that of its ability to resist disintegration by
SUPPLEMENT, Columns, Cast IO. 06-35 see 67
Copper industry, depression in... 75
The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN (weekly) and ARCHITECTS
EDITION (monthly), $4 a year.
AND BUILDERS frost. Various methods have been suggested for test- Cork attachment, improved* - ... 73
Devices for throwing life-lines =
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN (weekly), SUPPLEMENT (weekly), and ARCHI- | ing stone in order to settle this point. Braun recom- over buildings, t Paper cutter, novel
TECTS AND BUILDERS EDITION (monthly), $5 a year. Park, Yellowstone
mene way to remit is by draft, postal order, or registered letter. mends the immersion of the stone to be tested ina
ASTUNN & C0O., 1 Broadway, corner of Franklin Street, New York. | solution of some salt—such as Glauber’s salt—of known design 100". 5 esas. jones sc nomnnas Patent, can I obtaina?.
strength until it becomes saturated, and then allowingElectric }
Electrical
b ht suits, coming, heavy % Pontoon and railway cradle*......
lamps for firearms...... 71 |Postal system,pneumatic of Paris.
Table of Contents of
the salt to crystallize in the pores of the stone. | Fire escape ladder, flexible*.......
It is Fire escape problem, unexplored 5 poiwar ERM... -< s0ks. contin
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT = Dragel: Of" <. ccs eect. nee
. ship, interoceanic*....78,7
ROMS essa
wo. 526, assumed that the effect of crystallization will be the e in buildings, safety against.. 76
For the Week Ending January 30, 1886. same as that of freezing water. Tetmaier proposes the | Garnet,
Friction clutch, gravity*
a large.
«ie

Price 10 cents. For sale at this Office and by all Newsdealers. determination of a coefficient of durability to be found | spe natural...
Gas well, Believe
PAGE
I. CHEMISTRY.—Calorific Powerof Fuel.—Formulas for calculating by observing the proportion between the resistance of| Glazed ware
| Grotto, wonderful
finial*..
e same
The Determination of Phosphoric Aci i the material to compression when dry and when satu- ) ee errors concerning, popu-
—By J.8 N rated with water.
ll. ENGINEERING AND MECHA NICS.—Mechanical Water Cooler.— ae 0
ne ee ee NE = Ea = Sat | the durability of stone exposed s the action of frost Houses, block of three, design for 86
How Solid Cast Lron floats on Melted lron.—With engraving..... S3a4 | Houses, cheap* St
Report ofthe Committee on a Uniform System for Tests of Ge. | with its ability to resist the action of hydrochloric acid.| Houses corner 7ith St. and West floating* ae 1
ment.--From the Transactions of the American Society of Civil End Ave., New York*........68, 69 itaic cell, Bennett’s improved..
Engineers.—Tests of cement.—Fineness.—Checking or cracking.— Herr Adolph Bluemke, however, goes to the root of the | Houses, city, block of*.. -68, 69 e earners — their guineas:
Mixing, etc.—_Sampling.Sieves.—Standard Sand.—Moulds.—Clips.
—Machines.. matter by actually saturating stone with water, and Houses of Parliament*..
Ink, marking.:<:2..252.4
.--.
esse
T1| Water motor,b:
Se | WOOL, BOOG.s3+.5 sees
Supplementary Rudder for Use on the Suez Canal.—Invented by lnventions, PE rele tewee ba
Capt. DECERFZ | freezing it inasuitable apparatus, according toa method |
Boring Machines. —The “* Ratchet,” the “ Little iaamale
described in the Centralblatt der Bauverwaltung. The

PATENTS.
the ~ Universal,” the “Acme”
Sibley College Lectures, by the Cornell Universit
murers in Mechanical Engineering.—I1. By J.C. apparatus consists of a square sheet iron box, in
considered as a practical source of heat which the specimens of stone are placed; this box be-
Repairing Broken Crank Shafts.—2 figures..
ILL. TECHNOLOG Y.—Hydrocarbon Furmaces for Dental O a ing plunged into a receptacle containing the freezing
—By Dr. C. H. LAND.—Gasing the body and enamel.—Olefian { gas Messrs. Wunn & Co., in connection with the publication of tl
ey ee Tae ea” hehe Ree ee " say| Mixture. This mixture was simply ice and salt, in
The Manufacture of Toilet Soaps—By C. RR. ALDER WRIGHT.— Scientific American, continue to examine improvements, and |
Different tests.—Combined alkali—Determination of glycerine.— the proportion of 3 to 1, which produceda temperature act as Solicitors of Patents for Inventors.
Classification of toilet soaps in accordance with the results of
chemical analyses wer |of + 3° Fahr. It was found that about two hours was In this line of business they haye had forty years’ experience, and
Cocoanut Fi wows—Importation of the nuts.—_Removing the husks. 500s |the time required for bringing the temperature of the now unequaled facilities for the preparation of Patent Drawings, §
—Process for converting the husks into fiber.
IV. MAGNETISM, HEAT, ETC.—The Wenbam Light.—A new lamp | |specimens to that of the outside mixture. The whole cations, and the prosecution of Applications for Patents in theUnit
for the consumption of common gas.—? figures....... .......-.-.-.-.. States, Canada, and Foreign Countries. Messrs. Munn & C
The Influence of Magnetism upon the Characte. of the Spectral apparatus, when prepared for work, was wrapped up | also attend to the preparation of Caveats, Copyrights for Books, Labe
Lines.—By CH. FIEVEZ.
V. ARCHITECTU RE.—Preservation of Building Materials by the
in hair felt and sawdust, and left for the allotted time. Reissues, Assignments, and Reports on Infringement of Patents. A
Application of a Paraffine Wax Compound, as Recently used upon
the Obelisk, Central Park, New York.—By R. M. Car- The pieces of stone were roughly hammer-dressed into business intrusted to them is done with special care and promptness, ‘
past mma paper read’ pefore the N. Y. Academy of mesg
3 inch cubes, placed in distilled water, and perfectly very reasonable terms.
—Wit
Hollow Bonds ik ynds for cheap brick walls.— saturated by exhausting A pamphlet sent free of charge, on application, containing full i
the air by means of a pump.
The Eguilateral Arch.— With illustration..........._.......-.-...--- ation about Patents and how to procure them; diyections concernit
Longieat.—An Enghsh country residence.—Seat of the Marquis After freezing for three hours, the specimens were Labels, Copyrights, Designs, Patents, Appeals, Reissues, Infringeme
of Bath With full description of the house, grounds, fruit houses,
etc.. and an er zraving taken out, and allowed to stand for an equal time in Assignments, Rejected Cases, Hints on the Sale of Patents, ete.
VL AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE.—The _—— Combi-
pation Agricultural implement.—
With three engravings............ water, until they had completely regained the outside We also send, free of charge, a synopsis of Foreign Patent Laws,
Persimmon.—The different variation «of
temperature. After remaining a short time in water, ing the cost and method of securing patents in all the principal count
of the world.
VIL Li mips pneng BOUS.—Correspondence through Pigeons.—Organ- some particles would be found loosened from the less
- ization o —Rearing and training.—System of correspondence. 8334 MUNN & CO,, Solicitors of
The Snckineni lmaustry mm Wuatemaia.. a6 durable stones. These pieces were gently rubbed off
ry ne eC SN cn <nancns bnhnensdance yhetsnabbepinskesaciine Saul 361 Broadway, New York.
Two Games.— Tossing the ring.—The game of boceia —2 figures. . ee with a soft brush, and the _Samples again frozen; the
the BRANCH OFFICE.—62 F Street, Washington, D. C.

a]
pete
EBRUARY, 1886.| Scientific American. 103
—_eneaeaeeeeeeeeee
* IMPROVED PLATE BENDING MACHINE. proper, as shown on the left side of the engraving, several thousand pounds, hauling earriages at a speed
At the Oldfield Road Ironworks have been produced and serve as a foundation for the engine; this plan much less than that of the horse, and resembling road-
recently some good specimens of plate bending rolls, makes the machine self-contained, and much more rollers for crushing stones more than anything else.
some notion of which may be obtained by a glance at rigid than would be the case with separate foundations Now, Messrs. Dion, Bouton & Trepardoux have sue-
the annexed illustration. for the engine and rolls. ceeded in manufacturing steam vehicles of all sorts and
The rolls are 18: ft. 6 f in. long, the distance
ert between
, The engine has two cylinders arranged diagonally | of all dimensions, from the tricycle up to the largest
the standards being 19 ft. The top roll is 27 in. diame-'8 in. diameter and 10 in. stroke, with pistons runnin |omnibuses and merchandise vans, This result is the
ter, and the two lower outcome of their quick-
ones 19 in. diameter; these vaporizing, circulatory, in-
latter are fluted from end explosive boiler, which is
to end, to secure a better applicable to all the indus-
grip of the plates. From tries in general, and which,
the great size of the top although of slight bulk and
roll (the weight being 10 weight, furnishes great
tons), it will be seen that power. Our engraving re-
special provision must be presents one of their steam
provided for raising and phaetons—a vehicle of re-
lowering, otherwise too markable elegance, light-
much effort would be re- ness, and strength. The
quired of the workmen. frame of the apparatus is
The difficulty has been met mounted upon four wheels.
by balancing this roll by The two steering wheels in
means of two large pans front are 244 feet in diame-
suspended from the end ter, and the two driving
of a suitable lever under- wheels 354 feet. Upon the
neath the framework of frame, and in front of the
the machine. On the op- driving wheels, are placed
posite ends of these levers the box and two movable
to the pans rest the verti- seats, back to back, capa-
eal rods which support the ble of accommodating six
toproll. . persons. Over the driving
The leverage is about 4 wheels is the boiler, and,
to 1, so that with a weight under the seat, the water
of about one ton in each- tank. Behind the boiler
pan the roll will be prac- are placed the coal bunk-
tically balanced. The ers, the feed apparatus,
hand gear for raising the and the stoker’s seat. Be-
roll is shown in the illus- neath the frame are ar-
tration. We found on trial AN 18 FT. 6 IN. PLATE BENDING MACHINE, ranged the cylinders, and
that it was comparatively the differential gear that
easy to lift the roll, even with the balance weights ata speed of 300 ft. per minute, this speed being re- renders the driving wheels inter- and independent.
removed, but the effort would be too great to expect duced by triple gearing to a speedof nearly five revo- The passenger to the right has within reach the
of a workman continuously. lutions per minute of the rolls, or more accurately a steering and reversing levers, and can therewith
The upper roll neck is 104g in. diameter, and the circumferential velocity of 24 feet per minute. The steer, run the carriage backward or forward, and
two lower ones 81 in. A special feature of this ma- gearing is exceptionally strong, the three pairs of quicken or slacken its speed. The front platform is
chine is the manner of supporting the rolls in the cen- wheels being 2 in., 3 in., and 4 in. pitch, and 4in., 6 capable of serving as a support for a trunk or any
ter by means of three small friction pulleys; these are in., and 8 in. wide respectively; each of the three other baggage. The carriage carries sufficient water
situated on astrong bridge bolted across the founda- pinions is shrouded to the top of the tooth. From for a run of twenty-four miles and enough coal for one
tion frames of the machine, the latter being deepened the last shaft in the above series each of the lower of sixty miles.
in the center, as shown, to take up the strain thus rolls is driven through a pair of wheels of 20 and 21 The waste steam is dried before making its exit into
brought upon them. The end frames are of box sec- teeth respectively, shrouded to the pitch line. the atmosphere, and is thus absolutely colorless. The
tion 12 in. square, and are braced together near the Both rolls are driven from the same end, so that all carriage is capable of turning in a curve of 6% feet
top by astrong bolt in the center. We may mention the gearing is located in the same place, and secures radius. The boiler, which is 2% feet in height, has a
that the friction rollers are 12 in. diameter and 6 in. the additional advantage of not having the same heating surface of 58 square feet, and weighs, with its
wide, having bearings on each side 4 in. diameter and amount of vibration and jerking as is experienced ash-box, its chimney, and all its accessories, 880 pounds.
6 in. long. when the rolls are driven from opposite ends by means It takes no longer than ten or fifteen minutes after
There are also provided, for the purpose of support- of a long shaft traversing the length of the machine.— firing, to get up a pressure. The production is 14
ing the plates under operation, two strong rods run- Mech. World. pounds of dry steam per square foot, and 8 pounds of
ning from end to end of the machine, one on each side eS Se ee steam per pound of fuel.
of the lower rolls; these rods are themselves supported A NEW STEAM CARRIAGE. The generator is of welded boiler plate without
by four vertical brackets rising from the foundation Street locomotion by steam has just made a great rivets, and is capable of withstanding the strongest
beams, so as to prevent bending. stride in the domain of practice. Hitherto, we have shocks without its tightness being affected. It is tested
The bed frames are extended beyond the machine been accustomed to see heavy locomotives, weighing to 44 pounds, and registered at 26. The engine con-

i
|

A NEW STEAM CARRIAGE.

 104 Scientific American. [FEBRUARY, 1886.
sists of two oscillating cylinders of 4 inches diameter been found to stand best in the neighborhood of Mil- |crop of Minnesota and Dakota during the season. On
and 4 inches stroke, the distribution of steam in which waukee under all extremes of temperature. The every floor of the building are automatic sprinklers,
permits of a reversal of direction and of a variable architects engaged on the work are Messrs. W. and which deluge the place in case of fire. Asan extra pre-
expansion. These parts are not visible, since they are G. Audsley, FF.R.1.B.A., London, and Mr. E. T. Mix, caution, 800 feet of 244 inch fire hose and eighteen fire
inclosed in order to protect them against dust and all of Milwaukee. extinguishers are stored in handy places about the
other causes of deterioration. $$
—_—$_o+2 building. ;
The speed of the carriage is 18 miles per hour. It is The Largest Elevator in the World, An elevator is simply a mechanical contrivance for
capable of ascending gradients of one-tenth at a speed Says a Northwestern contemporary of late date: lifting grain from the ground to the upper floor. Two
of 434 miles per hour. The amount of fuel consumed Wheat is now pouring into Minneapolis at the rate of railroad tracks run through the Union Elevator, and
is from 2144 to 3144 pounds per hour. The smokestack 300 to 500 cars per day; and to those who are not ac- the trains of cars are taken in at one end and pushed
emits neither smoke nor steam. The exhaust steam quainted with the facilities for handling the enormous out empty at the other. When a train arrives at the
from the cylinder makes no noise. The wheels make quantity of grain, the problem of what becomes of it elevator, the cars are backedjup to the entrance, a rope
a little more noise than do those of other carriages, all is mysterious and interesting. The double rows of is attached, and they are drawn into the building. The
on account of the speed of the carriage, and its weight, big mills alongside the falls are greedy monsters, and doors of a car are opened, and two men with shovels as
which, in running order, with six passengers anda at this time there are daily poured down their hungry large as road scrapers drag the grain into a deep
stoker, is 3,960 pounds.—L’Jilustration and La Na- throats about 225 car loads, or 130,000 bushels, of wheat. pit.
ture. While a portion of the wheat, on arriving from the These shovels are drawn by chains worked by machin-
—— + Oo
country, is sent directly to the mills, the bulk of it has ery, the men guiding them in their course from the
THE LAYTON ART GALLERY, MILWAUKEE, to be first stowed in the elevators to be cleaned and ends of the car to the door at the side. The average
WISCONSIN, prepared for milling, and afterward drawn upon as oc- time for unloading a ear is five minutes, and nine cars
We give a perspective view, ground plan, and trans- casion requires. can be emptied at one time. One hundred and forty-
verse section of the art gallery now in course of erec- A description of the method of handling wheat in an five cars were easily unloaded in ten hours last week-

AxVATORY.

CALLERY
ROOM
RETIRING

GQAL(LEn®
SCULPTORE

GALLERY SECTION at A-B

xe a +

THE LAYTON ART GALLERY, MILWAUKEE, WIS.

tion at the corner of Jefferson and Mason Streets,
e:evator is interesting. The erection of the Union Ele- and, as the foreman remarked, ‘‘he was running only
Milwaukee. The building is being erected at the sole
vator at Minneapolis Junction, on the Manitoba road, on five legs.” The legs of an elevator are the long
expense of Mr. Fred Layton, aloeal art lover and suc- this year, gives to Minneapolis the distinction of pos- wooden boxes, or tubes, extending from the pit into
cessful merchant, who intends, on its completion, to sessing the largest grain elevator in the United States, which the wheat is dumped from the ear to the receiv-
present it to the city. So says the London Building and, its owners claim, the largest in the world. No ing bins at the top of the elevator. Running up these
News, to which we are indebted for our illustration. other building in the city attracts so much attention legs are belts 24 inches wide, on which are fastened ob-
The ground or principal floor comprises three picture as this large house, whose gray corrugated walls loom long metal cups, which catch the grain as they come
galleries, opening conveniently from a central apart- up against the clouds like a mountain. The cities of up through the pit. After being carried to the top it
ment, and connected together by wide doors. These New York and Chicago have a number of groups of is discharged by centrifugal force into a spout leading
and the central gallery, to be devoted to statuary, are buildings under the name of one storehouse whose com- to the receiving bins, where it is weighed. From these
lighted by skylights of ample dimensions. On this bined capacity is greater than the Union, but no other bins movable spouts lead to the various storage bins,
floor area curator’s room, retiring and cloak room, independent building in the United States equals it in other spouts lead to the shipping bins, which hold a
and lavatories, all conveniently situated near the en- size and capacity. The total cost of the building is ear load each. There are 104 of these shipping bins,
trance hall. In the basement are two large rooms and $300,000. It is 336 feet long, 92 feet wide, and 175 feet and that many ears can be loaded and sent to the mills
an unpacking room, and extensive arrangements are high, Its actual storage capacity is 2,000,000 bushels. without refilling the bins. There are nine discharging
provided for the heating and ventilating, a matter of There was used in its construction 6,500,000 feet of lum- spouts, and nine cars can be loaded at once, the time
the first importance in a climate such as that of ber, and thirty-two car loads, or 10,000 kegs, of big being about three minutes. A car load is from 500 to
Wisconsin. The exterior of the building is being con- nails were required to hold the planks together. Mr. 560 bushels. -
structed of the best quality of buff Amherst sand- Cook, the enthusiastic young foreman in charge of the
The Union was built by Minneapolis men under the
stone, straw colored Milwaukee pressed brick, and building, says the actual numberof nails was 13,353,900, title of the Union Elevator Company, at the solicitation
terra cotta of a similar tint manufactured by Messrs. although he declined to say that he had counted them.
of President Hill, of the Manitoba road, in order to re-
True, Brunkhorst & Co., of Chicago. Granite, plain A giant Corliss engine, »2 450 horse power, moves the lieve the tremendous pressure on the rolling stock of
and polished, will be used for steps, and certain other machinery, and its steady strokes are almost noiseless. his road, and facilitate the movement of the constantly
portions liable to wear and injury. The roofing will The elevating capacity is 175,000 bushels per day, but increasing crops. Ex-Governor John §8. Pillsbury is
be of tin plate, laid on terra cotta roofing plates, sup- this can be increased to 259,000 bushels on a pinch. president of the company, and Horace Pratt vice-presi
ported by Tiron rafters. This classof covering has The proprietors say that they can handle the entire dent,
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 FEBRUARY, 1886.| Srieutific American. 105
The Chinch Bug. CRANK PIN FOR STEAM ENGINES. the pin. To further secure the pin, a key, a’, is passed
In a late number of the Scrmentrric AMERICAN was a Too frequently we hear of ocean steamers being disabled through a transverse slot in the body of the pin, the key
short article saying that the chinch bug had made its appear- by reason of a broken crank pin, crank, or crauk shaft, and fitting at its ends in keyways in the face of the crank eye.
ance in Eastern grain fields, and in such numbers as to ex- during the time occupied in repairing the damage the safety The key is carefully and snugly fitted, and should have a
cite alarm. The cause for alarm is well founded if the pest of the vessel is endangered. The object of the invention very slight draught to keep it safely in place. It may also
named has showed itself, for Western farmers have had but illustrated by the accompanying engravings is to provide have an adjustable keeper, secured by a top bolt and jam
few enemies so destructive and difficult to contend with as simple and effective means for obviating the liability to nut in the usual manner.
the chinch bug. When it works at all, it works so rapidly breakage of crank pins in the crank shafts of steam and The crank pin box, of which Fig. 4 is an end view and
and in such myriads that but little effective opposition can other engines, and for facilitating and economizing repairs, Fig. 5 a perspective, is divided longitudinally into halves.
be made. Wheatis the grain which suffers first, as a general especially in the case cf marine engines, either at sea or in each one of which may be ina single piece or be divided
rule; but when the conditions are favorable to the pest, it is port. . transversely into two sections, each fitting the bearing sur
liable to extend its ravages to all other grains, not excepting The crank pin (Fig. 3 is a perspective view of one section face of one section of the pin, as in Fig. 1. In either case,
corn. More than once have I seen a fair sized piece of corn of a divided crank pin) is either forged in or subsequently to afford additional strength to the brass, a collar is formed
wholly ruined by the chinch bug. In such cases the stalks divided transversely in two separate sections, each of which upon each of its halves, extending around the periphery of
to the height of a foot anda half, or more, would look as if the brass exterior to the plane of contact of the abutting ends
they had been flooded with muddy water which had left its of the crank pin sections. The collar may be accommo-
filth behind on retiring. All the sap channels of the stalk dated either by forking the end of the connecting rod or by
would be cut through, leaving the grain and beans to wither dividing the rod longitudinally into two parts, as in Fig. 1,
away in absolute worthlessness, The bug only thrives in each portion being fitted with a separate stub end to em-
dry, hot weather; a wet season is one in which it can do no brace the brasses of the adjacent crank pin section, and
harm. Any means which can keep the ground about the being coupled at its opposite ends to the cross head. In
grain roots cool and damp operates to check its ravages. such case a slight degree of circumferential movement will
Many bave saved their wheat by sowing clover with it. be permitted between the two crank pin sections, thereby
Salt is thought by some to have a good effect from its tend- tending to relieve the box from strains induced by variations
ency to attract moisture. Barley and rye generally get out ff in the alignment of the crank shaft sections to which the
of the way before the weather is hot enough to bring out the 7 r arms are respectively attached. Fig. 2 is a side view, in
bug in full force; the outcrop is so dense and moist as usually elevation, of a crank shaft embodying this device, and Fig.
‘tu
i wy
to escape unharmed. A thin crop of spring wheat on a 1 is a similar view, showing a pair of crank arms with ‘the
lumpy soil is the bug’s delight on a hot July or August day. crank pin box in position and illustrating the method of
The bugs winter among the refuse of fence corners, and de- securing the crank pin sections by keys and feathers,
caying logs and brush, and find good conditions in a field In addition to the advantages already enumerated, this
well covered with stalks and lumps of earth. The clearing method admits of any desired section of the crank shaft
up of such refuse and the rolling of the ground so as to being easily and quickly raised whenever desired, to afford
leave a smooth surface have a preventive effect. The loca- access to the bottom brasses of the main journals, and
tion ofa nest of bugs can often be determined by the whit- enables a section of a shaft to be readily removed, if broken,
ened heads of: the grain in a particular part of the field. and replaced by a spare section without disturbing the re-
It is a good plan to try at once and destroy the nest, which maining portions of the shaft.
can usually be done by stamping and pounding the ground ' Further information regarding this invention may be
down hard. Fire has but little effect on the bugs, that is, obtained from the patentee, Mr. A. K. Eddowes, whose
such fire as burning straw over them would make; they are address is care Agent Pacific Mail S. S. Company, San
more afraid of water. Some of our farmers have protected Francisco, Cal., or from Mr. J. Snowden Bell, Pittsburg,
their fields quite effectively from outside invasion by sowing Penn.
EDDOWES’ CRANK PIN, ee gg Ln) Se es
Hungarian grass around the outer edge of the field, for about
a rod in width. C. American Gems and Precious Stones.

ae has a cylindrical bearing surface at one of its ends for a dis- Mr. George F. Kunz has contributed to ‘‘The Mineral
CONSTRUCTING, VENTILATING, AND COOLING CELLARS, tance equal to about one-half the length of the bearing sur- Resources of the United States,” published by the Govern-
A current of cool air is caused to pass from the earth, face of an ordinary crank pin, and a body of proper diame- ment, an article on American gems and precious stones, of
stones, or gravel outside of the cellar walls through the cel- ter to fit within the eye of the crank arm, A®. In order to which separate copies have been printed. Mr. Kunzhas for
lar upward or outward into the open air. By means of tubes stiffen the sections, a collar, @, which may either abut some years been connected with Messrs. Tiffany & Co., the
open at each end and extending through the walls, the air is against the face of the crank or enter a recess, is formed well known jewelers of New York city, and has had an ex-
obtained from the earth, where it naturally exists wherever upon each section of the pin between its bearing surface and cellent opportunity for collecting facts concerning American
the soil is porous, light, or sandy. The ends of the tubes body. The outer end of the bearing surface is curved at its gems,
toward the earth may bear either directly against the earth, periphery, so that when the two sections are brought into He states that systematic mining for gems and precicus
soas to appear to be stopped up, or, as is preferable where line asmall circumferential groove will be formed, which stones is being carried on at only two places in the United
the nature of the soil will admit, they may be inserted in serves to give proper clearance to the brasses and also retain States, viz., Paris, Maine, and Stony Point, North Carolina.
_ holes bored in the earth a short distance, or, when that is not the lubricating substance. In other cases where gems are found they are either met
practicable, the earth may be removed from the immediate The crank pins may be secured to the arms by being with accidentally,or occur in connection with other materials
vicinity of the ends, By the last two methods there will be shrunk in in the ordinary way, but for greater. facility of that are being mined or in small veins which are only oc-
less danger of the tubes stopping up with earth and casionally met with. They are often gathered with
thereby lessening the draught of air thus obtained, little system on the surface, asis the case with the
The filling of the tubes with porous soil will not de- (SRE SEE IW nam ARE sapphire, garnet, and olivine found in Montana and
stroy the draught of air, but may to some degree im- New Mexico; or from the beds of streams and decom-
pede it. When the cellar walls are surrounded by a posing rock, as the moss agate from Colorado; or on
heavy clay soil, a well may be made outside of and beaches, as the agate, chlorastrolite, and thomsonite
adjoining the walls; this well should extend parallel from Lake Superior.
with the wall, and may, if necessary, go entirely around Some eighty-eight different minerals occur in the
the walls. The object of the shaft in clay soil is to United States which have been used as gems. Twelve
afford a receptacle for sand, gravel, stones, or porous of these occur in the United States only,
earth, from which the cool air is to come by means of Diamonds are not mined in this country, although
the tubes through the cellar walls. Instead of tubes, they have occasionally been found at a number of lo-
openings of any sort may be made in the walls, but calities. A large diamond was found at Manchester,
terra cotta tubes are preferable. The tubes may, if opposite Richmond, Va., by a laborer employed in
advisable, be inserted in the bottom of the cellar grading one of the streets. It was an octahedron, and
through the impacted earth of the floor down into the weighed, aftcrit was cut, over ten carats. It was worth
looser and more porous earth below. $5,000 before cutting. The principal localities for
This plan is also applicable to beer and other cellars sapphires and rubies are in New Mexico, Arizona, and
where ice is used in hollow walls around the cellar to Southern Colorado, where they occur in the sand, often
on ant bills. Garnets occur in the same region, about

lite T
keepit cool. In such cellars the air isfirst taken from
the earth in the manner described, and passed by tubes $5,000 worth of cut stones being annually produced.
or openings into a vault or cell made cold by ice; then It is estimated that the value of the tourmalines taken
it is passed by another set of tubes into the interior of from Mt. Mica, Maine, is between $50,000 and $65,000.
the main cellar, so that the air obtained from the earth Tourmaline and hiddenite are being regularly mined
is made cooler by being drawn through the ice cell. pada taal at Stony Point, N. C., some $7,500 worth having
The ice rests upon a grating just above the currents of already been sold. Rock crystal is gathered and cut in
cool air. In beer cellars, where it is necessary to have — large quantities, the sales at different localities probably
an extraordinary amount of air and a rapid draught— amounting to $40,000 annually. Much of it is cut for
_ greater than can be obtained from the earth, because it jewelry, as ‘‘Lake George” or ‘‘Cape May” ‘‘ dia-
is not porous enough—a shaft is dug outside the ice monds.” The clear crystal for optical purposes is
cell and filled with coarse material. Tubes extend into almost entirely Brazilian, as the good material found
the outside earth. Openings from the interior of the cel- here rarely reaches the proper channels, Although
lar to the external atmosphere are essential to produce agates are abundant here, nearly all the polished speci-
a draught of air from the earth. mens sold in America have been polished in Germany,
In the accompanying engraving Fig. 1 is a ground having originally come from Brazi] and Uruguay.
plan of a cellar, and Fig. 2 a view showing the interior.
FRICK’S CELLARS, Moss agates, however, are collected here in large quan-
Along the bottom of the walls are shown the rows of tities, although the cutting is done abroad. The sun-
tubes through which the air passes from the exterior; 5} are insertion and removal the inventor prefers to effect the con- stone and moonstone, from Pennsylvania and Virginia, is
trap doors; at ¢ are openings leading to the outer air, and at nection as follows: The eyes of the cranks are bored out of good quality, although as yet used but little. The Ameri-
cis au air well built in the center of the cellar floor. Just with a very slight taper, and the body of the pin is corre- can turquoise is of much interest, but is not much used by
in front of the walls, a, are areas, and behind one wall is a spondingly turned so as to insure a good, snug, and moder- jewelers. It is frequently blue when found, but soon turns
mass of ice, shown in the left of Fig. 2. ately bard driving fit entirely through. A feather (shown green on exposure. Jet occurs in Colorado and Texas, and
This invention has been patented by Mr. Joseph K. Frick, in Fig. 3), formed upon the body of the pin at the face of will probably soon be utilized in the arts. The bowenite ef
of Evansville, Ind. For particulars address John Raum, the crank arm next the bearing surface, fits into a recess in Rhode Island and the williamsite of Pennsylvania are used
Washington, D. C. (see Business and Personal column). the arm, serving to resist turning or twisting strain upon | asa substitute for jade,
 106 Scientific American, [ FEBRUARY, 1886.

Cleaning Out Waste Pipes, appears to be the sources of the gases. The potash will BURMAH.
The annoyance arising from the stoppage of waste be effective in keeping these pipes clear, and in this The English possessions in India have lately been
pipes in country houses, although very great, is but a way may lessen the dangers.—A correspondent in the augmented by the annexation of the territory of
small matter compared with the dangers which may American Artisan. Upper Burmah. The King, Theebaw, managed to get
follow obstructed pipes. The ‘‘sewer gas,” about 8 SS ee into a dispute with the English, who hold lower
which so much has been written and which is so justly A Method for the Purification of Commercial Burmah, or that portion bordering on the Indian
dreaded, is not, as many suppose, the exclusive pro- Carmine. Ocean, including Rangoon and the mouth of the
duct of the sewer. Indeed, the foulest, most danger- BY JOHN S. ADRIANCE, A.B., F.C.8. Irrawaddy River. The result was, the English sent a
ous, and deadly gases are not found in the sewers them- Of all substances used for staining in histological military foree up the river on steamers, and the capi-
selves, but in the unventilated waste pipes and those work, carmine is perhaps the most important, but the tal of Upper Burmah, Mandalay, including the King,
which are in process of being clogged by the foul mat- impure state in which it issold prevents entire depend- was soon captured. Burmah is a great place for ele-
ters passing through them. Any obstructions in the ence being placed upon it. Commercial carmine con- phants.
soil or waste pipes are therefore doubly dangerous, be- tains many impurities and adulterations, more espe- We present illustrations from the Jd/ustrated London
sause it may produce an inflow of foul gas into the cially fatty matter, tyrosine, tale, carbonate of lead, News of the King’s ‘‘sacred white elephant” and the
pipe, even though the entrance to the sewer itself has vermilion, and dust. Pure carminie acid, which is employment of working elephants in the removal of
been entirely cut off. the basis of carmine, is easily soluble in water and al- teak, which valuable kind of timber, superior to oak
The question is how to get rid of the accumulations cohol, This is taken advantage of in its purification; for ship building, is one of the most important pro-
in pipes partly stopped or already closed. Digging very often three-quarters of the commercial article is ducts of Burmah. It is sent down the river from the
up and cleaning out is a forests beyond the British
costly remedy, often inef- frontier to Rangoon and
fectual by reason of care- Moulmein, whence it is
less workmen. The second mostly exported to British
is the plumber’s force India; and the recent dis-
pump, which is usually pute between King Thee-
only a temporary relief. baw and the British Com-
In pipes leading from the mercial Company in his
house to the cesspool there dominions had reference
is a constant accwnulation to the cutting of teak.
of grease. This enters as Mandalay, the royal city
a liquid and hardens as the and capital of Upper Bur-
water cools, and is deposit- mah, with a population of
ed on the bottom and sides 100,000, situated on the
of the pipes. As these ac- left bank of the Irrawaddy,
cumulations increase, the is 350 miles above Ran-
waterway is gradually goon. The city and shel-
contracted, till the pipe is tered suburbs measure four
closed. miles square. The city is
When the pipe is entirely three miles from the banks
stopped, or allows the wa- of the river, and is en-
ter to flow away by drops tirely commanded by the
only, proceed thus: Empty hill, on the top of which
the pipe down to the trap, is the pagoda. The city
or as far as practicable, by proper is within a broad
“mopping up” with a moat, on which King
cloth. If water flows very Theebaw had two state
slowly, begin when the barges, and there are five
pipe has at last emptied bridges across it. Next to
itself. Fill the pipe up the moat is a high brick
with potash, crowding it loopholed wall, one mile
in with a stick. Then THE SACRED ELEPHANT OF BURMAH. square, on which are for-
pour hot water upon it in ty-eight pagodas, and
a small stream, stopping which is backed by an
as soon as the pipe appears earth embankment to
to be filled. Asthe potash within six feet of the top.
dissolves and disappears, In the center of the city
is the palace, occupying a
add more water. At night
a little heap of potash may
LAN space of a quarter of a
be placed over the hole, mile square, and surround-
and water enough poured ed by a high stockade and
on so that a supply of inner wall, with four en-
strong lye will flow into trances, and another inner
the pipe during the night. stockade and wall. In
Pipes that have been the palace yard are the
stopped for months may be late King’s tomb, the Mint,
cleaned out by this method, High Court, Tower, with
though .it may eall for bell and drum, and the
three or four pounds of celestial elephant. All the
potash. The crudest kind, buildings, including the
however, appears to act as palace itself, but excluding
i
well as the best. If the sth the Mint, are gilded, and
ANY
pipe is partially obstruct- are of wood or bamboo.
ed, a lump of erude potash
should be placed where The Treatment of Frost-
water will drip slowly upon bitten Fingers and Toes.
it and so reach the pipe. Dr. Lapatin, in the Pro-
It is also well to fill the up- ceedings of the Caucasian
per part of the pipe with Medical Society, advises
the potash as before, and that fingers and _ toes
allow hot water to trickle = = <= => - = which have been slightly
upon it. Soda and potash frost-bitten, and which
are both used for the pur- ELEPHANTS CARRYING TEAK TIMBER—BURMAH. subsequently suffer from
pose of removing greasy burning, itching, and
obstructions, and the usual method of application is to worthless for coloring. The following method may be pricking sensations, should be painted, at first once,
form a strong lye and pour it into the pipe. It is bet- found of service: and afterward twice a day, with a mixture of dilute
ter to put the potash into the pipe, because the water Extract the carmine with boiling water, washing nitric acid and peppermint water in equal propor-
which it contains, instead of diluting, helps to form the the residue several times; treat the liquid with lead tions. After this application has been made for three
lye. As water comes in contact with the potash it be- acetate acidulated with acetic acid until a drop of the or four days, the skin becomes darkened and the
comes hot, thus aiding in dissolving the grease. Pot- solution is colored by hydric sulphide (HS). Wash epidermis is shed, healthy skin appearing under it.
ash, in combination with grease, forms a “soft” or the precipitate by decanting twice, then bring on a The cure is effected in from ten to fourteen days.
liquid soap, which easily flows away, while the soda filter, decompose with sulphurie acid (H.SO,), and The author has found this plan very effectual among
makes a hard soap, which, if not dissolved in water, filter; repeat this last operation twice, the secon’ time soldiers, who were unable to wear their boots in con-
would in itself obstruct the pipe. using hydri¢ sulphide (HS) instead of sulphuric acid sequence of having had frozen feet. They were, in
When a pipe is once fairly cleaned out, the potash (H.S0,). Evaporate to dryness on a water bath, as this way, soon rendered capable of returning to duty.
should be used from time to time, in order to dissolve the acid is decomposed at 136° C., wash with absolute —British Medical Journal.
the greasy deposits as they form, and carry them alcohol, and filter; allow the alcoho] to evaporate spon- ++ 0+-—________—_—_-
forward to the cesspool or sewer. The potash is very taneously, when crystals will be distinetly seen; wash THE Rothschilds, it is said, invested 800,000 franes
valuable for this purpose, because, in addition to its with warm water, filter, and evaporate to dryness over in the experiments of M. Marcel Duprez for transmit-
grease-solving powers, it is exceedingly destructive to | a water bath. Dissolve the residue in ether, and allow ting power over long distances by means of electricity.
all animal and most vegetable matters. The most dan- the ether to*evaporate spontaneously, when crystals The inotive forceis conveyed by a comparatively feeble
gerous and deadly gases appear to come from urinals of pure carminie acid will appear. Preserve for use in curreut, thereby doing away with the apprehension of
and wash-basin pipes, these, in many cases, seeming to glass stoppered bottles. If your work has been accu- dangerous friction and resistance. Niagara Falls may
be more foul than those from water closets. The decay rate, an alkaline solution of iodine will entirely destroy yet be utilized to operate engines in New York or q
of the soap and animal matter washed from the skin the color. Philadelphia by electricity,
 FEBRUARY, 1886.| Srientific American. 107
Railway Electric Lights, THE DUPLEX TIDE WHEEL. site direction. With slow motion the paddles will dip edge-
An interesting experiment is now being tried on the Me- The wheel shown in our first engraving will work with wise into the water, as indicated in Fig, 2; with extreme
tropolitan District Railway, London, in connection with one equal efficiency in both directions. The plan is simple, and speed the centrifugal force will carry them outward in a
of the suburban trains running from High Street, Kensiug- permits all the parts to be easily and yet strongly and dur- straight line trom the shaft. In this case they meet a toun-
ton, to Putney, the carriages of which are lighted by elec- ably constructed. It consists of a rigid outer wheel and a tercurrent nearly equal in velocity to that of the outer rim
tricity direct. In carrying this out, a Siemens dynamo and loose inner wheel provided with stops, to limit its movement, of the wheel, and will then feather to this current until acted
a Willans three-cylinder engine are placed in a luggage van and with hinged paddles held to their work by the connect- upon by the bars. By reversing the motion the paddles
which is attached to the train. Steam is supplied to the ing rods of the outer wheel. To the shaft are rigidly at- will arrange themselves to their workin the opposite direc-
@ee
ee
i=
engine by means of a small boiler, which is also fixed in tached the side frames of the outer wheel, the rims of which tion in one-half a revolution of the wheel. The wheel may
the van. The carriages are lighted by means of a total of are connected by as many rods as there are paddles. Upon be immersed in the water nearly to the main shaft and yet
twenty-eigbt Swan incandescent lamps of 20 candle power the shaft, at the inner side of these frames, are placed the it will retain its propelling power, and for this reason it is
each, which give a very brilliant light. The present ma- adapted for seagoing as well as river and coast steamers. In
chinery was designed for a longer train, and, in addition to Fig. 2 the dotted line shows the path which the paddle is
the lamps in the carriages, there are about thirty in the free to traverse. Instead of one line of paddles there may be
van which are always lighted when the others are. The ob- two or three arranged upon pivots in concentric circles. The
ject of this is to ascertain the exact cost of working a suffi- inventor has found by experiments that this wheel is greatly
cient number of lights for the longer trains, which are superior to the ordinary rigid paddle wheel.
usually fitted with fifty ordinary gas lamps. The experi- These inventions have been recently patented by Mr. ©. L.
ment is being carried out for Lord 8. Cecil, general manager Petersen, whose address is P. O. Box 2705, Boston, Mass.
of the District Railway, and Mr. J. 8. Forbes, chairman of Patents applied for in England, France, Germany, and
the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway Company. The Canada.
first public trial of the light took place recently, and the Ait Ly a Reapee mo
results were considered very satisfactory. It is, therefore, Steel Spring Motors,
intended to continue the experiment for some weeks, the At arecent meeting of the Engineers’ Club of Philadel-
train being all the time in regular work. In the event of phia, Mr. Wilfred Lewis read a paper upon the ‘‘ Resilience
the machinery proving effective and trustworthy, it is pro- of Steel,” reviewing some of the means employed for the
bable that a Willans engine and a dynamo will be placed on storage of energy, and showing the place occupied by steel
the engine of the train, so that steam can be supplied from among them.
the locomotive boiler. This arrangement, which has been Among the means now employed, compressed air, hot
proposed by Mr. W. F. Massey, of Twyford, will neces- water, und the storage battery were cited from an English
sarily prove cheaper, inasmuch as the small boiler and the writer as being about equal in value, and as giving out about
special attendant in the van will not be required. It is an- 6,500 ft. Ib. of work per pound of material used.
ticipated that the cost of lighting a train by electricity direct Steel springs, according to the same writer, were said to
will be much less than that of oil Jamps. yield about 18 ft. lb. per pound. In this connection the
al a project of using steel springs as a motor for street cars was
referred to as the most hopeless of all possible means of
Enameling Cast Iron Ware.
locomotion. :
Otto Holrenz, of Beresdorf, has devised a new process To test the accuracy of this statement in regard to stecl,
for preparing iron vessels for enameling. He sets out with several experiments were made by the writer upon tempered
the assertion that the enamel adheres to the white iron bet- specimens, both for tension and flexure. Contrary to ex-
ter than to gray, because the latter contains a mixture of pectation, the highest results were shown by the flexure of
uncombined carbon (graphite); hence, the articles to be asmall spiral clock spring weighing 2,040 grains, which
enameled should be cast in iron, the surfaces of which are gave out, when wound up, about 45 ft. lb, of energy, or in
free from graphite. To accomplish this the mould in which other words, 154 ft. lb. per pound.
the iron is cast is made of damp sand covered with a sub- The transverse strength of this steel within the elastic
stance that will take up carbon and remove it. The best limit was found to be about 300,000 lb. per square inch, and
substance for this purpose is sulphur, which ccmbines with its modulus of elasticity about 30,000,000. Such extraordi-
the free graphite to form sulphide of carbon, which burns nary strength, with such a low modulus, was so far beyond
as soon as formed. MHolrenz, therefore, dusts the moulds conjecture that it seemed to give a new hope for the success
with fine sulphur powder, either alone or mixed with pul- of the project referred to; but after making the necessary
verized quartz or charcoal dust. The mixture contains more allowances for weight of car and efficiency of driving me-
or less sulphur according to the quality of the iron used, but THE DUPLEX TIDE WHEEL. chanism, it was found that not more than about 20 ft. Ib.
always has enough sulphur to convert the surface of the per pound of car would be available for locomotion. It
iron in contact with the mould into white iron. side frames of the inner wheel, the rims of which are con- wus therefore improbable that such a car could ascend a hill
The castings thus prepared are not pickled, as was previ- nected by rods, and which are kept at the proper distance over 20 feet high.
ously customary before enameling, but the first or basic apart upon the shaft by collars united by bars or by a tubu- It was also a matter of doubt whether larger springs could
coating is applied directly to iron as soon as it has been lar washer, The inner wheel moves freely upon the shaft, be made to show results which would even approach these
mechanically cleaned or scoured. but ifs movement is limited by blocks (shown in Fig. 2) at- figures, and on this account the experiments about to be
A similar result is obtained by coating the mould with oil tached to the rims of the frames of the rigid wheel, and tried might be looked for with some interest.
or petroleum, whereby a portion of the graphite is converted which engage with the spokes of the inner wheel. To the ———»+ooa

into a hydrocarbon, and this burns up when the casting is connecting rods of the inner wheel, which is made smaller Indian Fish-Egg Food.
made. than the other, are hinged the inner edges of the paddles, We are indebted to Messrs. Fulda Brothers, of San Fran-
Fivally, to remove the graphite from the surface of an which project between the rods of the outer wheel. From cisco, for a fine specimen of the fish-egg food prepared by
article already cast, it is coated with sulphuric the native Indians of British Columbia. The
acid of 60° B. and then ignited, when sul- specimen received consists of a small branch
phuric acid that has penetrated into ils pores of cedar, the leaves of which are thickly
acts upon the graphite as the sulphur powder coated with dried fish eggs. Our correspond-
in the mould does upon the fluid iron.—Deut, ent says the eggs of the specimen sent are
Industrie Zeitung. from a small fish that abounds in the waters
or
or of Vancouver’s Sound, and are collected by
Artificial Diamonds. making a mattress of cedar twigs and sinking
The importation of artificial gems, in which them in shallow places until the fish have de-
there has always been a large trade, has lately posited their spawn, when the twigs are raised
been greater than usual, a new French imita- and the spawn allowed to dry. When wanted
tion diamond having proved quite popular. for use, they are simply soaked and eaten.
It is made of strass, a variety of flint glass Tn this connection we will give the following
containing more Jead and in some cases a item from a correspondent of the Chicago
smaller proportion of borax, but the glass is Tribune, who tells about fish and fishing in
subjected toa great heat and then plunged Sitka Bay, Alaska:
into cold water, whereby it is contracted so Drop a hook in any of these immense
the grain becomes very close and fine. It is stretches of inland waters, and especially
cut and polisbed like a real diamond, a leaden amid the Alexandrine Archipelago, and in a
wheel with oil and diamond dust being used. moment a fish will be at the bait. Rock cod,
These artificial diamonds are called ‘‘ heli- halibut, weighing from 40 to 150 pounds,
olas,” and are graded to conform to: carat salmon, fill all the streams and bays; and the
sizes of real diamonds, selling at from $20 to herring! <A fish story here will be apropos.
$50 per gross. A very small bit of foil is During the spring of 1881 the writer was in
used as a backing, attached to the center of THE ACME PADDLE WHEEL. Sitka, and was a witness to one of the most
the back, reflecting the light into the heart wonderful sights in the bay of Sitka. For
of the stone. Such imitation ‘‘ diamonds ” are largely used this it will be readily seen that the wheel will work equally more than a week the water of the bay, covering an area of
for theatrical and fancy dress purposes, and in rolled plate well in either direction, the only lost motion being the dis- fifteen or twenty square miles, was as white as milk with
jewelry of every form, besides being sometimes worn, it is tance the stop has to travel between the adjoining frames fish spawn, extending as far as the eye could see. The
said, by ladies owning real diamonds, and others whose finan- when the current is reversed. herring were so numerous that people were gathering them
cial condition has compelled them to part with their real THE ACME PADDLE WHEEL. from the water along the beach with their hands and filling
gems. It requires the skill of an expert to determine the Our second engraving represents a feathering paddle wheel, baskets with them. The Indians placed spruce boughs in
difference between the genuine stone and the new imita- in which the blades are pivoted at their inner edges to the the water, and when these were taken out not a particle of
tion. frame, and are held to their work by stops placed in the the original green but what was covered with a thick coating
rte frame radially beyond the pivots, thus leaving the blades free of eggs. An Indian in a canoe, with a stick about seven
A RECENT French law makes revaccination incumbent to revolve in a full circle as shown in the sectional drawing. feet long, and for a distance of about two feet studded with
upon every student received into the lyceums and colleges. By this arrangement, when the wheel is revolved in either nails, points outward, plied the water with this crude im-
i Since the experiment was made at the Lycee Louis le direction the paddle will revolve in the opposite direction plement, each dip in the water bringing up from two to
@
‘-
Grand not a single case of variola or varioloid has ap- until it is immersed, when it will be pushed through the seven fish, and filling his canoe in somewhat less than forty.
peared. water by the bars, thereby propelling the vessel in the oppo- five minutes.
 108 Scientific American. [ FEBRUARY, 1886.
Eatables on Ocean Steamers, (Bentley and ‘Trimen) assert the yield at ‘‘2 to 3 per pose of soap and candle making, and as an ointment
Few persons are aware of the extensive nature of the cent,” but the true nutmeg normally contains a great for the cure of asthma, tumors, and rheumatic affee-
victualing on board the great ocean steamers. Such a deal more than that, the wonderfully aromatic ‘‘ nut” ticas. It begins to melt at 106° F., and forms a yellow
vessel is provisioned as follows for the passengers and of Ceylon containing nearly 844 in 100 parts. The fluid at about 170° F. This fatty matter dissolves in
erew: specifie gravity of this variety is stated to be 0°927 by
3,500 lb. of butter, 3,000 hams, 1,600 1b. of biscuits, 3°1 parts of ether, 28°1 parts of hot absolute alcohol,
exclusive of those supplied Ib. of the author of the 1880 analysis, but from 0°920 to 0°948
for the crew, 8,000 but in the cold 105 parts are required to dissolve it.—
grapes, almonds, figs, and other dessert~ fruits; 1,500 Ib. has been named as the extreme limits, or range. Br. C. and Druggist.
of jams and jellies; tinned meats, 6,000 lb.; dried beans, Myristicene—a hydrocarbon—stated by Cloetz to con- a
8,000 Ib.; rice, 3,000 Ib.; onions, 5,000 1b.; potatoes, 40 stitute about three-quarters of the ordinary oil, but Focal Distance of Spectacle Glasses,
tons; flour, 300 barrels; and eggs, 1,200 dozen. Fresh Dr. Gladstone has detected the presence of a small Place the ends of a measure of 30 or 40 inches in
vegetables, dead meat and live bullocks, sheep, pigs, quantity of an oxygenated product, isomeric with length against a smooth wall or other suitable ground,
geese, turkeys, ducks, fowls, fish, and casual game, menthole; for this the name of Myristicole is sug- in plain view of some well defined object a few rods
are generally supplied at each port, so that itis diffi- gested. It appears to have the same properties as distant, as, for instance, a building or window on the
cult to estimate them. Probably two dozen bullocks menthole when locally applied for the relief of neural- opposite side of the street. Then place the edge of
and 60 sheep would be a fair average for the whole gia, ete. your lens on the measure, and move it backward or
voyage, and the rest may be inferred in proportion. The expressed oilof nutmegs—Oleum Myristice Hx- forward until a spectrum is formed, or in other words,
During the summer months, when traveling is heavy, pressum, or nutmeg butter—consists, of course, of a until a clear and distinct outline of the distant object is
25 fowls are often used in soup for a single dinner. mixture of the volatile and of the fixed oils, and the produced on the ground against which your measure
ee yield is given, by Fluckiger and Hanbury, at 28 per rests. This point will represent sufficiently near for
GREENHOUSRS AND CONSERVATORIES. cent of the nuts. It is chiefly imported from Singa- all practical purposes the exact focal distance of the
The time of year is now approaching when many pore in square or oblong tablets or cakes, and some, lens, and will correspond in inches with the number on
who have been experimenting with the cultivation of recently measured, were found to be about 914 inches all properly marked convex spectacles.
plants or flowers during the past season bethink them- long by 244 inches wide, of an orange-brown tint, fra- 40
selves of the ‘possibilities of continuing, and perhaps grant and aromatic. The fixed oil, or non-volatile Boring for Natural Gas at Cleveland, Ohio,
enlarging, their work during the winter months, pro- basis, of this ‘‘butter” contains several saponifiable . The Cleveland Rolling Mill Company of that city has
vided their means go hand in hand with the tastes fatty acids, Myristicene being the most prominent of been drilling for gas on its property in the EKighteenth
which this pleasurable occupation usually begets, while these. Ward since October 10, 1884. At the depth of 715 feet
others who have before done something in this line The method of preparing this ‘‘expressed oil” is to a small vein of gas was found, but it was soon exhaust-
should not longer delay the making of contemplated bruise the nutmegs and subject them first to the ed. After passing through the shale the drill entered
enlargements and improvements. To all such the de- action of steam, and then to place in bags between a vein of limestone, 260 feet in thickness. Below this,
sign herewith presented, of an English country house the tested surfaces of large plates of iron previously hard gray sandstone was encountered. While the drill
and conservatory, will afford suggestions for a roomy, heated, and subject them to great pressure, collect- was pounding in the sandstone at a depth of 1,700 feet,
highly ornamental, and yet not very expensive struc- ing the escaping oil in the usual manner. An import. the well suddenly filled with water, which, being
ture, which may pumped out, was
be used both to found to be
raise and display strongly impreg-
plants. The nated with salt.
chimney, built The drilling was
into the side of continued until a
the house, sug- depth of 1,985 feet
gests where the had been reached,
furnace should be when pure rock
placed, and in the salt was found.
most convenient This vein was 169
place for so divid- feet in thickness,
ing the interior, and it required 36
either by perma- hours to drill
nent fixtures or through it. The
sliding partitions, drillers were not
as to get the dif- in search of salt,
ferent tempera- but gas, and they
tures required for continued with
various plants. ~ the work. The

Map
A cool greenhouse big salt vein was
is one intended
aatan
7

encountered
simply to protect about a month
tender plants dur- RS (0 ago. Two weeks
ing the winter later, after drill-
season, and the ing through a con-
temperature may siderable amount
be as low as 35° to of rock, another
40° F., but plants but smaller vein
are not expected was encountered.
to grow in sucha The drill was still
house; for flowers driven downward
the day tempera- AN ORNAMENTAL CONSERVATORY. until it had
ture must be at reached a depth
least 60°, with a minimum of 40° at night. It is evi- ant ingredient in the warm plaster and the Hmplas- of 2,680 feet, and the drillers were treated to another
dent that an abundance of light and ventilation are trum Picis of the British Pharmacopqia, the ‘‘ express- surprise. This timethey found petroleum. Evidences
afforded by a conservatory of the design herewith ed” oil, either with or without mixture with Lin. of oil were found in the shape of a peculiar odor about
shown. For heating such houses, the plan now most saponis, is exceedingly useful as an external applica- the borings. The drill was passing through very hard
generally adopted is by hot water flues, though form- tion for the reduction of sprains and the amelioration rock, and it therefore proceeded very slowly. Every
erly, and at present in some of the smaller houses, the of paralysis, gout, and chronic rheumatism, ete. time the sand pump was put down into the well it was
furnace fiues alone are used, conducted around the The quantity of nutmegs annually imported into filled with oil and water, and several barrels of petro-
house before entering the chimney. In the hot water England amounts at present to from 640,000 to 660,000 leum were taken outin that manner. The oil is said to
system a pipe runs from near the upper part of the fur- pounds. France is content with something like half be of very fine quality. What has already been found
nace hot water reservoir all around the house, under the as much, and America imports about seems to have trickled through the rock from a pocket
470,000 pounds
different benches holding the plants, and returns to the per annum. near the well. No gas has been found since the drill
boiler near its lower part, the fire in the furnace caus- The Myristica sebifera appears to be indigenous to passed below 1,000 feet. It is now producing about
ing a constant circulation. A house constructed as the the Brazils and British Guiana, and it is also found one barrel of oil daily. The hole has reached a depth
one shown gives great opportunities for display as well abundantly in Cayenne. It grows to about twice of 2,700 feet, and according to the American Gas Light
as for the cultivation of plants requiring different tem- the height of WZ. fragrans, that is to say, 50 or 60 feet Journal, there are slight indications of gas, but it has
peratures. in height. The latter is said to contain no starch not yet been discovered in paying quantities.
rt 0 whatever; but this statement the present writer is aek oo
The Nutmeg Plant—Myristica (Var. Sp.). able to deny, although the quantity of starch present
BY F. L. 8. in this nut is less than in most of the other varieties. How Bees Predict the Weather.

ANALYSES OF NUTMEG.—(M. JSragrans.) By drying the fruit in the sun, passing through No, 17 of Die Natur contains an article by Herr Em-
Ordinary kind. Ceylon nutmegs, rollers to break the shell, which is subsequently sepa- merig, of Lauingen, on German bees as storm warners.
Bonastre, 1823.* 1880.
Volatile oil........... 60 per cent. 8°21 per cent.
rated, crushing the kernel and throwing it into boil- From numerous observations, the writer advances
Liquid fixed oil....... 76 $k ) a ing water, some 29 per cent of fat is obtained, valua- tentatively the theory that, on the approach of thun-
Bid fat-7 2 nes a0 06€« { 3576 ble for soap and candle making purposes. der storms, bees, otherwise gentle and harmless, be-
RUN Ses vier Polten ets 2% 0°8 (2) * ys
PEATOD ¥: coe Sines cubes 24 as P ‘
TheUM. laurifolia, of Martinique, is very little known come excited and exceedingly irritable, and will at
OR ea eee 1:2 - 1°85 ; at present. A small specimen was placed in the hands once attack any one, even their usual attendant, ap-
Nitrogenous matter... 6°70 re
of a well known analyst, who found 34°5 per cent of fat proaching their hives. A succession of instances are
Mineral matter....... = 6°23 s
Cellulose and loss.... 540 m 33°73 #
or oil. given in which the barometer and hygrometer foretold
IEDs 6st Sc badness Et ED ge ee M. punctata is chiefly remarkable for being without a storm, the bees remaining quiet, and no storm oc-
RN is scuceces § 40 i) smell or taste. This variety is used in Brazil—its curred; or the instruments gave no intimation of a
10°00 10°00 native habitation. storm, but the bees for hours before were irritable, and
The volatile oil of most species of Myristica seems to From the same country as the preceding comes the the storm came. He concludes, therefore, that the
vary but slightly as to composition and physical char- “uecu-uba,” the fruit of M. officinalis. The flavor conduct of bees is a trustworthy indication whether a
acters, although it differs widely as to quantity. Some is amygdalaceous, but it has little or no taste; 18 or 20 storm is impending over a certain district or not, and
~ ~ per cent of fat is yielded upon macerating in hot water, that, whatever the appearances, if bees are still, one
* Jour, de Pharm., 1823, pt. ix., p. 281. and pressing, and this is much in demand for the pur- need not fear a storm,
 FEBRUARY, 1886.| Scientific American. 109
ISCLATING PAVILIONS FOR CONTAGIOUS DISEASES,
the construction of such great structures as the Forth Bridge The Amber and Meerschaum Industry of Austria,
Physicians and hygienists have for a lang time condemned and the large cranes seen at the docks, engineers had found Within the last thirty years, says Globus, the amber and
that system of hospital buildiags in which the patients, it useful to investigate the lines of the structure along which meerschaum industry of Austria has grown from a very
crowded in halls of a beautiful architectural aspect, find the pressure or the tension was at a maximum; these Jines small beginning to an independent and special branch,
neither the necessary amount of air nor the isolation de- might be called stress lines par excellence. The material at which is at present capable of producing excellent results, so
manded by certain diseases. To cite the amount of expense disposal was most economically arranged when it was con- that goods of great beauty and excellent quality are sold at
oceasioned by the construction of such edifices is enough centrated along these lines, leaving empty the mesh-like relatively moderate prices.
to condemn asystem that is repelled in the name of hygiene. spaces corresponding to the neutral region of a cross beam, The manufacture of articles from amber and meerschaum
Isolated pavilion hospitals are much the most heaithful. A skeleton or lattice framework might thus be built up, hav- is chiefly concentrated at Vienna, although very respectable
During the war of the Rebellion the enormous number of ing all the {strength of asolid structure of the same shape or representatives of this branch can be pointed to in other
wounded led to the improvising of barracks, which, as_im- loading, but with much less expenditure of substance. Sucha large cities of that empire.
perfect as they were, gave complete satisfaction to the heads structure would, moreover, be free from the danger of giv- It is scarcely credible how wonderfully these two sub-
of the hospital service. Experience, many a time repeated, ing way by ‘‘shearing” or ‘‘faulting” in the geological stances can be wrought, and what a variety of different
has ended by triumphing over administrative routine, and, sense. In other words, its parts would have no tendency to articles can be made from them, simple or complex in form
in many cities, a simpler and less expensive system is sub- give way by sliding or slipping over each other; they could and all in excellent taste and elegantly made. It is only ne-
stituted for the edifices of old times, We may cite, as an only be directly crushed or directly torn asander. This was, cessary to cast a glance into the show cases of the large
' example, the pavilions of Mr. Tollet constructed for the therefore, an ideal mode of building such structures, and it Vienna amber and meerschaum firms in order to obtain an
Pe
oO
Nv——
me
a1
1 Bourges barracks, and, with a few modifications, made ap- was only because skilled workmansbip was more expensive idea of the numerous elegant and artistic articles of magnifi-
propriate for the Bichat, Montpellier, and other hospitals. than material that engineers did not oftener put it into prac-
cent workmanship that catch the eye of the passer-by and in-
The hospital pavilion, or field hospital, shown in the accom- tice. In bone building, the lecturer said, there were no voluntarily invite to purchase.
panying cut, is situated in the gardens of the cantonal hos- such obstacles in the way of perfect construction, and in First of all in elegance and variety is the immense collec-
pital of Geneva, and is designed to perform the role of an such a part as the head of the thigh bone the principle was tion of neat and elegant cigar holders, of the simplest as
isolating ward for contagious diseases. It may likewise be carried out in ideal perfection. The cancellous network in well as the most fantastic shapes. While in former years
appropriated toa service for tbe wounded, or, in a word, this bone was a material embodiment of the engineer’s ideal the magnificent meerschaum pipes ruled the day, at present,
be adapted to all the needs of a hospital service. Among all lattice work of true stress lines, so much so that in the when cigars and cigarettes are used by nearly all civilized
the models of structures of this kind that have hitherto been Zurich School of Enginecring thin sections of the thigh bone people, they are almost entirely superseded by cigar and
devised, this is the simplest. It is built entirely of hard were placed before the pupils as the best possible illustra- cigarette holders, In addition to a variety of plainer ones
wood, simply varnisbed or coated with tar, and is 15 meters tion of the true principle of construction. In conclusion, we see such figures as angels, Venuses, veiled Venuses,
in length by 7 in breadth, To prevent dampness the floor the lecturer remarked that when such instances of adaptation sleeping Cupids, Indians with amber lances, jockeys with
is raised 70 centimeters above the ground. The roof, which as appeared in the eye and hand, and perbaps he might now their horses, etc., also heads of women, of zouaves, and of
has a steep pitch, is surmounted with alantern to allow of add the common marrow bone, were brought before us we Bedouins, and are astonished at the thousands of methods of
the passage of air, The side walls are formed simply of were filled with wonder, and some saw in them evidences of combining these two substances, amber and meerschaum,
thick curtains of sail duck. The structure contains eight what was called direct design. These evidences might and no less at the artistic design and execution of the arti-
beds. The arrangement, which is perfect for the summer nowadays be interpreted in perhaps a worthier and grander cles, Equally varied is the collection of meerschaum pipes,
season, appears to be less comfortable for that of wiater, sense, but the wonder would remain for all who had eyes to that must enchant every passionate smoker, We see there
which is sometimes severe at Geneva. The walls then see. the Dublin pipe of amber and meerschaum, the Albert, the
are lined with a double curtain, and the stoves that are At any rate, apart from all theology, and takivg only Rigolbouche, the Irish, and the Belgian pipes, also the
installed in the interior suffice, curved London and French
it would seem, to keep up an pipes, and the Suez Canal
equable temperature. When pipes mounted in silver, meer-
the infection of a ward ne- schaum hand pipes with eggs
OD,
cessitates its being evacuated, serpents, fruit, etc, all neatly
the patients are transferred to and tastefully cut in meer-
the pavilion, which offers the schaum. Then there are the
inestimable advantage of al- celebrated Turkish pipes, both
lowing them, during the ex- flat and pointed, and a legion
treme heat of summer, to be of pipes’ ornamented with
entirely in the open air. This character heads and other
is indeed an improved field carvings. Then the never
hospital, of which the cost is failing artistic objects with
not very high, and the erec- which large pipes are orna-
tion of which may be effected mented, carved in larger di-
very quickly.—La Nature. mensions. Cigar holders or-
namented with initials, mono-
The Architecture ofa grams, or whole names sell
Bone. well.
A lecture was lately de- We must also state that,
livered at the London Institu- like meerschaum, amber is
tion on ‘How a Bone is used alone, or both together
Built,” by Mr. Donald ave used for smokers’ articles.
McAlister, of St. John’s For many years past a new
College, Cambridge. The mass called artificial meer-
lecturer explained that he schaum has been made from
would treat the construction the chips and turnings of
a
eee
ey
ee
yy
aa
er
ee
rae)
Ee
Se
Oe
an
Fn
a
ete
ley
ey of a bone as a question of genuine meerschaum, and at
architecture or engineering present it is largely employed,
ae
rather than of anatomy. In Besides this, different kinds
looking at an ordinary mar- of artificial amber are pro-
row .bone two points would duced and used to imitate
ISOLATING PAVILION FOR CONTAGIOUS DISEASES
strike one: In the first place, these various articles.
the shank or shaft of the Amber is distinguished by
bone was hollow, forming a somewhat thin walled tube; the strict architectural sense of the words, we must agree its remarkably fine color, and like meerschaum it is turned
secondly, the end of the bone next the joint appeared on that a marrow bone was well and admirably designed. on the lathe, filed, cut, and sawed, and from this expensive
section to be not hollow, but filled with a spongy or ‘‘ cancel- —
OOo material magnificent ornaments are made, such as vecklaces,
th
lous” meshwork of bony tissue. The tube form appeared John Henry Dalimeyer. earrings, pins, brooches, and bracelets; also smokers’ arti-
not only in bones but in many other structures characterized On the 30th of December, 1883, John Henry Dallmeyer, cles, especially mouth pieces and cigar holders, also coral,
by combined lightness and strength—such as the stalks of the gifted and noted English optician, whose name is famil- cups, saucers, wreaths, etc.
plants, reeds, bamboos, quills of feathers; and among human iar in every American photographic studio, passed away, at Austria imports both of these valuable raw materials—am-
ne
ceA
constructions in a vast variety of shapes, from tubular the age of 58. His name bas been for a generation promi- ber and meerschaum—in very large quantities, the former
_ bridges to backbones of bicycles or tricycles. What was nently before the world of astronomy, micrography, and mostly from Danzig, the latter chiefly from Brussa in Asia
the common principle underlying all these manifold varie- photography. As a scientific optician he had no equal, and Minor. The quantity of raw material imported, as well as
ties? Why was it that, weight for weight, a hollow column his works received acknowledgment and appreciation in of finished goods exported, is simply enormous.—Deutsche
was so much stronger than a solid one? The lecturer then various countries, especially in the United States, Austria, Industrie Zeitung.
showed that when an ordinary rectangular cross beam was Germany, Russia, and France. Ce os
slightly deflected by a load, the upper ftbers were in a state At home he was a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical So-
The Phylloxera in Sandy Soil.
of compression, while the under fibers were in a state of ciety; Russia constituted him a Chevalier, and France
tension; whereas in the middle of the beam there was a neu- nominated him Officer of the Legion of Honor. The London Zimes, in a recent issue, contains a dispatch
tral region neither compressed nor stretched. For load bear- His marked ability in the construction of improved lenses which gives the condition of the French grape crop as
ing purposes this region might be removed; the beam would for the camera made his name universally known among follows:
thereby be made appreciably lighter but not appreciably photographers. His demise will be generally regretted by «Only twelve of the southern departments seem satisfied
weaker, The tube form of a bone was thus due to the fact the photographic fraternity, and those who are fortunate with their vintage. The yield in general is expected to be
that the material was concentrated at those parts which enough to possess his lenses will now doubly prize them. even below the average of late years. Burgundy and Cham-
were most under strain and where it was most useful; it We learn that his son, whom he has educated, will under- pagne report a yield extremely deficient, both in quantity
was removed from those parts where it added to the weight take to continue the business. and quality, while Macon counts upon a better crop than
without adding to the strength. Tables were exhibited a had been predicted, though of somewhat poor quality. In
*,
Sari?
»Or
from which it appeared that bone in its physical properties Waterproof Clothing. Charente the quality is also poor.”
resembled steel much more than such a material as cast Waterproof clothing which allows a free passage for re- The same dispatch, in summing up the observations of
iron. Bone, like steel, was almost as strong to resist tearing spiration can be prepared by dipping in a solution of Lalande, Mayor of Bordeaux, on the conditions of the vines
as to resist crushing. The spongy or cancellous ends of acetate of alumina, The latter is made by adding a solution in the phylloxera-infes'ed sections of the country, gives a
bone were next considered, and by photographs of actual of acetate of lead toa solution of alum, and decanting the most favorable account of the use of American stocks, and
specimens the jecturer showed that the apparently confused mixture from the sulphate of lead which is precipitated. shows that even the French vines at Aigues-Mortes are flour-
and irregular character of the tissue resolved itself on exam- The articles are dipped into this liquid and allowed to dry ishing in the sandy soils, thus emphasizing the fact of the
ination into a very beautiful and harmonious regularity. In without wringing \hem.—Rundschau fur Pharm., ete. impotence of the pbylloxera in such sandy soils,
 IIo Scientific American. [FEeBRuARY, 1886.
METALLIC PLASTERING SURFACE. Natural Gas Fuel. Testing Machines,
During the last few years there has been considerable at- While the use of natural gas economically and safely is At a recent meeting of the American Society of Civii En-
tention directed to the use of wire cloth for plastering pur- stilla problem in Pittsburg, according to the Telegraph, a gineers, a paper by Mr. A. V. Abbatt, on ‘‘Some Improve-
poses, and attempts have been made to obtain the requisite company at Kittanning seemsto have gone much farther mentsin Testing Machines,” was read by the author, and
solidity of tbe cloth combined with strength, cheapness, and toward practical success. The association was formed some illustrated by a stereopticon. A 200,000-pound testing ma-
durability. By corrugating the wire cloth at intervals about months ago, aud has pushed the fuel into general use. The chine was first described, its general construction providing
six inches apart and applying it directly to the wooden well which supplies the gas is situated about two and a for weighing the forces applied by means of platforms and
beams, joist partitions, board partitions, columns, girders, quarter miles from tbe town. The flow is steady and strong. levers somewhat similar to those used in ordinary scale work
etc., it is stiffened and made firmer. It issecured by staples The diameter of the tubing is five and three-eighths inches. with special arrangements to reduce friction. To secure the
passed through the cloth in the corrugations, which are The conduit pipe is three and a half inches, laid to a depth direction of the pressure upon the test pieces in the axis of
placed in such a manner that they run transverse to the joist of a little over two feet, to the borough limits, where con- the machine, both ends of the piece are connected with seg-
or studding. By this arrangement the whole body of the nections are made in various directions. These pipes are ments of spheres moving freely in spherical sockets, which
cloth is stiffened and for the most part take the proper position upon the first
it is set out away from the edges of the application of tbe stress. Arrange-
joists, so that when the plaster is ap- ments are also made by means ot
plied it will key around and through wedges to gripe and hold uniformly
the corrugations and close around the the ends of the test pieces. The ma-
edges of the joists, perfectly sealing chine is arranged to test in tension:
them and preventing fire from passing compression, for transverse stress, for
from joist to joist. The patentee shearing, bulging, and torsion. In the
claims that this methodis cheap, since machine illustrated, the action of ap-
no wooden or wire furring is required, plying stress is automatic, and at tho
thereby saving in the cost of material same time the same power gives an
and time. The increase in strength is autographic record of the stress appliea
apparent, as the ribs in reality form a and of any variations which may occu
series of small girders six inches apart _ during the continuance of the stress,
which impart rigidity to the cloth. and with an instantaneous autographic
The durability of the plastering results record of the result at the conclusion
from the fact that it will not crack of the test. The stresses are applied
since the foundation is free from the by means of weights which slide upon
shrinkage accompanying the use of two paralle) lever beams, the one regis-
laths. It requires no skilled labor to tering up to 10,000 pounds and the
put it in place, and as every beam or other up to 200,000. By means of a
joist is sealed, the danger arising from remarkably ingenious electrical attach-
fire spreading is greatly reduced. The ment connected with clock work, the
cloth may also be used in place of deaf- movement of these weights is continu-
ening boards to deaden noise and also ous and automatic, and the registering
for interlathing in frame structures. apparatus is also controlled by the same
The large engraving shows the cloth electric current. Diagrams automatic-
applied to partitions, walls, ceiling, ally made by the machine were ex-
columns, etc., the plastering being hibited and described.
broken away in order to show the po- A number of broken pieces of steel
sition of the cloth on the beams and were exhibited, and also specimens of
joists. Figs. 1 and 2 clearly indicate woods which had been tested in vari-
the position of the corrugations in re- ous ways. Machines of smaller powers
gard to the timbers. Inthe left of Fig. were also described, and a number of
1 is shown the method of uniting two pieces of cloth, the buried deep in the soil, to prevent injury from the effects of briquettes of cement were broken upon a small automatic
joint being formed in one of the corrugations. either heat or cold; but to make this important matter machine which was exhibited.
This invention bas been patented in this and foreign coun- doubly secure, curved pieces of pipe are used along the line ot ore

tries Ly Mr. James Stanley, of 114 East 83d Street, this at different points, fixed in movable sockets, which allow
MILK COOLER,
city, who may be addressed for further particulars, room for all contraction or expansion of the pipes. Before
the town is reached, two pipes are affixed to the main pipe Two or more cans are placed side by side in a tank, and
a
SHOW BOX COVER, from the well, a large and a small one, with two regulating over each row is a trough-shaped cover, inverted and
The object of an invention recently patented by Mr. John valves, which are used to divide the pressure, so that one resting on the handles of the cans, The handles are
G. White, of Pensacola, Florida, is to provide a hinged pipe may supply the iron works, grist mills, water works, located sufficiently below the upper ends of the cans for
and other places where a large amount of gas is consumed. closing the cans by a water seal, when the tank is filled with
cover that can be secured on tobacco boxes after the usual
The smaller pipe furnishes the gas for private houses, stores, water to about the height of the cans; and as the water rises
cover bas been removed, so that the box is kept properly
public buildings, etc., where but a small amount of gas is under the covers the air therein is compressed, causing a
closed, the removal of the tobacco facilitated, and the con-
needed. The pressure on both pipes is always shown at the pressure on the cream. The ends of each cover are provided
tents of the box exposed to view. Toa frame made of either
main office by the gasometers attached to them, The high with chambers, each having an outer convex wall and an
plain, stained, or painted mouldings, is hinged a second
pressure pipe has a pressure of 80 pounds, and the low pres- inner straight wall. In both walls of the chambers are pas-
frame which fits into the opening in the first, and in which
sure 14g pounds to the square inch. Small pipes connect sages, 2 0, which are arranged in a vertical line. The up-
is a pane of glass. On the inner sides of the large frame are
with the main pipes, and are run into bouses, stores, and per passage, n, communicates with the open air, and the
fastened strips a short distance from the outer edge, so that
all places where the gas is consumed. In all, over 100,000 passage, 0, is below the water line of the tank.
when the frame is placed onthe end of a box, the outer sur-
feet of pipe have been laid by this company, besides that By this construction the ends of the cover are materially
faces of the strips will rest against the inner surfaces of the
put by private parties into offices and residences; but so strengthened around the seal, so that the metal after constant
far, no breakage or rupture has been found in the pipes at use will not be liable to bend or twist, as is the case when
any place in the numerous lines. a straight flange is employed. The inventor bas found
The iron workers at Kittanning say thatin the puddling straight flanges uncertain, as they are liable to become bent
furnaces the fuel meets every want. Any degree of tem- or broken in use when not protected by a convex flange.
perature needed can be obtained and kept ata fixed height. The confined air under the cover is allowed to eseape through
Atmospheric burners are used, by which the proportions of
air and gas can be so regulated as to give the greatest or least Tl Mi
NNlt hi
amount of heat. The aperture through which the gas ia) 5
is conveyed into the burner is never more than one-eighth
of an inch in diameter, and the mixed proportions of air
and gas enter an iron tube about two inches in diameter
and perforated with small holes, through which the gas
escapes and burns. This iron tube is placed in furnaces,
heaters, stoves, and grates, where the effects of the best heat
are produced with little trouble.
The company is now furnishing over 800 fires in the town
regularly. The cost of using the gas is moderate. Hight
months in the year the rate charged is $8 per fire. Public
buildings, manufactories, and hotels are given special rates.
This is a great reduction on the use of coal. So far, the
consumers are well satisfied, and the practicability of the
new fuel seems entirely settled in Kittanning.
0
WHITE’S SHOW BOX COVER. The Micrometer. BRANDENBURG’S MILK COOLER,
A ‘* standard” micrometer has been made for the Ameri-
sides of the box, and the outer edges of the moulding will be can Society of Microscopists by the United States Bureau of the passages before the lower edge of the cover is raised
flush with the sides of the box, ‘‘humb screws pass through Weights and Measures. The scale is engraved on platin- above the water line, thereby permitting the cover to be
the strips and into the box to hold the frame in place, as iridium, 20 per cent iridium. The examination as to tbe more easily removed than if a single straight flange were
shown in the section, Fig. 4. The inner frame has a handle correctness of this standard was carried on through seven employed. The covers are secured by bars, F, placed on
knob at its swinging end, and is held shut by a spring catch. months of last year by Prof. Wm. A. Rogers, of Harvard them and under the brackets, G, attached to the inside of
It is held open, as in Fig. 1, by 2 brace pivoted to the large College Observatory, and it has now been accepted by the the tank, to prevent the covers being moved by the air pres-
frame and provided with a longitudinal slot, terminating in society. It is to be kept in approved safe deposit vaults, sure under them. The tank is provided with an overflow
a notch at its free end asshownin Fig 3. A stud project- and not to pass out of the hands of custodian except with pipe, J, which keeps the water at the proper level. Any
ing from a jaw on the movable frame passes through the slot the permission of the Committee, President, and Secretary vapor arising from the cans or water will candense on the
and is furnished with a head to prevent the brace sliding off.
of the Society, but other micrometers will be compared with covers and flow down the sides into the water of the tank.
The cover prevents the entrance of dirt, and prevents the| the standard, and the result certified to, for a reasonable This invention bas been patented by Mr. 1. 8. Branden-
obacco from drying out or becoming too moist and mouldy. | fee. burg, of Peoria TL.
 FEBRUARY,
=S—
1886.] Scientific American. Iil

PROCESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR BLOCKING ICE. possessed, and consequently wear out in a very few years. |pivoted at its ends to links which are pivoted to the outer
The accompanying engraving represents inventions relat- —Kansas City Review. surfaces of the side bars at their lower ends, In the
ing to a process of blocking ice when it is thin by putting ne inner edge of the cross piece slides « board having a clip
one or more cakes together and allowing them to freeze, Cost of the Great Suspension Bridge between New passing under the cross piece and forming a pointer on its
thereby forming blocks sufficiently thick to house; and also York and Brooklyn, upper surface. This clip prevents tbe removal of the board,
to an apparatus for thus blocking. A cake of ice of con- The total expenditures for but permits of its being moved and adjusted on the cross
this work, including interest,
venient size (say 11 by 33 feet) is cut from the main field, up to the close of the year 1883, are stated to be over piece. <A piece of blotting paper is held on the board by
and pushed down and sidewise beneath the field, being kept twenty-one millions of dollars. Probably there is no bridge springs. A spring finger is pivoted on the upper end of the
from moving inward too far by pins placed in holes bored structure in the world of the same small length that has cost | first mentioned board, and passes through a slot in the clip,
in the main field the width of the cake, or 11 feet, back from so enormous asum. This is doubtless due to the peculiar so as to hold the covering board on the paper.
the edge of the field. One or more holes are then bored ways the politicians have in New York and Brocklyn of The construction is clearly shown in Fig. 2. <A slate is
through the field above the cake, and pins inserted to hold squandering time in the execution of public works and | held in a frame provided in its end pieces with tongues
the cake in place, after which the first pins are removed. thereby swelling the costs. The river span of the bridge which slide in grooves in the end pieces, thus permitting the
Another cake is then cut from the field and treated in the is only 1,600 feet, and the two approaches combined slate to slide laterally. The paper holding frame is provid-
sume way, the ends of the two fitting close ed at its upper end with two downwardly
together. Any number of cakes may be projecting spring legs furnished with prongs,
treated in this way, cut from the main field, that pass into notches in the under side of the
and floated out of the way, being made fast slate frame, and hold it in place. The legs
by ropes or other means. When the tier of also form a support for the upper end of the
ice thus formed has become frozen into a board. The sheets of paper on the board can
. solid mass, it is cut into blocks of the desired be ruled transversely by drawing a pencil
size for housing. Grooves or recesses may be along the upper edge of the blotter board, the
formed in the cakes which are forced beneath paper board being moved out as the lines are
the main field, for the purpose of allowing i ruled. The pointers sliding over the gradu-
water torun in, which, by freezing, more ated side pieces of the frame permit of easily
perfectly cements the pieces together, so that adjusting the board, so that the lines will be
there will be no possibility of their coming a regular distance apart.
apart. If the sheet is to be ruled longitudinally,
The apparatus for blocking the cakes con- the blotter board is moved laterally, the point-
sists of a number of longitudinally placed run- er on the cross piece serving asa guide. If
ners, fastened together by suitable cross it is desired to write on the sheets the blotter
pieces, and having handles upon one of the board is swung down, and when the writing
long sides, as shown. The apparatus is backed is to be blotted it can be swung back. Ifcal-
on to the cake of ice, one or more persons get culations are to be made while writing, the
on it, and with suitable instruments, assisted slate can be drawn out laterally. If it is aot
by their weight, force down the forward edge desired to write on the paper but on the slate,
of the cake. The apparatus is then drawn which is on the under side of tbe paper board,
forward until projections or blocks secured the blotter is swung down, the paper board is
to the outer runners rest upon or over the swung over it, and moved toward the upper
field of ice, and spikes, fastened in the blocks end of the frame, when the slate is exposed.
below the projections, engage with the verti- Both slates may be exposed by swinging the
cal edge of the field ice. The projections pre- paper board down over the blotter. One of
vent any danger of the apparatus sinking un- GOODELL’S APPARATUS FOR BLOCKING ICE. the sides of the frame is provided with a
der the weight of parties on it, after the cake groove for receiving pencils, etc. In the en
of ice has been moved from beneath it, and the spikes pre- about 3,600 feet more—approximate cost of the structure, |yraving, Fig. 1 is a perspective view, showing the slate lat-
vent any end movement of the apparatus as the parties move four thousand dollars per running foot, or three hundred | erally extended, and the blotter board swung back from the
about. The apparatus is held in its forward position by and thirty-three dollars per running inch. paper. Fig. 2 is a longitudinal section, and Fig. 3 shows the
ropes secured to the ice by suitable hooks entering hoies +0 or device in use.
bored to receive them, The other ends of the ropes are at- BLOTTER. Further information concerning this useful device may be
tached to the outer ends of levers fulerumed to the outer An invention recently patented by Messrs. L. H. Binkley obtained by addressing the Rey. L. H. Binkley, of Bloom-
handles of the apparatus, the free ends of the levers engag-and T, H. Wright consists of a device for holding writing ingburg, Ohio.
ing with notches in the inner handles, as shown in the en- paper, a blotting pad, and slates, the device being so arranged a
a
graving. that it can be used for ruling the paper held in it. The board is Slovenly Reading.
When the apparatus bas been thus secured the cake of ice provided at one end with a spring clip for holding the sheets The Journal of Progress warns all men, old and young,
is worked from beneath it to its place against the pins, as of paper. A slate isbeid on the under side of the board. against an evil thing which has been described as the *‘ pre-
already described. The apparatus is then dis. vailing pestilence of slovenly reading.” This
engaged from the ice by removing the free pestilence has laid low many a one who began
ends of the levers from the notches, and un- life with excellent prospects. It is ruinous both
fastening the ropes, when it is pulled on to to mind and morals. It is apt even to injure a
the field of ice and backed upon another cake. man’s business habits and prevent him from win-
In order that the apparatus can be moved

\.
ning success in practical affairs. In time it will
lengthwise it is provided with supplemental confound all his faculties; it will destroy bis ca-
runners at right angles to the main runners.
These runners are hung beneath and to the
cross pieces by rock shafts journaled in suita-
ee IN
pacity for clear perception, for precise thought,
and for proper reasoning. It will throw into
confusion his judgment and his memory. If he
ble boxes and secured to the runners by rigid
arms. The shafts are operated by handles UL does not get rid of it he can never become a
good writer, or do any literary work of any kind
held in adjustment by suitable means. The worth looking at. How many slovenly readers
runners can be drawn up out of contact with are to be found in these times! They will, in
the ice, or lowered so as to raise the main run- their slovenly fashion, read a newspaper article,
ners from the ice. perhaps a very excellent one, and when they
These inventions have been recently patent- have got to the end of it, or, as they say, when
ed by Mr. George W. Goodell, of Beards- they have ‘‘ looked through it” or ‘‘ glanced over
town, Il. F it,” you will find that they are unable to give
|
aes
a
a
ee
ee
a
0 any accurate account of its argument, or that they
Ancient Roadways, do not apprehend its fundamental points, or that
Whether in ancient times better roads and they have lost one of its links, or that they have
pavements were built than at present, or whether overlooked an important illustration, or that
only the best ones remain, is uncertain, but it is they have failed to seize a word which is the very
certain that some of the remains of such struc- hinge of the writer’s thought, or that they have
tures found in Rome, for instance, evince engi- wholly misunderstood the drift and purpose of
2a
=aes
y=
Fe)
Sees
¢" neering skill and perfection of work in a high the article which they have wasted their time
degree. These were laid out carefully, excavat- in glancing over. These slovenly readers are an
ed to solid ground, or in swampy places made affliction to careful and correct writers. When
solid by piles. Then the lowest course was of such a writer sees how his reasoning and bis
ae
~e small sized, broken stones, none less than three language are distorted by them, his mind is apt
or four inches in diameter; over these was a to become ruffled, and every one knows how
course, nine inches thick, of rubble or broken a ruffed mind unfits a man for the work of
stones cemented with lime, well rammed; over perspicacious composition. We are of the opin-
this a course, six inches thick, of broken bricks _ion that the prevailing pestilence of slovenly
and pottery, also cemented with lime; upon this reading is largely due to the slovenly way ip
was laid the pavimentum, or pavement, composed which children are taught to read at school.
of slabs of the hardest stone, joined and fitted Teachers must be very careful about this thing;
BINKLEY & WRIGHT’S BLOTTER.
together as closely as possible. This was costly they must teach their scholars to read with pre-
|ene
ee
ee —the Appian Way, about one hundred and thirty cision and understanding, thinking of every
miles in length, having almost exbausted the Roman treasury The end of the board opposite that on which is the clip is word, getting the sense of each sentence, and grasping the
—but it was as enduring as Nature’s own work. In Peru and provided on eacb side with pintles, which pass into longitu- full meaning of any piece that may be before them.
Central America similar remains, 1,500 to 2,000 miles long, dinal grooves in the inner edges of the sides of a frame, thus
_—_—_—_— +O Oe
were found by the Spaniards, which, as Prescott says, adapting it to slide in and out of the frame, which is open at
eS
were built of heavy flags of freestone, and in some parts, at the upper end. Pointers, loosely mounted on the pintles, Masonry IMPERMEABLE To AciDs.—Construct with bricks
least, covered with a bituminous cement which time has rest on the upper surfaces of the side bars of the frame, which which have been previously dipped into very thick boiling
made harder than the stone itself. The roads of modern are graduated, as shown in Figs. 1 and 8. The bottom cross tar, then lay in a mortar made of resin and a refractory
_ limes lack most of the elements of durability which these piece of the frame is graduated on its upper surface, and is sand applied hot, and rub the joints with a hot iron.
 Ii2 Srientific American. [Fepruary, 1886,
BRADFORD TECHNICAL SCHOOL, him the credit of having invented the combing machine is, with the preparation of articles of food and drink will thus
In 1871 a new Mechanics’ Institute, built at a cost of in a great measure, due; and, after the perfecting of that be exemplified ; and, so far as the perishable nature of the
$162,000, was opened at Bradford, Eng., in place of one machine, he turned his attention to the utilization of ‘silk articles will admit, full illustrations will be given of the
which had existed since 1839. It is in connection with this waste,” which had previously been regarded as rubbish. various descriptions of foods themselves. In the second
admirable institution that the new Technical School was With this object in view Mr. Lister spent many years of his group, dress, chiefly in ils relation to health, will be dis-
lately opened by the Prince of Wales, In 1877 the council fe and over £300,000 in money before he received a single played. Illustrations of the clothing of the principal peo-
of the Mechanics’ Institute considered the advisability of penny in return. He triumphed in the end, and at his gi- ples of the world may be expected; and a part of this exhi-
establishing a school for the purpose of giving technical in- gantic factory vast quantities of silk, plush, and velvet are bition, which it is anticipated will be held in the galleries
struction to those engaged in the various branches of the manufactured. The chimney is 83 yards in height, and ab- of the Royal Albert Hall, will be devoted to the history of
textile industry, of which Bradford is the center. By the sorbed 7,000 tons of material in construction. It is consid- costume. In the third, fourth, and fifth groups will be
co-operation of the Bradford Chamber of Commerce this ered to be the sturdiest and handsomest in England, and it comprised all that pertains to the healthful construction
scheme was carried into effect; gifts of machinery were not is a prominent feature for miles round. and fitting of the dwelling, the school, and the workshop,
wanting, and in March, 1878, the Technical School was Saltaire is a perfectly model town, situated on the banks not only as respects the needful arrangements for sanita-
formally opened by the president, Mr. Henry Mitchell. of the Aire, about four miles from Bradford. It was tion, but also the fittings and furniture generally in their
The school became such a success that the accommodation founded by Sir Titus Salt, who discovered the use of the effect on the health of the inmates. The most improved
afforded by the Mechanics’ Institute was soon found to be Alpaca wool, and erected one of the most celebrated facto- methods of school construction will be shown, and the
insufficient, and the building of the magnificent establish- ries in the world at Saltaire, which derives its name from modes of combating and preventing the evils of unhealthy
ment which is shortly to be opened was then discussed. its founder and the river upon which it is built. Sir Titus trades, occupations, and processes of manufacture will form
Generous offers of aid poured in, and the result is a splendid Salt built a handsome Congregational chapel, dwellings for portions of the exhibition.
erection, which has cost upward of $150,000, and which will about 4,000 work people, a noble club and institute, schools, The sixth group will comprise all that relates to primary,
provide technical education in every branch connected with infirmary, alms houses, ete., entirely at his own expense. technical, and art education, and will include designs and
the trade of Bradford. The foregoing particulars and the engraving are from the models for school buildings, apparatus and appliances for
A staff of duly qualified masters will be constantly en- Illustrated London News. Our special object in presenting teaching, diagrams, text-books, ete. Special attention will

5g PSS

BRADFORD TECHNICAL SCHOOL.

gaged in teaching day and evening classes. Among other them to our readers is to call attention to the desirability of be directed to technical and art education, to the results of
advantages, exhibitions from the Board and other element- establishing numbers of such institutions in this country. industrial teaching, and to the introduction of manual and
ary schools will be provided. The sum for the carrying a handicraft work into schools.
out of this splendid project has been provided by donations Health and Education, a
from the merchants and manufacturers of the district, and It is proposed to hold in London during the year 1884, Cremation,
by a grant from the Cloth workers’ Company. says Nature, an international exhibition, which shal] also The great difficulty about cremation, and the principal ob.
It would require a separate article to do anything like illustrate centain branches of health and education, and stacle to its general adoption, is so the London Lancet thinks,
justice to the Technical School building alone. It has a which will occupy the buildings at South Kensington the danger of affording facilities for the commission of mur-
frontage of 160 feet to Great Horton Road, and a depth of erected for the Fisheries Exhibition. The object of the exhi- der by poison. Would it not be possible to organize a system
240 feet along Carlton Place. It contains a beautifully pro- bition will be to illustrate, as vividly and in as practical a of post-mortem examinations in every case of intended cre-
portioned public hall (adaptable to dramatic purposes, and manner as possible, food, dress, the dwelling, the school, mation, so as to get rid of the difficulty? Beyond question it
capable of seating 800 persons), a museum, chemical and and the workshop, as affecting the conditions of healthful would be a good social policy, so far as health is concerned,
dyeing laboratories, a science lecture hall, a council cham- life, and also to bring into public notice many of the most to burn bodies instead of burying them; but it will not be
ber, a library aud reading room, a mechanics’ workshop, recent appliances for elementary school teaching and in- possible to adopt cremation as a general practice until society
weaving, spinning, and drawing sheds; and among others, struction in applied science, art, and handicrafts. The in- has safeguards against the terrible danger to life which cre-
art, painting, students’, instructors’, secretary’s, chemical, fluence of modern sanitary knowledge and intellectual pro- mation undoubtedly creates. Such hideous crimes as those
“balance,” dyeing, cloak, ante, curator’s, and class rooms. gress upon the welfare of the people of all classes and all committed by Smethurst, Pritchard, and other notorious
Everything is on the most lavish and complete scale, and nations wil! thus be practically demonstrated, and an at- poisoners would never have been discovered if cremation
there is no modern improvement which has not been intro tempt will be made to display the most valuable and recent had been in vogue.
duced. advances which have been attained in these important sub- a
Bradford possesses no less than four public parks, but the jects. Hydraulic Mining to be Regulated,
most fashionable of these is Lister or Manningham Park. The exhibition will be divided into two main sections— The farmers of California have obtained from the United
It was purchased from Mr. §S. ©. Lister for a merely I. Health; II. Education—and will be further subdivided States Circuit Court a perpetual injunction against hydrau-
nominal sum, and a statue erected in honor of Mr. Lister into six principal groups. In the first group it is intended lic miaing. Reason: the billion tons of mud washed off
now stands near the principal gate. The Hall was, until it specially to illustrate the food resources of the world, and the hills by the miners fill up the river beds, and the rivers
became corporation property, the seat of the Listers, who the best and most economical methods of utilizing them. overflow the farms 150 and 200 miles distant from the
are an ancient Yorkshire family. Mr. 8. ©. Lister, instead For the sake of comparison, not only will specimens of mines. It means the suspension of all work by thousands
of leading a life of luxurious idleness, as he might have food from all countries be exhibited, but the various methods of miners scattered over an area of territory as large as the
done, embarked in business pursuits at an early age, and has of preparing, cooking, and serving food will be practically State of New York, and who have built 12,000 miles of
devoted most of his life to the invention of machinery To shown, The numerous processes of manufacture connected mining ditches,
' " t
 FEBRUARY, 1886.| Scientific American. Il
IMPROVED SAND BLAST LiACHINE. THE CYCLOIDOTROPE, of which turns in the crank arm, and is apertured
We give an illustration of an improved form of the BY GEO. M. HOPKINS.
transversely to receive the tracing rod, which may
Tilghman sand blast as designed by Mr. Mathewson, The new and very pleasing and interesting lantern be clamped therein by thethumb screw.
of London, in which the difficulties occasioned by the slide shown inthe annexed engraving is of English The tracing rod passes through a stud arranged to
use of steam for driving the sand are in great measure origin. The maker’s name is unknown to us, neverthe- turn in the end of the movable arm pivoted to the
overcome. Heretofore, by the sand blast process of less we give him credit for having produced a simple base plate. The tracing rod is hollow, and upon the
eutting, boring, frosting, or ornamenting stone, metal, device capable of illustrating on a large scale the intri- end which projects over the toothed ring it carries
or glass, the use of steam as the propelling force is in cate operation of engine engraving. a curved spring, provided at its extremity with a steel
most cases impracticable, tracing point. A wire passing
owing to the condensation of through the hollow tracing
the latter and the difficulty rod engages the under side of
of manipulating the articles. the curved spring, and lifts
Further, the stencil. plates the point from the glass.
are liable to become clogged The glass is prepared for
by the damp sand, and glass tracing by smoking it overa
articles in particular are in candle, lamp, or gas jet, or,
danger of being broken from better, by coating it with col-
the heat of the condensed lodion to which some aniline
steam; the cheapest and has been added to give it the
most manageable substances desired tint.
are precluded from being The glass having been se-
used as patterns; and the cured in place in the toothed
waste sand must be dried ring in the manner described,
each time it has been used. the tracing point is let down
These objections have been upon the glass by drawing out
overcome by Mr. Mathewson, the wire in the hollow tracing
by the use of an exhaust ar- _rod. The toothed ring is then
rangement, which draws off rotated by means of the crank,
all the steam before it reaches when a cycloidal curve will be
the article under operation, traced on the glass. By con-
and at the same time dries
io
tinued rotation the curves will
the sand. The method of be duplicated; andas the num-
accomplishing this will be ber of teeth in the periphery,
readily understood from the IMPROVED SAND BLAST MACHINE. of the ring is not an exact mul-|
illustrations. The steam en- tiple of the number of teeth|
ters by the pipe, M, but by opening a cock, D, a The ,figures shown in the smaller engraving were in the pinion, the ring will, by the differential move-
small portion is deflegted and enters the exhaust pipe, photo-engraved directly from plates, traced in the ap- ment, continually fall behind the movements of the
I, which terminates near the top of the chamber, paratus. They show some of the simpler forms of pinion and tracer carried by the crank on the pinion,
E, the upper portion of the pipe being shown at C. curves, By changing the adjustment of the tracing so that a small space is left between the lines of suc-
This rush of steam produces a strong current of air needle or the arms which support and guide it, an in- cessive series. By continuing the operation the lines
in the direction shown by the arrows, which effectu- finite variety of figures may be produced. will intersect, until finally a beautiful, symmetrical
ally dries the sand, and carries along with it all the The ring, which revolves on the plate, is recessed network of lines will be formed.
steam and moisture through the exhaust pipe to the around its inner edge, and lined with soft rubber for By clamping the tracing rod in the crank pin, an
chimney. We have witnessed this apparatus at work, approximately true cycloid curve will be formed; and
and can testify to the genuineness of the claims of the by clamping the tracing rod in the stud projecting from
patentee. Sand blasting appears to be coming to the the adjustable arm, and allowing the crank pin to slide
front more and more every year, and is now used for on the rod, curves of another kind will be formed.
a great variety of purposes. We have seen sheet Moving the arm on its pivot makes another change,
steel which was rolled in the ordinary manner, and and the figure is still further modified by changing the
then sand-blasted to remove the scale, and after- working field of the point from one edge of the glass
ward heated and rolled again, which had thereby re- disk to the other.
ceived a very high polish, and a surface capable of To render the tracing still more intricate, opposite
withstanding the effects of the weather. This sys- | Sides of the glass disk may be coated with collodion
tem offers itself as a ready and effectual means of differently colored. For example, red may be used on
cleaning the surfaces of metal of all kinds from one side and blue on the other. The color of the
scale, etc., which is now effected by the use of, ground when projected on the screen will then be pur-
acids, which penetrate metals and reduce their value| ple. When the tracing is done on the blue side, red
for many purposes; also for incising ornaments with | lines will appear on a purple ground; and when the
astonishing rapidity in granite‘and other stone. tracing is made on the red side, blue lines will appear
An improved form of this apparatus is also shown. on the purple ground; and where the tracings of
In this case, the sand after use falls into the hopper, opposite sides of the glass cross each other, the lines
and thence finds its way again through the four will, of course, be white.
India rubber tubes shown into the small box Besides the remarkable effects secured by the use of
below, from whence it is again ejected by the steam, two colors, the thickness of the glass which intervenes
and soon. The latest machines have a foot lever, by between the two tracings produces a curious optical
depressing which the operator makes the connection illusion on the sereen. The tracing last made, if in
between the sand and the steam jet, but immediately focus, appears to stand out several inches from the
the foot is removed from the lever this connection Fig. 2.-TRACINGS PRODUCED BY THE CYCLOIDOTROPE. screen, and seems to float in the air.
is broken, and the sand of course ceases to pass. We Another interesting optical illusion is noticed when,
may also mention that a deflector is arranged in the the reception of the glass disk, upon which the tracing after rather rapid rotation, the disk isstopped. By the
interior of the ease, which, by means of the handle is to be made. The glass is held in place by the pres- bias of the optic nerve the figures appear to turn back-
shown on the top, can be brought in the course of the sure of two springs carrying rollers which bear upon ward,
sand, and so deflect it, while the operator is adjust- the face of the glass at diametrically opposite points. The disks traced in this apparatus produce striking
ing the work. The velocity of the sand, of course, de- The face of the ring has a toothed rim, which is en- effects when used in a chromatrope in place of the
pends on the pressure of steam used, and so can be gaged by asmall pinion on the crank shaft, and the ordinary painted disks.
regulated to any desired degree. With steam at 60 periphery of the ring is provided with 202 spur teeth, This device has been exhibited at some of the places
pounds per square inch, and coarse sand, a hole 2 which engage a pinion having 33 teeth and turning on of amusement in this city for some weeks past. It
inches in diameter ean be perforated through plate glass a stud projecting from the base plate. universally creates among the spectators a murmur of
half an inch thick in two minutes.—Mechanical World. The spur pinion carries an adjustable crank, the pin satisfaction and surprise.

"7"
— mm

Fig. 1—THE CYCLOIDOTROPE,

 114 we Scientific American. [ FEBRUARY, 1886.
DRAUGHT DEVICE FOR VEHICLES, AUTOMATIC PULLEY TURNING ATTACHMENT FOR Power ofan Ocean Wave,
The device herewith illustrated is designed to assist LATHES. Ina paper by the Rev. Philip Neale, late British
the draught of vehicles of all kinds by utilizing the This attachment consists of a tool holder bolted to Chaplain at Batavia, in Leiswre Hour, speaking of the
jars of draught and the jolting of such vehicles to ac- an ordinary lathe carriage in place of the tool post. great inundation from the sea caused by the Kra-
cumulate power on the axle, in order to give such part A stand is fastened to bed piece of lathe near the head katoa earthquake, Java, he says: ‘* One of the most re-
a forward motion. The wheels, B, are fixed to stub stock. A small rod from this stand connects with a markable facts concerning the inundation remains to
axles, A, journaled in bearings, as shown in Fig. 1. On lever on the attachment. As lathe carriage feeds be told. As we walked or scrambled along, we were
each axle is a ratchet wheel, C, having peripheral along, this device causes the tool to describe the much surprised to find great masses of white coral
teeth engaged by a pawl, and edge teeth engaged by segment of acircle. By simply moving the slide on lying at the side of our path in every direction. Some
what the inventor for convenience terms a ‘‘second the lever to or from the tool, it will turn all the of these were of immense size, and had been cast up
shapes shown in sections, or any desired shape from more than two or three miles from the seashore. It
a flat to around face. The attachment will give cor- was evident, as they were of coral formation, that
rect shape to face of pulleys up to 36 inches wide. these immense blocks of solid rock had been torn up
As lathe centers do not have to be’ set over out of from their ocean bed in the midst of the Sunda
line, it will take a heavy
chip, and inerease the ca-
pacity of the lathe from
one-third to one-half. It
is a simple, practical, and
positive working tool. It.
is manufactured by Ameri-
ean Twist Drill Company,
Meredith, N. H.

M. Bartholdi in America.
The eminent sculptor, M.
Bartholdi, who has just re-
H
turned to France, after a
|
visit of a few weeks in iii
i a
a
America, had several inter-
LL views during his stay in eal
this country with the See-
retary of War and other
i members of the committee
\
all aa who are to decide upon the
“ill WLLL design
Lafayette
for the
soon
statue of
to be erected at Washington. While Straits, borne inland by the gigantic wave, and finally
PAESSLER’S DRAUGHT DEVICE FOR VEHICLES, no definite contract has yet been made, it is understood left on the land several miles from the shore. Any
that M. Bartholdi will in all probability be the artist one who had not seen the sight would seareely credit
wheel,” D. The whiffletree, selected for the execution of the work.
F, is pivoted in a slot His models the story. The feat seems alinost an impossible one.
supplied with a spring to ease the forward motion, as are considered by far superior to those submitted by How these great masses could have been carried so
will be understood. From each end of the whiffletree any of the competing artists. far into the interior is a mystery, and bears out
a cog band, FE’, passes back around the second wheel, The erection of the statue of Liberty naturally én- what I have said in previous papers as to the height
and is secured at its rear end to a spring supported by grossed much of the sculptor’s attention. The pedestal of this terrible wave. Many of these rocks were from
the framing. When the whiffletree is drawn forward, cannot be completed before midwinter; and as the twenty to thirty tons in weight, and some of the
the band turns the second wheel, which also turns the statue is of such great size, and must be put up slowly largest must have been nearly double. Lloyd’s agent,
ratchet wheel and contracts the spiral spring, E. The and with the greatest care, the entire work can hardly who was with me, agreed in thinking that we could
pawl holds the wheel at the point to whichit is moved, be completed under about five months. M. Bartholdi not be mistaken if we put down the largest block of
and the axle is given a forward impulse by the action proposes that the dedication shall take place on the coral rock that we passed as weighing not less than
of the spring seeking to relax itself. The band is 3d of next September, the anniversary of the signing of fifty tons.
drawn back by its spring, when the draught is released the treaty of Versailles, which secured peace after the rr 0 ee
by the stopping of the horse or other cause. This back- war of the Revolution, and guaranteed the recognition
Improvement in the Manufacture of Mineral Wool,
ward and forward motion of the connections alter- of the American republic.
nately tightens and permits the spiral spring to impart Se This highly useful product from blast furnace slag
a forward motion to the axle. In the construction Underground Wires, was first made practically available by a German in-
shown in Fig. 2 the chain is connected at one end to The Standard Underground Cable Company, of Pitts- ventor some ten years ago, but several subsequent im-
the body, and after passing under the second wheel is burg, have lately laid in this city an experimental elec- provements have been made in its manufacture, im-
secured to the spring, G; in this case the operation of trical cable, connecting the headquarters of the Police proving the average quality and lessening the cost.
the second wheel depends on jolts to depress the body, and Fire departments. A trench about 4 feet deep was Perhaps the most important of these is that covered
which in rising will revolve the second wheel. dug along the gutter on the north side of Houston by the recent patent of a Pennsylvania inventor. The
The inventor of this device, Mr. T. H. Paessler, of | Street, in which a wooden box to contain the cables wool is usually made by blowing jets of steam or air
Malvern, Ohio, claims that it would be of great use will be laid. The cables consist of six insulated copper against asmall stream of molten slag, converting the
where heavy hauling is done with drays, lumber wires pressed in a malleable lead pipe and laid side by latter into fine vitrified fibers; but in this process, as
wagons, etec., and that its heretofore conducted, onlY
use would greatly reduce a part of the slag is con-
the labor of running a bi- verted into fiber, the rest
eycle or tricycle. forming hard granules or
shot, which it has been
difficult to separate from
STEAMBOATS. the fiber, the operation
The two hollow cylindyri- ‘having a tendency to break
eal floats that support the up the fibers and. make
body of the boat are pre- several inferior grades of
ferably made cigar-shaped, mineral wool. By the re-
and each is placed upon a cent improvement, the
central shaft journaled at stream of molten slag falls
their ends in uprights at- into a space in front of a i
tached tothe body, so that central steam jet pipe, with s.

the floats may be revolved flattened orifice, tending to

for propelling the boat. throw the stream of slag in
For this purpose the floats fan-like shape; side jets are
are provided with spiral arranged to then meet the
blades at their rear ends. spreading stream of slag
It will be noticed that and foree it inward and up-
these blades are only ward, where it is again met
formed for a short distance by other jets, giving it a
from the ends of the floats swirling or twisting motion,
—about one-third of the but all the time under the
length—so that the water action of the steam jets,
will not be ruffled directly until the stream of molten
under, but only in the rear slag is discharged in conical
of the float. The various shape, and enters the end
means by which the floats of the receiving chamber.
can be revolved will vary By this means, it is claim-
according to the shape of BUOYANT PROPELLER FOR STEAMBOATS. ed, the entire product of
the body, which may be in the blow is what is known
the form of a flat boat decked, as shown in the en- side in the boxes. The latter when closed up are to be as No. 1 wool, the product being light and soft, uni-
graving. One arrangement for operating the floats covered with roofing pitch. All the wires of the fire form in quality, and free from granules or shot. This
consists of a crank shaft carrying a gear wheel mesh- alarm telegraph running out of the headquarters in mineral wool is adaptable to so many purposes, more
ing with a pinion of the float shaft; this gear wheel Mercer Street are to be removed from the tall masts in particularly in building, and, among engineers, as a
is connected by an intermediate gear with a pinion )front of the building and connected with the under- non-conductor of heat, and it can be so cheaply made,
on the second float shaft. This invention has been pa- ground cables, and the police telegraph wires are to be that we are not surprised to learn of its coming into
tented by Mr.Wm. Hall, of 178 Bank St., Waterbury, Ct. similarly treated. extensive use,
 FEBRUARY, 1886.| Scientific American. 115

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OUR FIRST NUMBER. OUR SECOND NUMBER. Can I Obtain a Patent?

The first numberof the ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS With the December number we sent two large sup- To one who has made an invention or discovery, the
EpITION of the ScImPNTIFIC AMERICAN was _ issued first inquiry that suggests itself is, ‘‘Can I obtain a
plements, one of which comprises colored plates illus-
November 1, 1885. Its contents are of much interest patent?” If so, ‘‘ How shall I proceed ? Whom shall
and value, as will be seen from the table given below. trating a beautiful and attractive country residence by I consult ? How much will it cost ?”
It is accompanied by two supplements, consisting Mr. John E. Baker, the well known architect of Newark, The quickest way to settle these queries without ex-
of two plates in colors, illustrating a country resi- N. J. The other supplement consists of a large sheet pense is to write to us (Munn & Co.), deseribing the in-
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of details pertaining to the same. The November your inexperience. Nicety of writing or drawing is not
number is further illustrated by fifty choice engray- TABLE OF CONTENTS essential; all we need is to get your idea. Do not use
ings. pale ink. Be brief. Send stamps for postage.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Of the December number of the ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS EDITION of We will immediately answer and inform you whether
Of the November number of the ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS EDITION
of SCLENTIFIC AMERICAN. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
or not your improvement is probably patentable; and
(lustrated articles are marked *.)
(INustrated articles are marked *.) if so, give you the necessary instructions for further
Atlantic, origin Of.............se00- 10; Fuel, liquid, in aged gs 10
Aqueduct, new, oo and profile of* 7 Glass, stained, tests 0 6 procedure. Our long experience enables us to decide
Aqueduct, Croton*...........0-2255 7 |Houses, Warwick, old*.. a5
Aqueduct tunnel oe New York*.. 1] Interior, at the............. «0 Acid, phosphoric, from slag..... 43 |Merry-go-round, sail rigged*..... 50 quickly. For this advice we make no charge.
Bag holder for trucks*............+ 4| Inventions, ae 1 Andromeda’s 108S.........+++00+++ 36 |No right to steal away your em-
Blue print process, the... ......... -% Angle bars, etc., beveling ma- ployer’s business ............ 49 All who desire to consult us in regard to obtaining
Boat, submarine, Nordenteli* oo 9 CHING LODE ees cceeecyecessnaces 87 |Noles and queries........ ........ 58
Bolt, new, Taylor’s* Art of ancient Yucatan........... Fi Obelisk, preservation ot*. poe ae patents are cordially invited to do so. We shall be
Book list, SCIENTIFIC ‘AMERICAN. 29 4 Balloons, War........%.sccccscsccees Our firstinumbersk te sas .cacesne 44
Bricks, lime and clinker............ 21 noteimproved* A ae » 20 Bedroom, Duchess”™.........--.+ a iB Pad, memorandum, wrist- er as 51 happy to see them in person at our office, or to advise
Building prog., items relating, to. lf — movement for reversible Benbow, British war steamer*... 50 | Papers, valuable, catalogue of.... 44
Buildings, — Southport*.... 25 Fe ee ee pe ae 8 Billiard table pocket*is, o.0..s.c00 51 } Patent, a, can I obtain............ 44 them by letter. In all cases, they may expect from us
paldings, fire f, in New York. 17 MeClellan, Gen. Geo. B... at
Buildings = MN woovekabntcascckn 26 |Medical shop, the dollar... Py
Boiler flue cleaner*.......
Books and publications .
BG |iDAtente se ee ee nant
58] Photographic camera for instan-
kee 56 a careful consideration of their plans, an honest opin-
Buildi prominence in New Mutual Life building*........ pena
: Yor! ity New books and pepitpations. oe dL
Brick walls .............-
Bridges, neglected, decay of...
re 3) taneous Views*...:.......scse00
88 | Photographic notes................
43
39
ion, and a prompt reply.
Carpet stretcher, ini provea*.. Notes and queries............ Beat Burglars, business im rtance of 40 | Prizes, Antwerp, for America. . 389 Address all letters to Munn & Co., office of the Scrt-
Caisson, jimprov dcashebens Ohio River, im Soeenant of o8 Business and personal. 58 |Railway, cable, Montreal.......... 40
Casing for PIDOS™ cc ccveseccos 23 | Paperin Tonkin.............. 10 Cable railway, Montreal. - 40} Residence, country, design, for... 46 ENTIFIC AMERICAN, 361 Broadway, New York.
Central 7 a qaar eal Patents, Bell, government inves- Car coupler, Buckman’s. . 39 | Riverside Park, New York*....... 45
Check for blind slats*...... tigation of...........5 2 Cpr, GUM PI. oie is ce ssessc
nce MOP ARG WMUNOD: «oe cat ccerss censavecsece 51 - eS NS eS eee
Chimney cap, dale ; ‘| Photographic notes..... ie Cemetery, ‘an for, Hoffman’s*.. 43} Sash securer, portable*........... 38
Chimney, paper ........... 10 Beery contributions ie Church architecture, anueed: sab 53 | Saw, helicoidal and wire stone*.. 54
Chimneys, domestic, relation of Produce Exchange*..... - 0 Columns, crushing limit of.. 38 |Sawdust in plastering............. 49 Catalogue of Valuable Papers Contained in the
to the construction of roofs.*. 5 | Residence, village.......... aa aeen Communications received........ 58 | Seaffolds, roof, clamp for*........ 388
Cloek, the, ticking of............... 3 |Shade roller hanger*............ 22, 23 Cooper Institute, repairing*.. ca 39 | Scientific American, aah arene Scientific American Supplement Sent Free to
Concrete construction, improve- Bhelving. spree, Reisener’s*22, 23 December number........... e | and Builders Edition.. 56
MRIQHIE MEPL C vag eid cop eecadacasccas 4 | Sky. pig ctober and Novem- Diana, temple of*............ 52 ev, BE Any Address.
Corn planter, Agee’s.............6+ BS) |nnn, MUON ONE sav caste penmaveusocca agee i Elevators, vatety regulator for. * 47 igh 35
C‘ottage CORRES PU oh carcccapeccess 26 | Soil, the, as a filter......... g Gateway of knowledge .-. 39] Silver king, the, in northern
Country residence, with two Spo: eous combartcn. Grant, Gen., tombof*.... ........ 1 45 NFRLOERY sc Weaadenrarbeeubenecaad 42 This catalogue, covering 20 large quarto pages, gives
plates in colors and large Squirrel, the, cow ye
Beet OF detalls.. 6. ....ssécsces 17 ; Star in MATOMONE . cis scssenss ccs 0
Greyhounds of the Atlantic Bae bo
Gun earriages, Moncrieff, Tore
34 be a bite, ammonia and alcohol
tT "ine, 27st eed tne,
the title and Supplement number for nearly tevo thou-
Dakota cata el house*.. ° = Structures, movabie, for fairs,
Desk, portable, new............ markets, etc.*. aeouan
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Hendricks, Thomas A............
41 acne 8 guard, Murray’s.........
85 |Steam Boiler Ing) ootion and In-
sand valuable and important Scientific Papers and
Drain and ventiidoe cellar*....22 3 Submarine at, éxperiments*.. 9 Homes, comfortable..............+ 35 surance Co., Hartford......... 5 Essays. If you wish to find the latest published in-
pom gin and colored sheet of Gaggestion, OT ©§ Ra .17 Hydrophobia, M. Pasteur’s re- Steel, unmagnetizable cae nanan eg 35
ROE RE Oe Pe eA T ] Went, HMMS VEE ci.
Drawings, architectural, exhibi- Tomatoes, WAT
Usccesessas
oo anigtacnesé-0'ans
8
4
searches in the treatment of.. 34| Stone, sawing, apparatus for*.... 54 formation concerning any new process, any branch
Inventions, engineering........... 58] St. Mary’s shurch, Leek, Staf-
ES a ere
Drawings in blue lines on white
18 geal aqueduct for the city of
WF ROPER Sis heaieass oa 7, 38
Inventions, index of. . 68 MOPUSHIFOR. Ui once ve aise anos53, 56 of Engineering or Mechanical work, any Industrial
Inventions, miscellaneous . 58| Temple of Diana at Ephesus*.... 52
ground, reproduction of........ 25
Eden Musée*.....-.....-.+.
Vanderbilt's eae SE
. 20} Warwick houses, some old*.......
ae 20
5 January number .. 44) Thermometer required, improved 39 Art, any Manufacture, or any Scientific Subject or
Jewish poptelten of the world.. 42 |Tomb of Gen. Grant*.,............ 45
uy register and tester* - 4 wonnee joints. 18 Jute, asphalte 35 |Walls, whitening.................05 35 Discovery, consult this catalogue. Sent free.
Exgs, preserving......... .
8] Wells, d 9g machines for put- Landscape eicailabiece®: ra ~ 4 vo machine, easily Oper-
menos. improved*..... 23 Bing GOW. sacteccsecie
sah acecosse Lathe, turning, improved*.. BTID Fe BEDE", 55 cota cdnccct cuca castceneaee 88
wdddpabbga seit Window sash and frame*.. Limestone, burning, method of, Sees. New York*,......... 48 NN & CO., Publishers,
Fireplace attachment*.......... 22, 23 |Wool, mineral MY Scar aewsek<cnscan pace 36 | Window, im proved* peaet ek araanne 36
Flower Market, Madeleine, Paris* 19! Wool, slag..........sssseessecersseee Measurement, On.....:...+. sseeee 40 |Yucatan, ancient, Pe ee ee 42 361 Broadway, N. Y,
 116 Scientific American. [FEBRUARY, 1886.
SIMPLE PHOTO-ENLARGING APPARATUS, made ready for the exposure. As a vignetted picture is the Art Study,
With the introduction of gelatine sensitive silver paper, most pleasing, and can be easily made, the operator An address was recently delivered by Professor W. Boyd
which has the property of being extremely sensitive to light,needs to provide before exposure a cardboard having a Dawkins, F.R.8., at the distribution of prizes to the students
enlarged life-sized pictures may now be readily made in a notched oval aperture which, during the exposure, is held of the Brighton School of Science and Art. In the course of it
few minutes with an artificial light at night. Expensive ap- between the lens and focusing screen as shown, Looking he said there were two important requisites or corver stones
paratus and lenses, such as are used in solar printing upon upon the screen the dull red enlarged image may now be to the proper study of art. The first was that by which astu-
the common albumenized sensitive paper, are dispensed with, seen, but the moment the exposure is made by removing dent was enabled to see things. It was absolutely necessary,
and in their place a simple camera or magic lantern with an the red cap from the lens, the picture becomes suddenly before anything could be represented properly, that it should
ordinary lamp may be employed. bright and brilliant. The operator then moves the vignetting be seeu properly. He knew from his own experience that
Gelatine paper may be obtained already prepared, is used card to and from the exposed sheet, thereby decreasing and it was one of the rarest things in the world for a man really
in a dry state, is always ready for use, and will retain its enlarging the vignetting circle. In this way the beautiful to be able to see a thing properly. But he did not know
sensitiveness for any length of time, so that it affords the soft blending so characteristic of vignetted pictures is easily that a man could learn to see things outside himself properly
photographer and amateur a ready means for better than by trying to represent them, A man
quickly making positive prints, at any time. could not realize the beauty of a figure or a land-
Our engravings illustrate two forms of appa- scape, unless he had attempted to draw them.
SS
ratus for exposing upon the sensitive paper. The Until he had a knowledge of the essentials to
upper engraving shows a photographic dark \“ SSS
tbe production, until he could pick out the sali-
room separated by a partilion from the exterior ent points in the landscape cr figure, he doubted
room. much whether any man could be said to have
Upon a table is placed a board on which a seen the one or the other. With regard to the
saddle slides back and forth. An upright frame SSS
second corner stone, the power of representation,
is hinged to the upper side of the saddle, and lh i i he thought there was as great a dearth in that
when in use the frame is held in a vertical posi- direction as there was in the power of secing.
tion by a flat metal latch as shown. At the — ine ai a! | itf
P|), Mot qt nT i He believed that many artists who had reached
upper end and in front of the frame is pivoted a —— il the highest rank in their profession were defi-
th gy OI a
board twice the length of the frame, provided at NZ cient in the capacity of adequately represent-
y,
one end with a large rectangular opening covered : j ing what they saw. He therefore desired to im-
with a ground glass, the ground side being set press upon the minds of the young art students
i
flush with the face of the board. The board = y) that their first duty was to represent in their art
‘ae |
revolves edgewise in a vertical plane, and is what they actually saw, and what was true.
perfectly balanced. The small engraving shows They must study the conditions and master the
the position of the board when folded up. Ar- l surroundings of the picture which they had to
yy
ranged upon the interior side of the partition of
==
————cS.
j
Y}
ee = represent, and, above all things, try to be true to
the room in front of the focusing board is a = y = nature,» The Professor then called attention to a
Ls
camera box made in two parts, the front portion, number of rough sketches of animals, fishes,.etc.,
with the lens attached, sliding over the rear half, arranged at the back of the platform, which, he
which is secured light-tight around a rectangular said, represented the earliest traces of art known
opening in the partition. in Europe. Pointing to one sketch, that ofa
A short focus lens of the portrait combination reindeer feeding, he said his audience would no-
type, provided with a diaphragm of an inch tice that the outline was wonderfully well done.
aperture, produces the best results. Its unmistakable contour was clearly defined, and
The negative, with tbe film side toward the was altogether a piece of true art. When they
lens, is held in the slide in an inverted position, saw sucb a figure they were perfectly certain that
and is slid into the grooved frame upon the PHOTO-ENLARGING APPARATUS,—OBTAINING THE FOCUS. the individual who drew it represented exactly
exterior side of the partition, as shown. This what he saw. Yet those drawings were origin-
arrangement allows different sized negatives to be quickly produced. With aJamp like a No. 8 Leader kerosene burner, ally produced upon fragments of antlers and of bone and
and easily adjusted. On an adjustable shelf, which can be giving a flame about 314 inches wide by 11g inches high, and little pieces of stone, while the drawing implements those
raised or lowered, is located the ground glass, kerosene of about 26 candle power, an exposure of four minutes has early artists had at their command consisted only of rude
lamp, and reflector. The center of the lamp flame reflector, been found sufficient. The exposure may be quickly stop- splinters of flint. Tbose drawings also indicated that the
negative, and the lens of the camera should be in one focal ped by replacing on the lens the red cap. young artist should not begin with the brush, painting away
line. The exposed sheet, with the latent image impressed there- with indistinct outlines, but first try to represent objects
The ground glass in front of the lamp diffuses the light on, should now be removed to a light-tight receptacle, where by bold outlines, which, he believed, was the best way of
equally over the negative; an ordinary magic lantern con- it may remain ready to be developed at the convenience of arriving at a thorough mastery of art.
denser may be used in place of the ground glass, thereby the operator. In conclusion, the Protessor stated he would say a few
materially decreasing the time of exposure. Full directions in regard to exposure, development, and words regarding some other things. He thought there was
Our picture shows the operator in the dark room in the fixing are sent by the manufacturers of this gelatine paper. in this country most unfortunately an antagonism existing
act of obtaining a focus; the room is supposed to be closed As the process is so simple and the manipulation so between handwork and headword. In this country there
to all outside light except that which comes through the cleanly and easy, nothing could be more pleasing, interest- were two distinct lines, if he might so put it. There was

lens, and the enlarged image of the negative is seen very
distinctly upon the ground glass of the focusing board,
The saddle is moved back and forth until the
correct focus is obtained, as, for instance, when
the hair of the head or the pupil of the eye looks
sharp and distinct.
The picture appears very soft, and viewed at a
little distance showsa remarkably pleasing, cray-
on-like effect. The size of the enlarged image
may be regulated by varying the distance be-
tween the lens and the negative. Our lower
engraving illustrates the method of exposing the
enlarged negative image upon the sensitive
paper, showing how the operation can be carried
on in one room, The amateur photographer
only needs to provide a board having vertical
wings or sides which fit tightly around the sides
of the back of his camera, allowing the bed of
the same to slide in and out easily. A frame
holding the negative is secured to the back of
the camera in place of the usual ground glass,
the latter is suspended just back of the negative,
and at the rear end of the wings is located the
lamp with reflector inclosed in a metal box. The
arrangement is clearly shown in the small cut.
Holes are made in each side of the lantern box
at the top and bottom to admit a free circulation
of air, and are protected from the light by in-
terior deflectors, A door at the rear end of the
box allows the lamp to be removed. A tin
cracker box can be successfully arranged to hold
the lamp.
The space at the top between the rear end of
the camera and the top of the lantern box is cov-
ered bya velvet or other black cloth, to exclude
the light. As before stated, the center of the light,
negative, and lens should be in one focal line.
Having obtained the correct focus on the ground glass on
the focusing board, the operator covers the lens with a cap
of ruby glass, turns the ground glass end of the focusing
board up, and fastens on the lower portion, in proper posi-
tion, the sensitive sheet. When the sheet is rightly located
the hook may be unlatched and the board turned flat, as
shown, so that the paper may be more easily pinned to the
face of the board; the latter is again raised, secured, and spectrum on a daguerreotype in 1889.
|
ing, and instructive to the amateur than to amuse himself one which he might call the professional line, where it was
by enlarging as described. considered a very fine and-estimable thing fora man not to
work with his hand, but with his head or pen.
That antagonism seemed to him most unfortun-
WK
CLT \ ate, and he thought all students should bear in
f
mind that it was a thing which really ought not
to exist. It would not exist if it were not for an
intensity of vulgar prejudice. He would say that
the old craftsmen of Italy, those men who were
the builders of Florence and other great cities,
were men who had no prejudice of that kind, and
he thought that, if they really wished to do their
work in the world, they must get rid of that
absurd and ridiculous prejudice as quickly as
possible. The work truly done was equally noble,
and the man who made a table to the best of his
ability was equally great, as far as bis work went,
with the man who puinted a beautiful picture or
composed a beautiful piece of music. That con.
sideration led him to another point, and that was
—What was to be the end of all this higher edu-
cation? It seemed to him that if the end of it all
was the production of more professional men—
more doctors, more lawyers, more clergymen,
more professors, and more clerks—the less they
had to do with it the better. The professiona}
classes were being overstocked, owing to that vul-
gar prejudice, and if education was to be of any
good it should aim at making a man better fitted
to carry on his work in the world than he was
before.
His opinion was that the best education was
that. which would make a man better at his hand-
icraft. Ifa man had the chance of pushing for-
ward in the worldlet him do so, but if he tried
to get out of his own line of life let him do it at
his peril. It appeared to him a most ridiculous
The pictures are permanent, possess a soft, crayon-like thing that aman who knew a great deal of Latin, or geology,
appearance, and when finished form a beautiful adornment or chemistry, should on that account think himself entitled
for one’s walls, ? to be supported by the State. The education he bad in
Gelatine rapid printing paper is likely, therefore, to come his mind, was that which was not confined to the rich,
into extensive use, and we predict for it a brilliant future. which belonged not to one class any more than the other,
teas Seis ae fn gil ee nee but to all, and which would enable all classes equally to do
Sm Jonn Herscuen first produced the tints of the their work better in the position in which they found
themselves,
FEBRUARY, 1886,| meevican,

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 118 Srientific American, |FEBRUARY, 1886.
THE U. 8S. WAR STEAMER possibilities of life within their grasp.
CHICAGO. It is the power you alive? Do youthink? Is your brain vital, your
of individual effort. life individual, or are you simply reflecting the good
Length between perpendiculars, 315 ft. ; length on and bad of your narrow environment? Do you see,
In biology, the principle of evolution has explained
water line, 325 ft. ; length over all, 334 ft. 4 in. ; depth,
a great many seeming discrepancies. It has brought hear, act for yourself? Do you direct the currents of
garboard strake to under side of spar deck, 34 ft. 9 in. ;
harmony into that infinite procession of organic life. life, or are you drifting? Are you a living organism or
height of gun deck port sill from load water line,
one of the dead tissues of society ?”
10 ft.; height of spar deck port sill from load water Yet in the field of psychology the principle of evolu-
If the questioned be a wise man, he will {not resent

|
tion is not less applicable. Mental evolution is in-
line, 18 ft. 6 in.; breadth, extreme, 48 ft. 2}in.; draught
deed established upon a firmer basis than physical. the question, but will try to answer it truthfully.
of water at load line, mean, 19 ft. ; displacement, 4,500
Should the answer not be what he would wish, he will
tons ; area of plain sail, 14,880 sq. ft. ; complement of The rise from obscurity to greatness of most of the
not shrink} from the embarrassment of acknowledg-
men, 300; battery, four 8 in. long breech loaders in present leaders of the world is a sufficient demonstra-
ment. When in time, however, the question is re-
half turrets, eight 6 in. and two 5 in. on gun deck ; in- tion of its reality. The question of development is de-
peated, the answer will be more favorable. But what
dicated horse power, 5,000; sea speed, 14 knots ; capa- cided largely by the mental habits of the individual.
A man may have an ocean-like receptivity, but the facts good friend would speak so plainly ? Can’t you guess ?
city of coal bunkers, 940 tons; built of mild steel, di-
If aman is sometimes his own worst enemy, he can
vided into ten water-tight compartments by nine which he stores away will have little value unless they
transverse bulkheads extending to the gun deck. See be assimilated and made a part of his thinking mate- redeem the record, and be for once his own best friend.
rial. One may memorize with- Let him ask the question him-
illustration, page 117.
out thinking, and the process be self.
+2
not only without value, but abso-
HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. lutely harmful. One cannot Efflorescence on Brick Walls,
In discussing the cause and cure
A view of this cathedral, by the late Mr. 8. Read, is think, however, without memor-
It is an edifice which, besides izing, for it is the memory that of the white efflorescence which
presented on page 120.
containing some important Norman building in the supplies the materials of thought. often appears on brick walls, be-
fore a recent meeting of Illinois
piers of the nave, choir, and south
architects, Mr. J. C. Anderson
transept, is rich in the Early Eng-
lish and in the Geometrical Go- stated that the principal ingre-
thie style of architecture. The dient of the disfiguring, frost-like
Early English Lady Chapel is an substance is sulphate of magne-
sia. This is formed from the sul-
excellent example of that peri-
od; but the north transept, phurie acid which the bricks ab-
showing the transition to Deco- sorb from the fuel in firing and
rated Gothic, is still more re-
the magnesia which is usually
markable. Extensive “restora- present in considerable quanti-
tions” have been effected, not ties in the lime of the mortar,
always with the best judgment, Most of our limestones are dolo-
as in Wyatt’s work from 1788 to initic. In laying the back courses
1797; but of late years, under the of an ordinary wall, the bricks
direction of Sir Gilbert Scott, are saturated with water. In the
much has been done to remedy process of drying out, the water
the mischief previously suffered. carries the sulphate of magnesia
The Bishopric of Hereford is one through the facing bricks to the
of the most ancient in England, outside, where it crystallizes. The
dating probably from the sixth explanation seems probable from
century, or certainly from the the fact that the efflorescence
seventh; it is now held by the appears only on comparatively
Right Rev. James Atlay, D.D., new buildings, and shortly after
who was consecrated in 1868, and erection. In older buildings,
who is the ninety-fifth in succes- . also, the lime of the mortar was
sion.—Illustrated London News. e more generally burnt with wood,
—— > o§ > +
———____ _ and consequently the source of
Memory Versus Progress, the sulphur was removed. Mr.
It has been suggested that
SSS
S Anderson recommends the use of
memory, the virtue that we have less water in brick laying, of pure
all sought to cultivate, is, after lime for the mortar, and finally
an
Co.
a
~
all, the worst foe tothinking. In the isolation of the front bricks
a certain sense, the suggestion from the more porous ones be-
is true. The capacity of the hind by some material impervi-
brain is limited. It has corners ous to moisture.
and chambers where facts, like : +63
corn in a granary, nay be stored Waiting to be Invited,
away for future use. But it has ‘““Why don’t you trade with
likewise passages and corridors me?” said a merchant to an ac-
which must be kept clear and ‘ quaintance the other day. ‘“‘ Be-
unimpeded if the treasures of the ‘“; Gause,” was the reply, ‘‘ you have
storehouse are to be available. never asked meto. I have looked
The busy guardian which we all through the newspaper for
eall thought must havea little an invitation, in the shapeof an
space in which to marshal his advertisement, but in vain. I
forces, and accomplish his intri- never go where I aim _ ~not
cate evolutions. It is necessary wanted.”
that there should be a workshop On reading the above in one
as well as a storeroom. of our exchanges, the thought it —
There is one problem in a suggested was, that there are
human life which surpasses all undoubtedly a good many per-
others in importance. It is the sons who contemplate changing
development of character. ‘This their machinery or adding to
rests in a large measure upon what they already have the com-
those qualities of the mind which ing spring, and that manufactu-
are capable of cultivation. The 6 6 10,0m. rers of all kinds of machinery
doctrine of heredity has taught RT ren CDSitso, I ES. jo eee would be wise in sending out,
a great natural truth from which through newspapers of large cir-
there is no escape. But it must SUGGESTIONS IN DECORATIVE ART.—TIN JUG IN THE NATIONAL culation, invitations to users of
also be held responsible for the MUSEUM AT MUNICH —/rom Workshop. such wares as they make to call
revival of the unfortunate doc- and see their stock, or write
trine of fatality. The narrow cranium which limits The delicate balance between the limits where memory to them for particulars.
the possibilities of development is an inheritance which will suffice and where thought is requisite will deter-
eannot be denied.
tive.
But the limitations are quantita- mine by its adjustment the mental habits of the indi-
The same virtues, the same sound habits of in- vidual, and by repetition stamp his character. It is
PATENTS.
Messrs. Munn & Co,, in connection with the publication of the
tellect, are open toall. Itmay be more of a struggle well for a man to stop occasionally and examine these Scientific American, continue to examine improyements and to
for one man to attain mediocrity than for another to mental habits. He is the sole guardian of this inner act as Solicitors of Patents for Inventors.
reach eminence, yet the man who relinquishes the effort world. In this line of business they have had forty years’ experience, and now
on this account is but a cowardly soldier. The differ- Friends and associates can reach a pretty cor- have unequaled facilities for the preparation of Patent Drawings, Specitl-
cations, and the prosecution of Applications for Patents in the United
ence between the street laborer and the savantis one of rect analysis of the processes which must be back of States, Canada, and Foreign Countries. Messrs. Munn & Co,
degree, and not of kind. the manifested action, but he alone ean know them also attend to the preparation of Caveats, Copyrights for Books, Labels,
It will take but a small experiment to convince men thoroughly, and, what is more important, he alone can Reissues, Assignments, and Reports on Infringements of Patents. All
that the question of mental development is one singular- effect a change where he sees the habit to be slovenly business intrusted to them is done with special care and promptness, on
very reasonable terms.
ly under their own control.» The difficulty is to get or the point of view narrow.
A pamphet sent free of charge, on application, containing full informa-
them to make an honest trial in self-government. It is well for him to know whether he is simply re- tion about Patents and how to procure them ; directions concerning
They hesitate to make the attempt. membering, reflecting in his own speech and action Labels, Copyrights, Designs, Patents, Appeals, Reissues, Infringements,
They complain of the inequalities of society and of the what he sees and hears, or whether he is really men- Assignments, Rejected Cases, Hints on the Sale of Patents, etc.
unlucky star under which it has been their misfortune tally alive, and permitting his brain the exercise of its We also send, free of charge, a synopsis of Foreign Patent Laws, show-
| ing the cost and method of securing patents in all the principal countries
to be born, Let them look inward. They will find a highest funection—thought. The formation of his) of the world.
power, hitherto dormant, whose exercise would be more character depends upon which course he is pursuing. | MUNN & CO., Solicitors of Patents, 31 Broadway, New York,
effective than position or birth in bringing the best | It is a true friend who cries, ‘‘ Halt! Whatnews? Are BRANCH OFFICE,—622 F Street, Washington, D, C,
 FEBRUARY, 1836.| Scientific American.
ASPHALTED JUTE.
AccorD1NnG to the Journal des Fabricants de Paper, a mate-
rial called asphalted jute is being largely employed in Ger-
many for covering roofs, for isolating damp walls and
floors, and for preventing bad odors from reaching apart-
ments situated over stables, etc. It consists of strong jute
cloth coated with specially prepared asphaltum, and covered
on each side with strong, asphaltum-coated paper. In order
to obtain a very compact product, the whole is submitted
to very strong pressure. The material can be used on
farms for making tight reservoirs, in the construction of
bridges, and in many other cases where there is need of a
material that is at once strong, impermeable, and cheap. wl My a4 i .

NURS
RNGSALAD)
SH
x)
THE MERCURIC DEVELOPER.
By Henry J. Newton.
At the November meeting of the Photographic Section of
the American Institute, I gave my formula for an accelerat-
or, which, curiously, has been mixed with the formula [
had on a previous occasion given for an inteusifier of the
mercury salt, so that, if used as misquoted, it would be use-
less for such purpose, and spoil the developer. In order that
my formula may have a fair test, and also to prevent people
from wasting their time uselessly with a foolish version of
it,Ithought it best to have it correctly reprinted in the

d A.
Bichloride of mercury......-.....--..-+. 30 grains.
INValtn
ite Sfiry..: ynnneeta<.
toss. t'sooes ome a Ounces,
A B.
Todide or potassium, .<......1.-+5+-- -.. 90 grains.
MSSTee ee Nee et eens sae ee ce escs
se os OUNCE:
When the two salts are thoroughly dissolved, pour the
iodide into the mercury solution gradually, until all is add-
ed. Theresult should be a clear solution, as the excess of
iodide will dissolve the red precipitate seen on first mixing
the two solutions, This forms the iodide of mercury, which
Ibave used as an accelerator in conjunction with the car-
bonate of soda developer, made as follows:
Carbonate of sodaz..%....3-...2-2>.0+- 20 STAains, HEATH LODGE, HAMPSTEAD.—Rowtanp Promse, F.R.I.B.A.. Architect.
Briphiverol SOMBscammicteisslee
sfon sales ats
By LOnaIc ACIC mec eNs athe see eee sieteoa The principal effect of the sulphite seems to be to prevent water, which should be got rid of, so that in weighing you
a
DV GRt ar « - = ocilniee xieies 1 ounce, rapid oxidation or precipitation. Without it a precipitate should weigh soda and not water. By leaving the crystals
I usually make my stock soda solution 100 grains strong, is formed, and, of course, decomposition of the mercuro- exposed to the air, the water will evaporate and leave the
and reduce as required. - iodide compound. ‘ soda in fine powder. If you wish to expedite the evapora-
A solution of bromide of ammonium, or citrate of soda, When a plate has been very much under-exnosed, bring tion, pulverize the soda and subject it to heat.—Photo.
should be kept in the dark room for use in case of over- out as much as you can with the soda developer in four or Times,
exposure, or the developer can be reduced with water to five minutes, then drop into your graduate three drops of
check development. the mercuro-iodide solution for every ounce of developer. FINGARRY, STIRLINGSHIRE.
In order to succeed with this accelerator, the sulphite of Pour the developer into it, so as to thoroughly mix it, and
soda should not be omitted. I may uot have stated that then flow over the exposed plate. Tus residence, which we illustrate, has been recently
fact at the meeting, as I did not think it necessary at the A 50-grain solution of iodide of sodium, used in the same erected for Mr. John Hunt on a beautiful site at the foot
time, and because I had so often given my formula for the way, acts as a good accelerator. of the Campsie Hills, The situation commands a wide view
soda developer that I took it for granted every one under- A 30-grain solution of iodine in alcohol, to which 40 of the surrounding country to the south and west, and the
eo what proportion of sulphite should be added to the grains of pyrogallic acid are added, makes a good stock so- principal rooms bave been arranged to take the fullest ad-
soda. . lution for accelerating development, used the same as the vantage of the prospect. ‘the house is built of a warm-tinted
I have had reports from quite a number, and some have other. A solution of iodine in water and iodide of ammo- sandstone, and roofed with sea-green slates with red ridges;
succeeded satisfactorily, and others have not. Those who nium will prevent any development whatever. and the internal fittings have bad very careful attention,
failed, so far as I can ascertain, have not used the sulphite In using carbonate of soda, I always use the dry or gran- mantelpieces, cabinents, bookeases, etc., having been speci-
in the developing solution. ulated. The ordinary crystals are more than 60 per cent. ally designed by the architect, with very successful results.

Ae fe x .
“ Mien
ae Nn een a
it core Sera 2)pyaar, ae is UP AO ase

—— “FINGARRY,” MELTON OF CAMPSIE, N, B.—JSony B. Wisoy, A R.LB.A., Architect,

 120 Srientitic American, {[FEBRUARY, 1886.

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 FEBRUARY, 1886.] Srientitic American, 121

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 122 Scientific American, [FEBRUARY, 1886.
Wood Working Machinery. Fullline. Williamsport
ENGINEERING INVENTIONS, |grooves or pockets, while the bag or flexible portion has
its edges inserted and held in these pockets, with vari-
Wusiness and Mersonal. Machine Co., “ Limited,” 110 W. 3d St., Williamsport, Pa.
An oscillating engine has been patented ous other novel features. Mineral Lands Prospected, Artesian Wells Bored, by
by Mr. Douia C, Putnam, of Wayne Center, N. Y. The Any person having anew invention may, without charge,
steam inlet and exhaust ports in the cylinder and the
A broom holder has been patented by consult MUNN & CO., Scientific American Office,
Pa. Diamond Drill Co. Box 423, Pottsville, Pa. See p. 46.
Mr. James F. Barringer, of Bennettsville, 8. C. A U- Hercules Lacing and Superior Leather Belting made
exhaust ports in the valve may be lengthened to any de- 361 Broadway, New York, for advice how to obtain by Page Belting Co., Concord, N. H. See ady. page 46.
shaped plate and rod are [so combined with cross pieces
sired extent to permit quicker work in engines designed a Patent or Caveat. Our Hand Book of Instrue-
and arms as to make a holder in which broom straw or Planing and Matching Machines. All kinds Wood
for any special duty, but the travel of the valve is in tions relating to Patents sent free.
rattan can be clamped, as well as bagging, cotton waste, Working Machinery. C. B. Rogers & Co., Norwich, Conn.
any case comparatively short, on account of the rock-
or rope, to form a mop, and one can be easily removed Something New Iron and Steel Wire, Wire Rope, Wire Rope Tram-
ing movement of the cylinder,
and replaced by others. And most important. Hallett & Co., Portland, Maine, ways. Trenton lron Company, Trenton, N. J.
A traction engine has been patented by
Mr. Benjamin 8. Benson, of Baltimore, Md. It has two
A safety device for elevators has been can furnish you work that you can do at great profit, |:
Bradley's improved Cushioned Helve Hammer. New
and live at home. Either sex; all ages. Asa P. Rand,
patented by Mr. Peter Moran, of New Orleans, La. The design. Sizes, 25 to 500 Ib. Bradley & Co., Syracuse, N. Y.
obliquely arranged cylindrical boilers, with their higher Westboro, Mass., writes us that he made $60 protitina
ends in the middle ‘and next to each other, the space
object of this invention is to prevent the water in the Chucks—over 100 different kinds and sizes in stock.
single day. Every worker can make from $5 to $25 and
beneath the cylinders forming {the firebox, with hollow tanks of hydraulic elevators from being worked so low upward per day. Allis new. Capital not required; you Specials made to order. Cushman Chuck Co., Hartford,
Ct.
legs, which communicate with the water and steam as to empty the pipes and allow the car or cab to fall, are started free. .Full particulars free. Send your ad- Crescent Steel Tube Scrapers are made on scientific
space of the boilers, and the apparatus having an end- and to this end a novel construction and combination of dress at once. principles. Crescent Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio.
Jess track chain with feet passing beneath, around, and parts is provided. A Lady's Secret.
Curtis Damper Regulator for draught and steam pres-
over the boiler, with guide and truck wheels for the A nutmeg grater has been patented by “Td give a good deal if I had such a pure, healthy skin
sure in boilers. Curtis Regulator Works, Boston, Mass.
as you have,” said a lady to a friend. “Just look at
chain, to support the body of the engine and the track Mr. Albert L. Platt, of Bowling Green, Mo. It consists The Improved Hydraulic Jacks, Punches, and Tube
mine, all spots and blotches, and rough as agrater. Tell
upon which it runs, with various novel features for re- in a revolving barrel made of a spiral coil of steel wire me the secret of your success in always looking so well.” Expanders. KR. Dudgeon, 24 Columbia 8t., New York.
ducing friction and facilitating the guiding of the engine. having notched outer edges, combined with a block “There is no secret about it,” was the reply, “ Dr. Hoisting Engines. D. Frisbie & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
having a hole through it and a counter bole or hole at Pierce’s ‘Golden Medical Discovery’ cleansed my blood,
ooo
— Tight and Slack Barrel Machinery a specialty. John
right angles, to form acase in which the spiral cylinder and when that was done, my skin, which was worse than
AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS, yours, began to look smooth and healthy, as you see it Greenwood & Co., Rochester, N.Y. See illus. ady., p. 62.
revolves.
A land channeling roller has been pat- now.” English tanned Walrus Leather, Sea Lion, Oak, and
A grain separator has been patented by Bull Neck Leather for Polishing. Greene, Tweed & Co.,
ented by Mr. Robert H. Banks, of Fort Lewis, Col. It Billings’ Patent Forged and Cold Pressed Steel Sew-
Messrs. Francis Wadsworth and Henry N. Prentice, of New York.
is so made that as the machine is drawn forward plows ing Machine Shuttles. Billings & Spencer Co., Hartford,
Venice, O. It is intended to separate the straw and
open furrows in the ground and ribs pack or roll the Conn. Pays well on Small Investment.—Stereopticons, Magic
chaff from the grain at the same time, and then remove
Wanted.—Live wild turkeys and deer for stocking a Lanterns, and Views illustrating every subject for public
the unthrashed and partly thrashed heads and heavy bottom and sides of these furrows, while another roller
park. Address, with price, M. N. H,, P.O. Box 773, New exhibitions. Lanterns for colleges, Sunday schools, and
impurities that may have passed through the thrasher rolls the surface, so as to form channels for irrigation
York. home amusements. 136 page illustrated catalogue free.
and separator with the grain. purposes in rolled land. McAllister, Manufacturing Optician, 49 Nassau St., N. Y.
A sawing machine has been patented Steel Worms, Clockwork Wheels and Pinions in
A seed planter has been patented by brass or steel, made to order. Special estimates for Tron Manufacturers wishing to purchase large deposit
Mr. Louis 8, Flatau, of Pittsburg, Texas. Its construc- by Mr. Daniel W. Smith, of Long Lake, Mich. The ot high grade magnetic ore, see adv. on page 78.
quantities. Plumb & Webb, factory, Newark, N. J.
tion is such that as the planter is drawn forward the machine is attached to the log to be sawed, and then by
For Sale,x—The Steam Engine and Machine Works of Iron Planer, Lathe, Drill, and other machine tools of
hopper and a stirrer wheel are revolved, the latter forc- moving hand levers up and downa reciprocating motion
the late William Munzer, including drawings, patterns, modern design. New Haven Mfg. Co., New Haven, Conn.
ing seed out through discharge slots intoa tube, through is imparted to the saw through a shaft and pitman, the
and tools for building Corliss and Baxter engines, brew- Rubber Hose, Linen Hose, Rubber Sheet Packing,
which and the tubular plow they fall into the bottom of motion of the saw being directed by a guide, while the ers’ machinery, and machinery generally. Also long Empire Gum Core Packing, and all other kinds of steam
the furrow opened by the plow, where soil is thrown log may be raised, lowered, or turned, as desired. lease of premises, 204 to 210 Hast Forty-third Street. Ap-
SS
ES
packing. Greene, Tweed & Co., New York.
upon it by covering plows. ply to L. V. Conover, 335 East Twenty-ninth Street, New
Manufacture of Soaps, Candles, Lubricants, and Glyce-
NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS. York.
——__9-0¢ Protection for Watches.
rine. Illustrated. Price, $4.00. HE. & F.N. Spon, New
DyNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINERY. _ By York.
MISCELLANEOUS INVENTIONS, Silvanus P. Thompson. New York
Watches demagnetized and shields applied, or recased
in new dust proof and magnetism proof cases at reason- Machinists’ Pattern Figures, Pattern Plates, and Let-
A lemon squeezer has been patented by and London: E. & F. N. Spon. able rates. Send for descriptive circular. Giles, Bro. & ters. Vanderburgh, Wells & Co., 110 Fulton St., N. Y.
Mr, Sheridan §$. Badger, of Chicago, Ill. It has a fixed This is a second and much enlarged edition of a Co., Chicago, 1. W. A. Wales, General Eastern Agent, Astronomical Telescopes, from 6/’ to largest size. Ob-
or stationary jaw, a hinged swinging jaw, and a handle yolume published by the same author in 1884, which 16 Maiden Lane, New York, servatory Domes, all sizes. Warner & Swasey, Cleve-
or lever, so combined that the power from the com- was itself based on the Cantor lectures of Professor Engineer competent to take charge of engine in large land, O.
mencement of the operation continues to be increased Thompson before the Society of Arts, in 1882. The manufacturing establishment near New York. Must be
until the operation is completed. rapid multiplication of forms and perfecting of details good machinist and have first classreferences. Address
A fire escape has been patented by in dynamo-electric machinery which has taken place in 8. P. L., P. O. box 773, New York.
Annie M. Jeffers, of Chicago, Il. It is a spiral struc- the last four years, is well illustrated in a comparison Wm. Frech, Manufacturer of Sensitive Drills, Turret
ture ranged along the windows of a buildings, and con- of the facts given in the lectures of 1882 with the ac- and Speed Lathes, Power Punching Presses, 68 W. Mon-
taining a ladder, being stretched or opened opposite the cumulated material that is presented in the present roe St., Chicago.
windows, and having safety chains at such openings, volume of 500 pages. Almost every kind of dynamo Guarantee Chemical Co., 2130 Race St., Philadelphia,
and also an alarm bell. which has attracted any considerable attention is here want the addresses of soluble blue manufacturers.
HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS.
A pipe tongs has been patented by described with sufficiently full explanations of de- For Sale.—One 50 H. P. and one 200 H. P. Corliss En-
Mr. James J. Palmer, of Fall Brook, Pa. The invention tails to render an understanding of its construction gines, built by Geo. H. Corliss; also one 30 H. P. Porta- Names and Address must accompan all letters,
and operation perfectly easy, even if one has never ble Engine, built by Erie City [ron Works, nearly new; or no attention will be paid thereto. This is for our
consists essentially of tongs in which the binding information, and not for publication.
before made a special study of the subject. A good used only few months. Henry I. Snell, 135 North 3d St.,
contact surface is composed of a number of sections, References to former articles or answers should
deal of attention is given to special forms of motors Philadelphia. give date of paper and page or number of question,
and by removing or adding links or sections the tongs
and their government, and to the testing of dynamos Modern M’ch. Tools a specialty. Abbe Bolt Forgers, Inquiries not answered in reasonable time should
may be adjusted to fit almost any sized pipe. be repeated; correspondents will bear in mind that
and motors. In the appendix is ashort but very in- Power Hammers, Lathes, Planers, Drills, and Shapers.
A nail plate furnace has been patent- some answers require not a little research, and,
teresting chapter, covering statistics and comparisons Send for estimates. Forsaith M. Co., Manchester, N. H. though we endeavor to reply to all, either by letter
ed by Mr. Simeon Bunn, of Belleville, Hl. It has dou- or in this department, each must take his turn.
of some recent dynamos, in which the author states To Manufacturers.—The owner of 260 acres of ground
ble bottoms or decks, with openings, and outer walls Special Written Information on matters of —
that ‘“‘the old pattern Brush machine gave only about at Pittsburg, on the Allegheny River and Pennsylvania
personal rather than general interest cannot be
with openings, so arranged that the products of com- system of railroads, in order to improve the property, of-
59 watts per pound of copper on the armature, while expected without remuneration.
bustion will be carried by a long, indirect passage, and fers to donate a number of excellent manufacturing Scientific American Supplements referred
the new pattern Brush armature with the same field
the heat will be utilized to the greatest possible extent. sites. See adv. of Whitney & Stephenson, this issue. to may be had at the office. Price 10 cents each.
magnets gives about 90,” and suggests that ‘if the Mimerals sent for examination should be distinctly
A reflector has been patented by Mr. field magnets were remodeled, and their cores made Order our elegant Keyless Locks for your fine doors. marked or labeled.
James E. McLaughlin, of Portland, Oregon. It is for of soft wrought iron, the number of watts per pound Circular free. Lexington Mfg. Co., Lexington, Ky.
gas, lamp, or other artificial lights, and is so made that Geo. E. Lloyd & Co., Electrotype and Stereotype Ma-
of copper in the armature might be raised to 200 or (1) P. H. desires a stain to imitate
four concave reflectors, spun up from rectangular sheets more, and the old 40-light machine which, as now im- chinery, Folding Machines, etc. Send for catalogue.
cherry. A. Rain water 3 quarts, annatto 4 ounces;
of metal and polished, can be conveniently kept in the proved, supplies 60 are lights, might then yield cur- Chicago, Ll.
boil in a copper kettle till the annatto is dissolved,
desired position behind a burner. rent for over 100 lights.” The anthor also notes im- Nickel Plating.—Sole manufacturers cast nickel an- then putin a piece of potash the size of a walnut;
A tag making machine has been pat- provements in the Gramme machiv from 87 watts per odes, pure nickel salts, polishing compositions, ete. $100
keep it on the fire about half an hour longer, and it
ented by Mr. Harmer Denney, of Brooklyn, N. Y. pound of copper in an old machine up to 306 watts “Little Wonder.” A perfect Electro Plating Machine.
is ready to bottle for use,
This machine takes the paper from aroll, and by aseries Sole manufacturers of the new Dip Lacquer Kristaline.
in a late pattern, and asks correspondents for further
of automatic operations the tags are printed, cut, eye- statistical information of this character, ‘‘in view of
Complete outfit for plating, etc. Hanson, Van Winkle & (2) W. C. writes: In making a red or
Co., Newark, N. J., and 92 and 94 Liberty St., New York. yellow stain with dragon’s blood or turmeric, I want
leted, cut off, and their corners beveled, the machine the possibility of further editions of this work being
being readily adjusted to make tags of different widths. called for at a future date.” Grimshaw.—Steam Engine Catechism. <A series of to tone these colors witha black, soluble in alcohol.
thoroughly Practical Questions and Answers arranged A. You can probably purchase an aniline black that is
A motor has been patented by Mr. THE DETERMINATION OF ROCK-FORM- so as to give to a Young Engineer just the information soluble in alcohol, or else ase logwood,
Jackson B. Miles, of Lincolnton, Ga. It is aspring ING MINERALS. By Eugene Hussak. required to fit him for properly running an engine. By
motor intended for use in connection with churns to New York: John Wiley & Sons. Robert Grimshaw. 18mo, cloth, $1.00. For sale by (3) F. F. K.—Old zine battery plates
operate the dasher staff, and when wound up the mech- Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, N. Y. can be melted in aniron pot and cast into plates in
The authorized translation of this German work has
anism works from fifteen to forty-five minutes, accord- Woodw’kg. Mch’y, Engines, and Boilers. Most com- moulding sand, or may be cast in an iron mould. Zine
been made by Dr. Erastus G. Smith, of Beloit College,
ing to the speed at which it is allowed to run. plete stock in U.S. Prices to meet times. Send stamps melts just below ared heat. Ifthe zincs have been
Wis., for use more especially by the students of colleges
A tongue support has been patented by and universities. Part I. treats of the methods of
for catalogues. Forsaith M. Co., Manchester, N. H. amalgamated, you should avoid inhaling the fumes ris-
Mr. Milo M. Russeil, of Hayward, Wis. Therunning Shafting, Couplings, Hangers, Pulleys. Edison Shafting ing from the heated metal.
investigation, including the preparation of microscop-
gear of a wagon and its tongue is combined with a ical sections and proper polarizing apparatus, giving Mfg. Co.,86 Goerck St., N.Y. Send for catalogue and prices. (4) J. W. B. desires a recipe for some
spring of peculiar construction, with lever and detach- optical and mechanical methods, and describing the The Knowles Steam Pump Works, 44 Washington fire-extinguishing liquid, A. One of the best solutions
able connections for holding the tongue, whereby pro- mechanical separation of rock-forming minerals, while St., Boston, and 93 Liberty St., New York, have just is- for the extinction of incipient fires consists of crude
vision is made for adjusting the tension of the spring, Part II. gives an elaborate series of tables for deter- sued a new catalogue, in which are many new and im- calcium chloride 20 parts, salt 5 parts, dissolved in
and the whole heft is equalized. proved forms of Pumping Machinery of the single and
mining minerals, accompanied by a great number of water 75 parts. Keep at hand, and apply witha hand ©
duplex, steam and power type. This catalogue will be
A necktie fastener has been patented figures. mailed free of charge on application. pump. j
by Mr. Daniel T, Freese, of North Amherst, O. It con-
METHODS OF RESEARCH IN MICROSCOP- Haswell’s Engineer's Pocket-Book. By Charles H. (5) E. E. G. asks how to make aleaf
sists of a plate slotted twice to receive the tie, and with
1cAL ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY. Haswell, Civil, Marine, and Mechanical Engineer. Giv- bluing. A. Use unsized paper and any of the follow-
a forked arm bent over parallel with the slotted por-
By Charles O. Whitman. Boston: ing Tables, Rules, and Formulas pertaining to Mechan- ing solutions: 1. Dissolve indigo sulphate in water and
tion to receive the collar button, the arms of the
8. E. Cassino & Co. ics, Mathematics, and Physics, Architecture, Masonry, filter. 2. Dissolve good cotton blue in cold water,
fork being at right angles with the slots of the body of Steam Vessels, Mills, Limes, Mortars, Cements, etc. 900
This volume is intended for everyday use in the 3. Dissolve Prussian blue with oné-eighth part of oxalic
the plate. pages, leather, pocket-book form, $4.00. For sale by
zoological laboratory, to secure uniformity in practice acid in water. 4. Dissolve ‘Tieman’s soluble blue in
A two wheeled vehicle has been patent- Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, New York.
water with 2 per cent oxalic acid.
according to the best methods of investigation, and the
ed by Messrs. William E. Davies and William C. Gay- Air Compressors, Rock Drills. J. Clayton, 43 Dey st.,N.Y.
proper selection of the objects of study and obtaining (6) A Subseriber asks how to make
ley, of Deringer, Pa. This invention consists in mak- Machinery for Light Manufacturing on hand and
the most complete information in regard to them. It spirit yarnish suitable for varnishing carved wood. A.
ing the thills in two parts hinged together, with a spring built to order. E. BE. Garvin & Co., 139 Center St., N. Y.
gives’preservative and macerating fluids, dyes, fixatives, Take 1 ounce copal and 4 ounce shellac; powder them
attachment, to neutralize or overcome “ horse motion,”
mounting media, methods of embedding, ete., with de- Send for Monthly Machinery List
and relieve the horse to some extent of the weight upon well, and put them into a bottle or jar containing 1
scriptions of the different instruments used and com- to the George Place Machinery Company,
his back 121 Chambers and 103 Reade Streets, New York.
quart alcohol. Place the mixture in a warm place and
parisons of their respective advantages. shake it occasionally until the gums are completely
A belt punch has been patented by If an invention has not been patented in the United
Messrs. Henry Bouchy and J. Henry Bamberger, of Received. States for more than one year, it may still be patented in
dissolved; and when strained the varnish will be ready
Newark, N. J. It has pivoted lever jaws, with a sliding THE SCIENCE OF MIND AppLieD TO TEACHING (Accord- Canada. Cost for Canadian patent, $40. Various other
for use.
_ing to Phrenological Methods). By U. J. Hoffman.
tool in each handle end, and a revolving head carrying New York: Fowler & Wells Company. Ps
foreign patents may also be obtained. For instructions (7) C. J. C. asks: Whatis cut glass,
cutting devices on one of the jaws, with a rotary disk address Munn & Co., SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN patent
TECHNICAL VOCABULARY, ENGLISH AND GERMAN. By such as is sold by dealers? A dealer here has two
agency, 361 Broadway, New York.
provided with punches, making a strong, cheap, and F. J. Wershoven and A, Van Kaven. Leipzig. F. berry dishes that look alike, prices $1.00 and $20.00.
convenient tool. A. Brockhaus, Supplement Catalogue.—Persous in pursuit of infor One he calls cut glass and the other an imitation, with —
THE PANAMA CANAL: Irs History, PourricaL As- mation of any special engineering, mechanical, or scien-
A metallic bayonet scabbard has been PECTS, AND FINANCIAL DrrricuLties. By J. C.
rough surface. A. Any glassware that has been ground —
tific subject, can have catalogue of contents of the Sci-
patented by Mr. James McKenney, of New York city, Rodrigues. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. in facets and repolished is cut glass. The kind that
ENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT sent to them free,
It is made with an outwardly projecting flange upon New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION: The SUPPLEMENT contains lengthy articles embracing
you sketch is very expensive when cut.
the angular side of its upper end to overlap the edge of Third Annual Report of the Board of Control, for
1884. Albany, N. Y.: Weed, Parsons & Co,
the whole range of engineering, mechanics, and physical (8) W. A. E. asks how India ink (liquid),
the throg, in such manner that the connection between science. Address Munn & Oo., Publishers, New York.
lowa STATE Boarp or Heavru: Third Biennial Re- such as is sold in the art supply stores, is made. A.
the scabbards and the throgs will be firmer and more port, for fiscal period ending June 30, 1885. Des Presses & Dies. Ferracute Mach. Co., Bridgeton, N. J. Dissolve shellac in a hot aqueous solution of borax and
secure than with the ordinary construction. Moines: George E. Roberts. rub up in this solution a fine quality of India ink. Or
Guild & Garrison’s Steam Pump Works, Brooklyn,
A bellows has been patented by Mr. Consprracy. A Cuban Romance. By Adam Badeau. N.Y. Steam Puinping Machinery of every description. rub down genuine India ink with good black ink until
New York: R. Worthington.
Jacob F, Weitzel, of Cincinnati, 0. It is intended Send for catalogue. it will flow easily from the pen. See ink erasers, in
A Farmer's View OF A ProTEcTIVE TARIFF. =f
more especially for bee smoking, and comprises main Isaac W. Griscom. Published by the author, Wood- Cable Roads. Duplicate system, D. J. Miller, 234 article on inks, in ScreNtTIFIc AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT,
plates of sheet metal bent at their edges, forming bury, N. J. Broadway, New York City, N. Y. No, 157,
 Frervary, 1886.] Srientific American, Be]
123
— —— —-

(9) F. C. E. asks how to make a mould |leading toa cesspool in yard. When water is thrown in |so, how large 1 drum would be necessary? Would
the sink, it does not run off readily; a pint wonld take
(39) P. M. A. asks: Would you please
from which he can get one or two dozen castings in this addiuional drum save fuel? My steam pipe is give some remedy whereby tattoo marks may be com
tin or its soft alloys. A. You may make a mould of two or three minutes, but, by lifting up the trap (strainer), 8 inches. A. The additional steam drum will not help
pletely expunged? A. We know of no means by which
iron or brass for casting tin or soft alloys. Plaster of the water bubbles up two or three times and then runs you. It will only add to the work of the boiler by
they can be completely removed. Pricking in milk, in
Paris moulds will allow of a few castings, but are down all right. What is the trouble? A. The sink condensing the steam, If your steam pipe and drum
some cases, rather fades them
brittle and not reliable. If the mould can be cut easily, pipe is air bound, and the bubbling is caused by air is naked, it should be felted. The raising of the water
it can be made of soapstone. escaping. The pipe should be ventilated between the is, no doubt, a surging of the surface into wayes by
trap and sink; vent should be outdoors. 2. What. is
(10) W. V. L. asks: Is it true that gold sweet oil made of ? A. Sweet oil is the oil of the the action of the engine, which shows
gauge. This may be partially prevented or broken up
in the water
INDEX OF INVENTIONS
is one of the constituent parts of silver? A. Both gold olive, which grows in Spain, Italy, etc. 3. What is
by making another connection near the end of the For which Letters Patent of the
and silver are elements, and theoretically are free from celluloid? A. The manufacture of celluloid, parkesine,
boiler, between the boiler and the steam pipe, with a
alladmixture. In commerce they are generally alloyed and zylonite are described in ScrenTIFIC AMERICAN United States were Granted
2 inch or 24% inch pipe. This will partially relieve the
with some harder elements, In mining, gold ore often SUPPLEMENT, No. 227. 4. Does the word ‘ Redditch ”
water under the dome from the reciprocating action
yields a good proportion of silver. on needle labels stand for the maker’s name? A, Red- January 12, 1886,
of the engine. Felting the exposed parts of the boiler
(11) J. M. L. G. asks: 1. Whatis about ditch is a trade mark. You may obtain prices is also necessary to economy.
the cost of the least complicated and plainest (and through the jobbing trade in your city.—The sample AND EACH BEARING THAT DATE,
(29) L. H. R. writes: In a hydraulic
therefore the cheapest) lathes in the market? Also you ask about is called pebble cloth, made by passing
ram for making lead pipe the water ram is eaten with
planer of the same description. Both to be durable it through embossed calenders. Mastic varnish is pro- [See note at end of list about copies of these patents.)
grooves running vertically with the ram. This caused ee Sree ee Ee
and strong, for working iron. A. The price of lathes per for it.
the water to leak so badly, I had a new ram cast. I Abrading machine, C. K. Bradford................. 333,991
and planers varies so widely that it is impossible to (21) W. B. H. writes: Have you a re- now notice small grooves beginning in the same man- Acid, apparatus for distributing, etc., liquid car-
name a price without knowing the size. A new or cipe composed of linseed oil and resin, mixed, to make bonic, Convert & Rueff...........ceccececcsesess 334,351
ner, which, in less than a year’s time, will compel me
second hand lathe for iron work may be anywhere muslin semi-transparent and waterproof? A. Dissolve Acid, manufacture of salicylic, R. Schmitt........ 334,200
to get another new ram, unless the evil is remedied.
from $50 to $500. Planers about the same. Address together white resin pulverized 8 ounces, bleached lin-
What is the cause? What is the remedy or prevent- Aging spirituous liquors, wines, etc., apparatus
makers and dealers who advertise in our columns for seed oil 6 ounces, white beeswax 144 ounces; add the ROKe Eis AU WACOM. 5c ortuncn ert toc e tite Mitac: « c 334,222
ive? The water used is from the Kansas River, and
their lists of new and second hand machinery, stating turpentine while hot. Apply to both sides of the cloth Air brake for railway cars, electro-magnetically
is not filtered; but if the cause was from sand or any operated, H. Hollerith.................4 334,020 to 334,022
about the size you want. 2. Is it injurious to slightly while it is stretched tight. 2. How are the yellow gritty substance, it surely would ruin the leather pack- Air compressor, L. 8. Chichester divides asa des, SOB, 006
oil or grease boilers at night when quitting work? A. oil proof coats made? A. The yellow jackets referred ings before it would eat away the ram. A. The ram Air or gas engine, G. H. Babeock............ 834,152, 384,153
There is no harm in oiling the outside of your boiler. to are made by treating the cloth with a solution made pistons in the lead pipe presses in New York and vi- Air and gas engines, operating, G. H. Babeock.... 334,155
8. Do the safety plugs (in the crown sheet) ever melt by dissolving 1 ounce beeswax in 1 pint best lin- Air or gas engines, operating, G. H. Babcock...... 334,154
cinity have a life of only about one year, wearing in
out when properly filled with metal, when well covered seed oil over the fire, applying it, when cold, witha Animal trap, W. E. Maultby . 834,259
grooyes as you describe. The present practice is to
with water? A, Safety plugs have been known to melt piece of rag, rubbing it well in and then drying. Animal trap, G. F. Voester.......... 384,006
cover the pistons with copper, which wears two to
by too hard firing with a thin sheet of water over Automatic brake, J. T. Honeycutt.
(22) S. G. W. writes: Sam Jones, the three years. Old pistons are also covered and recoy-
them. Otherwise they are generally reliable. Axle DOR Car; We Suttonr tet wcdeveseccad
noted revivalist, is trying to make people believe that ered. If you have the old piston, you can have it Bag and twine holder, combined, J. Duls..
(12) A. E. L.— Oberlin College, Ohio, 13 worlds have been lost sight of by the astronomers, covered. Gritty substances, as fine sand, iron rust, Bagasse furnace, W. W. Sutcliffe.........
Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., are institutions where and if is a sure sign that one world or planet will the hardening of the leather by absorption of iron, Baling press, P. K. Dederick.......... 334,005
part of the dunes are taken in labor. We do not know soon be destroyed. Give your opinion. A. We do together with the great pressure, is the assigned cause Barre! filler, J. McKenzie..... -- 384,268
of any institutions that provide for students wholly not think it follows that the stars referred to have been of the cutting. Bollows, a. Ws WOlgOl. 2... cuccnctesCaccccemeee as 334,319
earning both board and tuition, but with the $300 you Belts, slide for sword, F. T. Buffum 334,101
destroyed because they have been lost sight of. Astron: (30) C. R. desires a simple size for mak- Bicycle ds Lit VOst.. cc: Pesteetecetacde ... 384,825
have saved, some knowledge of the machinist’s trade, omy cites many instances of stars appearing in the ing decalcomanie or transfer paper. A. Use gelatin size. Bicycle seat, C. M. Clarke . 334,164
and plenty of pluck, we do not doubt you can get heavens attaining a high magnitude and then suddenly 2. Could I bake in a japan oven so that the transferred Billiard chalk holder, W. Zaehringer 834,099
about as thorough a course as you may resolve upon. disappearing again. In some cases these phenomena Block. See Hat tinishing block. Pulley block.
printing could be drawn slightly, like a blacking box
(18) M. I.—Lignite may be readily press- have been observed to be periodic. We do not see that lid? A. If the picture is coated with a transparent Sawmill head block.
the destruction of the earth follows by analogy. Boiler. See Steam boiler.
edin bricks for burning, by the addition of alittle tar or japan varnish, it can be baked same as any other var-
Boer, We. Ce Pennock 9. tae dee cies fatedetes «12.2 SOL IT
fluid pitch or asphalt. Crude oil does not dry readily, (23) J. J. W. asks: 1. The ingredients nish. If the japan is quite thin, the metal may be Book rest and stand, folding, Walker & Crayton... 334,313
and might not be found practicable. Presses for this for a good water stain to imitate walnut? A. Burnt drawn, Boot and shoe burnishing machine, H. Nelson.... 334,304
work are made in Pennsylvania. umber 2 parts, rose pink 1 part, glue 1 part, water sufii- (81) H. L. writes: 1. I wish to melt a Boot and shoe nail, A. Eppler, Jr............. 20... 334,361
(14) G. E. B. asks: Of what value would cient; heat all together and dissolve completely; ap- Boot or shoe, J. J. Feeney............0eeeeeecececeees 334,364
gold coin in a sand crucible, and want instructions how
ply to the work first with a sponge, then go over it with Boot or shoe buffing roll, C. K. Bradford........... 334,162
a knowledge of the process of hardening copper be to to proceed, <A. Break into small pieces, mix with Boot or shoe creeper, L. C. Hoffmeister. ... 334,381
any one at the present time? A. Such a process would a brush, and varnish over with shellac. 2. A good borax, and expose it in the crucible. 2. Is there Bottle stopper, R. Bloeser............-...065 334,334
be very valuable if it can be done after the copper has jet black water stain, A. Pour 2 quarts boiling water danger of heating too hot? A. No. 38. Can I remedy Bottle stopper fastening, H. P. Brooks............. 334,100
been worked to shape or combined with other metals, over 1 ounce of powdered extract of logwood, and its tendency to crack ? A. Only by proper annealing. Bottling machine, W. F. Dorflinger. ......... 334,357
as the linings of pump cylinders, hydraulic rams, and| when the solution is effected 1 drachm of yellow 4. I have seen gold coin as yellow as brass and some Box. See Cash box. Folding box.
pistons, and fora thousand uses in running machinery. |chromate of potash is added and the whole well stirred. almost as red as copper. What is the cause of so nnch Bracket. See Easel shelf bracket.
The hard alloys of copper are well known. When rubbed on wood, it produces a pure black. 3, Brake. See Automatic brake.
difference in color? A. The red color is due to its
A good size for gilding with gold leaf, one to be Brick drying structure, J. K., Caldwell........... . 834,107
being alloyed with copper. The natural coloris yellow,
(15) F. W. asks the simplest way to ready for gilding in an hour. A. Good drying oil 1 Bridge gate, automatic draw, W. 8. Morton........ 334,084
but it becomes red by the addition of copper. See
tell how much a block and fall will safely carry. pound, pure gum anime powdered 4 ounces. Bring Bridie- blind, :A...W. RaneOmt.s.2.;.vaccereesre 2s... 334,050
“The Practical Gold Worker,” by George Gee, which Bridle, harness, M. R. Good...........:eeeeeeeeeseees 334,168
Also, how many men it would take to lift a certain the oil almost to the boiling point in a covered metal
wecan send for $1.75. Broom corn, compound jfor softening and dyeing,
weight with a 2 and 3 sheave block, and the difference pot, add your gum gradually and cautiously to the
Aid WEY GARLIC tena Ayateiclotia ase e aa eats sso oe 334,140
with 3 and 4 sheaves and blocks; also, if ropes are oil, stirring all the time to dissolve completely. Boil (82) J. G. H.—We could not recommend
Broom holder, J. F. Barringer...... nataretas ss « . 384,214
measured round or through, and if thereis a book on toa tarry consistency and strain, while warm, through asteam pump to be used once a fortnight. It would Brushy oP BOW ait ehivers. crepes citdccegeedese.... 334,336
ropes and knots, A. With a pair of blocks of 2 and silk, into a warm bottle with a wide mouth. Keep it never be in order for running. A small low pres- Brush backs, device for inserting bristles in, B.
3 sheaves respectively, you will have a leverage of 5 to well corked; use as required, thinning with turpentine. sure steam pump in the market will cost about $125. RP POF. titasdotes woastetitscetreentetee cece ssvcs. 334,121
1, less the friction. With a pair of blocks of 3 and 4 4, The compositition of the so-called oil finish? A. Boiled We consider gasoline a dangerous element in its liquid Brush making machine, J. M. Pickering............ 334,086
sheaves respectively, the leverage will be 7 to 1, less linseed oil 1 pint, yellow wax 4 ounces; melt and color state, in the vicinity of fire. Its vapor, mixed with Building material, form of, J. S. Armstrong........ 334,401
the friction. New ropes will bear from 1,500 to 2,000 with alkanet root. air, as used for lighting purposes, where the vaporiza- ‘Buatle, (A Me Beldeiies ccaservcidessceccrsacethianecs. sce SOOM
pounds as a safe load per square inch of section. A tion is carried on outside of the premises, will be safe Button TyGub lapbes.. A aestuse ieee citiee nets ve ocs 334,191
rope of 1 inch diameter will have %{ of an inch section, (24) H. N.S. asks:"Which is the faster— if burned in jets in a stoye.
Button or stud, T. B. Cleveland.............. . 334,349
Button setting machine, Wilkins & Bartlett....... 334,321
and may be used for from 1,200 to 1,500 pounds load. a. toboggan or asled (steel shod); assuming that the (383) J. C.—A first class ice boat, sailing Cable grip, roller, G. A. Polhemeus (r).............. 10,677
Ropes are sold by their size in circumference. Thus a total weight is the same in each case, the incline of the on first class ice, ‘vill sail from three to four times Calculating machine, E. W. Watson......... --» 334,064
8 inch rope is 0°95 inch diameter. -A 2% inch rope will coast the same, and eachon a coast best adapted to it? faster than the wind that drives the boat. For exain- Can counting machine, E. Norton............. see = 334,273
be a little over % inch diameter, etc. See ScrmentTrrrc Also, the reasons governing your reply. “A. We should ple, a wind having a velocity of fifteen miles an hour Can delivering device, automatic, E. Norton..... 334,274
AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 396, Rope Strains. say the steel shod sled. Although the frictional resist- Capsule machine, J. Krehbiel..............:........2 334,240
will drive the boat at the rate of from forty to sixty
ance is independent of the area of contact (so much Car coupling, M. Dill -». 804,955
(16) T. H. G. writes: I havea mahogany larger in the toboggan than ina sled) or the velocity
miles an hour.
Caricoupling; DPM. Harrip..ctecsdctcsvestderesccsess 334,169
table which has been varnished and has ink spots on of rubbing, and the intensity of pressure is the same, (84) W. H. O. desires a formula for Carieoupling, LABS Kenney. cs caasectceruesiestcs 334,388
it. 1. By what means canI get the varnish and ink off, yet the rubbing surfaces of the toboggan present making white miners’ oil, for burning in lamps. A. Car starter, ©. Fo Dodges, Avalon Mieka ss4.. 334,111
in order to rub on an oj] finish? A. The ink spots Take 50 to 60 per cent mineral, seal, or some other 300° Cars, street indicator for, Beaver & Jewitt........ 334,381
more asperities to interlock with those of the ice or
can be washed off with water and the varnish with oil and from 40 to 50 per cent of pure lard oil. A Carbons, apparatus for treating, E. Weston...... . 834,146
snow than do the steel runners of a sled. Bodies hay-
Carpet fastener, F. C. Hellmuth..................... 334,170
alcohol. 2. What is best to polish carved brass? <A. ing rough surfaces, those made of compressible cheaper article is made by using 40 to 50 per cent cotton
Carpet stretcher, Keller & Wiley................... 384,174
Polish with rotten stone and oil, alcohol, or spirits of material, and those of irregular surface and form ex- or rape seed oil,
Carpets, etc., fastening for, D. M. & J. E. Smyth.. 334.138
turpentine. 3. What will remove water stains from hibit greater friction, as these features are exaggerated. (35) E. W. asks: What is agood, cheap Carriage, baby, J. W. Griffin................0.0.00-- 534,372
polished marble ? A. Mix quicklime with strong lye, substitute for beeswax to cout wooden patterns for use Carriage, baby, J. R. Moore ... 334,030
so as to form amixture having the consistency of cream, (25) N. N.—Art work is so various in Cash box, self-registering, T. Carney............... 334,347
but a few times, something that can be applied with
and apply it immediately with a brush. If this com- its specialties that we cannot venture on specific names Cast wheel, pulley, etc., M. D. Loomis.............. 334,178
a brush, without heat? A. Shellac varnish. 2. What
position be allowed to remain for a day or two, and without knowing what you should know, viz., what Casting box, stereotype, Pratt & Partridge........ 334,048
isa good flux for welding iron in a blacksmith’s fire. and
be then washed off with soap and water, the marble your taste leans to in art study. Whena young man Casting stench traps, mould for, E. H. Murdock.. 334,083
the desirable qualities of coal forsame? A. Clear white
will appear as though it were newy. arrives at the age suggesting a feeling of responsi- Chair. See Spring chair.
sand or borax. Use best Cumberland coal, free from WRIT, Je LW «EEICG.. ..detccens ceceeaseretamtiks sos oc 334,087
bility, he should at once consult with his friends or
(17) F. A. C. desires a receipt for a har- sulphur, Chimneys on burners, device for holding and lock-
those that know his habits, opportunities, and pro-
ness cleaner and oiler. A. Take 2ounces mutton suet,
clivities, as to the probability of his success in any (86) J. C. writes: | am burning in my ing, J. R. Bowers --» 834,161
6 ounces beeswax, 6 ounces powdered sugar candy, 2 boiler slabs that are saturated with salt water, and find Churn, W. Jarrell iis. citsdscasaden sales + soe 384,229
trade or art that presents itself to his grasp. We
ounces soft soap, and 1 ounce indigo or iampblack. that the tubes of the boiler have to be cleaned out Cider machine, M. K. Brubaker............5..cs.e0e 334,343
believe that you have an excellent library in your Circuit changer, automatic, E. T. Gilliland... . 34,014
Dissolve the soap in ¥ pint of water, then add the every few days on account of the salt, which is coated
town in which are to be found books on the trades Clamp. See Sucker rod clamp.
other ingredients, melt and mix together, add a giil heavily upon them. Is there any danger of the salt
and arts. Join it and read. Clamping device, spring, I. W. Heysinger.......... 834,016
of turpentine, lay it on the harness with a sponge eating into them or doing any injury? A. The burning Cleansing machine, T. H. Page...................-. 334,182
and polish off with a brush. (26) C. R. asks whether successive coats of salt fuel under boilers may not materially affect Clip. See Traveling bag clip.
(18) C. H. B.—The coarse emeries are of glue, applied hot to wood or articles of a woody the iron while the boiler is in use, but may make a Clock escapement, C. Becker, Sr...........ss.cseces 334,068
sifted. You may buy sieves of brass for grades down nature, would permeate the material, giving it tough- coating or form a coat upon the surface of the tubes Clock gong and bell, G. Gardner... . 384,012
to No. 80 or 90, After that, wash by placing the ness and rigidity, or would said glue remain as a by the condensation of the evaporated salt that will be Clothes pounder, Hill & Crooker.................... 334,379
emery in a basin, pail, or tub, according to the quan- mere coating, not permeating ? Ifthe glue would not troublesome to clean off. When the boiler is not in Cock box, stop, B. Cy Smith: cnagiad ends, feeiseabls
sss rs 334,137
materially permeate, what would you suggest as a Collar fastening, horse, Gillespie & Cassan......... 34,370 |
tity you wish to wash, with a small pipe attached ‘to use, the salt crust will absorb water and rust the tubes.
fluid that would permeate and produce rigidity and, at Colors, manufacture of archil-red azo, C.
ahose from a water supply, and a faucet to regulate A close examination of the rear end of the boiler and
gO Ee AG ORC EG Cont ot DOL ARE ene (> CREPE ETE i
the flow; stir the emery at the bottom of the pail the same time, have a preserving quality? It is de- tubes will show whether the tubes are accumulating a Connecting rod, bearing pin, L. H. Nash
with the hose nozzle, allowing the water and fine sired that the article should be very cheap and the crust that the tube brush does not remove. If so, Connecting rod for pistons, etc., L. H. Nash....... 334,085
emery to run over the side of the pail into a pan process very simple. A. Glue will not penetrate wood better abandon the use of salt fuel. The dry salt does Cooling and disinfecting apparatus, L. H. Lati-
larger than the pail, and, if necessary, continue the sufficiently to affect its stiffness or rigidity. Boiling not affect the iron. The salt absorbs water when the WGI ins 6 ont0s sr6s nmpasarak a teenth amr AehvPaNens's sre cis6 334,078
overflow into two or three pans. The different pans the articles in thin glue for a few minutes will allow boiler is cold, whenrust takes place. > Cork extractor, Tobias & Shoesmith................ 834,061
the glue to penetrate slightly further than the mere Corset, K... Dumais... ..caccgcemvcsncapedesess...ves Sidow
will catch different grades of emery. Your own (87) J. S.—Cast or tool steel cannot be
judgment and a little tact must be used in regulating brushing of the hot glue upon the surface. Whatever Counter and show case, combined, 8. B. Dooley... 334,356
welded together with any certainty. Low grade steel Coupling. See Car coupling. Detachable coup-
the flow of water. can be forced through the grain endwise, that would
that will harden, such as shear and double shear, can ling. Hub and axle coupling.
dry easily and of a glutinous nature, would stiffen the
(19) L. 8. P.—Height of Washington be welded together fairly with borax and sal ammoniac Coupling joint, B. F. Sweet
work. These processes are tedious and expensive.
monument, 555 feet. The depth that a body sinks in or borax alone, which are also good for welding steel Cuff holder, F. E, Kohler...........
sea water depends upon its density. Sea water (27) J. M. D. asks: Is there any virtue to iron, Use about one-tenth sal ammoniac, pulverized Cultivator, 8. L. Allen.... .
weighs 64312 pounds to a cubic foot, while fresh water in the “divining rod,” so called, as a means of deter- with the borax and heated to evaporate the water, then Cultivator, M. lk. MeCray.... =
pulverize again and weld with the powder. GE RtOR,. Wei. ©GLOE Rs oc ve cnn ntti asineecras sccenne
weighs 6244 pounds to a cubic foot. From this a mining the locality of hidden streams of water? A.
Cutter. See Meat cutter.
comparison of the floating capacities may be estimated. None whatever. The bobbing of the stick is duetoa (38) E. M. asks (1) what to add to hair Desk and seat, combined adjustable, A. B. Irvin., 334,171
All bodies heavier than water go to the bottom at muscular pressure by the holder. oil that will give the hair a yellow color. I have very Detachable coupling, W. BE, Link............. 02.4 «+ 334,256
once, even to the greatest depths. The greatest depth (28) T. E. writes: I have a marine light hair, and would like to color it a darker shade. Door attachment, sliding, W. Spear................ 334,208
yet reached is about 23,000 feet. See ScrenTiFICc boiler in use on a steamboat that gives plenty of steam, A. A bismuth hair dye is described in Screnriric Hoor hangar, C.. Wi. BAUAG. css ccrccensccesesss caease é
AMERICAN SuPPLEMENT, No. 398, for illustration of but the motion of the engine (12 inches in diameter, 5 AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No, 356, which is not consid- Draught equalizer, J. L. Powles .... oa
deep sea sounding apparatus. 6,000 to 10,000 pounds feet stroke) raises the water in said boiler at least 4 ered injurious at all to the head. 2. Give me a remedy Drum, heating, M. N. Kimble. ...........ceeesescess
per square inch is the greatest hydraulic pressure we inches. There is asteam drum on top of boiler about Dyed, machine for condensing warps for being, L.
to purify the blood. A. We would refer you to a
have heard of being used; 4,000 to 6,000 pounds per 18 inches diam. and 24 inches high. Would an addi- WY EWES py sche vcbse chs 5 doc dde ht EOP Sa Ornnsasen 334,122
physician for a remedy of this character. 3. A good
Easel shelf bracket, T. P. Watkins,. 334,065
square inch in common use. tional steam drum connected horizontally to top of toilet soap. A, See ‘‘The Manufacture of Toilet Eaves trough, W. C. Berger.............+ 34100
(20) C. B. writes: 1. I have an iron drum now on boiler, with a three inch pipe, prevent Soaps,” contained in Screnriric AMERICAN SUPPLE- Electric alarm apparatus, C. H. Hilton....
wash sink with
acommon trap and X inch waste Pipe the raising of water when the engine is in motion? If MENT, Nos, 518 and 519. Electric light, multiplex, A. C. Ferguson...........
 124 Scientific American. [FEBRUARY, 1886.
Electric arc light, Gage & Crary........<secssseseees 354,073 Metallic wheel, J. R. Little................+.-884,249, 834,252 Spinning machine spindles, bobbin holder for, J.
Electric lighting apparatus, A. C. Ferguson........ 334,366 Microsc0pe, On PABOMIC.. vcccas Secrcapessbsciunees «-s 334,009 Davis..... SeCeSenapecvesctostsecceneverteceue eencees BOOT Wovertisements.
Electrical indicator, 8. Weston...........+. Dae denne COANE Mill. See Fanning mill. Roller mill. Rolling Spring chair and seat, T. D. Davis..... . 333,998
Elevator attachment, L. Sentor........... «+++ eeeee 334,201 mill. Spring trap, J. Vasseur, Jr..........+.+ . 34,311
te" Tue Screntiric AMERICAN, ARCHITECTS’ AND
Buttpenrs’ Evrtron, reaches all the Architects and
Elevator safety device, P. Moran. .......--+sseseees 334,083 Mitering machine, J. G. Leffingwell................ 334,247 Stamp, hand, V. H. Emerson..........+++ 334,008 leading Builders throughout the United States, and
Elliptic springs, machine for setting bands on, E. Motion, device for converting reciprocating into Starch, manufacture of, J. C. Schuman ........... 354,000 is unquestionably the cheapest and most effective
SAALNG sss codes siecdtceass canes cedadnectesnewnus 384,397 rotary grip and slip, W. T. Kosinski............ 834 392 Steam boiler, J. Baird.............. cde vbdvanads<<wees 384,156 medium for the display of announcements relati:
Embossed fabric for upholstery, etc., W. Sochef- Motor,J. B. Miles........ vauveues ccececccecccecscccess SOMOS Steam boiler agitator, H. B. Meech..........0..+00+ 334,182 to Goods, Materials, and Appliances used in Buil
TEED TL OOD OE Oe ed er 884,300Motor engine worked by combustible gases or pe- Steam engines, pitman attachment for multiple-
ings. The rates of advertising are very low. <Ad-
dress the Publishers,
Engine. See Air or gas engine. Gas engine. troleum,G. Daimler.............+ eat0cos bedanwave: CORI cylinder, M. N. LYN. 20.06 <s6s0sscecceccscee wees 834,025 MUNN & CO., 361 Broadway, New York.
Motor engine. Oscillating engine. Rose en- Mucilage holder, C. 8. Pinkham......... otegs exasees 834,046 Steam heater, upright, W. F. Boswell. « 534,335
gine. Rotary-engine. Traction engine.
=xtension table, H. F. Burmester........... 834,108, 334,104
Nail. See Boot and shoe nail.
Nail plate furnace, 8. Bunn....... xo uk pall es aen ses
Steam trap, R. Newton..............-
Stocking blank, Branson & Brinton............ « e+. 384,089
«+. 334,272
‘CET THE BEST AND CHEAPEST
Fan, automatic, J. W. Rykard iw wos Nail machine, wire, H. B. Lester. e. Stopper. See Bottle stopper.
1 TRADE PE RIN@Mark. yp
Fanning mill, A. Mekelburg............ Neckwear frame, E. C, Cooke............ voids dade eee 884,852 Stove and range door, A. C. Mason
Faucet, P. Schofield. ... ......0seseseseeees Necktie fastener, D. T. Freese.............. cece one Ob eek Stove leg, D. E. Paris............+++
Feed cutter feed chain, P. Fisher.........-...+.004 3 Nozzle, spray, E. J. Delaney.... wos 334,110 Stoves, end shelf for, D. E. Paris...... ececceees BO4,135 LA. FAY% Co.
Feed regulator, L. C. Shroeder... . 834,092Nut lock, O. L. Castle....... 834,070 Strainer and cut-off, Hough & Hoffman............ 334,386 a =m
vA
CINCINNATI. O.
SOLE AGENTS UNITED STATES.
Feed water heater, H. Poe...... eoees Bo4,192 Nut lock, J. F. M. Morse.. ++» 834,081 Strap. See Harness breast strap.
Feed wuter heater, O. Rothrock............. spe inkvs 334,197 Nut lock, L. & C. Staples.........ss000. Mars sceads, 334,058 Straw stacker, C. N. Leonard..........ssceeseeceeees 334,402 J.-A. FAY & co.,,
File cutting machine, C. M. Fairbanks.............. 334,115 Oil upon the sea at harbors, docks, etc., apparatus (Cincinnati, Ohio, U. 8S. A.)
Sucker rod clamp, W. Hellem.....-.....++++++ ceseses OO4, 220
Fire alarm indicator, W. C. Walter 5 for distributing, J. Shields.................065 e+» 834,205 Supporter. See Garment supporter. aoanye Agents and Importers forthe United States
of the
Firearm, magazine, Larsen & Winterros............ 384,244 Oiler, car axle, J. Gibbons..... Switch or circuit controller, E. Weston..... esceees Sd4,143 CELEBRATED
Wireescape. A. M. Jeffers... .cecscesccecasecceces +++. 834,230 Oscillating engine, D. C, Putnam............ ecvccnes Ck coe Syringe, Ward & Sylvester.........ssseeccees scsessee 904,316
Fire escape, W. G. Ketchum.. ecevees Bd, 207 Packing for engines, plunger, L. H. Nash.......... 334,087 Syringe valve, C. A. Tatum.........-...+++ auseseesue DOSUGO
PERIN BAND SAW BLADES,
Paint and varnish, J. W. & F. R. Hoard............ 834,019 Table. See Extension table. Warranted superior to all others in quality, finish,
Fireplace, E. R. Procter...... seoeees 394,088 uniformity of temper, and general durability.
Fireproof garment, J. W. Elli0t..........-seeeeeeees 334,360 Paper drier, H. Winterwerber................0005 -.. 834,150 Table leaf support, W. Kline@............ceeseeeeeeees 334,239 One Perin Saw outwears three ordinary saws.
Flour and bread, preparing gluten, J. E. Lauer.... 334,245 Paper making machine, W. F. Edwards....... .... 834,072 Tag making machine, H. Denney.............++++ oe. 304,220 Manufacturers of Planing Machines and
other Patent Wood Working Machinery,
DROME Olt. As We TORK B es onc6cocpunstesd Svewe taunnsn 334,246 Parasol or umbrella, D. C. Fischel.................. 334,368 Target, O. F. Seibold........ sssssereee re oa aseees Ob4,208
Folding box or crate, A. Harris........ i spawers evens Bd4,375 Parer, slicer, and corer, apple, W. W. McMillan... 334,130 Telegraph, printing, R. J. Sheehy.............++004+ 334,204
Frame.
Furnace.
nace.
See Neckwear frame.
See Bagasse furnace.
Portable furnace.
Nail plate fur-
Smoke consuming
Patton, BH, Hollang iss scicsesnsanay
Pavements, joint marking and dressing tool for
olesaes opieieh'siveeieieny 834,383 Telegraph, railway car, L. J. Phelps...... 334,186 to 334,189
Telephone, acoustic, C. D. Bentley............ we eee 304,069
cement, M. Macdonald....::sccccss tsasecc sence . 834,125 Telephone call, individual, J. H. Kinsman......... 354,390
CABLE ROADS
DUPLICATE SYSTEM,
furnace. Pencil sharpener, W. H. Lamson........ Reis ca'seuuus 5 334,242 Thrashing machine feed reguiator, A. W. Lock- D. J. MILLER, 234 Broadway, New York City.
Baraoe; ot. As Ol. 6. cscs cope cosseesbuseue eevee 383,995 Pillow sham holder, C. F. Percival.................. 834,278 PLATGscan chalet avgecct seis sneer essen as eeesusan Aue 334,024
Type setting, etc., easy
Furnaces, tapping hole for, G. W. Goetz........... 334,015 Pin DM. Bi GYOW.. ccu.cecvcscvepesstececestanette Jescoct 834,373 Thread, machine for polishing silk and other, C. by printed directions. For
Gauge. See Sewing machine gauge. Sirup Pipe wrench, W. Hellem. «00.00 cccccsdevea-secceece 334,227 B. Trescott. .. business or home use
gauge. Pipe wrench, H. L. dousholder............. seeeeeee 304,887 Threads of hanks or skeins, mechanism for open- or money mato For old
or young. Send 2 stamps
Gauge and clamp for weather boarding, etec., W. Pipes, frost proof ventilator for soil and other, T. ing and separating, P. Durancon.............06+ for catalogue of presses,
BOWNESS sinss 60505450 0sv0 ve susp banpeey tke Ske caphiven 6 334,363 ca ae aviation tialeae svicp sect DOLDOT. Ticket, store service, C. Baum............eeeceeseees type, cards, paper, etc.,
to factorv.
Gauges, face plate for marking, J. A. Traut........ 334,308 Plaiting machine, G. & J. H. Taylor........ bios ow ans 04,000 Time ball and apparatus, W. F. Gardner....
KELSEY & CO.,
Galvanic batteries, manufacture of earthenware Plane, J. WOOdS.....scccecere eevee sme comedies Cevneese 334,824 Tire for vehicle wheels, ice, T. B. Williams Meriden, Conn,
tanks or cells for, F. W. Meeker................. Planter, corn, J. P. Webb............ Salvia sie Caw ease 334,318 Tire upsetting machine, J. R. Little............. oe. 834,255
Garment supporter, E. Thompson... Planter, seed, L. 8. Flatau........ Saweeseh eons tie Tobacco plant setter, J. B. Mitchum ++. 334,029
Gas engine, L. H. Nash Plow, 32M. Burrows. .ssscenasthepaxnsee pe tuces Tongs, pipe, J. J. Palmer.........-. 334,276
A TREATISE ON STEAM BOILER INCRUSTATION
and Methods for Preventing Corrosion and the Forma-
Gas engine governor, L. H. Nash,..........cseeeees 334,088 Plow, sulky, A. F. Cass......... Sp siete essENs Siem Tongue support, M. M. Russell . 834,289 “tion of Scale, including Methods for Determining the
Gas engines, feeding and operating, L. H. Nash... 834,040 Plow, sulky, 8. W. Gutridge........ . Tool holder, E. F. Noyes........ MacasenoNee seeee 004,042 Constituents and a Description of Dr. Clark’s Soap Test
for Determining the Degree of Hardness of Water; the
Gas furnace, W. Swindell..........+s.eeseeee Polishing material, feeder for, H. W. Smith....... 334,296 Torpedo railway signal, T. G. Palmer.............. 334,153 Effects of Rain, River, Well, and Sea Waters on Steam
Gas making apparatus, T. fF. Martin Portable furnace, 8. L. Wiegand............... veees 304,400 Traction engine, B. 8. Benson,.........sceeeeeeeseee 334,333 Boilers; Compounds and Apparatus for Purifying, Soft-
Gas or water regulator, B. Franklin..............0.. Power. See Horse power. Trap. See Animal trap. Sewer trap. Steam spy) peteegen Filtering, Spraying, and Separating For-
eign Matter with from Mine, River, Well, and other Wa-
Gas saving device, G. W. Reed.. Press. See Baling press. Seal press. trap. ters; Apparatus for Feeding Chemicals with the Water
Gate, T. Rodecker Pressure regulator, fluid, W. J. Acheson........... 334,326 Trap for baths, basins, etc., E. 8S. McClellan..... +... 304,129 to Steam Boilers, and for Economizing in the Quantity
/Gear, Teversing, G. Si King: scsdsnk. cance topes eenen Printing machine, plate, O. S. Harmon... Traveling bag clip, W. Roemer............+..++ esses 304,195 of Water Consumed for Generating Steam in Places
where the Supply of Water is Limited; Devices for Re-
Governor for motors, J. DOW. oc cccsasecdecseccncvnce 334,112 Printing plates, producing, C. F. Josz.... WV AVG yr) seWV HUB yrelDisicte sieteleleistelstowis
nessiete ieso'sWetessetwea Bodjole moving the Mud and Sediment and for Blowing off the
Grain separator, Wadsworth & Prentice. Privy and attachments, P. Anthony............. Valve, balanced, E. B. Sintzenich........ : oe Less Crystalline Substances and Salt from Steam Boil-
ers; Including also a catesEN down of Compounds for Soft-
Grate, endless chain, T. Poore....... Pulley Block; Gsw.. Clarks .sic9.. cuedeaeeae ss cones ening Incrustations and Methods Claimed as Preven-
Grater, nutmeg, A. L. Platt....... Pulley, expanding, J. M. Herman tives to the Incrustation and Corrosion of Land and
Grater mutmer, Ji Me Sm yt ss so:cscsnweies vsieciearlen 334,298 Pulverizer for drugs, ete., R. W. Seger Mar ne Steam Boilers; also a Complete List of all Amer-
ican Patents Issued by the Government of the United
Grinding rolls, machine for dressing, F. Messer... 334,262 Pulverizing machine, J. R. Woodburn......... eee» 304,098 Valve, straight-way, J. T. Paget...........seeessses States from 1790 to July 1, 1884, for Compounds and Me-
Hame, C. H. Allen of Pomp, FM. 1). 3s, (BABCOX:....qhccspeecesemeaae cee 334,211 Valves, safety stop for throttle, G. E. Messer...... 334,261 chanical] Devices for Purifying Water and for Prevent-
Hammer, copper tipped, H. A. Randall............ 334,283 Pump pressure regulator, steam, W. B. Mason, Vapor burner, O. Ewert....... actin c sicetreeite Wulaviewss (O04, 100
ing the Incrustation of Steam Boilers. Illustrated by
sixty-five engravings. By Charles Thomas Davis, author
Handle for satchels, etc., W. Roemer...........5.. 334,196 334,079, 334,080 Vapor engines, operating explosive, L. H. Nash... 334,041 of ‘‘ A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Bricks
Hanger. See Door hanger. Pump valve, Burch & Scovill............ eR ATS 334,105 Vehicle, spring, H. A. Moyer............sseeeee eeeee 304,032 Mena hay ies oeee. epi onare A catalogue of
coks sent to who will apply. ddress MUNN & Co.
Harness breast strap, I. A. Miller................06 834,128 Punch, belt, Bouchy & Bamberger Vehicle, two-wheeled, Davies & Gayley..... ‘ 361 Broadway, New York City. #90
Harness trimming, G. F. Eberhard.......... 334,006, 384,007 Punching and feeding scraps of sheet metal, ma-
Harrow; GC. A. BrostTom...o0c. sapserccsecatie chine for, GoM Platt... 5scs ces een cys Jeetenny +» 834,190
Harrow,> J. Marshall -60s6s5c9:03secen'ds Punching machine, H. Tay... 3. ..ce0skteceed. echoes 384,139 Vise jaw, E. Shaw........ .... Remington Standard Type-Writer
Haiwow,. H. Sater. ......0055% Punching machine, check, J. M. Montgomery, Jr. 334,264 Wagon, M..Conradon <5. cccesacos
Purchasers per-
Harrow, wheel, H. L. Easley Quilting bed comfortables, etc., machine for, F. | Wagon; CO. LOE. oc sinlaciaes Neb etna 5 mitted to return by
Harvester finger bar attachment, Hamilton & I Palmericsc.e. sss Reunites ecalternate nue eae Saleebiataiere 334,275 Wagon body, P. A. McVicar.......... Express C. O. D. for
PREP OL. oo o'nons th a sineRielnye'sidle a brics vend Nejuss oo vdses 834,37 Rail joint, J. Shipley....... . 384,056 Wagon jack, W. N. Springer................ teen ; Hl
full purchase price
Hat brim curling machine, R. Eickemeyer......... 334,221 Railway: tie, HAN. Eigleysi icc. cds. .fo.cdancane coaete 334,228 Wall hangings, etc., decorating, W. Sochefsky..,. 334,299
at any time within
Hat tinishing block, C. E. Keator...... aide dateicate eee Bd4,236 Railway tracks, splice bar rail chair, for street, A. Watch, stem winding and setting, H. A. Lugrin... 334,179
thirty days, thus
Hay rake and loader, C. P. Slaght.. Js, MEO KDA: c.55 sdauh veoh shintceissinge states seeseres 804,205 Water closet, H. C. Kurten......... Aosprcoronens wees 804,176 giving an opportun-
Hay stacker, J. S. Rayl.......... Railways, automatic alarm signaling and safety Water, device for automatically gauging the flow
ity for comparison
Heater. See Feed water heater. Steam heater. Gevice for, H.W. Ries. ss iaccspce vena csseeanitercace 334,194 Of, OU. SIDDICIES swe aewacees useseyeeeeeecees 334,095
= with other ma-
Holder. See Bag holder. Billiard chalk holder. Railways, overhead conductor for electric, C. J. Watermarks, producing, C. M. Schmidt. 334,199 é chines.
Broom holder. Cuff holder. Mucilage holder. Wan Dopooles.. cine ocscasstatereunie Specie sense 834,062 Weaner, calf, H. W. McNeal......... 334,131
Pillow sham holder. Rein holder. Tool Rake. See Hay rake. Weaving apparatus, hand, E. Wernicke........ see 384,320 Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict,
holder. Reflector, J. E. McLaughlin............ ais Ge ares ween es 304,270 Wheel. See Metallic wheel. Vehicle wheel. 339 Broadway New York.
Horse power, S. G. Hoekstra.......0..seeecsccesees 834,074 Regulator. See Feed regulator. Gas or water Wheel, E. T. Burgess............ ich pecicdvaactees ace COs 160
Horses from harness and vehicles, device for re- regulator. Lamp regulator. Pump pressure Wheel, J. B. McCune..... ela’e eislateselsteenie oily . 334,893
Lepeing iO, W. WAU: .-npcl st cusneats seeebewanece 834,097 Wire burring machine, A. Eppler, Jr...... . 834,362.
CONSTRUCTION OF STABLES. — A
regulator. Speed regulator. . paperby A. W. Wright, describing a model stable just
Horses, sweat scraper for, G. W. Sandford.......- 334,198 Rein holder, W..0. Barber. ssoiis00ssase onde oascsaicls 334,067 Wrench. See Pipe wrench. finished for the North Chicago City Railway. Contained
Horseshoe, G. G. Shroeder ...........esscescssscees Relay, polarized, L. J. Phelps...:-a.sdscceseueentene: 334,185 Wrench, D. Follett.... see eeeeeeeeteee seeeeeees 334,010 in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 463.
Price 10 cents. To be had at this office and from all
Hose, J. Jones... Rocking chair attachment, W. I. Bunker, Wrench, H. A. Larsen.. . 834,077 newsdealers.
Hose, machine for winding wire upon, I. W. 334,102, 334,345, 334,346 Wrench, J. D. Otstot ..
ATOMOY c's cele enh ve SUidisey v.0on baie eae E Cena 334,026 Roller. See Land channeling roller.
Hot air furnace, Van Stone & Taylor.. .. 334,310 Rollermill, BH, CHK @yser.ciccn.aceessanecee vasuinence 334,389
AERIAL NAVIGATION.— DESCRIP-
tion and illustration of a new aeronautic machine, de-
Hot air furnace casing, 8. N. Betts........... .. 338,989 Rolling will Alabeddare sees eee 334,044 DESIGNS. vised by Mr. Fred. W. Brearey, Secretary of the Aero-
Houses, constructing frame, H. Totman (r)........ 10,678 Rose engine, A. Zemann...... nautical Society of Great Britain. Contained in SCTEN-
Hub and axle coupling, vehicle, J. Raddin......... Rotary engine, C. P. Jurgensen.............
TIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 467. Price 10
seeeee 16,465 cents. To be had at this office and from all newsdealers
Hydraulic jack, Weeks & Traver............. whan Rudder brake, liquid, McColl & Cumming 334,081 ++ 16,465
Ice machine, A. R. Kenney.............00ee00s pdedee 334,120 Saddle, harness, A. Gilliam.......0.0+0000000000.0., 334,116 | Hangings. coverings, ete., C. Wheeler............... 16,469 u OUR ODOMETER attached to a wagon gives the miles traveled frag.
Incandescent, E. Weston....... obey binfe a Ratatale
ae 334,142 Salve, A. Meyer.........2..0. 334,028 | Hubs, ornamentation of, J. Maris............ «16,467, 16,468 1-100 —_ to 1000, and repeats. The size of a dollar [214 oz.]. Prica
Sash balance, H. R. Bridges........... 333,992 Moulding, FP. Mankeyscsiy-- secs caso ds cnases dem 16,456, 16,457 A $3. Only one ever stood test of time. 3wheels. Nosprings. Anew
Indicator. See Fire alarm indicator. pabicipis in mechanics that would be well for every inventor to
Injector, H. B. Murdock, ...2..2.ssce80-ses . 834,266 Saw guide, band, W. Kratzer............ . 334,175 Ornamentation of walls, etc., surface, F. Mankey.. 16,458 study, as there are hundreds of places in which it can be used.
va) Right of use, reasonable. Will be mailed to inventors for $2. if
Injector, W. B. Mack........... i. 834,124 Sawmill feed mechanism, T. J. Reamy. | 884,285 Overshoe, H, Ei Crampton sccecnee+<savaecgane owes 16,455 #Jmention Scr, Am. Send for catalogue of our REGISTERING IN-
Sawmill head block. ‘". J. Reamy... .. 334.284 Panel, W Mankey, uwdascssensns aside Uis'sielsiaiala alnaeeipieianed 16,462 ‘j/ STRUMENTS. A PEW GOOD MEN WANTED to handle our goods.
Injector, steam, J. Desmond............cccessecesces 834,354 McDonnsit Opomeresr Co., 2and 4 LaSalle Ave., Chicago,
Ink well cover, Whitman & Brown............. eee. 004,148 Saw tooth, insertible, A. Krieter.................... 334,241 Panel, open work, F. Mankey ae tr ae 16,459 to 16,461
Jack. See Hydraulic jack. Wagon jack. Saw tooth insertible oscillating, Swank & Dages.. 334,303 BLOUBLO Cig eer BuO Vel LF Olat ye: mee pore FVit!
JNgpromcninist’s, J. Brady. .iccescecccceaduituaee
sess $34,340 Sawing machine, D. W. Smith..................0008- 334,297 | Wall papery
THE MANUFACTURE OF CRUCIBLE
-Baimmarven: ar. sero 16,454 Cast Steel—A paper read before the Steel and Iron
Joint. See Coupling joint. Rail joint. Sawing machine, circular, J. F. Welch..... 334,141 Watch crown, E. A. Marsh............. Uae Wee tae verse 16,466
Institute.by He Seebohm. A presentation of the
Journal bearing for crank connecting rods, L. H. Scabbard, metallic bayonet, J. McKenney... ++ 334,269 facts connected with the oid-fashioned method of con-
Nash.... .. 834,034 verting bar iron into steel and then melting it in clay
Scale, pivot, J. S. Redline
Kitchen cabinet, L. May........... se, .. 834,260
TRADE MARKS. pots to form ingots of cast steel. Contained
TIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 464.
in ScTEN-
Price 10
Knitting machine, J. L. Branson..................«. 334,388 Beer, ale, porter, and stout, Bauernschmidt & cents. To be had at this office and from all newsdealers.
Lamp, C. H. Higbee....... 3343018
Lamp burner, C. H. Higbee. 384,017 Biscuits, Henriot & Co PORTABLE BRIDGES.
— DESCRIP-
Tampogner, W. B. Palmer siassch.
ces cunsetese ied 334,043 Scraper, road, EK. Lathrop... Cassimeres, cotton and woolen, J. M. Brown & Co.. 12,943 tion of a novelsystem of portable bridges devised by
Lamp, electric, F. G. Waterhouse................ «.. 384,317 Catalogues, Butler Bros..............+: eevee
ee ek2,904, 12,935 Mr. Alfred Cottrau, of Naples. Illustrated with 14 en-
Seal lock, G. H. Steadman. «... 834,802 gravings. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUP-
Lamp, electric arc, Dales & Adams. . 834,358 Seal press, C. L. Pond........ piecctlet ceaekpawtaas ee 334,395 Cordage and binders’ twine, Manila and Sisal, PLEMENT, No. 466. Price 10 cents. To be had at this
Lamp, electric arc, E. Weston...... . 834,144 Seeding machine, P. BH. Rogers....... ......+.22++. 304,396 Akron Twinefand Cordage Company............ 12,982 office and from aj] newsdealers.
Lamp extension device, Lang & Graeter... .. 584,245 Separator. See Grain separator. | Cotton piece goods, H. G. Woodruff........ Man eacpas 12,949
LAT ees WV BAKOP iii seis 0 vce 'ndes cckdsswanites. 334,328 Sewer trap, D. Higgins................ tacts «. 334,378 Oil, olive, Societe Hygienique Alimentaire......... 12,948 BRIDGE ACROSS THE MISSISSIPPI AT
Lamp regulator, are, J. A. Jenney.................. 334,023 Perfumery, Mulhens & Kropff.......... 12,942, 12,944, 12,945 Prairie du Chien.—By John Lawler, C.E. A paper read
Sewer trap or ventilator, G. W. Beard.... . 894,158 at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Civil
Lamp shades, etc., forming block for making, Sewing machine attachment, E. 8. Harris.......... 834,118 | Perfumery for the handkerchief and toilet, Lorenz Engineers, and discussion following. h five engray-
MADGuSViR DOU OL. ..o. da 00 see ses ee. bess culoees
834,126 Sewing machine gauge, H. C. Curtis................ 334,218 Bronicasase Poxsies cvtine peice sins gates ED veoee
12,940 ings. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLE-
MENT, No. 463. Price 10 cents. To be had at this
Lamps, testing incandescent electric, E. Weston.. 884,147 Sewing machine trimming attachment, J. W. | Preparation for relieving whooping cough, Porter office and from all newsdealers.
Land channéling roller, R. H. Banks............0.. 334,218 WAS wd, x. ssiwe Pees Geek ceeds ba cca dee Danae 384,114 Specific Company, «.siesnunenssen Sorc <asentess - 12,947
Leather skiving machine, J. D. Humphrey........ 834,119 Sheet metal, machine for scouring and drying, F. |Soap, Adrot, Christello & Co................ aSispindardgn ulteaee
Lemon squeezer, 8. S. Badger......... waenssddsocbee 834,212 J, WiGOSTBE Tc nacshseone «nesshboend acm boeeetece 354,209 Soap, laundry and toilet, Lautz Bros. & Co.,
Level, grading, C. Willgansz.. «ee. 884,149 Shelving and counter, portable, D. W. McBlroy... 334,267 12,988, 12,939, 12,950
Level, spirit, Reid & Thayer.... Fatah see» 384,052 BHOb, B.C. SUIDOUs caseae ac rssteea acne cas aeenene eee 334,398 Tobacco in its raw state, Havana Tobacco Com-
Light. See Electric light. Electric are light. Shoe uppers, machine for beading, C. B. Hatfield, 334,876 PBDS soon nncs tes veeneed
rece Y. pastacnccoe tee ust acoee 12,986
Lock. See Seal lock. Sickle, endless reaping, Sweeney & Ghormley..... 334,804 Tobacco, plug, twist, and smoking, J. B. Pace To-
Log turner, H. C. Basim........-...0000s wes sh a $34,330 Sifter,-ash, ©, Japtokes.ciei sd. ah ea oe 334,172 bacce Company. Sores Pe cece ene ceenes + 12,946
Loom let-off mechanism, R. E. Waterhouse. : Signal. See Torpedo railway signal. Tonia, F.C Miva ess eedeuwkoces os cond dacaltseareyek 12,941 A NEW HYDRAULIC MOTOR.—FULL
Lubrioasen 0. Williams, .......Jccccesvooscencecsnsee 834,323 Signals, etc., mechanism for controlling, H. John- description, with nine illustrative figures, of a novel
hydromotor devised by Mr. Yagn for irrigating and
Marble sawing machine, J. F. Coyne............. «.. 934,217 BOD CUCL. secu napdssceniaetocss
sean Tey Pee A Printed copy of the specifications und drawing of
334,282 other purposes. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
Marine way, J. E. Staples.......... Sirup gauge, J. Brown...... oa cuene cade Shae sReh cots eee any patent in the foregoing list, also of any patent
8,998 SupPLeMeENT, No. 463. Price 10 cents. To be had at
Meat cutter, 'T, Lyons........... issued since 1866, will be furnished from this office for 25 this office and from all newsdealers.
Skate, rolier, EH. 8, Combs. ..<.cccccce. wsccus A Es 333,996
Skate, roller, G. F. Johnson... cents. In ordering please state the number and date
Skate, roller, O. J. Punches,......... 7 of the patent desired, and remit to Munn & UCo., 361 AMERICAN STEAM BOILER INSURANCE CO.,
45 Willlam Street, New York,
Skips or wagons, discharging and righting,J. Kitt Broadway, New York. Wealso furnish copies of patents Write for Special Blanket Form No. 99; gives complete
Metal wheels, making, J. R. Little GOR Sais nts hs piigh> less Bace a tos bande eeeceececees B84,006 ‘granted prior to 1866; but at increased cost, as the protection to property, and pays $5,000 for a life and $50
Metal wheels, mechanism for manufacturing, J. Smoke consuming furnace, T. 8. Wilkin. . 834,066 specifications, not being printed, must be copied by weekly for six months for injury.
WRITES 590 «back cbdustb ocak Oly cp chase ++» 834,250, 834,251 Smokestack, W. H. Garlock......... isn ie . 334,369 hand.
Metal wheels, mechanism for the manufacture of,
MMMM: p wAnoodaxanwat ebwavectabadeccstcN ody rues 984,254
Sodawater apparatus, L. Beretz.......... Se ves +... 334,159 Canadian Patents may now be obtained by the
Spark ejecting device, H. M. Smith................. 334,202 inventors for any of the inventions named in the fore-
Bdaco
Of Arc and
System
Tnenndescons Lighting.
Metals, apparatus for filtering and separating, J. Speed reguiator for shafts of circular saws, etc., going list, at a cost of 0each. For full instructions
P. Wetherill,......... oS Oe eee rE 834,207 a ER ee erty ives tentae none -» 334,829 address Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, New York. . Other
Metals, filtering and separating, J. P. Wetherill... 334,208 Spindle bolster, Greene & Young.............ssse08, 334,371 foreign patents may also be obtained.

.
 FEBRUARY, 1886.] Scientific American, 12

A Practical Treatise NEW YORK BELTING AND PACKING CO.

ON Oldest ond Largest Manufacturers in the United States of

HYDRAULIC MINING inCALIFORNIA

With Description of the Use and Construction of Vulcanized Rubber Fabrics
Ditches, Flumes, Wrought-Iron Pipes, and Dams ; Flow ADAPTED TO MECHANICAL PURPOSES.
of Water on Heavy Grades, and its applicability, under
High Pressure, to Mining.
RUBBER BELTING, PACKING, AND HOSE,
By Aue. J. Bow1n, Jr., Mining Engineer. CORRUGATED
One Volume, small quarto, 313 pages, 72 illustrations, $5.00 WITHERBY, RUGG & RICHARDSON. Manufacturers
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CONTENTS. by R. Ball& Co. Worcester, Mass. Send for Catalogue. Y ena Cubes
The Records of Gold Wash- ,Measurement of Flowing
ng. Water. WewYork Belting and Packing Co., ENGINEER’S POCKET BOOK, BY
History and Development Ditches and Flumes. Warehouse, {5 Park Row, opp. Astor House, N. Y. Charles Lf. Haswell, Civil, Marine, and Meecnanical En-
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ifornia. Various Mechanical Appli- gineer. Giving Tables, Rules, and Formulas pertaining
ances. to Mechanics, Mathematics, and Physics, Architecture,
General Topography and Masonry, Steam Vessels, Mills, Limes, Mortars, Cements.
Geology of California.
The Distribution of Gold
Blasting Gravel Banks.
Tunnels and Sluices. THE NEW “GRESHAM”? PATENT ete. 900 pages, leather, pocket-book form. Price $4.
This valuable work will be sent on receipt of price by
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Antomatic Re-Startine: Injector.

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Value of Different Strata. Washing or Hydraulicking,
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vel Remaining in Cali- Sluices. \ PULLEYS
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Investiga- Statistics of the Costs of
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patent. G. K. MILLIKEN & CO., Marston ReMEpDyY Co., 46 West l4th Street, New York.
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WORK POWNEY MANUAL OF GREMISTRY,

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SANITARY EXAMINATION OF DRINK- and tenders. Results of comparative trials. Contained
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ROOFING for Buildings of rer description. Durable, its CAUSES and CURE, by one
Light, Easily Applied, Inexpensive. BUILDING PAPER—
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CHEMICAL CO. 10 Warren St., N. Y. three months, and since then hundreds of others
by same process. A plain, simple, and successful home

FOREIGN PATENTS. > GFrASS ENGIN ES. treatment. Address T. 8. PAGH, 128 East 26th St., New
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Best in principle, workmanship, and materials.
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Their Cost Reduced. HIGH EXPLOSIVES FOR WAR PUR-
@|
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Four sizes: 1 H. P., 14646 H. P., 1 man power, and a Sewing Machine Motor. cussing some recent experiments on the use of high
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BOILER AND PIPE COVERINGS.

less than the cost of a United States patent, and the containing full particulars for home cure, free 0:
former includes the Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New charge. Address Prof.F. 0. FOWLER, Moodus, Conn.
Brunswick, Nova Scotia, British Columbia, and Mani-
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The number of our patentees who avail themselves of ABSOLUTELY and management. With working drawings, details, and

mi.
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OTHER COUNTRIES.—Patents are also obtained Descriptive Word Book of Tools, Instruments, Machines, data concerning such bronzes as are being usefully em-
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Railway, Hydraulic, and Millitary Engineering; a His- ancients. Composition of bronzes. Phosphor bronze
Austria, Russia, Italy, Spain (the latter includes Cuba tory of Inventions; General Technological Vocabulary ; and its applications. Silicium bronze. Manganese
and all the other Spanish Colonies), Brazil, British India, and Digest of Mechanical Appliances in Science and In- bronze, elta metal. Phosphor-copper. Phosphor-
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ment of Nervous Diseases.—By Ambrose L. Ranney,

BRANCH
361 Broadway, New York.
OFFICES,—No. 622 and 624 F Street, Pa-
Useful information on this subject
is given in our “Catalogue No.
- Sent free to any address.
55,”
M.D. Rules for administration.
treatment.
in its favor. Conclusions.
The effects of the
Theory of the action of hot water. Points
Contained in ScreNTIFIO
PRINTING
“Scientific American” is
INKS.
printed with CHAS-
cific Building, near 7th Street, Washington, D. C. VAN DUZEN & T1F?, Cincinnati, 0. AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 463%. Price 10 cents. To ENEU JOHNSON & CO.’S . Tenth and Lom
be had at this office and from all newsdealers, bard Sts. Phila., and 47 Rose St., opp. Duane St., N. ¥,
 FEBRUARY 1886.) Scientific American,
ww. co. TODD, SHAFTING,
PULLEYS,
Manufacturer,
Flax, Hemp, Jute, Rope, Oakum,
and Bagging Machinery, Steam En-

HANGERS.
ines, Boilers, etc. Sole Agent for
ayher’s New Acme Steam Engine
and Force Pump combined. lso
owner and exclusive manufacturer of

INCE CHARTTRDE
THE NEW BAXTER PATENT
PORTABLE STEAM ENGINE. _«- Pat. Steel Shafting. (a
Friction Clutch.
These Engines are admirably
ed to all kinds of light power for driv-
adapt- ——PATENT FRICTION CLUTCH,
ing printing presses, pumping water,
sawing wood, grinding coffee, gin-
ning cotton, and all kinds of agricul-
Internal Clamp Couplings. LOSSES PAID IN 67 YEARS._.$5
sts Hon

= tural and mechanical pepaces, and

Send for Illustrated Circular and discount sheet. The Largest and Strongest C
are furnished at the
prices:
tollowing low
Friction Clutch. A. & F. BROWN, 43 PARK PLACE, NEW YORK. LJ, HEN DEE,1 PresBS” Ts J.WM.GOODNOW
B.CLARK,: A

ENCINE.
1 HORSE POWER....$150|3 HORSE POWER. ...$29

OTTO CAS
14 HORSE POWER.... 190| 4 HORSE POWER.... 350
2” HORSE POWER.... 245|5 HORSE POWER.... 420
Send for descriptive circular. Address
J.C. TODD, Paterson, N. J. rhe undersigned, sole agents for the above machine
Or 36 Dey St., New York. \f
GUARANTEED TO CONSUME 25 to 75 A N Y OTHER GAS ENGINE
PER CENT. LESS GAS THAN Per BRAKE-HORSEPOWER ELECTROPLATING AND ELECTROTYPING,
wn
pala f 2
sCHLEICHER, SCHUMM™M & CO., PHILADELPHIA and CHICACO. | refer to all the principal Stove Manufacturers, Nickel
and Silver Platers in the country. Over 1,500 now in use.
=—on=
re} =
=VJs.
Z2ae
JENKINS BROS.’ VALVES. | Are also manufacturers of Pure
Nickel Salts,
Nickel Anodes,
Polishing Compositions of all kinds,
Gate, Globe, Angle, Check, and Safety. and every variety of supplies for Nickel, Silver, and
wuz. Gold Plating; also, Bronze and Brass Solutions. Com-

—_ n=
a
. MANUFACTURED 7
OF BEST STEAM METAL. plete outfits for plating. Estimates and catalogues fur-
our 1580 Patent, and will stand nished upon application.
=< Zz oyis The Jenkins Disks used in these Valves are manufactured under
7.4 any degree of steam pressure, hot and cold oils, or acid.
To avoid imposition, see that valves are stamped ‘‘ Jenkins Bros.”
(2 Men) =n
JENEKINS BROS.,, SOLE AGENTS NEWARK, N.J.
Sure 13 So. Fourth St,, Phila. 79 Kilby St., Boston. | New York Office, 92 and 94 Liberty St.
+= S 71 John St., New York.

Maes |¢ A= E>. sts ep etaSe

pat => WMIIINING AND ELOISTING |% Upright Cushioned

3 Helve Hammer
Stationary Engines, Boilers, and Ventilating Fans, Estimates
ae | abs i Machinery; also, |
tA 22 5 made and contracts taken for constructing all kinds of Mining Machinery.
& CO., BOX 335, SCRANTON, PA.)
= q = Xr A. FINCH |= Combines all the best elements es-

ROOFINC.
a sential inatir.t-class hammer.

= 3
RUBBER
| 84 mm BRADLEY & CoO,
oo Syracuse, N. Y., U.S. A.

Transmission of Power,
RAILWAY AND STEAM FITTERS’ SUPPLIES Cheapest, Best, Fire and Waterproof. Adapted for new or old roofs.
143
Anybody can apply.
Duane Street, New
Write
York.
at once for
Suspension Bridges,
PAINT AND ROOFING CO.,
Rue’s Little Giant Injector. Book Circular. INDIANA

SCREW JACKS, STURTEVANT BLOWERS, &e.

JOHN 8. URQUHART, 46 Cortlandt St., N. Y. > THE BRIDGEPORT WOOD FINISHING CO ‘
G. M. BREINIG. AGENT,PRNciPal QFFiceAymaNuractory
NEW MILF ORD, CONN. 44 EE PES ire Re = _ p

NEW YORK BUSINESS OFFICE,96-98 MAIDEN LANE. MANUFACTURERS OF ‘Trenton [ron Oo.
™ “WHEELERS PATENT WooP [ILLER.__
WORKS and OFFICE, TRENTON, N. J. ~
_New York Office—CooPpER, HEWITT & Co., 17 Burling
Slip. Philadelphia Office—21 North Fourth Street. Chi-

BREINIGS LITHOGEN. §ILIGATE. PAINT.

‘Ht
cago Office—l46 Lake Street.

the Drill, the job is finish- 2 LITHOGEN PRIMER.,.WOOD STAINS

The Countersink following
ed at one operati on. suving the adjusting of too's and ceSILEX FLINTAxD FELDSPAR.
work twice. Made by
Wiley & Russell Mfg. Co., Greenfield, Mass. The desirable features of this v«
‘Veet ek “Weems bas 2 eee
the positive action of the disks, bei
PHILLIP ©EMMER, against the seats by our novel interm

ROCK BREAKERS A ND ORE CRUSHERS.) wedge, avoiding all cutting and friction of
the disks against the seat.
PLATE and SHEET GLASS DEPOT, We manufacture and supply at short notice and lowest
taining the invention described in Letters Patent. issued
rates, Stone and Ore Crushers con-
to Eli W. Blake June 15th. 1858, togeth-
were granted May llth
Samples sent on trial. Send for Catalogue,
HOLLAND & THOMPSON,
Headquarters for American Polished Plate, French er with NEw AND VALUABLE IMPROVEMENTS, for which Letters Patent
A ll Crus hers supplied by us are constructed under1 | & 217 RIVER STREET, TROY, N. Y

[NICKEL PLATING
and English Silvering Quality Plate Glass, Beveled und and July 20th, 1880. to Mr, 8S. L. Marsden
Plain Mirrors, Beveled. Ground, and Embossed Plate ence of Mr. Marsden, who, for the past fifteen years, has been connected with
and Sheet Glass, Cathedral Colored, Single and_ Double the superintend i . :
the manufacture of Blake Crushers in this country and England.
Strength Window Glass. }¢in., tah and 1 in. Polished
FARREL FOUNDRY AND MACHINE CO., Manufrs., Ansonia, Conn.
Plate, etc. All thickness Skylight and Floor Glass. & BACON, Agents, New York.
COPELAND
6, 8, and 10 Desbrasses Street, New York.
ESTIMATES

A
PROMPTLY

New
FURNISHED.

Drill Chuck. RCH

PATENT RIVETED MONAthe RUBBER BELTING.
THE
No. 1 holds 0 to Win.
HARTFORD.
Price, $7.00.
Best in World.
MILLS, SAW MILLS, and VAUG Qo. BN) 3
No. 2 holds 0 to 34in.
(= It cannot be excelled.
Price, $8.00.
Address
Specially adapted for PAPER
THRESHING MACHINES. NEW. YORKUSA.
THE CUSHMAN
Hartford, Conn.
CHUCK CO.,
THE CUTTA PERCHA and RUBBER MFG. CO.,
Or any dealer in machinists’ Tools.
New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Toronto.

Cutting-off Saw and Gaining Machine. SUPPLIES FROM| BRIGHT, CLEAR

guaranteed in all cases, at low
WATER |

f Special Machines for Car HYDRANT PRESSURE cost, and in quantities from 5
) the cheapest power known, gals. to 5,000 gals. per minute.
Work, and the latest im- | Invaluable for blowing Adapted to Private Houses,
proved Wood Working } Church Organs, running Hotels, Asylums, Hospitals,
Machinery of all kinds. Printing Presses, Sewing Factories, Mills, Boilers,
— WATCHMAN’S IMPROVED >
TIME DETECTOR,
3) Machines_ in _Households, Steam Boats, Water Works
C. B. Rogers & Co,, i Turning
| Saws,
Lathes, Scroll
Grindstones, Coffee
| Mills, Sausage Machines,
in Towns, and Cities.
Our Filters are simple in
construction and operation,
NORWICH, CONN., |Feed Cutters, Electric will stand any pressure, the BR WITH SAFETY LOCK ATTACHMENT.
AND | LAghie ley ators, ete: at filtering material is imper- Patented 1575, 1876,
% li room, no firing | ijshable, and can be cleaned
a needs 1877, 1880, 1581, 1882.
109 Liberty St. N. Y. | up, fuel, ashes, repairs, en- |jn from five to twenty min- This instrument
gineer, explosion, or delay utes, effectually removing all is supplied with 2
no extra insurance, no coal impurities from the Filter keys. Invaluable
PATENT pills. Is noiseless, neat, bed. Plans and specitications for all concerns
JACKET KETTLES, } compact, steady ; will work
== at any pressure of water
ready for a_ 15,000,000 gallon
plant. Send for Circular, stat-
employing watch-
lt contains
Plain or Porcelain Lined. Tested to 100 Ib. above 15 lb.; at 40 lb. pres- ing paper you saw advertise- modern im-
pressure. Send for Lists. sure has 4-horse power, and ment in, to provements, and

|
JAMES C. HAND & CO., capacity up to 10-horse NEWARK FILTERING is far superior at
THE

FRUN
614 and 616 Market St., Philadelphia, Pa. power. Prices from $15 to $300. Send for circular to the old style. 1882
THE BACKUS WATER MOTOkd CO., Newark, N. J. 141 COMMERCE ST... NEWARK, N. J.
At the National
FRICTION CLUTCH Exposition for

VAPORATING T rking Machinery. ei

Railway Applian-
Pulleys and Cut-off Couplings. {Woodwo
For Planing Mills, Furniture
ces at Chicago.
and Perfect
The only Medal for the most complete
Instrument. Send for circular to P. O.
JAS. HUNTER & SON. North Adams, Mass. | Box 2875 .
and Chair Factories. Car and | E. IM HAUSER, 212 Broadway, New York.
Full treatise on improved Es Agricultural Works, Carriage — ——

SHIELDS & BROWN methods, yields, profits,

and general statistics,
prices
FREE.
and Buggy Shops, and General
Wood Workers. Manufact’d by
TIMMINSOFSCARY & MOEN:
wane sand Sile Proprietors of
AMERICAN MAN’F’G CO. The Egan Company,
Cincinnati, O.. U.S.A. 5 = HESCRIPTION Moo =A
Pp. 0. BOX R. WAYNESBORO, PA, Full assortment of Perin Saw Blades, TEEL WIRE EVER Y LSTE ELSPRINGS. NENYORK CITY4
~ QOLD MEDAL, PARIS, 1878. - 234 w.29.ST-

BAKER'S |/_ THE ONLY PRACTICAL

ELECTRIC MOTORS: .
}
H E R M 0 M ETE
Photographic
R S Amateurs
Outfits for
Opera Glasses,

Breakfast Cocoa.
1 FOR FAMILY SEWING MACHINES, « Microscopes, Telescopes, Spectacles, Barometers. W.H.
WALMSLEY & CO. successors to R. & J. Beck,
For BOILERS and STEAM PIPES
| 224, CARTER, SZ PHILADA, PA} Philadelphia. Illustrated Price List free to any address.

ERNS
Reduces Condensation of Steam. TAMP FoR CAT. J

FOR GAS AND WA'TER PIPES. Warranted absolutely pure

Prevents Sweating and Freezing. Cocoa, from which the excess of
The Rest Nou-Conductor of Heat and Coldin the World
Send for illustrated descriptive Circular, and name this paper. Oil has been removed. It has three Punching Presses
132 Cedar Street, New York. times the strength of Cocoa mixed A DIES AND OTHER TOOLS And STEREOPTICONS, all prices. Views illustrating
78 and 80 Lake Street, Chicago. with Starch, Arrowroot or Sugar, For the manufacture
of al kindaof ~ for PUBLIC EXHIBITIONS, etc.
ble business for a man with a small capital, Also,
and is therefore far more economi- SHEET METAL Coops, Amusement.
DROP FORGINGS, 4c, Home
cal, costing less than one cent @
VOLNEY W. MASON & CO., cup. It is delicious, nourishing,
Stiles & Parker Press Co.y --
Middletown, Conn.

FRICTION PULLEYS CLUTCHES aid ELEVATORS. | strengthening, easily digested, and WF LEATHER BELTING

PROVIDENCE, R. I. l\admirably adapted for invalids as

well as for persons in health.
CATALOGUES
FREE 10 ANY ADDRESS ~ ELECTRIC. ve
best
and most
ever introduced.
C.A. SCHIEREN & CO. :
reliable Belt
Made_by

The Improved Rider

W. BAKER &CO.,Dorchester, Mass
Arch St., Philadelphia; 86 ederal Street, Boston.

COMPRESSION Leffel Water Wheels,

Hot Air Pumping Engine. A very strong, durable Lacing ;
made by a new process, and
fected, after years of experi-
per-
With Important
11,000 IN SUCCESSFUL OPERATION
Improvements,

Supplies water to city or_ country resi-

ment. It has been tried by many
who use large amounts of lacing
Clark’s Compressed Paper Skate Rollers. FINE NEW PAMPHLET FOR 1885

=i
dences. Absolutely safe. Still running. Immensely durable Easy running.
a Run by Hand or Soft Coal or demonstrating, to their satisfac,
tion, its superiority over othe- No slipping. No clipped floors. Com- Sent free to those interested, ¢]

DELAMATER
ooa,
kinds. Made only by Page Belt- paratively noiseless. Sample Set Lac-

IRON WORKS, ing Co., Manufacturers of Supe- quered, $1.25; Nickeled, $1.50. Postage | JAMES LEFFEL & C0.,
rior Leather Belting, Concord, N. 20 cts. additional. State size spindle. |
ysat H.; also _Boston, New York, Also Mfr, Steel Cased Rubber Roll- } Springfield, Ohio.
Foot of West 13th Street, New York, U. S. As Chicago, St, Louis, and Cincin- | lers. Protecttrade. GEO, P. CLARK (Box L), :
nati. Send for circulars. Windsor Locks, Ct. 110 Liberty St., N.Y. City.
Down Twn Office: 16 CORTLANDT STREET,
»
 Scientific American, [FEBRUARY, 1886.

NATURAL CAS
Is perfectly free from all impurities, and steel
heated by its use does not scale. It contains no

Band Saws. Band Saws.

sulphur or other base substances. We are the first
to adopt its use in heating saws for tempering,
which explains the cause of our saws being tougher
DAMASCUS TEMPERED BY NATURAL GAS than any others now made.
HEAT, SUPERIOR TOUGHNESS,
After m
facture of
than ten years’ experience in the manu-
nd Saws, we have discovered a new process
OUR CIRCULAR SAW
of Tempering and Straightening all at one opera- Of all sizes from 6 inches in diameter to 6 feet, both
— Tins yrocess insures absolute perfection.
e speciallyr uest all users of Band Saws to send us Solid and Inserted Teeth, also our
then sir address in fu 1, and also a description of the sizes of
saws used, and we will, by return mail, quote them special
prices, and also send” them our pam phle on the Band Saw,
which contains much valuable
Double Toothed Gross Cuts
ormation for all users of
Band Saws. (two saws in one), for alluses HAVE NO

The Superior Quality of our Band Saws, All Tempered, Straight- Our SAWYER’S HANDBOOK will be sent FREE to any part
ened, and Tried at one operation, which we have patented, makes of the world on receipt of full name and address.
them so perfect that our SALES HAVE MORE THAN TREBLED IN THE
PAST YEAR. Our largest and best customers prefer them to the Address FMERSON, SMITH & CO. ek
best imported saws.
WRITE FOR OUR CIRCULAR AND REDUCED PRICE LISTS..24 Beaver Falls, Pa.

Classified Iden of Advertisements Published inthe Present Mumber of the Selntils Amerioan, daehitegts and Builders Gditin
Advertising Agents. Page Drop Forgings. Knitting Machines. Rock Breakers and Ore Dene ors: Page
G. P. Rowell&Co..........060+ o tne Rabe
ha dee125 Billings & Spencer Co...... Lamb Knitting Machine Mfg. Co...........-- 126 Farrel Foundry and Machine Co........ Aridcor Li
Stiles & Parker Press Co..
Annunciators, z Lawn Mowers. ] Rock Drills.
Wresvern Hlectric Co...........2..+0+
600scover iii Electric Lights, Blair & Fiske Mfg. C0.........+-+e.00...cOvVer iv Pan Dismond rill 'O05.,7. ccasccssecavecsce cde
Asphalt Paint and Cement, Brush Electrie Co..... Leather Belting. Roofing. “
PREM LO Gs 035) GS OO 0005.00
evar ber oces nsoecover iv Electro Dynamic Co N. Y, Belting & Packing Co........ ... met - oo 3lgo
Western Electric Co.. IM, ROT Fs: On cuales: ines tecicieeas cover iv
C. A. Schieren & Co..... ... an’ Pine atneaioie=<" 127 Indiana Paint & Roofing Co ..............-.-- 127
Asbestos, Page Belting
Co....... ...: Sp Mssee Setege erga
Be OLIN MATE, OO, ne se aninvnveesce
+ eenjeiss 126 Electroplating and migcoutyee mchy N. ¥.Coal Tar Chemical Co.......0sesse0000. dap
Mpe@lmers-Spence Co. .....0rc2e ceccess evens 125 Hanson, Van Winkle & Oo) ..) orc 127 Lithographers. Safes.
sucker & Levett Chem. CO .....-...-ss.s..
056 Schumacher & Ettlinger................cover ii Cincinnati Safe & Lock Co..... Ravisenes cover iii
Barrel Machinery.
Seerns,. FAGIMES, ©.25... ciscwiesesecec.¥s 126 Electrical Supplies, Locks, Sash, Doors, and Blinds,
J. Greenwood & Co.......-...200
oreee “cover iv Electro Dynamic Co.............. GESEE eee aT 127 Cincinnati Safe & Lock Co........--....cover iii Goss & Phillips Mfg. Co .......6.00. ceeseees
Black Varnish. CO. HOJones GBrok- che chess ce aeaeoeeeree oes 126 Lubricators,.
Western Electric 00.04 sssieceseessees 0-0 COVER Iii Sugai Ait 2 and Window Holder.
BEPC, Ate, © CO. sc cccnsiccianc) «vere .-cover iv Holland & Thompson........ Se eee Rt Rr @laney ne es...) eee es oe eae GH s<s 121
‘Vean-D Zen A LELG ws eve onic stnetharecteebviwins
sloaeics 126
Boiler Cleaners. Elevators. ate
Bee VO DUZON | icc ewconsecness
acivc ets and 126 D. Hrishee &. CO rast since date odve sec Mae cover iii Lumber. Dd eg RY A OOTR Se tS ike Bias duseaesctabeadeed 124
L. S. Graves & Co...... SA Seo asr0k . cover iii Holbrook G0 vores,esses
pepe oeeF ina ied gies cover iv Emerson, Smitlk&® Co..s..sdeedaniss ccckeosens 128
Boiler Coverings. Howard’ Iron Works)< i .k. cdceeeiese cover iv De POR BOO vies omnes wine waders. Beets cover iii
Seeeers DODNS Mig. CO...
. see cece ssc cnvweves OO Va W . Mason Ga00%ss neck ee eee camer censmensnae? The N. Y. Lumber & Woodworking Co. cover ii Screw Drivers.
Ohaimers-Spence Co......6...5..0
66 eee 125 Standard: POOLOO 5 o.ncssdsvwaswvices +... cover iii
M. Ehret, Jr., & Co.........
«..sovieredteien cover iv Emery Wheels. Magic Lanterns.
McAllister............ Siecndarescsatesnes sce 127 Screw Tang Files,
Boiler Insurance. N.Y... Belting & Packing COs: cncccspives
eonh «125 EDO cbs Etre NIU OO, onc ce atcinsaemenecinnet -- 121
Am. Steam Boiler Ins. Co.............-.-.++ 124 Engines. Mahogany. Scroll Saws and Tools.
Hartford Steam Boiler Insp. & Ins. ++ 126 IWV,INA PA, ELITIS tec accisencaes
ac enamine meetae ister Js RANT er eeea ssw deeee waldo ode Tolecichs cacsiers 121 SAMIR tierarerececen
aieaioieaanes en nncieves COVER LE
Booksellers and Publishers, Jas; Leffel & Oo .-. sdb ack, sense Malleable Iron. Ties Ne A ek a eipinnisenacnaaadee cus acted 126
EMER COO os a 05s OA. divs Ciatng 5 oaksacta oh ocd ale 121 - W. Payne & Son..... Pan ad Syracuse Malleable Iron Works ............- 124 Seneca Falls Mfg. Co.......... Qiccovssce ZL
D. Van Nostrand.......... ape tak epee 3 De a,LOOMS seta eou.dslcgt vaalene OSS VL Ob Can ails lon atewaiciicnes
cetemien oe126 cy
Wood, Taber & Morse .. ........ P. Henderson
& Co.......... oe <0 amma oan 12%
Brass Goods. York Mfg. CO ccc anc Sascusensteeereeneretees Metallic Shingles.
OAL CY 8 :O0.!.0;. asin on aeivie'e eee sleie'es cover iv Cincinnati Stamping Co................. cover ii Shearing Machinery.
Electric Leather Belting. Niagara Stamping & Tool Co..... ddgateen «cane
Brick Machines, C.. A. Behieren & Coosa. tthe.
i fapesee sen Sealer Mill mh reienings. Shingles.
Henry Martin... ....:.... Ret ators cars cover lv Munson Bros.. ery Cincinnati Stamping Co... .............cover ii
Files, York Mfg. Co
Builders’ Hardware. THE J. Beith OOv see. esac sme see te 121 Silverware.
RUE OOK OU» \y cisine.0is 5: clcle'diee cb aie.agin 0% cover iii Mining and Hoisting Machinery. Standard Silverware Co ..........- noe 126
Filters EPA UNOH te CO cant scegteecinassine>
welt «ise vielen =127 Skylight and Floor Glass,
Building Materials. The Mowat Filtering Co...... sig hinigainiaceleainioats Ri
Flynt Building and Construction Co...cover iv Models, Ete. Philip Semmer...... kh Bae Ri
Fire Brick, Tiles, Etc. C..B. Jones\& Bro... sogheee acente a ae ea. 126 Skylights,
Building Paper, Felt, Etc. EE SI Molieode tits i oo. ey et eR oe cover iii Goodnow & Wightman........... ean tle 2 Ae Rit ha: FERVOR MEE occa eGa ta nee Bi, dc aeaiiehde cover iii
MPSEEERG, JT, Ws... 2. i vies tereanseae coveriv
H. W. Johns Mfg. Blo. Sec Pierce 126 Fire Extinguishers, Motors. Sliding Door Hangers,
N. Y. Coal Tar Chemical Co..... ............125 Sab Hayward are...
5.68 csoweneee eee cover iv Backus Water Motor Co........ ... wise sees 127 American Mfg. OOF sch: See ae cover iii
Building and Construction Company. Hilectro Dynamic Comieiace.+-cssueneeceeee 27 Steam Boilers,
Fire Hydrants, BAW ..Payne & Son.) F.ceess «coe np Ce de,sae126
Flynt Building and Construction Co...cover iv Ludlow Valve Mig. Co.:....0.
sce c20ces cover iii Mouldings, Etc.
Goss & Phillips.... ...... aetkn gens cknteees wel2l Steam Fitters’? Supplies, 4
Burglar Alarms, pg AP Conns Material, JG Urquhart 2. $4 sme dees PERO occ.Shr 7
Western Electric Co....... Sten
ee AAP ocover iii J. Moore & Co:....:... sass casiteis,cestiaeenCOVCRd1
Wi OUNSUMEeS CO. cocucensccar puke «vars 126 Steam Heating.
Ohalicnedeares OO Sy ici ats Gee wteeats ocean 125 Newspaper Files.
Cable Roads, Munn &, 00.5..%..0.-scanmeeetenaen Gp wibid olesinchaieie 125 Eureka Steam Heating Co..... oe i I rp Rl
WORIIMALION. 5.(0c:045 Cans ctey Sen sceen tan tentinns 124 Rect a Hand Power Machinery. Steam Pumps.
Nickel Plating Machines,
Carbolate of Lime, Ae ST SRP ST clolle bos veldenclicseinewe 3
Sebastian’, May
M & Co
Hanson, Van Winkle & Co....... age txade
Zucker & Levett Chemical Co........ aa eee Sey rf
wacenalel 126
Meena. I. 6OS OOS. aac cs.cne xine claws vPen cover iy
7
Cabinet Woods and Mahogany. Seneca ante Mfg. Co Odometers. Varsduacn fof Mg ee ee piace singlecccle Ae teaeeeae
ANDO? S ; ics Wants aphees a tainns «ek a heaee 121 McDonnell Odometer Co......... is Weta mae ate 124
Friction Clutches. Steam Traps.
Packing Materials. The Curtis Regulator Co..............+. seine 126
Castings. RIG HO BROW sco as cise tae eea me seh hy canoes 7 Chalmers-Spence Co........... saacewach
2. ate 125
Bameeapalrl & OO cciinvucacce
nes utter ce eniee Seveseao D. Frisbee & Co + Jonitine Bros..; 2c) Ba.5a ues Aaa. 3X. 126 Steel Wire and Springs,
J. Hunter & Co Miller Packing Works.......- Rematee ABA SNEOA 125 Geary: SeMoen & a4 shade gee So 08's SG 2 09 is aes ST
Cements, NV iW MERA AN IO conten cates 2
Paints, Telephones,
Seeamers-Spence Co ..,.....sedecsscaassnsieosns 25
AEs Pay O00 0. oc cw vanes
sabes vee cover iv Fruit Evaporators, Tron Clad Paint Co........ cover ii Am. Bell Telephone'Co <5 05 fo.0 Sc cdieen ees 126
American. Mig. Corio. ec swhin Weve sns cack Ri Tarr & Wonson. .....:..--.. cover iii G. K. Milliken & Co......... Pico ee janet 1%
Chains, Blocks, Etc, Indiana Paint % Roofing Co...... peer ines - | 127 Time Detector,
Teamarenw, AYMAY & Co, .sccccrcvenecce ssene 1 ee eect Ete, E. Imhauser ....... ff. 87 SES e eee
H.VARGre WB G00" 2s Sead ecesh ae cee cover iv Patents,
Chairs, Munir Gio. at tant ese see acaee eae ata Rp ssnlaniers 126 Tinners’ Machines and Tools,
REELS Si binaein adh bp mela one ces. back cover ii Games, Etc, Photo-Engraving, Niagara Stamping & Tool Co................. 221
T.8 Denison wane Gy sina cemennesnis e rc 5) Moss Engraving Co.... 2.2.0.0 c...8 ees Sr a 125 Tools and Foot Power Machinery.
Chucks,
Picture Frames, Mouldings, Ete, TW yn da: PAENOR AT, oo oa dala. <4 coe teins Re cover iii
Semeen CUI OO): i igesislesns ve teckne cree 12% Gas Engines,
Economic Motor Co............... paises cover ii TiMoore & Co. crise. seas on ances vas cover ii Goodnow & Wightman .. a‘de aaéaeted wom 12k
bie Gy Couplings. Schleicher, Schumm & Co......... Peete ares ciesRI Pipe Hangers. Sebastian, May & Co................ ited acne 126
BEUMEMATOW?) , «cc's de> vbakbebaces pecuke teaineom 7 Stiles &Parker Press Co... <cntp aan, Lae
Glass. J OLIMADPOR hte occ ocecearstes 1 ee 127 HH. E. Shepard... 2.000 Bec re PT re
Cocoa, PHIlip SOMME Saews coles de cece cites cescs Mesteaslet Plate and Sheet Saas Traction Engines,
EIS S07 Des cinnela'< enniecnab es cahes sss css 126 Philip Semmer:. 2.02) ava ccaccose Feseulicemsos127 Wood, Taber & Morse.............. gee daeees Cee
IE. TB ONY oa oss. halnwes cou ned cade cock Ri Hammers,
Prepared Roofing. Type Writers,
Bradley & Co........+..... ib edcaca. ceebeovehitans 27 . Ehret, Jr., & Co......... ou “saaabves Overiv
Contractors and Builders, Stiles & Parker’ Press'\O0%.2....<..0egscceneeeRI Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict................ 124
Flynt Building and Construction Co....cover iv Presses, Dies, Etc. Valves.
Hardwood Interior Finish, Stiles & Parker Press Co.........-seccseree eb Jenkine. Browia Mbiwtiwns ede Caleta eeeek. 126
Cornices, Goss & PRINS ons cans cleus eens aoekin > oe 121
+d 9 En er . cover ii Wiley & Russell Mfg. Co...... .... adits dp Gaedel Holland & Thompson..............00. see 7
Holbrook Co's
Printing Presses, Ludlow Valve Migs Oo. 655s SN ceccceee cover iii
Cornice Makers’ Tools and Machines, Ralsey di Co: sc. caches awed Duan ee ecabie lee Violin Outfits,
Niagara Stamping and Tool Co............... 121 > We ey ens ee > i Sido da eatataasicasi «cane
Hardwood Lumber. Printing Inks,
Com Oakum, Ete, C. E. Johnson& Co......... os Bade dant. che saele Washing Machines,
Grauw, Ay mar & Co. Sia SREB PULSE vial Seen an entrees 0 Semen apants2s.ases 121
Wo Wall's Sons .. ... .... Fear Shafting, Etc, The National Co ...... me Re 4nh antes eer Kessice camel
Hydrants, BOWD...ccce sre sestena const aeomadenssfae 127 Water Motors,
Covering for Steam, Gas, and Water O. G. Blatchley 225... ceseeit Jews! by f i p s 42l PY, BwlshOO WOO. ca. case onacce ens Ekee cover iii Backus Water Motor Co.....seseerenn..cncecasenaletl
oF, es. J. Foanter®& 0G". Joccscsece +vactinns :apeeteeenee Y
Ice Machines, 5: J.T.Noye Mfg. Co.... . » oxtae ipawaniatiatea? 125 Water Wheels.
PORES PONG CO. oii sows cevemacud noes 100% 125 MOrks MIGFGG, . de ccccse eovgsiced ap sOeNh ae cab ss125
rire DAT, Cs, sos chan nvaeansoeees 126 Wig Wis SOD Or Ors ofaie w/inw tsAccmatuna aes aismaeRi Jags Leffel’ & 00/30 6335... eet. aniecnhid eas tne
ECE, D805 OD. 5 i vcncn, connee Ree cover iv Inhalers. Pumping Engines. Wire Rope,
RS SIPOIIEEL, on) 0:05 (ane 449 bilan fakes cris W.H. Smith & Oo........ Coceciel wie gaxdC OUTER Th Delamater Tron. WOrks). ...-icesncudaccccesns 2 DeGrauw, Aymar & Co S Dvaxsie cannes Pere Ap |
J. A. Roebling’s Sons.......... ee iy oc
Door Hangers. Injectors, Fnbher Belting, Ete. Trenton Iron Co..... w ideiiees Sada sarees hen tene
Magmeoan Mig. Co.......ssesecscccccses cover iii Nathan Manufacturing Co........ cry Oe 125 . Y. Belting and Packing Co..... Diet st 1D
DWrqnhart,. J. Bo5. os: <ncucees aiikardeeaainescess RT Nhe Gutta Percha & Rubber Mfg. Co.... .. Bhi Wood Filler, :
Doors, ontela, Ete. Bridgeport Wood Finishing Co.............2.+--127
The N, Y . Lumber & Woodworking Co.cover ii Insurance Companies, Rubber Stam *
HOMME 0. cnescasenannc é in etaaigiupahe ackae Wood Pumps.
tna ope Co ©, G. Blatabley, .5ic.siveide <.0e Perey ed
Drawing Instruments, Rubber Wheels, Ete,
EPC RIRERMUOIUE., 6." 0's toctenes sespeccucs oe 126 Ct TR oes ences saline Sup adie wketeelot Woodworking Machinery.
Hive Be Gleason, « 1..0...sc0.s-n0 dunes pOOVer 1
Drilling Tools and Machinery. Real oa Company. J. A. Fay & OA eos ap ccehdancen gage nos acres ance
Iron Work for Buildings. Massachusetts Real Estate Co........... cover lii
OC. H. Besly& Co.. ..coveriv Samuel J. Creswell . cover iil Cc. B. woeee & Go. a Ee ae
Pa. Diamond Drili Co. » Cover ly Refrigerating and Ventilating Appa- The Eagan Co.........- Le ei
Standard Too: Co.. Sos Jacket Kettles, ratus, Alvin eoeabes: .coverli
Wiley & Russeli Mfg. ron) 2S ee apie 17 Js Ua SEMEN DANO wane dens carensanadace>seataiuns RI York MEQ. CO.see..seaees coves sevsceeessenere ode Witherby, Rugg & Richardson. ee lS
 iu
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tikes 4 Dini ng Town Loar Milaings

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Seale: F=1.
Plan —

ARGHITECT
189 BROADWAY, N.Y.»

Details to accompany Colored Plates. For description see Architects and Builders Eition ofScientific America
86, ;
) for February, 18
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 -With,Iwo Supplements consisting of | $1.50 a Year—Single Copies, 15 cents
Two Plates in Colors and One Large Sheet of Details. MARCH, (886.

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PS New York: Published by MUNN & CO., 361 Broadway, corner Franklin Street.
 ECONOMIC * GAS ®* ENGINES. ROOFING.
Best in principle, workmanship, and materials.
ROOFING for Buildings
An unequaled small Motor adapted to all uses. of every description. Dur-
When the Motor is not at work, the expense of running it ceases. able, light, easily applied,
Simple, Safe, Economical, Durable. and inexpensive.
No extra Insurance required.
TES PLUMBERS’ PUMS. SACHETS

g WATERPROOE SHEATEING
— = = = = SS

The best Building Paper.

Clean to handle. Impervious
sao ea to Water, Moisture and Gases.
fm SEND FOR SAMPLES.
Reliable Agents Wanted,
‘New York Coal Tar Chemical Company,
10 WARREN ST., NEW YORK.
No.

WATERPROOF BUILDING PAPER. |

EREOFFBTEL «+ ESSER, NEW Yo RB,
127 FULTON and 42 ANN STREETS, Factory: HOBOKEN, N. J. (i

Saragow |
[MPORTERS
&MANUFACTURERS
DRAWING PAPERS,
MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS,
PAPERS,
ano DRA ING MATERIALS oF aLtKINDS.
127 FULTON ST., ‘NEWYORK.
Capacity 250 Galions, 50 feet ek. per hour,
THIS ENGINE IS ESPECIALLY USED FOR PUMPING WATER INTO HOUSES.
Our MOTOR ENCINES are particularly adapted for Supplying power for
Aerated Water Machines, DRAWING MATERIALS, SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS. H
Dentists’ Lathes, Jewelers’ Lathes,
Bakers’ Machinery, Dumb Waiters, Laundry Machinery,

NEWTON & CO.,

Burring Machines, Fans for Cooling Restaurants, Meat Choppers,
Book Binding,
:
Fountains, Manufacturing Jewelers,
Cigar Box Machinery, Grindstones, Organ Blowing,
Confectioners, Goods Elevators, Polishing Lathes,

ALBANY, N. Y.
Coffee Mills, Hoisting Machinery, Printing Presses,
Coffee Roasters, Ice Cream Freezers, Sewing Machines,
Ete., Etc. Etc., Ete. Etc., Etc.
Four Sizes, from Motor for Sewing Machine or Dental Engine to One Horse Power.
Our Gas Engines will work satisfactorily when attached to Gasolene Machines,
Manufacture Best Quality

FiRE BRIAICE,,
SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.
OO
WN © MAL CWaAV
“2 E@
Oats i 32
Office and Salesroom, 9 CORTLANDT ST., NEW YORE. }
FOR ALL PURPOSES.
|
Schumacher & Ettinger
Heck’sJournal of Becorative Art
AN INTERNATIUNAL JOURNAL, WITH WHICH IS
LITHOGRAPHERS,
INCORPORATED
REGAIS 32, 34 & 36 Bleecker St.
THE JOURNAL OF DECORATIVE ART PATENT METALLIC SHINGLE. —AND—

Made of the best quality I 0 Ro fing Tin,

311 Mott St.,
OF ENCLAND.
Japanned on both sides, in sizes 7x10 inches,
10x14 inc es, 14x20 inches. NEW YORK. |
The subscribers to this Journal have the advantage of receiving two The only shingle constructed upon
Journals at the one price. scientific principles. The best and cheap-
Part of this Journal is prepared and printed jin England, and imported in est in the market, quality considered.
Testimonials from some of the best
sheets; the remainder is published in New York.
Architects in the country. For prices FINE COLOR
Thus a full record of the progress of Decorative Art in the two hemis- and further particulars, write to
WORK A
pheres is placed before the reader monthly.
The value of such a Journal to Architects, Builders, and Decorators is most THE CINCINNATI STAMPING COMPANY, SPECIALTY. if
evident, as they will be kept aw cowrant with the best examples of interior CINCINNATI, 0.

decorations throughout England and also in the United States.

Beck’s Journal of Decorative Art will be found a thoroughly practical | ‘Solid Braided Cotton Sash Cord. N. Y. Lumber & Wood-Working Co.
Journal; the reading matter and illustrations are all original, and the pub- 134th St. and Alexander Ave.
lishers decies to make it a means of communication Wetween all practically Wholesale Lumber Yards and Docks,
engaged in the work of interior decoration, and the decorative fittings of houses. Architects wishing to save their TONAWANDA, N, ¥.
clients the annoyance of broken win-
Cos corny will please send for sam-
———~———____. the SAMSON CORDAGE
Works, J,P. TorMAN & CO., 164 High St., Boston.
PUBLISHED MONTHLY.
Terms: Two Dollars and Fifty Cents a Year. Samuel J. Creswell,
IRON WORK
FOR
WHOLESALE AGENTS: - - - - - AmeERICAN News Co., New York.
a Be he fd ed BS TT
SEND 25 CENTS FOR SAMPLE COPY. 23d and Cherry Streets,
PHILADELPHIA.
| Address Beck’s Journal of Decorative Arrt,
/| 206 WEST 29th STREET, NEW YORK CITY, J. K. POST & CO.,
|
| N. B.—With February numbera Supplementary Sheet of Designs, 40x30 inches.
Lumber Merchants
—AND— =
With March number extra Colored and Gilt Supplement, being designs
) for panels of doors, by W. Sutherland, of Manchester, England.
SHIPPING AGENTS, Rgpare Surned Work,
Hi Doors, ntels ad
OSWECO., N. Y. ond ae Finish of» ali
Cabinet iG Kinds.be
ee
i ie See
 MORSE ELEVATOR WORKS.
Morse, Williams & Co. PORR & LOCKETT,
Successors to CLEM & MORSE,
BP concer BUILDERS OF ALL KINDS GF 184 & 186 Clark Street, Chicago,

ew Freight ELEVATORS
Send for Circulars.
BUILDERS HARDWARE
OFFICE: 411 CHERRY STREET. OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.
Works: Frankford Avenue, Wildey and Shackamaxon Streets,
PHILADELPHIA. Sole Ghicdgo aeons for
NEW YORK OFFICE: [08 Liberty Street.
Geer’s Spring Hinge, Norton Door Check and Spring,
ESTABLISHED 1844,
Dudley Shutter-Worker,
SAMUEL H. FRENCH & CO., AND SEVERAL OTTER SPHCcraALTISs.

York Avenue, Fourth and Callowhill Sts., Large Stock. Low Prices. Send for Illustrated Catalogue.
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
One ey LOCKELET,
PAINT MANUFACTURERS. /AMERICAN ADJUSTABLE et FRICTION SLIDING DOOR HANGER.
Strictly Pure Lead, Zinc and Colors, Dry, in Oil, Japan,
and Ready Mixed for Use. a
'G,Ce, PHIL
a
‘a This Hanger is easily adjusted,
ic | PaMERic ani
i Qi ae perfectly made, and we claim su-

Fees helES:S
=
perior to any Hanger on the mar-
ket. Sample sent to Architects

MORTAR COLORS,BLACK, BROWN, BUFF, AND RED.

and Builders at Wholesale Rates.

AMERICAN MANVEAGTURING Cf,

ee
Office: 623 Commerce St., Philadelphia.
Masons’ and Builders’ Supplies. mene
A AD

SEND FOR CATALOGUE AND CIRCULARS.

AND GRAINERS J. 8S. THORN,
INTER ew
tet Bir eeycl pf Poke patent
roel ;
Architectural Sheet-Metal Works.
SS
Se Ea
for executing the fine, difficult hand-work ¢
The Builders’ Guide to Estimating.
=New Catalogue of Valuable Papers NOW
Saves Time and Money for Carpenters,
IS THE TIME TO SEND FOR IT.
bea itiful
he
a without
imitations off Oak, Ww.
Yr,

e on clear pine 1a
previous skill
» producin,
ee
d
ove Metal Building |Trimmings, Ventilating Skylights,
| contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMEN!, sent paint) or on painted groun Sen mp for large illus- Metallic Roofing Tiles, Building Specialties, Builders’
| free of charge to any ae Price “44 Bisa to 50 Cents. . |Light Iron Work.
BEG. /eokBroadway Ao ¥ Address P. HICKS, Atlantic, Iowa,
Nos. 1201 to 1209 Callowhill Street,

STEAM ELEVATORS.
PHILADELPHIA, PA.

CONTRACTORS ANDBUILDERS ®
Without rh yal Pow
EST and Cheapest Steam HOIST ae the market, outfits of BA
T
Thoroughly well made and of best material;
| _of the Cowdry Four-Cylinder type, AAAS
SS
mor Send for Illustrated catalogue
and with our Improved Reverse Tee.
W.F & John Barnes | Ca.°9
Gear, for lowering.
Address No. 1994 Main S

| No possiBiLity —or —
Western Electric Co.
CHICAGO anp NEW YORK.
RUNNING AWAY, Electric Bells, Burglar Alarms.
f No Dead Center; works at HOUSE AND HOTEL ANNUNCIATORS.
best angle of crank,
Stops and starts smooth. ELECTRIC LICHTS.
Has all the advantages of yi ARC AND INCANDESCENTS.
Hydraulics at much less

—— AISO ——

‘Belt Power Elevators =

AND

Friction Clutch Pulleys,

| D.FRISBIERCO.,Uts,, - =
|
479 N. FIFTH ST.,
Phila., Pa.
49 DEY ST., New York.
Where our engines can be
seen in operation.
7 Bate

~~ E. F. BARNES’ DRAWING
BRUSSEL INSTRUMENTS,
SELF-FEEDING

XyHand--Sawing Machine DRAWING PAPER,

Price of peecu ates ee extra Table,
BLUE PROCESS
Without eae “Table,e138 w, R65.
PAPER,

| Electric Lights.
GROOVING CUTTER ORPLOW,

- BARNES’ TOOL CO.,;

AMERICAN
- 958 Grand St., New Haven, Conn, LIQUID INK.
A fully lustrated and priced catalogue of 200 pages

SUA DOPENWAY VALVE,

of allinstruments and materials used by draughtsmen
sent upon mention of this paper.

G. S. WOOLMAN,
Incandescence Lights for Apartment Houses
The desirable features of this valve ar
the positive action of the disks, being feeeed
against the seats by our novel intermediate
116 FULTON ST.,
wedge, avoiding all eutting and friction of
the disks against the seat. NEW YORK.
and Residences furnished by 4,
Samples sent on trial. Send for Catalogue.
HOLLAND & THOMPSON,

H.S°M® LEOD,
217 RIVER STREET, TROY, N. ¥

||THE BRUSH ELECTRIC COMPANY, No. 3, Maes Engine Lathe.

FIREBRICK
CLEVELAND, OHIO.

NEW YORK OFFICE: No. 210 Elizabeth Street.

CHICAGO OFFICE: No. 111 La Salle Street.

TROY, N-Y.
ST. LOUIS OFFICE: No. 404 Market Street. With no Precision, Screw cut under the ig op
Slide Rest has direct vertical adjustment of
DETROIT OFFICE: No. 76 Garfield Avenue. Suitable foor Model ane fine Machine Work. lllustrated
cireular free. Add sie hanical Dep artment.
The W ATERUOUSSEF 16eer! RIC1 & MFG co.,
{| SEND FOR CATALOGUE No. 8.
 PREPARED ROOFING.
y BEST, CHEAPEST, MOST DURABLE.
ANYBODY CAN PUT IT ON, EASILY HANDLED. —

Put up in Rolls of 100 Square Feet,

Send for Latest Circular, Price List, Etc.

— MANUFACTURED BY —

i "ayBio nas

ROOFING AND PAVING PITCH. ROOFING FELT.

ASPHALT CEMENT (for two and three Ply). SLATERS’ FELT.
ASPHALT PAINT (for Tin and Iron Roofing). TWO AND THREE PLY FELT.
BLACK VARNISH (for Cast or Wrought Iron). PREPARED ROOFING.
PIPE COATING (for Gas and Water Pipe). CARBOLATE OF LIME (Disinfected).

PHILADELPHIA, CINCINN. ATI, ST, LOUIS, CHICAGO,

|
423 Walnut St. 16 Public Landing. Sth & Olive St. 12 N. Clark St.
FuymnNTT

THE IMPROVED RIDER COMPRESSION HOT AIR PUMPING ENGINE.

HOLBROOK ©O.,
Building, and Constrnction Co,
General Office, Palmer Mass, Hard Wood: Lumber and
We contract to perform all labor and furnish all
,naterial of the different classes required to build com-
plete
CHURCHES, HOTELS, MILLS, PUBLIC BUILDINGS
Timber.
AND RESIDENCES.
Also for the construction of INTERIOR FINISH AND ‘STAIR-
RAILROADS, DAMS, AND BRIDGES.
We solicit correspondence with those wishing to place
BUILDERS’ STOCK, WAREHOUSE
the construction of any proposed new work under ONE AND BRIDGE TIMBER
CONTRACT, which shall include all branches con-
nected with the work. CUT TO ORDER.
To such parties we will furnish satisfactory references
from those for whom we have performed similar work.
BUILDING MATERIALS. The large amount
material that we handle in the execution of our work
of
GROVE AND EIGHTEENTH STREETS,
enables us to quote very close prices. F.O. B. Cars at
any shipping point, to those
MATERIAL OF ANY KIND.
wishing BUILDING
CHICAGO, ILL.
Columbia Bicycles and Tricycles.
SRA Dine = SS
Reduction in Prices and Many Upright Cushioned
Improvements for 1886.
New Spring Catalogue Sent Free, Helve Hammer
Combines all the best elements es-
ANDY The POPE MFG. 00.,597 Washington 8t., Bosto Lm sential ina first-class hammer.
iv, Branch Houses: 12 Warren 8t., New iat BRADLEY & CO.
York; 115 Wabash Ave., Chicago. Establ
1882.
ished : Syracuse,N. Y¥., U.S. A.

Punching Presses 1) SUUMMIIMmae

Oy & MOEN
DIESOTHER
AND TOOLS: aD CRIPTION
@
Sra METAL cDDDS,
DROP FORGINGS, 4c,.
STEELWIE ¢ever’ er
EFEELSPRINGS
NENYORK TY
Stiles & Parker Press Co, Thermometers, Ph se) cp
Widdetown,Conn. S
AROMETERS
A ymca a "ww. EL in1 “Ms
=.
LEY & CO. successors to R. & J.Beck, Philadelphia
{2 Mlustrated Price List free to any address. -

wb at MACHINERY.
BHATTallt Turbid Water Made Clean
Matter in Suspension
Zaand ORGANIC and
Mit] semi-Soluble Ele- n)
Ji) ments removed,
Hard Water Made Soft.
Cities, Towns, Mills, Hotels,
and Private Houses Sup-
plied and Results
Guaranteed.
Seale in Bollers Avoided.
‘lwo per cent. added tothe
Annual Water Rates in any
eity will give the people
m PERFECT WATER for all
time.

Send for Circulars and Estimates.

NEWARK FILTERING (€0O., NEWARK, N. J.
Improved Chain Bed Planer.Econ
ie
E,
&F.GLEASON, 250
Susquehan
Pa.
Philadelph
Ave.,

SHEATHING Cutting-muhSaw and Gaining Machine.

PAPERS.
Special Machines for Car
Work, and the latest im-
proved Wood Working
For Farms, Ranches, Residences, and all places where water has to be pumped. Machinery Of all kinds. —
by any ignorant man or boy. Can be operated
Largest variety in color, weight, thickness; prices all Apply to nearest
Special patterus for tubed or deep wells. Catalogue ** Y ” sent free.
Agency. C. B. Rogers & Co.,
reduced; samples free. Write Ind. Paint and Roofing
Co., New York City or Lndianapolis, Ind. NORWICH, CONN.,
RIDER ENGINE CO. Makers. AND

RUBBER 109 Liberty St. Ne ¥e

AGENCIES:
N. Y. and Export, Sayer & Co., 34 Dey St. Phila., D. Kelly, 51 N. 7th St.
Chicago, The Comb. Gas Mch, Co., 239 5th Ave. St. Louis, L. M. ‘Rumsey Mfg. Co., 810 N, 2d St.
Detroit, Comb. Gas Mch. Co. Baltimore, Morton Reed & Co. Beautiful & Lasting for ORNAMENTING

ROOFING.
Richmond, Geo. A. Smith.
Albany, N.Y -, Ridgeway & Russ.
San Antonio, Tex., F. F. Collins. WINDOWS, DOORS, TRANSOMS, &e.
Buffalo, N. Y., Irlbacker & Davis.
Dubuque, Ia., Morrison “Bros. Springfield, Muss. A. M. Knight & Son,
Hannibal, Mo., H. Rose. Essex, N. Y., E. A. Mead.
Wilmington, Del., on W. Stone. Mobile, Ala.. NN K. Ludlow.
Deming, N. M., H. P. Olcott. Pittsburgh, Pa. Kay Bros. & Co., 121 Water St.
Cheapest—Best, Fire and
Waterproof. Acapted for
new or old roofs. Anybody
canapply. Write at ence
for Book Cireular, INDIANA PAINT AND ROOFING
CO., 148 Duane Street, New York City.

SSS |
MANTELS, THE CINCINNATI
——
SAFE
MANUFACTURERS OF
AND LOCK
——
CO.
ie

CRATES. 41S Bank

ALocks
Ere
and Vault Work.
St SUBSTITUTE
SMALL COST. Send for Dlustrated Cata-
pyreand Prices. Samples by mail 25 cents.
Lowest Prices—Finest. Goods—Largest Stock.
dress, for lliustrated Catalogue
GEO. E. GLINES, New
(enclosing
Ad-
stamp),
York City.
Office and Factory, 43, 45, 47, and 49 ELM STREET, CINCINNATI. W. C.YOUNG “Paitipecedis,
Pa.
AGENTS WANTED EVERYWHERE.
 fice of

Vol. 1. Mia
al) Subscription, $1.56 a Wear. NEW YORK, MARCH, 1886. Single Copies, 15 Cents,

THE GREAT AMERICAN DREDGESON THE PANAMA CANAL, the details; these alterations have resulted in increas- ladder, and in having greater height of tower, greater
Many changes have been made in these mammoth ing the capacity and durability of the machine. length of ladder, and increased boiler power.
dredges since the first one (described and illustrated in The dredge shown in the accompanying engravings The composite hull of yellow pine and iron is 116
the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN of March 3, 1883) was built, is the seventh one built by the American Contracting feet long, 36 feet wide at the after end, and 30 feet wide
some three years ago. Experience gained in actual and Dredging Company of this city for work upon the at the forward end; the sides are curved to a radius of
working showed that while the principle of construc- canal; it differs from the previous ones mainly in the 106 feet. The end of the hull, which is 12 feet deep, is
tion was sound, many improvements could be made in substitution of iron for wood in the tower, derrick, and rounded to a radius of 11 feet. In the forward end of

y
!

Fig. 1—THE GREAT DREDGE AT WORK.

the hull is a slot, in which the ladder moves, 36 feet long and
7 feet wide.
The two wooden spuds are 24 inches in diameter and 60 feet
long, and are provided with iron chisel points weighing 1,800
pounds. Each spud passes completely through an opening in
the hull, in which is vertically placed a cast iron tube, the
interior of which is double-coned shaped, the diameter at the
’ center, where the bases of the cones meet, being 25 inches, and
the diameter of the ends 27inches. This gives the spud a cen-
ter bearing, and prevents binding during raising or lowering.
When working, the dredge is held by either spud
being lowered. The spuds are handled by means of % inch
chains passing through double sheave blocks to a drum ope-
ratedjby a pair of engines 844 inches dianreter by 12 inches
stroke. A pinion on the engine shaft, which is 4 inches in

ii
diameter and 3% feet long, engages with a gear on the drum
shaft.

c
|
TU SS
"
|
f !
KN From the inside of the bottom of the hull to the top of
the tower is 7014 feet. The tower consists of six posts con-
verging toward the top and arranged in two sets across the
hull, The rear set is made up of 1214 inch, and the forward
e Ai i set of 15 inch latticed channels, the whole being united by
latticed channels and diagonal rods. The platform at the top,
which is 88 feet long by 24 feet wide, rests upon three iron
beams running longitudinally and supported upon the
posts.
The outer parts of the platform are held by inclined braces
attached to the sides of the tower. Two bars 1 by 244 inches
and 25 feet long extend from the bottom of the top panel of
the tower to the extremity of the stern, and two bars 144 by
414 inches and 38824 feet long extend from the front of the
 130 Scientific American. [Marcu, 1886.
THE GREAT DREDGER OF THE PANAMA CANAL, Congo Red. Heat Becoming Dark with Great Intensity.
The following methods for using Congo red are given Mr. W. Gadd, of Manchester, Eng., writes as follows
same panel to the stern. The bars support the tower by Prof. Egb. Hoyer in the Wochenschr. d. Pol. Ver.: to the Jowrnal of Gas Lighting :
against the strain of the bucket ladder. Each side of This coloring matter is specially adapted for cotton, The account of M. Felix Lucas’ experiments opens
the tower is braced by latticed channels united by linen, jute, ete. Cotton is dyed with two per cent dye- up the higher studies of heat and combustion, which
horizontal and diagonal members, and converging stuff, without mordant, in a bath of boiling water, in have been the subject of inquiry by scientific Investi-
toward the side of the boat. Two plate keelsons 36 which it is left fortwo hours, then washed and dried. gators for many years past. I do not desire in any way
inches deep extend from the rear of the foot of the After drying, the cotton is treated in a soap bath, con- to detract from the originality or merit of M. Lucas’
tower to the foot of the derrick, as shown in Figs. 2 taining 4 to 5 per cent soft soap, in which it is left until work in saying that his conclusions are corroborated
and 8. The derrick is 80 feet long, and is made up of the shade is perfectly clear, the shade obtained being by earlier inquiry. As long ago as 1876 I was able to
latticed channels 1244 inches, united in the same similar to a Turkey red, with a yellow shade, obtain from the burning of ou, under steam blast, first
manner as the tower. Two bars 13g by 444 inches Cotton yarn and piece goods are dyed the same as the white, then the gray, and lastly the invisible flame.
extend from the top of the derrick to the bottom cotton, but are not dried before soaping, being soaped And from a paper I read about that time. I append
of the upper panel of the tower. The ladder is made directly after washing. Some kinds of cotton get bet- the following printed extract bearing on the subject:
in two sections jointed together, “Tt has been calculated that if
the upper part being 73 feet 10 we increase ths speed of vibra-
inches long and the total length tion to about five millions per
11524 feet. The ladder is made second, we are again made con-
of 4 by 6 inch angles joined by scious of the same in the form of
a web 24 inches deep and 4 inch a faint heat emanating from the
thick, and each section is stiff- object, and that at about four
ened by a truss upon the under hundred billions per second light
side. commences—first a deep red, then
The links of steel chain carry- (with further increase of speed)
ing the buckets, which are made yellow, green, blue, and lastly
of five-eighth inch steel and have violet. As these lights develop,
a capacity of one cubic meter, however, with the speed, the
=m}
are3 feet long and 15g by 7 inches heat at first felt fades away,
in section; to every alternate link and, like sound at a lower rate
is attached a bucket placed be-
tween two links. All parts of
i of motion, ceases to operate as
such. If we follow the results of
the chain are made interchange- a further increase in speed, we
able to facilitate repairs. Atthe find that when we reach about -
top of the tower the chain passes eight hundred billions per second
over a square tumbler, mounted all light ceases, just as if no mo-
on a shaft 14 inches in diameter ace —_———___ tion whatever were in operation
and 17 feet long, and having —in manner like unto sound and
chilled cast iron corners bolted Fig. 3—ENGINES AND DRUMS FOR OPERATING § PUDS. heat. It thus appears that we
between flange heads, so that may cousider the modes of mo-
they may be easily replaced when worn out or damaged. ter dyed with the help of a mordant, and a solution of tion as simply differences in speed, and that what we
The chain passes under and over a six-square idler on 1 per cent alum and 4 per cent borax can be added to know as chemical action, electricity, and even life itself,
the lower end of the ladder. ‘ the dye bath, the proceeding being the same as above. are, on ultimate analysis, merely varying rates of the
The chain is operated by engines 16 by 24 inches. The property possessed by this coloring matter of one all-pervading energy or motion of the particles of
The driving pulley is 10 feet in diameter and 38 inches dyeing cotton in a water bath renders its application matter under consideration.”
face; the belt extends to a smaller pulley mounted in possible also for mixed goods, the wool being first dyed The difference in order of disappearance of light and
the upper part of the frame, and connected by gearing in any desired shade, and the cotton is then dyed with heat is only apparent, as a consequence of being de-
with the tumbler shaft. Congo red dissolved in water. scribed from the mechanical standpoint, and is chiefly
The ladder is raised and lowered by means of a chain Another method is the following: Dissolve for 50 interesting as showing that the knowledge is not new,
attached to a bail near the end of the ladder, then pounds cotton wool, 1 pound 8 ounces stannate of soda although the present contribution on the part of M.
passed over a pulley near the top of the derrick, then in the dye kettle; add 2 pounds potash soap, raise to Lucas is extremely valuable. Personally, I do not lay
under a pulley on a bail pivoted to the end of the lad- boil, and scum the bath. Then add to the bath 1 any claim whatever in the matter, other than to a par-
der by the same bolt that holds the idler, and then pound Congo, and when this is well dissolved enter tia) demonstration, in experiment, of a theory which
over a pulley at the extremity of the derrick, and finally cotton; boil for two hours, and leave in the bath over- had, previously to the date given, been repeatedly
to a drum operated by 814 by 12 inch engines. At the night. Pass, then, the cotton through the hydro-ex- propounded.
center of the engine shaft is a worm meshing with a tractor. This same method gives very good results +0
gear on the drum shaft, as shown in Fig. 2. also on cotton yarn. It is better to dye with this col- My Boy, do You Smoke ?
The buckets empty into a bell of an iron chute, 3 feet oring matter at boiling point, in order to increase the The United States Navy annually takes into its serv- :
‘
in diameter and 180 feet long, and supported as shown fastness of the shades against light. ice a large number of apprentice boys, who are sent all F:;
in Fig. 1. To aid the discharge of material, when rs over the world and taught to be thorough sailors. It has %

; Advertising in the London ‘* Times.” \

necessary, two pumps, 10 by 14 by 14, discharge water been the policy of the government since the war to
into the chute. Somebody has calculated that the advertisements in educate the ‘‘ blue jacket,” upon the principle that the
The engines are all double, and are link motion. a recent Saturday issue of the London Zimes brought more intelligent a man is, the better sailor he is likely
Steam is supplied by three boilers—locomotive pattern in about $11,006. This would make $66,000 a week, to become. There is no lack of candidates for these
—6} feet in diameter and 23 feet long, and of 100 horse $264,000 a month, and $3,168,000 a year. The number positions. Hundreds of boys apply, but many are re-
power each. Exhaust steam . jected because they cannot
is eonveyed to a surface con- pass the physical examina-
denser. All the machinery is tion. Major Houston, one of
operated from one room lo- the Marine Corps who is in
eated on deck, just forward of charge of the Washington
the center of the boat. Navy Yard barracks, is the
These dredges are known authority for the statement
as the endless chain. that one-fifth of all the boys
—_———-> oo _____- examined are rejected on ac-
The Pike’s Peak Railway. count of heart disease.
The Pike’s Peak Railway, His first question to a boy
which is expected to be in who desires to enlist is: ‘* Do
operation this year, will be yousmoke?” The invariable
the most notable piece of response is, ‘‘ No, sir,” but the
track in the world. It will tell-tale discoloration of the
mount 2,000 feet higher than fingers at once shows the
the Lima & Oroya Railway, truth. The surgeons say that
in Peru. »It is now in opera- cigarette smoking by boys
tion to a point over 12,000 feet produces heart disease, and-
above the sea level. The en- that in ninety-nine cases out
tire thirty miles of its length of a hundred the rejection of.
will be a succession of compli- would-be apprentices on ac-
cated curves and grades, with count of this defect comes
no piece of straight track from excessive use ot the
longer than 300 feet. The milder form of the weed. This
maximum grade will be 316 is a remarkable statement,
feet to the mile, and the aver- coming, as it does, from so
B74BEBEEJ = = EE = = ET TZxaAZAv
age grade 270 feet. The line high an authority and based_.
will abound in curves from Fig. 4—MAIN ENGINES, BOILERS, AND CONDENSER. upon the results of actual
500 to 1,000 feet long, in which examinations going on day
the radius changes every chain.—American Railway consisted of 24 pages, and of these 14 were filled with after day, and month after month. It should be a
Journal. advertisements. This is larger than the average num- warning to parents that the deadly cigarette is sure to
See een oe ber, and the total income for a year from the advertis-bring about incalculable injury to the young. A law
THE London Times states that an air balloon railway ing is probably not more than three-fourths the above passed restricting its use to the dudes would not, per-
is about to be constructed on the Gaisberg, near Salz- sum, or nearly $2,500,000 a year. What the expenses of haps, bring popular disfavor, because it might reduce
burg, a mountain of no great height, but offering a mag- the paper are, nobody but the proprietors and two or the number of these objects about our streets, but
nificent view over the environs of the town. The bal- three others know. The highest estimates have, how- boys indulging in the cigarette ought to be treated to
loon, which will have grooved wheels on one side of its ever, never exceeded $25,000 a week, or one-half the liberal doses of ‘trod in pickle” until the hanit is
car, will ascend a perpendicular line of rails, probable receipts. thoroughly eradicated,
 . Scientific American, ays te
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132 Scientific American. fMarcu, 1886.
Bangor extension lad-
THE NEW YORK FIRE DEPARTMENT. ing, at each end of which is pivoted a downwardly curved ‘of which we briefly mention: Two
hook, upon which the harness rests. The reins pass through ders, one 65, the other 45 feet long, so constructed that they
Although the single swing of a pendulum only measures
a catch in the center of the frame, so that by pulling them may be made any length up to the extreme; two ladders 35
a second of time, yet each one of these periods may be so feet, one 25, one 20, one 15, one 12,
the hooks are released and the harness allowed to fall upon |feet long, one 83
intimately and directly connected with events of such vital one hook 20 feet long, one 15, one 12, two 10, and six
It is the backs of the horses. The collars are hinged at the mid-
interest as to become of the greatest importance.
dle, and one free end is provided with a bolt which enters a 6 feet long. Two Babcock fire extinguishers, used upon
doubtful if there be any moment, in any calling, in which so small fires when required. One battering ram weighing
other end, in which it isheld by a spring catch.
many movements bearing immediately upon the result are socket in the
641g pounds, and formed with a thick wooden sec-
crowded as in the fire departmert when an alarm is receiv- The hinge is made wide so as to prevent lateral movement |
ed. The ease with which an incipient fire can be extin- and insure the entrance of the bolt when the ends are, tion terminating in an iron shoe at one end and having a
brought together. sbort rod at the other; this is manned by six men; its use
guished, and the fearful rapidity with which it spreads and is apparent. Six tubular hand lamps. Four rubber
gets beyond control, compelled the adoption of every device Tbe forward fire engine shown in the illustration is from
the Clapp & Jones works, and is what is known as second-
buckets. Seven forcible entrance tools. The iron shutters
and method that would in avy way lessen the time inter- and doors upon the buildings of this city, being secured
vening between the alarm and the arrival at the fire. Con- class. The plunger is 4% inches in diameter, and the en-
is 64 inches upon the inside, are most serious obstacles placed in the way
sequently each fraction of a second is carefully guarded lest gines (double) are 8 by 7 inches. The boiler
of firemen, who, in order to effect a quick entrance, are sup-
it escape before having seen the performance of some step high, 35 inches in diameter, has 120 drop water pipe tubes
plied with crowbars and jimmies made of the best steel and
tending toward the accomplishment of the main object. The and 40 smoke flues, It is capable of throwing three streams,
seeming confusion, the apparent mixing up of men, two side ones 2% inches, and a center one 344 inches in di-
horses, after the most approved pattern. One 10-pound steel maul.
and machinery, is the outcome of persistent study aided by ameter. It is not necessary to notify the engineer of Four cotton hooks, four hay forks, and two shovels for the
removal of loose material, Four axes for cutiing through
a thorough acquaintance with the wants, and with even the the amount of water required, since the quantity can be con-
minutest detail that could be made subservient. trolled by the man in charge of the nozzle. In the nozzle is floors, roofs, and partitions, and two picks for entering
a conical shaped plug that can be moved bongitudinally by
All the fire alarm boxes in this city are connected by wires walls. One crow bar, ten wrenches and belts, including a
turning a screw collar, and by this means a stream can be gas pipe wrench for shutting off the gas when necessary;
with the headquarters of the fire department, and are all
ove roof rope 125 feet long; two horse blankets; one whip.
numbered. When the hook in a box is turned down, the obtained varying from the size of a pin to the full capacity
One respirator, by which the wearer is enabled to enter
alarm is made only at the headquarters, where the operator, of the pipe. In case the nozzle is reduced or is completely
dense smoke and to encounter noxious vapors. One dis-
by the aid of a switch board, instantly sends the number of shut off, the engine is relieved of all liability to serious strain
tributer, described above. One four way connection. One
that particular box to every fire company in the city. In by the action of an automatic relief valve designed by Mr.
Engine 24. This valve is placed beside the length 314-inch combination bose. One copper pipe 34
each company’s house, near the door, are placed the gongs, Pallett, of
recording apparatus, telephone, etc. (The position of the pump, to which it is connected at two points, one above and inches. Three nozzles, One iron pipe holder. One cal-
various instruments, the location of the engine and stalls, the other below the plunger. The connecting passage is in- cium light with oxygen and hydrogen tanks and fittings.
This is found most useful in lighting up the scene of opera-
and of the poles by which the men descend from the upper terrupted by a valve held upon its seat by a spring in such
floors, and the method of hanging the harness so that it away that the pressure necessary to raise the valve can be tions, Two danger flags, to signal trains upon the elevated
may be placed upon the horses in less thaa a second, are all regulated at will. When the full power of the engine is re- railroads, one patent horse shoe, one butting stick, one
plainly shown in our view of the interior of the quarters of quired the valve is screwed down, but for ordinary work it brass gong, two cushions. One cellar pipe, 13-inch nozzle,
which is used to direct a stream to any part of a cellar, up
Engine Company 33, on Great Jones Street.) The first is set at about eighty pounds, As soon as the water pressure
or down, when thrust through a lower window, and which
alarm is sounded upon a small gong, familiarly known as in the pipes is increased beyond this point, by partially clos-
is of the utmost advantage in situations where the ordinary
the joker, and the first stroke sets in motion a train of me- ing the nozzle,the valve is lifted and communication made
chamber; when nozzle could only be made to deliver a downward stream.
chanical movements which, though in operation but an in- between the top and bottom of the pump
One cross bar and chain. Three scaling ladders of the fol-
stant, produce most strange results, and change a scene of the nozzle is completely closed, the valve is raised clear of
lowing lengths and weights: 16 feet 35 pounds, 18 feet 39
quiet into one of startling activity and of absorbing in- the passage, and the pump churns the water round and
pounds, and 14 feet 27 pounds. These are wooden poles
terest to the stranger who chances to be present. The round. The engineer is relieved of all care, and the control
of the water is placed in charge of the one who best knows backed with a strip of iron and having steps at about every
first impulse of electricity passing over the wires attracts the
fourteen inches, To the upper end is secured a right an-
armature of a magnet, which releases a small weight sliding the quantity required. The spray nozzle consists of a
one portion of which is thickly studded with gled arm which is votched upon the under side and which
onarod placed beside the gong. This weight strikes the cylinder,
endsin an angle piece. The hooks so formed are long
arm of alever that permits the fall of a heavy weight locat- small holes, and upon which slides a collar wide enough to
enough to extend to the inner side of the widest window
ed below the floor, and which is so connected as to with- cover the perforated section when a spray is not desired.
draw the bolts holding the halters of the horses, who dash The sleeping quarters of the officers and men are on the sills. The ladder is raised and the hook thrust through the
window when the fireman ascends. Another ladder may be
forward to their places under the harness. The same impulse second floor. Through the floor, in locations so as to be
are three openings, in the center of each handed to him and by him hooked in the second window,
of electricity has sounded the alarm upon gongs in the sleep- most quickly used,
and another in the third window, until a string of ladders
ing apartment on the second floor and in the reading rooms of which is a smooth brass rod leading to the floor below.
reaches the roof, or he may support himself upon the sill,
on the third floor, and the men come sliding down the brass Upon the third floor are the billiard room, lockers, drying
the bath- raise the ladder he came up by to the second window, and
rods. The time of receiving the alarm is recorded by a small room, which has a zinc floor, and, together with
so on to the roof, One life line 150 feet long and three coils
clock that is stopped at the first stroke. Before the gong room, is heated by a furnace in the basement, and feed room.
of life saving rope. The total weight of the tools is 2,718
has ceased ringing the harness has been dropped and clasped, Hay and grain are raised from the rear. The grain bins are
pounds, and these together with the twelve men who go
the driver is belted to his seat, and the men are waiting for connected with the lower floor by tubes, and the hay is pass-
, so all the dust is confined to one with the truck, and the truck itself, weigh 9,756 pounds.
the doors to be rolled back. ed down through;chutes
So far each company in the department has gone through small room. ES
these operations, since all are compelled to hook up at every When fighting a fire, it sometimes becomes essential to Welding Fluxes.
alarm. The boiler of the engine is directly connected with throw a powerful stream into the upper stories of a building, We do not know that the following welding fluxes are any
a coil of pipein an ordinary egg-shaped stove placed in the and to give the most satisfactory results the nozzle should better than the welding material used generally by watch
basement. Low down upon the rear of the engine are two be elevated and brought in close proximity to the window. makers and silversmith, but they have been patented in Eng-
pipes which are attached by telescope joints to two pipes This is accomplished by the water tower (shown in several land, so we publish them, a
t

leading up from the coil. When the engine is to go out, positions in the upper view), which consists of a large pipe 1. A welding material composed of 25 parts by weight of
two valves which prevent the escape of water from the so mounted upon trunnions that it can be quickly raised to borax, a paper or metallic support, and 60 parts of metallic
boiler are closed by moving a lever, anda rod pressed down a vertical position. ‘The lower end of this pipe ts connected filings of the same nature as the metals to be welded, and
through a hole in the floor. This rod operates four valves; by a flexible pipe that extends under and to the rear of the made by first melting the borax; second, immersing the
two which close the pipes leading through the floor, and two truck, where it terminates in four8 inch inlets, each of which support in the fused borax; third, smoothing the same by
which open pipes leading to a small tank in the ceiling, in may be coupled to a hose leading from an engine. Each in- passing it through pressure rollers; fourth, sprinkling its
order that the coil may be supplied with water during the let is furnished with a swinging valve, operated by the pres- two faces with the metal filings; fifth, heating the sheet in
absence of the engine. The rod also raises the lid of the sure of water in the pipe. Various lengths of pipe can be an oven; sixth, passing through pressure rollers.
stove to deaden the fire. screwed upon the upper end of the trunnion pipe, giving the 2. A welding material composed of borax and of metallic
The strokes upon the joker might be compared to a series following lengths: single, 29 feet, long single, 36 feet, two filings of the same nature as the metalsto be welded, mixed
of dotsand dashes sounded quickly—thus, two strokes and a short lengths, 43 feet, two long, 50 feet. Between the end with the fused borax, and in the proportions substantially as
pause, three strokes and a pause, and five strokes would iv- of the pipe and the end of the nozzle is inserted a short piece set forth, and then rolled out into sheets of about one six-
dicate that the alarm came from box numbered 235. These of flexible pipe that moves between two side flanges, Pro- teenth of an inch thick.
strokes are repeated two or three times by the joker, and are jecting from each side of the nozzle is a stud that enters a 8. The welding sheets coated with a layer of gum lac or
then told off, but much more deliberately, upon the large groove in the flange. The nozzle is connected by a light otherfappropriate varnish.
gong. This arrangement is to save time, and while the men wire rope with a small drum placed on the body of the truck, The following compound has been frequently offered as
are hitching up they are counting the strokes, andif there is from which location all the movements of the tower are
a trade secret: Take copperas, 2 0z.; saltpeter, 1 0z.; com-
any doubt about the number they wait until the signal is guided. By winding up this rope the nozzle will be depress- mon salt, 6 oz.; black oxide of manganese, 1 0z.; prussiate
given by the big gong. But it generaily happens that the ed and will deliver water in a downward direction. The of potash, 1 oz. Pulverize these ingredients and mix with
engine is on its way to the fire before the second gong has short connecting pipe bends upon a curved frame that pre- them 8 Ib. of nice welding sand. :
begun its work. After the exact number has been ascer- vents wrinkling, The elasticity of the pipe and the force of
the water are sufficient to raise the pipe when the rope is un-
0
tained, all those companies which are expected to respond to
that number start for the scene of the fire, while the other wound. To stay a long length of pipe there is a stout wire A Lucky Inventor,
compapies, after waiting a short time, unhook the horses rope extending from the top toa drum at the base. This The Milling World says that George Westinghouse, before
and place the apparatus in the condition it was before the rope is extended by braces hinged to the lengths. The ver- he invented and perfected his well known air brake, was
alarm was struck. We thus see that onestroke places the en- tical pipe may be moved upon its own axis. Thestream may regarded by a number of his then acquaintances with some- 1

tire force of the department on the alert, and fifty-four engine be delivered at any height below a certain limit, and may be thing approaching pity, because of his alleged lack of
companies (nine of which are double companies, and are directed up or down or to either side. ‘“‘ sumption.” His air brake was a success, and his friends
provided with an extra engine and a large number of men), A distributer tobe attached to the end of a hose consists began to think there was something in him afterall. His
seventeen hook and ladder companies, and the two water of two curved hollow arms, one at each side of the closed automatic engine added to his fame and bank balance, and
towers are ready to.turn out at every alarm. Many of the end of the pipe. Upon the hub of each of these is a pinion he mounted higher in the esteem of his former friends. A
companies are frequently out of their houses in three, four, engaging with a gear on the pipe. When water under great few weeks ago a valuable well of natural gas was struck on
or five seconds, and at the last horse show in Madison Square pressure is sent through these arms, they are rapidly revolved his premises at Homewood, near Pittsburg. The well is 1,580
Garden, this city, Engine Company 33 hitched up once in upon their own axes and at the same time about a common feet deep, and the flow of gas is tremendous, the roar being
134 seconds, once in 15g seconds, and once in 134 seconds—or axis, so that they send a shower of water in all direc- almost deafening and scarcely endurable to the citizens of
three consecutive times in less than 2 seconds. tions. the neighborhood, Two other wells are being put down by
The most important item in the time question is getting Water tower No. 2 is located in the same house with Hook Mr. Westinghouse, and he estimates that his profit there-
the horses in harness. The horses are placed in stalls as and Ladder Company 8, on Thirteenth Street. Few people from will soon amount to $1,000 a day. We don’t know
near the pole as practicable, and are kept bridled. The have any conception of the number of implements forming what he wants of those wells, as he is not in straitened
harness is atiached to the engine, and is raised to such a the equipment of a hook and ladder company, and fewer peo- circumstances, but if some of those former friends, adds the
World, don’t just about bow down and worship him ere
height that the horse has no difficulty in passing to his place ple still have any understanding of the uses of these tools.
beneath it. Itis suspended from a Y-shaped frame of tub- The truck here referred to carries the following tools, the use long, we'll miss our guess,
—
 Marcu, 1886.| Scientific American, 133
A Delicate Measure, see this movable piece of iron here, which comes down mustache. They are generally much larger, especially
A curious little machine in the office of the Chief of with asmooth surface upon solid surface ? if you have been in the habit of shaving.”
this other He tookup
the Stamp Bureau Was the cause of the cancellation of Well, the raising or lowering of that moves the pointer a pair of scissors, and clipped off a hair from the mus-
a contract with an envelope firm that did not make which runs around the dial. To test the thickness ofa tache and placed it in position. The hand stopped at
their paper the thickness contracted for. Itisa queer- sheet of paper, we simply place it between this mov- 50. ‘Fifty sixteen-thousandths of an inch thick,”
looking contrivance, a cross between a set of butcher's able piece and the solid surface below; and when the he said. ‘‘ That shows the effect of shaving. I meas-
seales and ordinary grocer’s scales, or rather a combin- movable piece of iron comes down upon the paper, the ured a hair from the hand of a gentleman a few min-
ation of the two. There isa large dial, like the face of hand registers the true thickness of the paper. Deli- utes ago which was forty sixteen-thousandths thick,
a clock, with a little hand that flies around the face, eate instrument ?” but those in his mustache were precisely the same
pointing to the figures at the side, which are arranged Then he took a hair, and slipped it deftly between thickness, the reason being that he had never
like the figures on the clock face, with little dots be- the movable pieces. The hand on the dial followed the shaved.
tween. ‘‘ You see threc dots?” said the gentleman in motions of the screw until it stopped at the figure 20. Yes, that is the machine that proved that the firm
charge, inquiringly. ‘* Well, the space between those “Just twenty aes thousandths of an inch in dia- making our envelopes was not fulfilling its contract,”
indicates one sixteen-thousandth of an inch. You meter,” he said. ‘‘Now Jet me try a hair from your he said, as he fell back admiringly.

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NEW YORK FIRE DEPARTMENT.—INTERIOR VIEW OF A MODEL ENGINE HOUSE,

 “

134 Srientific American, [Maxcu, 1886.

KEUFFEL & ESSER’S ARCHITECTS’ AND BUILDERS’ Architects, Builders, and Others, being in part broken away. Pure air from outdoors is
LEVEL. Where lumber is scarce or expensive, or difficult of admitted through the opening shown in the base of the
The cut below represents a new article that will transportation, owing to its bulk or weight, rubber cut, and is distributed by the heated spurs there repre-
command the attention of everybody in the profession. |roofing is a public benefit. Its compactness and light sented to the chambers directly back of and on the
The advantage of good tools of this description is too | weight compared with lumber render it, where trans- sides of the fire. From these chambers the now par-
obvious to need explanation; and while this level portation is an item, the most economical roofing in tially heated air enters the chamber shown at the top
the market. Skilled labor is not a ne- of the cut, through which the five smoke flues are
cessity ;and in ease of application and seen to pass. These also imparting a large portion of
economy, rubber roofing leaves little to their heat to the passing current, its temperature is
be desired. A heavy roof is not needed;
for the greater number of buildings, it is
to sustain no superstructure, nor be sub-
ject to extra weight at any time. A light
roof answers every practical purpose,
and does awaytwith braces, girders, and
numerous other contrivances necessary
to sustain a heavy roof. These increase
neither the comfort nor convenience of
the building ; they do increase the cost.
By using rubber roofing, a builder can
quickly inclose a building, an important
consideration at this season of the year.
Rubber roofing is no new material; it
has stood the severe test of time, being
largely in use in all sections for the past
16years. It is not only thoroughly water
tight and a durable covering, but is
fireproof. Its cost is only half the price
KEUFFEL & ESSER’S ARCHITECTS’ AND BUILDERS’ LEVEL, of tin; and we would suggest that build- Fig. 1.
ers and all parties having a roof to cover
is certainly not as accurate as the finer, larger, and or repair, write at once to the sole manufacturers,
raised to 100° or 180° (according to the intensity of the
much more expensive instruments, it will do per- Indiana Paint and Roofing Co., 143 Duane 8t., New
fire), and it now passes a volume of pure air directly
fect work for the range required by architects and York city, or 42 So. Pa. St., Indianapolis, Ind. Sam-
into the room through the openings in the frieze
builders, and is certainly far superior to the several ples and illustrated book circular free.
of the grate. In these chambers there are 1574 square
similar tools that have been offered in this market. et ee
feet of radiating surface. The chambers are separated
The achromatic erecting telescope is 1144 inches long, ‘IMPROVED BELTING,
from the fire by a cast iron shell that has no joints for
provided with sunshade, has an object glass 114 inches The “* Electric” leather belting, now so universally
leaking gas, the upper chamber, with its tubes,
in diameter, adjustable by rack movement, and has a and successfully used for dynamos, has many import-
being cast solid, in one piece ; and this shell, surround-
magnifying power of about 24 times. The cross-hairs antimprovements which make it very desirable for
ed as it is by the air chambers, can never become in-
are of platinum wire. The bubble to the telescope is swift and steady running machinery. One of the
tensely heated, and thus liable to burn out. The
5 inches long and graduated, the horizontal circle is 5 best features of the belt is the quality of the leather
grate will accomplish as much heating as three ordi-
inches in diameter, and is divided to degrees, and hasa from which it is made, namely, only the center or
nary grates, will thoroughly heat large rooms, and
vernier reading tofive minutes. The instrument comes solid part of prime oak-tanned leather is used, and the
will ventilate perfectly.
in a strong mahogany box, with the usual accessories, leather receives a special coat of dressing ; a composi-
Fig. 3 shows that form of the grate which is intended
and costs, with the hardwood, brass-top tripod, only tion which fills its pores completely and makes it more
$45.00. It is manufactured and sold by Keuffel & Esser, pliable, at the same time firm and less liable to
127 Fulton and 42 Ann Street, New York, who will be stretch.
pleased to show the instrument to anybody interested. Another great advantage are those metallic wire serew
In connection with this level, Keuffel & Esser manu-
facture an accurately divided hardwood leveling rod of
the New York pattern, with improved clamp and fine
target, with vernier, engine divided to inches and
eighths, 5 feet 6 inches long, and extending to 10
feet 4inches. Although the price of this rod is only ?
$6.00, itis in every respect first class, and will be found IMPROVED BELTING, ;
“
very serviceable in conjunction with the above level. (Z
os
A circular describing the builders’ level, or their cat-
fastenings (see illustration). These screws are forced
alogue of drawing materials and engineers’ supplies,
into the leather and cut off at both ends, leaving the sur-
will be forwarded to any address.
face,of both sides of the belt perfectly smooth, and the
0 belt can be run at pleasure on either side. All other
THE SANITARY WATER CLOSET. modes of fastening need holes to be made into the
leather, which naturally tends to weaken it, such as to heat rooms on different floors. By an inspection of ne
wn
‘
This closet—the construction and arrangement of
rivets, pegs, lace and wax-thread sewing, and make the the cut, it will be readily seen that the air, directly
which are very plainly shown in the annexed illustra-
belt stiff and clumsy, but these wire screw fastenings admitted from outdoors through the opening shown
tion—is so made that the reservoir, which is thorough-
leave the belt as pliable as if nothing was in it. at the base of the cut, after becoming heated by circu-
ly ventilated, cannot contain any offensive matter, and,
Chas. A. Schieren & Co., of 47 Ferry Street, New lating through the chambers, as described, passes
being of sufficient capacity to hold enough water to
York, are the manufacturers of the belt, and are re- through the valved opening at the top of the cut, and
flush the soil pipe at each discharge, it keeps the soil
ceiving the most flattering testimonials from all parts thence by a pipe to the room on the floor above that
pipes free and clean their entire length. ‘The flush-
ing takes place instantly, with a given quantity of of the country and from the most prominent scientific in which the grate is set. Closing the valve, wholly or
men. in part, the conserved heat may be entirely or partially
added to the heat of the room below.
THE JACKSON HEAT-SAVING AND VENTILATING GRATE.
We present herewith three views of this important
improvement, now very extensively used where econo-
my of fuel and-pure air are desired in the apartments
of dwelling houses.
The upper cut shows a front view of the grate. The
next figure is a rear view; and the last figure is a rear
view of the style used for heating rooms on an upper
story. :
Apart from the cheerful, exhilarating influence
of the open fire on the household gathered about its
hospitable hearth, it is well Known that radiant
heat direct from the surface of burning fuel pos-
sesses a comfort and health-maintaining power that no
other form of heat can supply. For this reason the
open grate has always been a favorite in our homes,
and it is only because in the ordinary form it is such
a great consumer of fuel, and so feeble in its heating Edwin A. Jackson & Co., 77 Beekman Street, New
capacity, that it has been supplanted by other more York, are the manufacturers.
ZANE’S “THE SANITARY” WATER CLOSET. economical kinds of heating apparatus. 0
In the construction of the Jackson Ventilating Grate A Populous Section,
water, when the pull is raised. The seal is positive, it will be seen that this defect has been avoided, and The district bounded by the Bowery on the west,
and insures the exclusion of foul air. Being supplied an economical method of heating has been secured, Grand Street on the south, Avenue B on the east, and
with water either from a tank at the top of the build- without the least impairment of the properties of the Thirteenth Street on the north, in the city of New York,
ing or from the main pipe direct, it does not require open fire-place. The Jackson Ventilating Grate has is said to be the most populous square mile on the face
any cistern and service box. Itis extremely easy to} all the exposed fire surface of the common grate, thus of the globe, even outdoing Pekin, China, which, until
set, the only necessary directions being to so set it being unsurpassed in the amount of its radiant heat, lately, was supposed to be the most densely populated
that the reservoir will be level, and to adjust the float as it is unequaled by any in its amount of conserved city in the world. The ground embraced in the above
to give the desired quantity of water. heat. limits is said to measure one mile square, and it fur-
Messrs. Fred. Adee & Co., of 5° Cliff Street, New Fig 2 shows the construction of the heat-saving nishes homes for two hundred and fifty thousand
York city, can be addressed for further particulars. chambers in the Jackson Fire-place, the outer shel! (250,000) persons, mostly Germans,
 -~ MARCH, 1886.] Srientifie American. 135
TRANSMITTING FOWER FROM A CENTRAL STATION. In order to take power from the cable and transfer it to Is there a Snow Cap on Venus?
There bas long been needed a system for the transmission stationary machinery, there is employed a grip pulley. At The planet Venus is now a morning star, and is a very
of power from a central station to distant points which the point where the power is to be taken from the rope an brilliant object without the aid of the telescope. In the
would be economical and reliable in operation and simple in opening is made in the tube, or a suitable chamber con- telescope it is a beautiful crescent. Its position is very fa
construction, and which would overcome the obstacles at- nected with the tube is constructed, so that the cable can vorable for telescopic observation. Taking advantage of
tending the use of either steam, compressed air, water, or be deflected and made to pass around one side of a grip pul- this fact, our townsman, Isaac P. Guldenschuh, who has
electricity. The advantages to be derived from such a sys- ley which is mounted on a shaft in the opening. Placed at an excellent silver on glass reflecting telescope of seven
tem are too well known and appreciated to need discussion. each side of the opening are grooved pulleys of a suit- inches aperture, reports an interesting discovery on the
By using an endless wire rope, the entire power of the able size, which are so mounted asto guide the rope to, morning of thesseventeenth of Aug., between three and four
driving engine—less only the loss occasioned by the fric- and lead it away from, the grip pulley. This _pul- o’clock. Mr. Guldenschuh saw in profile on the convex edge
tion of the pulleys over which the rope travels—can be ley can be placed either vertically or horizontally, as illus- of the crescent a brilliant white lenticular spot. This was
utilized. When the bearings of the pulleys are properly trated in the engraving. On the shaft is mounted a sliding cut out by a regular curve from the convexity of the cres-
constructed, this loss is but trifling; and it isan important clutch, on a feather, which can be moved against the side cent. The line of demarkation was sharply defined. He said
feature of this method that just as much power can be taken of the pulley, and either engage it by friction or by means he had seen nothing like it except the snow cap on. Mars,
from the rope at one or two miles from the engine as can be |of clutches, The speed can be easily regulated, as it is taken We suggested to him that in all probability he had seen a
taken from it directly at the station. The adoption of such from the cable by means of differential pulleys, and the snow cap on Venus, although at the time we bad seen no
a plan would result in the saving of the cost of engine and amount of power deflected at any point can be measured by report of such an observation by any astronomer. This
boiler and of the expense of their attendance, would permit a dynamometer. Any number of branch or supplemental bright, lenticular spot cut into the broadest portion of the
the space occupied by such machinery to be utilized for endless cables can be located at various points and driven crescent, showing that, if it were a polar snow cap, the
other purposes, would abate the smoke nuisance arising from the main cable. In order that no delay may be caused pole is now turned diagonally toward the sun, This was
from the many furnaces now clustered within a small area, by the breaking of the cable, it is proposed to mount two not very surprising, as the difficulties attending the deter-
and would enable those located along the line of the cable ropes on two independent sets of pulleys in the same tube, mination of the axis of rotation are very great, and to this
to obtain a power just sufficient for their work, whether it thus keeping one rope always in reserve, day the inclination of the axis of Venus to her orbit
be the running of a single sewing machine or the driving Among the many advantages which would accrue from is not accurately known. It occurred to us that Mr. Guld-
of an entire factory. the successful operation of this system in large cities are enschuh may have hit upon a discovery of importance, and

We
ai ={\\=

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a=
iil

BOONE’S METHOD OF TRANSMITTING POWER FROM A CENTRAL STATION,

The accompanying engravings represent a system recently those having a direct bearing upon the safety and health of |immediately consulted the authorities upon Venus. We
patented by Mr. John L. Boone, of San Francisco, California, the community. In this city we have from five to six thou- found that the estimated inclination of the axis of rotation
in which a wire rope isused to transmit power froma central sand boilers, which are just somany sources of danger to is not far from 75°, a fact which would fit the observation.
station. The tube or tunnel in which the cable runs is laid life and property, even when surrounded with every precau- Judging the present direction of the axis, from Mr. Gulden-
below the surface of the ground, and is led in any required tion and tended with the utmost care and skill. The perma- schuh’s observation, and tracing the planet back to the time
direction and its course changed as desired, but it finally nent removal of these boilers would have a direct effect before inferior conjunction, it was seen that there must have
leads back to the central station from whence it started. In- upon the atmosphere by relieving it of the noxious vapors been winter at the pole now visible before conjunction, and
side of the tube, at proper distances apart—about twenty arising from the combustion going on in their fur- that summer is now approaching.
feet—are mounted vertical pulleys, except at the angles naces, Upon consulting Webb’s ‘“‘ Celestial Objects,” we found in
where the direction of the tube changes, when horizontal Another sanitary result would be obtained by doing away the appendix the following statement, which seemed to ex-
pulleys are substituted. A wire rope is then laid in the with the numerous steam engines, many of which exhaust plain Mr. Guldenschuh’s success: ‘‘Much attention has of
tube, so that it will be supported upon the vertical and into the sewers, the effect being to drive the hurtfnl gases late been paid to this planet, especially since the silvered re-
passed around the horizontal pulleys, and its two ends up into the buildings. flector has been found peculiarly capable of defining it.”
united, making it endless. In the engine house or at some The elevator shaft, with its accompanying engine, is now an In the same appendix it was learned that the bright spot had
other suitable point on the line is constructed a take-up for essential patt of almost every building erected in the business been seen by Browning on the 15th of March, 1868. It was
the slack of the rope, which is thereby kept taut. The cable quarters of acity. By asystem such as we have described on the circular limb, about 80 degrees from the south coast
isdriven by an engine, or other power, at a central station. these could be more cheaply buiit and operated than they or horn. Browning described it as ‘‘so luminous as to show
The tube may be of any desired shape, but it is preferable can at present, and, by reason of an ample and constant projection like the snow on Mars.” This confirms the ac-
to make it cylindrical, and, since it can be placed in a less power always at hand, their usefulness would be greatly curacy of Mr. Guldenschuh’s independent observation. We
exposed and Jess traveled position than those used in the increased. are inclined to believe that both observers saw a polar snow
system for propelling cars, it need not be made or great The system has been examined and warmly commended cap. With the great inclination of the axis of Venus, one
strength. In citiesit is proposed to construct the tube along by Silas Seymour, late State Engineer of this State; by Silas pole must be in darkness for six of Venus’ months, and
the edge of the sidewalk, just outside of the curbstone, and B. Dutcher, late Superintendent of Public Works of this there is reason to believe that there is a great deposit
to carry it around corners and deflect it where desired, so as State; by C. E. Candee, the inventor, and former superin- of snow and ice during this period. If the inclination be 75
to best accommodate the users of power. Inthis case the tendent of the Wabash Railroad, and others. Any further degrees, the tropics are but fifteen degrees from the poie.
4 tube is made with an open top over which is placed a re- particulars which may be desired can be obtained by ad- We trust that Venus will be carefully examined. Perchance
| movable concave cover, which serves as a gutterto carry off dressing M. H. Farley, Esq., the authorized agent of the spot seen by Mr. Guldenschuh may be visible in tne
__ gurface water. : : the inventor, at 165 Greenwich Street, New York city. many refractors owned in this city.— Rochester Democrat.
 136 Stientific American. [Marcu, 1886.
8T. PAUL’S CATHEDRAL. MOVING SMALL BUILDINGS. pencil yoke, whenever the resistance of the specimen
Our engraving is from 7he I7Zustrated London News, In reply to an inquiry on this subject Mr. A. E. causes the pendulum to rise.
from which we also take the following: Sanford, of Belleville, N. J.,says: We move buildings Upon the shaft connecting the worm wheel and the
From certain points of view, the beauty of St. Paul’s about here sometimes, and use for the purpose low jaws which receive the end of the specimen is a brass
Cathedral, irrespective of magnitude, excels that of St. wheeled trucks such as are used for boilers. Can move drum, 544 inches wide, and having a circumference
Peter's at Rome, the Duomo at Florence, and every a small building by using ordinary strong wagons by equal to 36 inches. Upon this drum is stretched a
other building in this style. It is not best seen in placing them thus— specially ruled blank of section paper, each square
front; we think the southeastern view, approaching representing one degree ofare. Upon this blank the
from Cannon Street, is most engaging ; but the most strain diagram is autographically traced. The motion
complete view of the whole structure is that presented of the pencil in the direction of the axis measures the
in our engraving, from the southwest corner of St. torsional moment, from which the tensile strength of
Paul’s churchyard. It was from this point, at a house the specimen may be deduced ; while the rotation of
where he lodged during the progress of his work, that the drum carrying the diagram represents the angle
Sir Christopher Wren used for a time to watch it of torsion, from which is deduced the ductility of the
growing up, as it steadily did from 1675 to 1710, within material under investigation.
the great architect’s lifetime. Its total cost was near- The ordinary maximum moment of stress, ;°, of an
ly £750,000, including the architect’s salary of £200a inch from the center, is 1,000foot pounds. Thismay be
year. using one front part and two hind parts, letting the increased 25 per cent. if desired.
Mr. William Longman’s “ History of the Three Cathe- long timbers, which have to be strong, rest upon the By an improved device the worm can be readily dis-
drals dedicated to St. Paul in London,” published in bolster in front and tie them under the axle behind. engaged from the worm wheel, and by carefully allow-
1873, relates the manner in which this “plan hand- ing the pendulum to swing back to its normal position,
=
0 —— +
some and noble,” asit was at once pronounced to be, either by hand, or using the worm and wheel when
was gradually completed, so far as concerns the exterior, THURSTON’S AUTOGRAPHIC TORSION TESTING MACHINE. engaged, the limit of elasticity may be readily deter-
leaving the internal decoration toa future age. The This machine has for its purpose the determination mined.
west front is not what it ought to have been; it was of the torsional strength of materials, producing an A number
of diagrams, representing strains or tests
not by Sir Christopher’s design, but at the command of autographic record of the values of elasticity, made of various metals or alloys, can be placed upon
the Popish Duke of York, that it was encumbered with ductility, resilience, homogeneity, and ultimate resist- the same sheet, affording an easy comparison of re-
two side chapels projecting on the north and on the ance of the various metals, alloys, and woods used in sults.
south side, which lessen the apparent elevation of the engineering construction. It is a testing machine that should find a place in
towers ;but the portico is grand, having two stories, The machine is capable of revealing characteristic the laboratory of every scientific school where the
the lower Corinthian, the upper Composite, like the properties upon which to base sound practical judg- principles of resistance of materia!s are taught, and, if
rest of the building. ment as to their relative usefulness for the various widely introduced into the iron working and steel
e
e
The two flanking towers have always been admired purposes for which materials of construction may be making establishments of the country, would prove of
by architectural critics. The upper part of the sides required, and also under the different conditions of invaluable assistance to the engineer in selecting the
is only a screen to hide the flying buttresses which their production or manufacture. best materials of construction for every requirement.
have to withstand the thrust of the main vaulting, Simple in construction, and designed with special This machine is now made by the Pratt & Whitney
over the nave, choir, and transepts. It is well known reference to rigidity and to convenience of operation, Co., Hartford, Conn.
also that the majestic external dome, with its diameter it provides improved methods of subjecting specimens Se ae
of 145 feet, sarmounted by the stone lantern and lofty to strains of torsion, either continuously or allowing STRENGTHENING THE ABUTMENT OF A GREAT BRIDGE,
eross, is not the dome seen in an interior view. The periods of rest, the latter effect being to show remark- Across the Schuylkill River at Chestnut Street,
inner dome, of brick, has a diameter of 108 feet; and able powers of recuperation of strength in the speci- Philadelphia, is a two span bridge, begun in 1861 and
the large space above, between this and the outer men, when apparently giving way under continuous completed five years later. It hastwo segmental arches
dome, is occupied by a conical superstructure which twisting strain; while all the effects of strain up to supported by an abutment on either bank and a cen-
really supports the lantern and cross, while the outer final rupture may be observed, the autographic record tral pier in the river. At each side is a masonry ap-
dome, which is a shell of timber covered with lead, only being presented by a curve traced by the machine proach. The spans are 185 feet each, and the total
seems to do so. itself. length of the bridge, including approaches, is 1,5284
As a contrivance of engineering skill, this peculiar By the use of this automatic recording device, the feet. The carriage way is 26 feet wide, and the foot
arrangement has great merit ; but the purists of archi- relation between the moment of torsion and the angle ways 8 feet. The western abutment is situated upon
tectural sincerity may be inclined to regard it as a of torsion is represented graphically throughout the what was the river flat, there being, at the time of
sham. The architect had intended, we learn from the entire investigation. construction, 27 feet of mud, under which was a stra-
‘‘Parentalia,” or memoirs written by his grandson, to Each pair of jaws receiving the specimen has its axis tum of about 5 feet of gravel and bowlders, below which
make the dome of moderate height externally, corre- in the same plane, horizontally and vertically, and was bed rock. White oak piles were driven to a firm
sponding with the interior; ‘‘ but the old church hay- motion given to the worm wheel is imparted through bed, and the heads of these, after leveling, were embed-
ing had, before, a very lofty spire of timber and lead, the specimen to the weighted pendulum, which is ded in beton to a depth of 24 feet; upon this founda-
the world expected that the new work should not, hung on the opposite side of the frame, the bearing for tion of piles and beton was laid a platform on which
in this respect, fall short of the old; though that was which is carefully made to reduce friction as much as the masonry was erected.
but a split, and this a mountain. possible. A yoke, carrying a pencil, is attached or Since completion this foundation has maintained its |
‘He was, therefore, obliged to comply with the vertical position, but the thrust from the long flat
humor of the age, and to raise another structure over arch, exerting a pressure of some 2,000 tons, in a few
the first cupola ; and this was a cone of brick, so built years forced the western abutment through the yield-
as to support a stone lantern of elegant figure, and ing material in which it rested. A certain amount of
ending in ornaments of copper gilt. As the whole this thrust was communicated to the approach through
church above the vaults is covered with a substantial the two small arches, the effect of which was to com-
oaken roof and lead—for no other covering is so dur- press the joints until, with the accompanying bulging
able in our climate—so he covered and hid out of sight of the masonry at points, the limitof movement was
the brick cone with another cupola of timber and lead, reached in the approach masonry, after which it con-
and between this and the cone are easy stairs to ascend tinued in arise of the two arches. It became evident
to the lantern.” It is, however, universally acknow- that unless this movement was arrested the span would
ledged that the exterior dome—surrounded at the base fall into the river. The fact that the space beneath ~
with a circular colonnade of thirty-two pillars, above the arches was used for traffic which could not be in-
which is a fine gallery, with an Attic order of pilasters terrupted for any length of time led to the placing of
—has unsurpassed grace and beauty of form. wooden struts, at water line, from the abutment to the
a arch pier and from the pier to the base of approach,
A SIMPLE way to test the value of leather belting, and the effect of this being totransfer the thrust, through
it is said to be a reliable one, is to place a cutting about the struts, tothe solid approach. Thisserved the pur-
three-tenths of an inch in thickness in strong vinegar. pose so well that the wonder now is that the bases
If itis of good quality, it will remain without alteration were not so constructed of solid masonry at first. The -
fora considerable time, simply becoming a little darker struts are shown in the large view in the accompany-
in color. But, on the contrary, if not well impregnated ing engraving, and were each composed of four 12 by
by the tannin, the fibers will quickly swell, and after 12 inch timbers bolted and tied to one another. By
a short period the leather becomes transformed into a this time the abutment had moved 8 inches and the
gelatinous mass. central pier had moved half that distance.
The city now sought for something more permanent

PATENTS.
Messrs, Munn & Co.,, in connection with the publication of the
Scientific American, continue to examine improvements and to
act as Solicitors of Patents for Inventors.
In this line of business they have had forty years’ experience, and now
have unequaled facilities for the preparation of Patent Drawings, Specifi-
cations, and the prosecution of Applications for Patents in the United
States, Canada, and Foreign Countries. Messrs. Munn & Co.|
also attend to the preparation of Caveats, Copyrights for Books, Labels,
Reissues, Assignments, and Reports on Infringements of Patents. All
business intrusted to them is done with special care and promptness, on|
very reasonable terms.
A pamphet sent free of charge, on application, containing full informa-
tion about Patents and how to procure them ; directions concerning
Labels, Copyrights, Designs, Patents, Appeals, Reissues, Infringements,
Assignments, Rejected Cases, Hints on the Sale of Patents, etc.
to save the bridge than timber struts. Several plans
were received, but those proposed by Messrs, Ander-
son & Barr, of Room 12, Tribune Building, New York
city, were adopted. The reasons governing this de-
cision were that they were the only plans which
~eanncntuih
Hl
would not interrupt travel on the railroad using one of
0 a i isl ameti We Nice the arches, thereby saving the city in damages about —
$40,000; the risk of lessening the stability of the abut-
THURSTON’S AUTOGRAPHIC TORSION TESTING MACHINE. ment during the operation would be avoided, since the
space made by the removal of material would be im-
pivoted to the pendulum, and is guided at its upper mediately refilled with the cylinder and concrete fill-
end by a brass semicircular template, or ‘‘curve of ing; and that by these plans the work would be so
completed as to need no further attention in the future.
sines,” its inner edge being cut to represent a curve,
the ordinates of which correspond to the torsional In brief, this plan was to build four iron cylinders of
resistance of the weighted pendulum, while moving one-half inch iron, 8 feet in diameter, stepped into the
base of the abutment and extended downward to bed

We also send, free of chcrge, a synopsis of Foreign Patent Laws, show-
ing the cost and method ef securing patents in all the principal countries
of the world,
MEUNN & O4., Solicitors of Patents, 361 Broadway, New York.
BRANVH OFFICK.~ 622 F Street, Washington, D, C,
|
through an are to which the corresponding abscisse are
rock at such an angle (about 45 degrees) as to. embrace
proportional; while the rotation of the jaws attached
to the worm wheel moves the pencil forward by the, the line of thrust of the arch, and fill them with con-
action of the guide curve upon the upper end of the! crete. By this plan the weight of the arch is trans- —
 UN,

Kitchen.
12:0" 140”
Pantry.

id Down,

EREREE ESSEX IAM

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DiningRoom. — : Parlor. Bed Room.

12° 0x 152 0”. i= 122.0% 15.0” qos x16 1S Epes os

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FIRST FLOOR.

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John.E.Baker, Archt.748 Broad St.Newark N.J.
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Piazza

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to
Dining Room Kitchen
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SECOND FLOOR.

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12/0%x 14/6" : 4 a = =
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SCHUMACHER & ETTLINGER,N.Y.

Qi
Marcu, 1886. ] Scientific American, — - ~ 137
eee ee
ferred to asolid foundation through four stone columns isa vertical stem 4 feet in diameter, across the top ring by ring, until bed rock is reached. When com-
8 feet in diameter. In carrying out this method no of which extends an air lock 5 feet in width and 14 feet plete, it is cleaned out and the concrete Jaid.
further disturbance of the ground was necessary than long. This lockis divided into three compartments by The plant for carrying on the work consists of a dou-
to start the cylinder. The concrete was made of 1 ce- four doors. Theadvantage of this construction is that ble air compresser—which may be quickly converted
ment, 2 sharp sand, and4 broken stone. Twoof these while one compartment is being filled with material into a hoisting engine when necessary—a twenty-five
stone struts have now been completed—one 65 feet from the outside, the other is open to the interior ; all | light dynamo forilluminating the interior engines, ete.
long and the other 62 feet. Work was begun Oct. 21, waiting is done away with, and both the passage of With regard to the cost of work of this nature, we
1884, and the first was finished Nov. 26 and the second supplies to the lower end of the cylinder and the re- are assured by the contractors that similar cylinders
Dec. 16. moval of excavated material are greatly facilitated. can be sunk to any depth up to 500 feet forless than
The plan of projecting this class of work, below tide In building the cylinder, a space large enough to ad- one hundred dollars per foot.
water, is by the aid of compressed air, similar in every mit an iron plate is dug out, when the plate is inserted For engineering data connected with the bridge we
respect to the plan so successfully used in the Hudson and bolted to those already in position; adjoining are indebted to Chief Engineer 8. L. Smedley and
River Tunnel, and which we have frequently described spaces are then excavated and other plates put in, and First Assistant Engineer J. M. Titlow, of the Philadel-
and fully illustrated. At the upper end of the cylinder in this way the cylinder is formed—plate by plate, and phia City Engineering Department.

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STRENGTHENING THE ABUTMENT OF A GREAT BRIDGE.

 138 Scientific American, [Marcu, 1886.
THR VULCANIZED ASBESTOS RENEWABLE DISK as the larger one rises, each drawing and ratus is doing its work; while with the hot air furnace,
VALVES. |descending
Messrs. Fairbanks & Co., 311 Broadway,forcing alternately.
makers of Each plunger has a full stroke of unless strict attention is paid to it, fire may be burn-
the celebrated scales, are now supplying a very supe- eight inches. Diameter of inner plunger, 34 inches; ‘ing and the fuel wasting, with very little results as
rior article in the line of Globe or Angle Valves, of area, 8°2958 square inches; diameter of long plunger, to heat thrown out; and we would further remark that
which herewith we give illustrations. Some of the 894 inches ; area, 11°0447 square inches; total, 19°3405 there is no danger from fire or explosion, as the gene-
advantages claimed for these valves are: They are square inches. 2 inch suction, 2 inch discharge pipe. rator is open to the air through the expansion tank.
provided with vulcanized asbestos disks, composed of One full revolution or double stroke gives 345 gallons. There are a great many people who think they can-
the fiber of asbestos, so wonderfully tough thatthe disks A speed of 40 strokes gives 26 gallons per minute. The not afford to put in hot water apparatus for warming;
cannot be crushed or broken. The disk is also practi- advantages are as follows: The vods balunce each they say it costs toomuch. This only shows that they
cally indestructible, being composed of a fireproof ma- other, leaving only the weight of water to be lifted. have not made acareful estimate, for an ordinary small
terial, to which is added the waterproof vulcanizing The water has a continuous and direct upward move- dwelling can be heated at an expense of from $300 to
ment through the interior of the 4 inch pipe, a con-
sequent great saving in friction and of power in over-
coming inertia of column of water. The two plungers |
can be pulled up through the pipe for repairs without
disturbing the cylinder. These pumps rank among
the best for all kinds of work. Double-acting pumps
with heavy service cylinders are provided for the deep-
est wells. W. S. Blunt, maker, 100 Beekman S8t.,
New York.
a meh 0 ee eda
5
Curative Power of Water,
There is noremedy of such general application and
none so easily obtainable as water, and yet nine per-}-
sons in ten will pass it by in an emergency to seek for
something of less efficacy. There are but few cases of
illness where water should not occupy the highest
place as a remedial agent. e
Se
ho
My,™»“foes oe<< A strip of flannel or a napkin folded lengthwise and
“. < ali run out of hot water and applied around the neck of a Ys
R
THE FAIRBANKS VALVES. child that has the croup will usually bring relief in ten
material. The disk is held central on its seat by three minutes. A towel folded several times and quickly run
guides cast on the body of the valve. Itisalso secured to out of hot water and applied over the seat of pain in
the spindle without the use of nuts, screws, pins, wires, toothache or neuralgia will generally afford prompt re-
or anything that is liable to be detached while in use. lief. This treatment in colic works like magic. Fig. 1.
The vuleanized asbestos ring is forced into the brass We have known cases, says the Boston Journal of
S
eea
disk and then the metal is spun over the edges, so that Commerce, that have resisted treatment for hours yield $400, and
in less than ten years’ time the savingin
there is no chance for it to split or peel. to this in ten minutes. There is nothing that will so fuel, repairs, and attention required would amount
A new disk may be put into one of these valves, by promptly cut short a congestion of the lungs, sore to 100 per cent in favor of the hot water system, to say
simply unscrewing the bonnet of the valve, slipping throat, or rheumatism as hot water when applied nothing about the great gain in comfort and health-
off the disk, replacing it by a new one and screwing on promptly and thoroughly. Pieces of cotton batting fulness, which is beyond computation; for hot water
the bonnet again, requiring only a few seconds of dipped in hot water and kept applied to all sores and is considered the most healthful heating at present —

time for the entire operation. The valve has a very new cuts, bruises, and sprains is the treatment now known for dwelling houses, and it is an estab-
free way fora globe valve. The stuffing boxes are all generally adopted in hospitals. lished fact that in houses where hot air furnaces are
packed before they leave the factory, with vulcanized A sprained ankle has been cured in an hour by show- used, house plants would not thrive; but after hot
asbestos packing, which is very durable and cannot ering it with hot water poured from a height of three .water was introduced, the same variety of plants had
be blown or washed out. Only first quality new metal feet. Tepid water acts as promptly as an emetic, and been grown successfully. Quoting from an article by
is used. hot water taken freely half an hour before bedtime is J. Drysdale, M.D., and J. W. Hayward, M.D., of Eng-
The peculiar construction of this valve permits the the best of cathartics in cases of constipation, while it land, published in ‘‘The Health and Comfort in
making of a very small globe body with amore open has a most soothing effect on the stomach and bowels. House Building,” they say: ‘‘ As a proof of the health-
and freer way than formerly, requiring less metal to te fulness of hot water heat, we may notice that one
give the same strength to the valve. of us, who has lived for years in a house heated by
HOT WATER HEATING FOR SMALL DWELLINGS,
+--+ | the hot water system, is a general practitioner of medi-
In this advanced age, when no expense or pains
BLUNT’S PATENT nthe eran tS ARTESIAN WELL cine, which involves being frequently called out at
UMP, are spared in regard to the interior decorations of
all hours of the day and night, yet no increased lia-
This pump, of which we herewith give illustrations, modern dwelling houses, and where comfort is the all
bility to cold or delicacy of any kind has been observ- =e,
l as furnished, is ready for important point sought after, our attention has been
ed; on the contrary, whereas previously, when living
use as a powerful suction called to the subject of heating.
in ordinary houses heated with hot air, he frequently
and force pump, and is Inthe days of our forefathers, the large open fire-
suffered from bronchitis, quinsy, and headache, he
also designed to be used in place, with its glowing back log, was the only method
has never suffered from either of these complaints
wells 200 feet deep, or less, known to them for warming their dwellings; and al-
since living in his present house; and a member of his
by extending the cylinder though the same has furnished the subject for manya
family, who had previously to spend several winters
in the well and adding in verse and song, yet when the matter is thoroughly in-
in a warm climate, is now able to remain at home and
between 4inch pipe with vestigated by research, we learn that during the long,
the plunger rods in equal cold winters of that time the question of keeping
lengths. The two rods, one warm was a sternreality with them. There was plenty
being one inch pipe and of heat inthe roaring fire, but instead of radiating
the other °g inch steel rod, throughout the apartment, it was carried up and out
work one within the other through the spacious chimney.
and operate two plungers, Later, in our grandfathers’ day, the box wood-stove
which also work one within superseded the open fireplace; and after the discovery
the other, the lesser one of coal in this country, they in turn were superseded
by the base burner and the modern hot air furnaces.
Although steam heat for large public buildings
has been in use, yet it is only recently that it has been
used for small dwellings. When this was practically
demonstrated, we were under the impression and be-
lief that the acme of house heating had been reached;
but such was not the case, for the ever restless mind eh
O
A
H
BCO
SSOssss of the heating engineer has at last demonstrated that
arpa
|e for healthfulness and comfort, the system of heating =

by hot water stands to-day at the head for warming

Lz
2a dwellings. The dayis not far distant when the old-
fashioned hot air furnace—the source of many head-
aches—is doomed to die; and we who are fortunate
enough to have our residences warmed with the genial
heat that proceeds from the hot water system say,
‘*So mote it be.”
With the hot water system, the dwelling can be
EPL
EE
LD,
ETE
EOE
PEELE
ITE
TLT
LA
EE kept thoroughly warmed every hour in the twenty- go about in the open air all the year round. For pre-
“7: Sarre
four, if desired, by giving the apparatus attention but vention of disease, we hold such a house to be a most
once in twelve hours; while with the most improved important auxiliary.”
hot air furnaces, in the extreme cold weather, we only One of the best hot water radiators on the market
expect to warm the living rooms, and that not until is the Bundy, constructed from the well known steam
SSS
SSSSNS
SSS
SSS
SSS
SS
SSS
éZee midday, with the consumption of coal out of all pro- radiator manufactured by A. A. Griffing Iron Co., 900
aa
PP
a
-| portion to the amount of heat distributed. Communipaw Avenue, Jersey City, N. J., who are
LEAL
POEL
Fa
glad at all times to answer any inquiries made to them
For the information of those who have never looked
into the subject, we wish to note a few of the advan- relative to the subject.
tages of hot water heating. First, hot Fig. 1 represents front view and Fig. 2 a cross sec-
water radi-
ators will heat with a low fire, and will continue to tion of same. : ,
give out heat as long asaspark is left in the gene- Any one familiar with the construction of radiators
rator. Should the fire be neglected and the tempera- will see at a glance its peculiar construction and
ture of the water in the generator fall, still the appa- merits.
 Marcu, 1886. | Stientific American. 139
IMPROVED COUNTING-HOUSE STAMP. pipe, soas togive back no odor orgas. Inside the and private. Ornamental lamp posts and lamps form
We herewith illustrate a printing stamp of novel cabinet, at one end, is a boiler of nickel-plated copper, another department of Mr. Fiske’s work, in which new
construction, which possesses many important advan- holding eighteen gallons, and constructed so as to give. designs are constantly being presented. Perhaps one
tages, the chief of which is that its printingis of supe-
342 square inches of heating surface. This is accom- of the most notable of these is the handsome electric
rior quality. It does not require to be replenished withplished by a coil of seven-eighths copper pipe, eleven clock post recently designed and put up by this estab-
ink oftener than once in six months ora year. It is feet in length, receiving the water from the center of lishment, at the corner of Wall and Broad Streets, in
noiseless and almost frictionless in action, and in- the boiler and passing in coil over the flame, filling the front of the Mackay-Bennett Cable Company’s offices,
stantly adjusts itself to a change from one die to whole bottom, then passing through the boiler and being in form an immense globe, and at once signifying
another, either with or without changeable dates, and delivering the water at the top, producing a circula-
is especially fitted to use the well-known interchange- tion which gives a supply of hot water much quicker
able metal-bodied rubber type, by means of which than by any other means, and is drawn by a faucet to
any required printing die may be quickly set up on the bath tub or wash bowl, while the cold water is
the spot for immediate use. The ink fountain is so drawn direct from the tank.
Below the boiler is a kerosene oil stove, made of
heavy copper, and nickel-plated. It has four burners,
five inches wide, so constructed as to give off nosmoke
or odor. A gas stove can be supplied when desired.
Among the many advantages which it possesses are
the following:
It may be placed in any room where it isnot in the
way and does notinterfere with the use of the apart-
ment for other purposes.
Hot and cold water may be had any time, day or
night, independent of the range boiler.
It will heat water quicker than by the range.
Itcan be removed from house to house the same as
furniture.
All plumbing necessary is to make one connection to
bring the water to the top or reservoir and one to
earry it out.
The cost is less than the fitting up a special room,
which could not be used for any other purpose than a
bath room.
It saves the cost of making separate cabinets for the
bath tub, wash bowl, and water closet, together with
the independent plumbing connections.
It saves all circulating pipes, which are liable to
freeze, except when the house is heated by steam or
formed that by properly charging it the stamp is capa- hot air, as is necessary with set tubs.
These elegantly finished cabinets are worth, after re-
ble, it is stated, of giving fully 200,000 fine impressions,
while the ordinary ribbon dating stamp will give from moving all theinside parts, more than half their entire
an inking ribbon of best quality not over 10,000 im- | original cost for a wardrobe alone.
pressions, and to obtain those the ribbon must be They furnish all the means for a bath of whatever ORNAMENTAL WEATHER VANE.
moved along to a fresh spot fully 200 times, each of character, hot air or dry, vapor, shower, hot, and cold
which moves requires as much time as to reverse the water and sitz bath, at any hour day or night, without a worldwide system of telegraphy. The making of iron,
inking cushion in the new stamp, which need be done leaving the room or requiring the use of the range. brass, and bronze stable fixtures, with every descrip-
not oftener than once for each 10,000 to 20,000 impres- Additional information may be obtained by address- tion of interior and exterior fittings, has long been a
sions. To print with this stamp, instead of striking a ing Mr. W. V. Collender, the exclusive manufacturer, specialty with this house, and their work isnow to be
blow or pushing down a plunger, a lever is pulled for- at the factory and general office, Stamford, Conn., or seen in the stables ofall the leading express companies
ward by thumb and finger, moving the printing die, these cabinets can be seen at the office of the Bruns- and horse car railway companies of the country, as well
which is guided by a parallel motion, from the inking wick, Balke & Collender Co., Union Square, New as in the best appointed private stables. In this con-
cushion to the impression bed, and, upon releasing, is York city. nection it may be mentioned that the house has a
instantly returned to place by a spring, restoring the Leeann
eee, patent self-feeding manger, to prevent the horse from
printing face of the die to contact with the inking eating too rapidly. Besides what has been mentioned
ORNAMENTAL IRON AND ZINC WORK, ETC.
cushion. above, other catalogues give a great variety of designs
The engraving shows the stamp as adapted to The facility with which important additions can be for fountains, vases, statuary, figures of animals, etc ,
general use ; another style is made, especially adapted made to the appearance of a house and grounds, by all well worth the examination of intending purchasers
to the use of banks and bankers. It is the invention the development of one or more details of an orna- in this line.
of Mr. R. Hale Smith, and is manufactured by the mental character, has encouraged the growth of a — + 0
R. H. Smith Mfg. Co., 295 Main Street, Springfield, considerable industry in the making of certain forms
An Interesting Shakespearean Relic.
Mass., who may be addressed for further information. of iron, brass, and bronze work, which is of great
re 0 durability, and ornamental as wellas useful. Of goods Any person desirous of inspecting the actual last will
PORTABLE BATHING AND TOILET CABINET. of this character Mr. J. W. Fiske, of New York city, is and testament of Shakespeare can do so by visiting
The construction of this cabinet is so fully shown in one of the largest manufacturers, and his several illus- Somerset House, London, and paying a shilling. The
the accompanying cuts as to render a lengthy descrip- trated catalogues show a variety of artistic work in visitor is conducted to a dimly lighted room, in which it
tion unnecessary. this line which renders it no easy task for one to select is preserved, and is not a little astonished to find it se-
The top contains a tank or reservoir lined with cop- what is best, where so much that is highly excellent is curely fixed in a series of frames protected by glass. The
per, holding about 75 gallons of Waver, and may be offered. From his catalogue of copper weather vanes willremained for many years without any attempt be-
supplied either by running water or a force pump from and finials we copy the illustration of a new design for ing made to protect it from the wear to which it was
well or cistern. Thebase contains a bath tub, over a vane which is gilded with gold leaf, but this is only subjected. Indeed, the reference to the will during the
which is a marble-topped wash bowl, mounted on rolls one of a great number of designs shown, adapted for a period at which it was unprotected has slightly worn
and track, so as to move easily from one position to wide variety of tastes. In iron crestings, bannerets, away the writing at the folds of the paper. It is are-
another. In the end of base isa swinging commode or finials, and crestings, the designs are numerous enough markable fact that for every Englishman who visits
water closet, supplied with water from the tank, and to fill another illustrated pamphlet, and show much of Somerset House to inspect it there are at least two
trapped with a complete cut off from the sewer or soil the best work seen in our latest buildings, ‘both public Americans,

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9

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S SS S

| BATH TUB H

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Sectional View of Cabinet. Cabinet with Mirrors on Inside of Doors and Wash Bow] in Position for Use.
Cabinet with Wash Bowl under Boiler and Commode swung out from end.

COLLENDER’S NEW PORTABLE BATHING AND TOILET CABINET.

 Srientific American.
Scientific American.
DESIGNS FOR TWO SMALL COTTAGES,* lar ceiling to be lathed, and plastered one heavy coat
NO. 1 AND NO. 2 TO COST $2,500.00 AND plaster. All plaster to extend down to the floor.
$3,000.00.
(Two colored plates with detail sheet.]
Scratch and brown coats composed of clean sharp sand,
ESTABLISHED 1845. goat hair, and lime. Lime run through sieve, hard
BY JOHN E. BAKER, ARCHITEOT, 748 BROAD ST., NEWARK, N. J.
finish composed of lump finishing lime, plaster, and
MUNN & CO. Editors and Proprietors, General Observations.—The small cottage is general- white sand. All walls, ceilings, and angles to be per-
No. 361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, ly made to resemble the mansion, on a smaller scale. fectly straight, true, and level, browning kept well up
0. D: MUINN. A. E. BEACH. The hall, parlor, library, kitchen, and bedrooms, etc., to grounds. Patch up after other mechanics, and
are all squeezed in, and the occupants will be squeezed leave plastering in complete order on completion.
NEW YORK, MARCH, 1886. in, and so the squeezing process continues, until their Finish arch with beads in angles. Put up three cen-
patience is worn out, and they determine to find a ters worth $1.50 each. Furnish rough material for set-
DHE
house with only two rooms on each floor, where they ting range grates, hearths, and tile.

Scientific American, ean have room to ‘“‘swing a cat.” Have you ever stood
in one of these houses, and watched a noble knight
Cesspool, ete.—Build cesspool 6 ft. diameter,
deep in the clear, and privy vault 4 ft. x 4 ft. x4 ft.
8 ft.

buckling on his armor for the day’s battle? He puts both

deep, both with 12 in. dry stone walls. Privy vault
ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS EDITION. hands in the sleeves of his ‘‘ coat of male” and sudden-
to have two courses brick on top laidin mortar. Cess-
ly throws them out; the right hand darts through mir- pool to have bluestone octagon flag 3 in. thick with
This is a Special Trade Edition 0? THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, issued
ror on the hat rack, the left hand goes through an iron cover. ;
Monthly—on the first Saturday of the month.
It goes directly into the hands of those who have the ordering of the great ancient print on the opposite side—a picture perhaps Whitewashing.—Stop-point and lime-whiten the
bulk of Building Materials and Appliances, namely, the Architects, Builders, of his mother-in-law—which has adorned the wall for walls and ceiling of cellar.
Constructing Engineers, and Contractors.
It has the largest circulation of any Architectural or Building paper in years and years and has done much to give warmth to Deafening.—Fill in with mortar the floors of all-bay
the world. the hall, to ‘‘ welcome the coming and speed the part- windows and projections that extend out beyond cellar.
An Increase of Trade will necessarily accrue to all Manufacturers
and Dealers whose establishments are conspicuously represented in this
ing guest.” Lookat plan No.2, The entrance is direct- Cistern.—Build a cistern 8 x 8 ft., 4in. brick walls
important edition of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. ly into a large square room, with a cheerful open fire and bottom. arched over at top with manhole, cistern
TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION:
place, a screen through which the stairs appear, the. to be cemented tight, and warranted tight for one
For Architects and Builders Edition of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, $1.50 opening at the left. Through a half-drawn curtain we year. Cistern covered with octagon flag 2 ft. x 2 ft.
ayear. In Clubs, four copies for 85.00. Single Copies, 15 cents each. pass to the kitchen or ascend to the second floor. The square, with iron cover. (If the place is supplied with
By mail to foreign countries, $2 a year.
stairscan be curtained off from the living room, if so water from water works, no cistern will be required.)
Sold by all Newsdealers.
MUNN & CO., Publishers, desired. The stairs are convenient to the kitchen, Timber.—Sill and corner posts 4 x 6, entertie tie- beams
361 BroAapway, NEw YORK. therefore avoiding a private stairs; if the family are
— a
and plates 4x4, girders in cellar 4x8. Hach tier beams
dining, we take the visitor into the parlor, and seat 2 x 9 inches, 16 inch centers, double for trimmers and
CONTENTS
him in the cozy nook which contains an open fire-place headers, tail beams mortised into heads. Rafters 2 x 6,
Ot the March number of the ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS. EDITION
of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. with seats on either side—a fire-place built not for 2 foot centers, hips and valleys 3 x 7 inches. Piazza
(Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) looks, but for actual use. This nook obtains light sills 3 x 6 inches, 2x6 timbers, 2 foot centers cut in
Advertising in the London Hydraulic hoist, Otis*............. through a quaint stained glass window, which makes between. All studding 2 x 4 inches, sixteen inch cen-
EO eas dciais se uloviee oie olehne ' Inventor, a lucky SGAboc ot abe an 182
Architects, builders, and others. 134 Iron and zine work, ornamental* 139 it a desirable place for reading. The second floor con- ters, doubled at openings, and partitions set with sill
Auger bits, improved*...........- Lathe, engine, No. 3 Universal*.. 141
Belting, improved* .....-......... 134 Level, architects’ and builders’, tains three bed-rooms and bath-room. The hall is cen- and plates. Framing to be done in the best manner,
Boring machine, Millers Falls*... 143 Keuffel & Esser’s*............+ 134
Bridge, a great, stren sthening Linecrusta walton, designs for, tral, and is lighted through a window at side of chim- well nailed and stayed. All timber to be of sound and
! the abutment of*... 135, 137 DOW Digasoinals Gbcicetewaveicnas|s apiiee
Builders’ quantities..... 146 |Masonry and brickw in fires.. 148 ney. One or two rooms could be furnished in attic. thoroughly,seasoned white hemlock, free from shakes
Buildings, small, moving*.. . 136 |Measure, a delicate............... 3
Business and personal Dnapeenhaeies 155 |Monument, Hummel, at Press- A vestibule can be built on the piazza large enough to and other defects. All partitions to be thoroughly
Cabinet, bathing and toilet, port- brysub aa ey cerca Ret ccd 150
FS OR ENR RE es a 139 |My boy, do you smoke?....... ... 130 accommodate two or three persons, which would make braced, each tier of beams to have two rows of herring
Car coupling question, the.. . 143 |Notes and queries.......... -. 155
Car, elevator passenger* sehen’ 142 | Oak fireplace any mantel* the dining-room more private for some parties. The bone bridging.
Cathedral, St. Paul’s, London 131 | Oilseeds of Egypt.....-....
Chimney pieces in w 00d, two*. 150 | Phosphates, South Carolin. eit foundation of this design is carried up to the window- Furring.—Do all furring required to lath, to furr off
Compliment, a handsome..... 144 | Portraits without a skylight, tak- sills of stone. This cottage can be built for $2,500.00.
MON TO: MOM nas cece seis sansa 130 ing, useful directions for... 152 under side of all stairs, and form segment arches where
Cottages, Askham, York*.........
Cottages, design for two small...
152
14h
a
| Post office, new, Brooklyn, N. Yi* 152
Power, transmitting from a cen- Design No. 2 is for a cottage, with an entrance hall. shown. Furr off attic for breast and first story stone
Decoration, mechanical aids to..
Drawings of inexpensive furni-
tral station*
Pump, artesian well, Blunt’s pat
135 The view shown in colored plate is the road front. The wall.
CULE, WOrkIN e222. o. cnc tee
Dredges, great American, on the
ent double-acting*.
Railway, Pike’s Peak...
garden front, which in this ease has the more pleasant Inclosing.—The entire frame from sill to plate, in-
Panama Canal* Schoo] house, a village
Section, a populous, .... 134
outlook, has a large piazza extending across the entire cluding roof, to be inclosed with hemlock boards,
Dwellings, small, hot water heat-
ing fo 1 Shakespearean relic, an interest- front of building. The large recessed fire-places in the
squared edges, covered with Eureka sheathing paper
Earthenware as a building mate- IN eee eee etn s sateen ccs = 139
Stamp,counting-house ahaa rr dining-room and parlor with the easy high back seats, and (except gables) clapboarded with No. 1 beveled 6
Education in the United States.. Steak, Salisbury 4
Elevators, Otis*.............0.- 142, as shown in plan and drawn toa larger scale on theinchclapboards, well lapped, carefully nailed, nails set.
Engine, elevator, Oti is steam pas- tor,
156 detail sheet, will explain themselves. The second floor Gables, tower, and belt to be covered with sawed pine 2:
senger*
Farm house, an English*.....
Sugar crop, the..
Torsion testing machine, auto-
graphic, Thurston’s*.......... contains three bed-rooms, third floor contains three shingles to be cut ornamental.
g
ets Building, new, Brooklyn,
}
ire Department, New York*..
Valves, vulcanized asbestos re-
newable disk*............se:.++ bed rooms. The chimneys and foundations of rough Shingles, etc.—All roofs to be shingled with 18 inch za
Freckles, treatment of with car- Venus, snow cap on, issthere a?..
t| stone, as shown. An entrance is obtained from the sawed white pine shingles, best quality, nailed to 1 x 2 . |
DOHG MOMS: wc.seacetseectea Water closet, sanitary*. Bb
&
Furnace, Barstow’s Bay State*.. 141 Water, curative power ‘of. *
Grate, heat-saving and ventilat- 131 Welding fluxes 13) piazza to the parlor and dining-room. Cost of this spruce shingle lath. & .

Well in the courtyard of the ¢

ing, the Jackson*..............
Health officers, our, outwitting.. 146
5
Hotel de Cluny, Paris* 158 cottage, $3,000 00. Outside Trimming.—Water table 114 inches Xx 6 s
Heat becoming dark with great Wine and vegetable coloring
matters, coloring matter of.. 158
SPECIFICATIONS. inches, beveled on top and tongued for siding. Corner
intensit 130
House at St. George’s Hills,
Weybridge* 1
Wood distillation, product of,
Tatestxneanctetae <ssacreas arin 156 Eacavating.—Do all excavating necessary for cellar, boards 14 inches X 8inches. Belt courses 114 inches
trenches, piers, privy vault, cesspool, ete. Earth grad- by 8inches. Moulded cornices, and gutters built in
OTHER PUBLICATIONS. ed about building. Cart away mason’s rubbish. Ex- cornices. Eavesof seven-eighths inch narrow matched
cavated material graded around the premises. Outside and beaded white pine. All details to be made as per
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN of foundations cemented. working drawings of second quality seasoned white
Foundations.—Start walls 6 in. below cellar bottom, pine, free from loose knots or sap.
Weekly, $3.20 a Year; $1.60 Six Months, and carry up same 18 in. thick, with good quarry Floors.—ist, 2d, and 3d story floors laid with first
Sixteen large pages elegantly illustrated. : stone, laid in cementand sand mortar, plastered out- quality narrow white pine flooring, 544 inches wide,
side one coat cement mortar. Build area wall up to blind nailed. Two nails to each bearing. Do all eut-
ssi
=

THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
is a distinct paper from the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. THE SUPPLE-
MENT is issued weekly. Every number contains 16 octavo pages, uniform
in size with the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. $5.00 a Year,
Combined Rates.—The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SUPPLEMENT,
one year, $7.00. ; places struck.
The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN (weekly) and ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS
EDITION (monthly), $4 a year.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN (weekly), SUPPLEMENT (weekly), and ARCHI-
TECTS AND BUILDERS EDITION (monthly), $5 a year.
The safest way to remit is by draft, postal order, or registered letter.
Address
M UNN & ¢ 0., 361 Broadway, corner of F'ranklin Street, New York.
Back Numbers.
At present we are able to supply to new subscribers
the back numbers of this journal from its beginning in
November last. Each number is accompanied by a
sheet of colored plates and a sheet of details.
SUPPLEMENT grade, same thickness. Put down foundations under ting away for plumbers and other mechanics. Piazza
piers, 214 ft. deep of concrete. flooriny first quality narrow pine, free from sap, and
Brick Work.—Build up chimneys with fire-places joints leaded. No butt joints.
and flues as shown, joints in flues and kitchen fire- Windows, Window Frames, Sash and Blinds.—
Turn arch over kitchen fire-place, and Plank frames for cellar windows as usual, one anda
trimmer arches to all fire-places. Putin three earth- quarter inch sash, American glass. Outside casing 14
enware stovepipe collars with tin covers. All brick inches X 3 inches, jambs 14 inches, parting strips %%
work to be laid up with hard Jersey brick in cement inch by 4 inch, outside stops 144 inches x % inch,
and sand mortar. Partition walls in cellar of brick 8 inside stop% inch. All other sash 11 inches thick,
in. thick. glazed with first quality French sheet, hung with hem-
Drains —Lay 4 in. vitrified earthen drains from pen cord, iron weights, and iron axle pulleys; sash
house to cesspool, situated 30 ft. from rear of building, secured with patent window fastening. Sash made of
also from leaders to gutter, all joints thoroughly ce seasoned white pine, oiled. Casements sash to have
mented, to be laid 2 ft. below grade. All pipes to be domestic fasteners, stained glass where shown to cost
submitted to architect before being covered. Also lay | $1.60 per square foot. All windows to have 1 inch
6 in. drain from leaders to cistern, as shown on plans. outside blinds, rolling slats, hung with malleable iron
Bluestone.—Cellar window sills 3 in. thick, cesspool blind hinges and strong fastenings, to be painted two

Messrs.
PATENTS.
Munn & Co., in connection withthe publication of the
flag 2 ft. x 2ft., chimney caps 2'4 in. thick, kitchen coats by blind maker.
hearth 1°6x4':0. Theabove to be of sound blue quarry- windows.
dressed stone. Area steps 10 in. wide, set with brick
Inside Venetian blinds in bay

Doors, Hardware, ete.—For height, width, and

Scientific American, continue to examine improvements, and to risers. Coping on area walls bedded iu cement. Cellar thickness of all doors, see plans. Front door glazed in
act as Solicitors of Patents for Inventors. piers to have bluestone caps 3 in. thick size of piers. upper part with rolled cathedral glass. Doors made
In this line of business they have had forty years’ experience, and have
Cellar Bottom.—To be leveled off and concreted 3 in. of seasoned clear white pine, free from all knots and
now unequaled facilities for the preparation of Patent Drawings, Specifi-
cations, and the prosecution of Applications for Patents in the United thick with cement, sand, and gravel, floated off on top. stains for oil finish. Sliding doors, 2 in. thick; closet
States, Canada, and Foreign Countries. Messrs. Munn & Co, Lathing —All latb used must be the best St. John door, 144 in. thick; other doors, 114 in. thick. All
also attend to the preparation of Caveats, Copyrights for Books, Labels, spruce lath, laid one-quarter inch apart, with 4nail- four-panel. Drawers underneath counter shelf in
Reissues, Assignments, and Reports on Infringement of Patents. All
ings to the lath and joints broken every 18 in. , no lath pantry to have locks. All casement sash to hang with
business intrusted to them is done with special care and promptness, on
very reasonable terms. put on vertically. Back of all chimneys to be lathed iron butts to open out, and secured with the Domestic
A pamphlet sent free of charge, on application, containing full inform- and plastered. Fastener and Adjuster, outside cellar door and all
ation about Patents and how to procure them; directions concerning Plastering.—All walls and ceilings in 1st, 2d, and 3d batten doors hung with T hinges, cellar door to have
Labels, Copyrights, Designs, Patents, Appeals, Reissues, Infringements,
stories to be plastered three coat work in the best padlock. Ali double hung sash to have 2 inch patent
Assignments, Rejected Cases, Hints on the Sale of Patents, etc.
We also send, free of charge, a synopsis of Foreign Patent Laws, show- manner, closets and attic one coat and skimmed. Cel- axle iron pulleys, iron weights, and best hemp cord,
ing the cost and method of securing patents in all the principal countries secured with the patent sash lock All doors to have
* Mr. Baker will be happy to answer any questions or give any informa-
of the world. 5 inch beveled saddles of ash. Hardware will be of
MEUNN & CO., Solicitors of Patents, tion that may be desired by our readers, and he is prepared to furnish
361 Broadway, New York. working drawings and specifications and full size details, and superintend the Gilbert patent bronze first floor, balance porcelain.
BRANCH OFFICE.—622 F Street, Washington, D. C. the erection of these cottages. 3 in. x 4in. mortise lock, 3% loose butts. Improved
 Scientific American,
>:**
Marcu, 1886. | 14
a

sash fastenings. Front door to have night works com- to have plug, chain, ete., complete. Furnish, fit up, Bath Room.—Furnish and set one 544 ft. 14 oz. Freneh
plete. All necessary clothes hooks. and connect one wash out water closet with white pattern copper planished overflow tub, supplied with
Stairs.—See details. To have 6 inch newel, turned earthenware bowl, and drip porcelain supply tank hot and cold water through % in. nickel plated patent
ball on top, angle posts 4, chamfered and pointed both above. 4 cocks, to have nickel plated plug, chain, ete. Furnish
ends, 2 inch x3 inch moulded rail, 144 inch turned Painting.—Outside woodwork to have two coats of and fit up 14in. marble style overflow basin, 14 in.
balusters, all of seasoned ash, well cleaned down, best Atlantic white lead, and linseed oil in three colors, moulded and countersink slab, 1 in., moulded base,
Threads and strings 114 inches, 12 inches wide, risers roof stained. Interior, one coat of filler and one coat 6 in.
¥% inch, 74 inches high. Nosings and cove returned of hard oil,
on strings. All glued, blocked, and wedged, and to Tinning and Plumbing.—Furnish all necessary flash- BARSTOW’S BAY STATE FURNACE.
have 244 inch x 4 inch earriages. Stairs to attic to ings for windows, valleys, etc., line gutters, and doall The Bay State Furnace, here illustrated, is sure to
eorrespond to main stairs, all pine, to have 1 inch tinning required by the drawings, also furnish and meet the demand fora very powerful cast-iron furnace,
treads, strings, and risers. Stairs to be got out of put up 3 in. tin leaders where shown. Supply pipes, so constructed as to be absolutely gas-tight and ecrack-
seasoned white pine, made and put up in a substantial AA, 54 lead. proof.
manner. Put up smooth pine steps to cellar, and 14 Waste.—Run 4 in. east iron soil pipe from drain, at The long experience of the Barstow Co. in the manu-
inch pine threads and strings. least 3 ft. outside cellar wall and 4 ft. above roof, finish- facture of furnaces, and the close study of the working
Inside Casings.—Ali inside doors to have 1 inch ed with ventilator. To have necessary branches, ete., of everything in this line, has resulted in the produc-
jambs with 44 inch moulded strip to form rabbet, all tion of the Bay State. The form of the dome is such
well blocked for hinges. All doors and windows to that it precludes the possibility of cracking from ex-
have % inch beaded casing 5 inch wide, as per detail, pansion. Itis arranged with patent oscillating center
with back moulding, closets and attic °g inch plain cas- dumping grate, with upright shaker, doing away with
ing 4 inch wide. AlJl windows trimmed on to mould- the old back-breaking method of shaking furnace
ed stools with 3 inch beaded aprons below. Theabove grates. It is also provided with dust flue and check
eo
ee
ee
trim for parlor and sitting room and hall to be of sea- damper, an improvement seldom found in cast-iron
soned white pine, smooth and free from knots or other furnaces. It has an immense radiating service, and is
defects, for oil finish, first and second floors ; painted altogether the most powerful furnace in the market.
in attic. Made by the Barstow Stove Co., 230 Water St., New
Base.—In ist and 2d stories, except closets and York, 56 Union S8t., Boston, and Providence, R. I.
kitchen, put down plinths 8 inch high, beaded same as +o+e
trim, and one base moulding, all scribed to floors and
well nailed, and of same quality and kind of lumber as No. 3 UNIVERSAL ENGINE LATHE,
trim. Attic base plain % inchx 6 beaded. From its peculiar construction, this lathe is some-
Angle Beads.—All plaster angles to 14 inch turned thing novel as compared to the standard patterns usu-
angle beads. ally manufactured. It has many features of excel-
Closet Work, etec.—Put up 2% inch strips for ward- lence, and among them a precision leading screw,
robe hooks, where directed. All shelves put up on which has had microscopic inspection while being cut,
strong rebated cleats; shelve closetsas follows: All correcting in the process the minutest errors, so thata
elosets to have two rows of shelving and one row of lathe with such a leading screw cannot but produce
japanned double hooks. Butler’s pantry fitted up extra fine screw cutting. In order that the precision
with counter shelf 20 inches wide below, with three screw shall retain its accuracy, the lathe has a second
drawers underneath on one side, and two doorson BARSTOW’S BAY STATE FURNACE. leading screw for feed, while turning, and for ordinary
opposite side, with sash doors to slide above. In screw cutting.
kitchen, wainscot above sink two feet high around to joints calked with molten lead; sink, bath; and wash The spindle of the head is hollow, made of steel, also
window neatly capped, to be done with % narrow bowl waste through 1¥4 in. D pipe. Sink and wash the boxes, and both the spindle and the boxes are
matched and beaded pine. Put drain shelf to sink. bowl to have 8 traps with screws. Bath waste to run hardened and ground to bearing, the front being a
Bath room wainscoted 31 feet high on all sides with to water closet trap. Sink waste to drain into main taper bearing. The cut of the sectional view of the
5g inch narrow matched and beaded white pine capped, pipe at cellar. All pipes to be thoroughly tacked to head shows the arrangement of the spindle, etc., and
front of tub, W. C. & W. B., same closet under W. B. boards and between beams packed with mineral wool. for convenience the back gear is shown on the top in-
door hung and secured with button, cap of tub, seat Plumbing to be guaranteed for one year. Two wash stead of in actual position.
and lid and W. C. one 1¥ inch stuff ; lid hung on brass tubs and connection in kitchen, with hot and cold wa- By the use of two translating gears both the English
hinges. Build coal bin, capacity 10 tons, in cellar, ter with waste. and metric threads can be cut from the same set of
also pantry in cellar as directed. Gas Fitting.—Run all necessary gas pipe of suitable change gears.
Rear Piazza and Bay Window.—Round off flooring size for outlets as shown and in accordance with rules The carriage is on the side of the lathe, and with the
and front edge and finish with cove and facia. Fill in and regulations of the gas company, slide rests can be moved to any part of the bed. This
between piers with 14 « 114 inch lattice. Plate 2 x 3 Bell.—At front door 4 in. gong. gives the same swing over the carriage as over the
inch let into posts, finish under plate over doorway Furnace and Range.—Furnish and put up in cellar bed, 7 in., so that the lathe admits ofa great variety
with 144 inch rail, moulded, finished with clapboards. one No. 36 Boynton Climax portable furnace complete; of work, especially with the fixtures.
Form moulded gutter in cornice, ceilings boarded with pipes running through floors to have tin collars and be The slide rest is very complete, and its direct ver-
6g inch narrow matched and beaded pine, shingled as well protected where required, {to have tin register tical adjustment of two inches is important and con-
per main roof; steps same as floor, and strings 14 inch; boxes, casings, and black japanned registers, with venient; by this the cutting tool can be adjusted, then
risers % inch. Rear porch to have strong floor tim- frames set in walls were practicable. Furnish and raised and lowered without readjustment. A large
bers, 1 inch floor, steps and risers, not inclosed, roof of set in kitchen a No. 8 Bristol range with water back graduated base admits of cutting at any angle, and
same shingled, and supported by brackets or posts. complete, Boynton Furnace Co.’s make. the cross and angular feed screws have micrometer
Mantels.—Will be provided by the owner; must be Plumbing.—Connect with city ,water in cellar and heads reading to thousandths of an inch, so that all
put up by carpenter. run % in. AAA pipe throughout for all connections. positions of the slide rest admit of fine adjustment.
Clothes Posts.—Furnish and set for house four chest- (If no city water, line a tank 6 ft. x 4 ft. x 4 ft. in attic We can say that the lathe is a fine specimen of first-
nut turned posts ; set 3 ft. in the ground. to supply bath, sinks, boiler, closets, and tubs.) class workmanship, and the makers claim it espe-
Privy.—Four and a half feet square, double faced Kitchen.—Furnish and set in kitchen one 18 x 30 cast cially adapted for model work, fine tool making, or for

e<72

KOZ —~_~_xExxZxnuQ£DDTAZAnDETEQAt”AAzZEEL#”

ee

Mii si
i

THE UNIVERSAL ENGINE LATHE.

matched boards, battened, shingle roof, plain spruce
frame, ceiled overhead, battened door with thumb
latch and bolt, 4 light sash, strong floor timbers, wide
floor, seat with two holes, 1 child’s seat, lids chamfered
and hung. Build outside cellar doors complete. Build
two wash trays of 2 in. lumber with lids and legs com-
plete, lids hung on brass hinges; inside measurement
* of tubs to be: depth, 16 in.; width, 224 in.; length, 264
in. high ; supplied through nickel plated patent cocks, used.)
iron sink with legs, supplied with hot and cold water general use. It is manufactured in the mechanical
through %% in. patent brass cocks. Furnish and set department of the Waterhouse Electric and Manufac-
one 30 gallon galvanized boiler connected with water turing Co., Hartford, Conn.
back of range. Put in sediment cock to boiler. Run + 0+
circulating and escape pipe from boiler. Powdered Resin is the best thing to stop bleeding
Pump.—Furnish and set complete a Coleman ship from cuts. After the powder is sprinkled on, wrap the
pump in kitchen, supply tank from cistern also direct wound with a soft cotton cloth. As soon as the
tosink. (This pump is not necessary if city water is wound begins to feel feverish, keep the cloth wet with
cold water,
 bid | Scientific American. | [Marcn, 1886,
case of the undue stretching or breakage of any lifting
cable, or should the ear, from any cause, attain a de-
gree of speed beyond the rate fixed by the governor,
the safety apparatus brings the car, gradually but
unfailingly, to a full stop, and securely holds it at or
near the point in the shaft where such apparatus is
| Jt Pirisgho) EAS #I oy ae brought into action.
Pit: oe : ‘ The makers confidently claim for this elevator that
it is by far the safest which has ever been built; and
they are able to say, of the countless millions of pas-
sengers who have been carried by their passenger ele-
vators (both hydraulic and steam), not a single one has
suffered loss of life or limb from any accident. to any of
such elevators, during the entire period of thirty-four
years which they have devoted to elevator manufac-
ture.
The majority of architects, builders, and owners of
buildings need no suggestions regarding the general
specifications of elevator service. But we are disposed
Nav
to urge upon all the importance of determining, before
beginning building operations, the particular elevator
apparatus, in all its details, with which the building
is to be provided.
The special data required by Messrs. Otis as a basis
for estimating the cost of any particular type of ele-
vator will be furnished on application; and, if desired,
they will also, wherever practicable, send one of their
representatives to advise‘as to the kind and capacity of
machine best adapted to the proposed service, includ-
ing location, erection, or maintenance.
: It would be difficult to find any superior examples of
mechanical construction than those regularly em-
ployed by Messrs. Otis. They are so excellent that we
have chosen a few specimens for illustration.
Fig. 1 shows the Otis passenger car with safety
frame. The framework is constructed entirely of
wrought iron; the lifting cables pass through it, and
are connected independently to the gravity wedge
safety apparatus under the car, as shown.
The gravity wedge safety apparatus locks the ear
firmly to both guide rails on the undue stretching or
breaking of one or more of the lifting cables.
The illustration also shows the cable connection of
the safety governor, which brings the gravity wedge
safety into action in case the car, from any cause,
should attain undue speed. We also showthe position
of the wedge safety ready to act as indicated.
The makers have over a hundred special designs of
passenger elevator cars, ranging in price from two :
hundred to two thousand dollars, which are built of
various woods. The value of the car shown in our
illustration is one thousand dollars.
Fig. 2 shows the passenger elevator engine. Recent-
ly Messrs. Otis have added the rubber buffer attach-
Fig 1—THE OTIS ELEVATOR P ASSENGER CAR ment, which is designed to relieve the car from shock

THE OTIS ELEVATORS.

To no other department of manufacture is attached |
so grave responsibility as that of elevator building. A
machine that is never putin motion except to lift or
lower human beings or property should be safe beyond itt i Im
TT
all doubt or question, and we assume no one would |
knowingly buy or use an elevator falling short of this
standard. | mn | -
In dealing with the problem of how best to attain
and maintain sucha standard of excellence, Messrs.
Otis have followed two cardinal principles: First, to |
i
make such machine, with its car or platform and their = IK fh ih TOTTI

connections, intrinsically safe, independently of any (URI

special safety devices; and, second, to add to the ap-

paratus so built such devices, adapted to the particu-
lar kind of service, as would best control and regulate
its operation, prevent undue speed, and guard against
any conceivable accident or result of carelessness in
operation, or negligence in the care of the elevator. In
the case of the Otis standard hydraulic passenger eleva-
tors, which are now generally employed for the best class
of passenger elevator service, they so build each machine
that its power is absolutely exhausted themoment the
car reaches its upper or lowerlanding. The car must,
therefore, securely stop at one or the otherof these
points, independently of the action of any safety de-
vice, independently of the operator, and whether the
hand rope or other means of regulating the movement
of the machine from the car be in perfect order,
or broken or destroyed while the car isin motion.
Each machine is connected
with the car by two solid metal ==
piston rods and at least four wire ==
cables, any one of which is capa-
ble of sustaining a weight largely
in excess of the maximum load =SS>>
to be lifted by the elevator. SSS
In addition to providing the : =
simplest and best forms of appli-
ances for starting and stopping Te

this elevator, there is placed

under each car a safety plat-
form, to which every lifting cable =
il
A =i
:
al
n Me
ai m
\ rma bi x
is independently attached, and Z
|
\\\
\=

to this platform is also connect- ol nti i

ed, by a wire cable, an inde- oe a

pendent safety governor, In Fig, 2,-THE OTIS STEAM FASSENGER ELEVATOR ENGINE,
 . . -

~Marcu, 1886.] Scientific American, 143

or jar when starting or stopping, and to insure smooth- coupling with the old fashioned draw bar, beyond
Aull,
ness of motion in running at high speed. This device == coupling with itself, is now expanded to include per-
is patented, and is used exclusively on the Otis ele- fect and safe coupling with several patterns and types
vators. of couplers now liable to be encountered with inecreas-
Several sizes of these engines are made, adapted to ing frequency. These difficulties cannot be made light
various capacities, with two or more lifting cables. of, and they are gaining an importance in the minds of
In connection with this engine, they employ their inventors, and of the more thoughtful railway men,
regular safety car frame and gravity wedge safety ap- that transcends that of the original difficulties of ob-
paratus, also the safety governor. taining a practical coupler or of obtaining one that
The demand fora hydraulic hoist, in connection with would operate with the old link and pin.
steel manufacture, has induced Messrs. Otis to bring The more carefully and thoroughly does the railway
out their standard hydraulic freight elevator, which is man go over the ground, theless able and more relue-
shown in Fig. 3, as constructed for cupola hoisting. tant does he become to indorse the link and pin princi-
This form of machine is intended for any duty, and ple over the hook principle, or vice versa. The out-
to be operated under a water pressure of from thirty come of this matter, judging from present tenden-
to five hundred pounds. The simplicity of construc- cies, will probably be that individual adoptions will
tion will at once commend it to engineers. Two or increase in number, and that by the time the Car
more lifting cables are employed, with standard safety Builders’ Association gets around to official indorse-
attachments on the platform. ment of a given coupler or couplers, it will be able
Fig. 4 shows the Otis hydraulic machine, with direct only to recommend those that will be at that time
pumping system, adapted to passenger and freight already in practical service to considerable extent.
service, and is specially designed for any building As those that will be thus found to be in service will
where it is not desirable to place a tank on the roof or be largely varying in pattern and principle, the Asso-
in the attic. Its operation is to pump under pressure ciation will find that the chief good that it can do will
directly on the piston. The water from the cylinder is be to exert its influence with the inventors of the vari-
discharged into the tank, and isused overagain. It oc- ous patterns to modify their devices so that they will
=]
cupies very little room in the basement, and is simple intercouple with reasonable safety and ease. Beyond
in its construction and operation. this the car coupling problem, which seems to have
Further information can be obtained from the manu- taken its own solution into its own hands, will have to
facturers, Messrs. Otis Brothers & Co., New York. work its destiny out alone.—Railway Review.
| WT ma reall

rs I Aisi mew vonisar i 0

THE MILLERS FALLS BORING MACHINE,
The Car Coupling Question.
This machine has been fully perfected in all its
The discussions which have followed the committee
parts, and is now sold with full warrant that it will do
werk of the Master Car Builders’ Association on freight
better work and give better satisfaction than any
couplers have brought out very clearly the difficult
nature of the problem involved. It has developed that
the trouble is not so much to get an efficient, mech- ! fll
anically correct coupler, as toget one that, while coup-
ling perfectly with others like itself, will also couple
eT
perfectly with others that are unlike to it. Affairs
have taken such a shape that the ‘‘coming coupler”
=
must, while coming gradually into final general use, a
| LAT i
be called upon to couple not only with the old link and Im)
pin, but also with several improved devices of both
the link and pin and hook types. This requisite of
Py
;
coupling with
others unlike
to it was at one
time expected
to be brought
into play only
when encoun-
tering the ordi- aa ae =
nary old fash- Fig. 3—THE OTIS HYDRAULIC HOIST, OR FREIGHT
ioned link and ELEVATOR,
pin draw bar.
| To meet this but still the problem was not considered one of
, requirement it insuperable difficulty. While waiting for the ulti-
was perceived mately successful coupler, however, a number of
that the exer- devices laying claim to that distinction have not
cise of consid- only been brought forward, but have been placed in a
erable ingenu- constantly expanding use. Especially within the last
ity upon the twelvemonth have certain improved couplers of varied
part of the in- pattern and principle of action been placed in service
ventor would to large extent. The’ situation is thus immeasurably
be called for; complicated. The single additional requirement of THE MILLERS FALLS BORING MACHINE,

other kind in use. The frame is made of half inch

round steel rods ; the braces are the same, and attach
to the rods at the top by a set screw. When this set
screw is loosened, the frame falls over so as to bore at
any desired angle.
The depth of hole to be bored is fixed by a stop, as
seen on the left hand upright rod in the cut. When
the frame strikes this stop, a latch is lifted, and the
machine throws itself into gear by the use of a spring,
and the auger is lifted out of the hole by continuing
to turn the crank in the same direction.
When the auger is drawn from the hole, the frame
hangs itself up until the machine is moved to the
next hole; then it is dropped down by turning the
erank back unti) the auger strikes the wood, when it
is thrown out of gear and proceeds to bore the next
hole. As seen in the cut, the machine has adjustable
eranks, which fully regulate its speed and power.
The gears are all cut, which is not common in other
machines.
The company does not desire the reputation of mak-
ing the cheapest goods in the market, but they mean to
deserve the name of making the best. Made by the
Millers Falls Co., 74 Chambers St., New York.
—_ FMT 0
Ul) of
—s TT ETT TTT TT Tent
South Carolina Phosphates,

One hundred and fifty-one thousand nine hundred

and ninety-six tons of phosphate rock were mined in
South Carolina during the twelve months ending Aug.
81, 1885, or an increase of eleven thousand tons over
the preceding year. The beds under the Coosan and
Bull rivers, in Beaufort County, supply the larger por-
tion of this amount, and are now more productive than
the formerly famous fields for sea island cotton,
 144 Scientific American, [Marcu, 1886,
‘ " - 7
IMPROVED AUGER BITS, Oil Seeds of Egypt.
A Handsome Compliment,
Our excellent contemporary, the American Archi- One of the neatest arrangements for auger bits is Several plants are grown in Egypt for the sake of
tect and Building News, makes the following courte- that of Messrs. C. E. Jennings & Co., 69 Reace and 87 their oleaginous properties, the principal being as
ous allusion to this publication. Among the wholly Chambers St., New York, illustratca in our engrav- follows: Sesame, or Semsem (Sesamum indict ), i
new journals, says the editor, is the ARCHITECTS’ AND ing. Like all the goods of this house, the tools them- cultivated in Central Egypt ona large scale, being
BUIILDERS’ SUPPLEMENT of the SCIENTIFIC AMERI- selves are of the first quality. The auger bits are put sown in June and harvested in autumn. The stems
CAN. This new departure we can under- are pulled up bodily, and conveyed in an
stand, and can perceive that its success upright position to suitable spots ; as soon
* as the capsules are dry they open in the
is assured, not only because of the mass
and character of the information that WOO POE = =r sun, and shaking them suffices to dis-
comes under the eyes of its editors, but lodge the seed. The oil obtained by press
because its publishers already have their \@ il = ing the seeds is thin and yellow, and
fingers on a large class of men who have serves largely in cooking, though liable
not time to read much, but who know to rancidity; when purified, it is a good
enough to read the best; and surely, for illuminant. The castor oil plant, or
the mechanics of this country there is no Kharoua ahmar (Ricinus communis), at-
better paper than the SCIENTIFIC AMERI- tains the proportions of a small tree, and
CAN and its several SUPPLEMENTS. Of produces much oil, especially in Fayoum.
the new one itisenough to say that it is An oil-yielding lettuce (Khass) is grown
recognizable as a chip of the old block, about Edfou, and in the southern part of
the province of Thebes; when ripe, the

= |
and that its distinguishing feature is a
colored plate, which in its execution is plant is cut, dried, and thrashed, the seed
much superior to what is usually found Ca affording a pale yellow, very sweet oil,
in such publications. used in cooking. An oil yielding radish
——0-9-o—_———_—_—_—
(Symagah) is grown for its seed, the oil
finding application in the arts. The

TRI =
Salisbury Steak.
The Salisbury steak is made by taking ground nut, or Ful sennari (Arachis
the best slices of the ‘‘ round” on the beef, hypogea), requires a light soil into which
and chopping it with dull knives. The it can thrust its seeds for maturation; the
object is not to cut, but rather pound the oil obtained from them may replace that
meat. By thus treating it, the pulp comes of the almond, while the roasted nuts
to the top, and the tough, fibrous portion themselves are good eating,.and serve in-
remains below. This pulp is scraped THE JENNINGS AUGER BITS. stead of hazel nuts in pastries. Garden :
off and made into cakes, like sausage eress, or Richad (Lepidum sativum), in
cakes, or into the shape like a good sized steak, and up in wooden boxes, with a special spring rack for Upper Egypt, affords a seed oil, while the young plants
gently broiled on a gridiron. It has been found that each size, so arranged that each bit may be quickly are used in salad. Mustard, or Khardal, is similarly
meat gently cooked is more digestible than raw. The slipped into its place and will be firmly held there; utilized, and colza, or Selgam (Brassica campestris), is
fire must be good, so that the meat may be rapidly and may be readily removed when required for use. grown solely for its seed oil. The seeds of the saf-
broiled, that is, be cooked on the outside and almost 0 flower, flax, and cotton are all pressed for their oil in
raw inside. Treatment of Freckles wit, " Carbolic Acid. Lower Egypt; while the opium poppy (Papaver som-
A little salt and pepperand asmall amount of butter Dr. Halkin’s procedure is as follows: The skin being niferum) and the heliotrope turnsole (Heliotropiwm
added make a not at all unpalatable dish, and one washed and dried is put on the stretch with two fin- europeum) are similarly utilized in Upper Egypt.
which contains all the strength of the beef, with the gers of the left hand, and a drop of pure carbolic acid oOor

tough, indigestible portion entirely separated. This
diet is used exclusively in -chronie cases by physicians
professing to treat according to the Salisbury method.
They use but few drugs, and what they use are mainly
tonics. The diet is used not only in diseased digestion,
but diseases of liver, kidney, stomach, bowels, nerves,
ete., and remarkable results are said to have been ob-
tained.—Wew York Medical Times.
is applied exactly over the patch. When it dries, the A VILLAGE SCHOOL HOUSE.
operation is completed. The skin becomes white and We illustrate a design for a village school by Mr. H
the slight sensation of burning disappears in a few P. B. Downing, architect, These schools are intended
minutes. The thin crust which forms after the cauter- to accommodate 150 children, and have separate en-
ization should not be disturbed; it detaches itself spon- tranees and cloak rooms for girls and boys. The
taneously in eight or ten days, leaving a rosy colora- building would be executed in red brick, with stone
tion, which is soon replaced by the normal color of the dressings, and covered with tiles or green slates. The
skin.—Jour. C. and V. D. estimated cost is $5,000.—Build. and Eng. Times.

Eng Elevation

Transverse Section
c-D:

DESIGN FOR VILLAGE SCHOOLS. (Scale, 16 feet to the inch.)

 Marcu, 1886.] Scientific American, 145

Wood Pumps, DE GRAUW, AYMAR & CO, WEBSTER. With or without Patent Index, ,

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County Rights for Sale,
Address

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Correspondence Solicited.
PASSENCER ELEVATORS,
MANUFACTURED BY

HOWARD IRON WORKS,

SAW MILLS and WHARF, 283 to 289 East 2oth St, am ph Sya ye a ewe mesby Se

The Elevators in the State Capito 1, Albany, New York, were

Foot Houston Street, E. R., CHICAGO, built by us, and many others in some o f the finest buildings in the
NEW YORK- ILLINOIS, country.
 146 Scientific American, [Marcn, 1886.
HOUSE AT ST. GEORGE'S HILLS, WEYBRIDGE. kets where they can be obtained, the cost of carriage, more important; women having, as a rule, declined tc
the amount and quality of labor involved, and the counteract corrupt votes by their own.
Tuts house is being built among the pine woods on profit for which it will be worth his while to undertake Every branch of education is treated upon here.
the newly opened up St. George’s Hills Estate, which the work. Such methods of procedure, so far from , Technical instruction, both as provided in Paris and in
makes Weybridge one of the most favorite neighbor- being haphazard, demand the exercise of more thought, the United States, is largely and systematically consid-
hoods within twenty miles of London. The wall facings and bring into play a larger amount of practical ered—from the shape it takes in. the school, where
are of orange-red Bracknell bricks and red tile hang- knowledge, than is generally realized. The items it simply replaces the gyimnasium to boys over thirteen
ings, the half timbered gables and tympanum over which are “lumped” ina surveyor’s bill require an years of age, to the apprentice school, which really at-
poreh being filled in with cement ornament in relief, equal amount of careful consideration in pricing, but tempts to supersede the worn out system from which it
and colored with Indian red and yellow. The roof is these items are comparatively few. gets it name by a more scientifie and intelligent teach-
covered with brown Broseley tiles. The entrance hall, In estimating the cost of carving and other orna- ing of a few trades, among which building in its vari-
stairease hall, and staircase landing are to be hand- ous branches, necessarily so important in a new coun-
mental work, the builder often runs considerable risk,
somely fitted in the Jacobean style, and the sanitary try, is always one chosen. School museums are recom-
unless there isa plentiful supply of large-scale details
work is under the superintendence of Professor Cor-
to form the basis of his estimate, or unless he is mended, both of natural history and of technology;
field, of London. The architect is Mr. W. H. Seth- thoroughly familiar with the style of work which the the decoration also of schoolrooms with statuary, ete.,
Smith, M.8.A., of 46 Lineoln’s Inn Fields, London, and now provided for the purpose at low prices, a list of
architect is in the habit of carrying out. In an open
the builder, Mr. 8. Woods, of Weybridge.—Bui/ding competition, when the lowest tender is to be accepted, which is appended.
News. there is little doubt that differences between estimates The rules to be observed in building are a digest of
are often largely due to vague drawings or the absence both European and American experience, valuable to
BUILDERS’ QUANTITIES. of provisional sums for ornamental work in the speci- every one concerned with the architecture of schools of
THERE is generally a considerable difference to be fication. Marginal sketches in the latter are extremely any class; and we may just note Dr. Philbrick’s con-
noticed between an estimate prepared by a builder useful to an estimator, and might be introduced more clusions—that inereased centralization and permanency
from a set of drawings and a specification and one extensively with advantage, especially in these days of are found desirable; that speaking French or German
which is based upon bills of quantities prepared by a rapid work, when it often happens that there is not is unnecessary to ninety per cent of secondary scholars;
regular surveyor. It is often assumed that a builder time to draw many details before the contract is signed. and that high school education is bad for girls. ‘‘ Free
ean sail nearer to the wind than a surveyor; that he is Architects are usually ready enough to furnish a build- and uniform ” is Dr. Philbrick’sideaJ. He believes that
not under the same necessity for allowing margins of er with all the information they can command, and to the work of elementary schools can be so revised that
safety, and that, in fact, as he makes any omissions at afford him every facility in preparing his estimate; but the higher subjects will be a simple continuation of the
his own risk, he knows how to compensate himself for time rarely permits of this being done in a thoroughly lower, so that a complete elementary course shall be
such lapses of forethought. Hence, in small works, satisfactory manner to all concerned. Sometimes a just the same as the first few years of a university edu
when an estimate has been accepted on a builder’s own builder is allowed two days in which to estimate the | cation. Higher stages are never to be commenced till
quantities, the architect is more than usually on his cost of awork. He cannot be expected, under such cir- after the age of fourteen. Free high schools, ‘*‘ the
guard against making allowances for extras. When cumstances, to take off quantities, in any true sense of most truly democratic of all our institutions,” are being
there is a disagreement in such cases, the amount in the words, and thus finds himself driven to adopt ex- used by youths who go back to farm work, contending

House-at-5! George's -Hills - Weybridge.

dispute is often so trifling that the builder ends by pedients which only very sound knowledge can make that in no way doesa classical education unfit a man
yielding the point and accepting the architect’s award. reliable. An inexperienced man who secures a contract
for manual labor and attending meetings of ‘* old boys,”
If the architect be a fair-minded man, he will endeavor whose common interest in the school helps to obliter-
in a competition may well doubt if he has not engaged
to adjudicate impartially between the builder and the in an unprofitable undertaking, and may even come to ate social distinctions.
building owner, allowing the interests of neither to envy those who have given time and thought to the Such schools are to be provided for the mechanic to
gain any undue ascendency. This, however, is an ex- preparation of estimates which have not been ac- earry on his studies therein in the evening; while for
tremely difficult thing to do. Setting aside the fact cepted. for higher students manual labor, especially the use of
that an architect’s own interests are mainly identical When an architect is carrying out a work for which carpenters’ tools, is to replace the gymnasium, and be
with those of his client—a fact which, it is fair to say, the estimate is based upon builders’ quantities, he pursued afterward in evening technical schools; and
does not influence the conduct of most professional should bear in mind such circumstances as we have en- thus study and labor will complement each other, and
men—how does the question usually present itself to deavored to delineate. Asa matter of fact, such esti- the daily toil of the poor man is raised to the level of
the mind of an architect? On the one hand, there is mates often come out much cheaper than those which the rich man’s recreation. Military and fire drill are
the client, a man unversed in the technicalities of are made from bills of quantities supplied bya sur- to be taught, and replace out-door games. We fear
building, and therefore completely at the merey of veyor. In some eases, builders have been known to that an elementary course complete in itself and differ-
those acquainted with all its mysteries. On the other make little or no profit upon the original contract, and ent from university rudiments, although perpetuating
hand is the builder, with his own special, practical have even sustained losses over extras and omissions. class distinctions, will probably be a necessary evil for
knowledge, which on some points may exceed that of In these days of bad trade, it is indeed hard to be pre- some time yet, and also that paralysis for lack of com-
the architect, and with one object before him—that of sented with the alternative of standing idle or of work- petition must be incurred where pupils are required to
sarrying on his business with the greatest amount of ing to no advantage, and every consideration onght to attend the school in their own district of their own
profit to himself. It is then assumed at once that the be shown, in carrying out the details of a work, to city—thus necessitating uniformity of ~ ooks for the
client alone stands in need of protection; and so it those whose toils are but too seldom adequately re- sake of families removing.—/Vature.
often happens that an architect becomes virtually his warded.— Build. and Eng. Times.
client’s advocate, instead of maintaining a judicial at-
titude between him and the builder. OUTWITTING OUR HEALTH OFFICERS.
When a builder commences making an estimate EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES.
without a previously prepared bill of quantities, he THE small-pox epidemie at Montreal rendered it
has an amount of labor thrown upon him for which he THE pride taken in popular education in the United expedient that railroad passengers from that city
can claim no remuneration, and which,in a competition, States makes any digest of their experience valuable; should be examined as to their sanitary condition,
may prove utterly unfruitful. In taking off quanti- and education, as carried on in their cities, the subject and if they have been vaccinated. The Springfield,
ties, although he will probably adopt more simple and of a recent ‘‘ Cireular of Information ” from the Bureau Mass., Republican is credited with the story of a
rough and ready methods than would be found con- of Edueation, is necessarily the branch of it most in- Vermont woman who, having occasion to travel on a
venient for a surveyor, his task becomes really more teresting in our crowded island, Dr. Philbrick, the Montreal train, determined to outwit the sanitary
complex. Instead of taking offanumber of dimen- writer of it, has been, in Boston, a most successful inspector by making him think that she had been
sions, to be subsequently squared or cubed, abstracted, school superintendent, an officer who undertakes the recently vaccinated. Accordingly, she sewed a button
and brought into bill, he may be seen examining the active duties of both School Board and Government to the inner side of her sleeve, at the usual site of ee
P
drawings with knitted brows, going through mental Inspector, and one without whose services cities are vaccination, and, when the inspector asked her to
ealculations, and occasionally jotting down rough here said to be behind the times. The uncertainty of show her arm, answered that it was not necessary,
notes. He*‘lumps” many of his items, considering in a good choice of members for a school board by popu- for he could “feel the scab.” The device is said to
his mind the quantity of materials required, the mar- lar election in the United States makes this office the. have succeeded.
 Scientific American. 147

Crosby Steam Gauge and Valve Co.,

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 148 Scientific American. Marcu, 1886.
MECHANICAL AIDS TO DECORATION. much better when the artisan has not to balance him- nation. Its use in hot water or hot air pipes for
self, but obtains a steady platform without unpleasant heating purposes, and in stoves and furnaces, is con-
By A. Curtis Bonn. swaying. The ladder is made with large hooks at top sidered much more wholesome than iron. Stoves of
MECHANISM in decoration, by which to hang from window sills, and the platform, which is soapstone or fireclay give a more even heat, and do
color designs
and forms may be indefinitely repeated or multiplied, transferable to any of the runs, is fastened by curved away with the unhealthy and disagreeable odors
is always in course of progress; yet it here would seem, hooks attached to an environing bar both to that rung which are always noticed in the presence of over-
with all the varieties of adaptations which we witness, and the rung above.—Cal. Arch. heated iron.
certain defined limits, and in nuimberless directions of It is also suggested that rainwater pipes, instead of
decorative art handiwork, well asserts its superiority. being the unsightly affairs they often are at present,
Yet mechanical production itself bears the stamp of AN ENGLISH FARM HOUSE. might, if manufactured in colored faience, be made
intelligent purpose and constructive ingenuity, it WE give an elevation and plan, from 7'he Builder, to form a pleasing feature in the ornamentation ofa
being, so to speak, a transfer of handwork, an inter- of «farm house lately erected in Sussex, England, at building. ‘There are occasional sites, where stone can
mediary between the designing brain and hand, shown Vandeane. It presents some interesting suggestions be quarried in the immediate vicinity and used as
in the pattern and the execution. The die of the to those who contemplate building in the cottage style. an economical building material, butas a rule brick
mould for molten metal and plastic material has either is very much cheaper. A two-brick wall is as strong
itself to be worked out by hand, or, if obtained by im- as one of solid masonry two feet thick, Six inches in
oress of relief work, the relief model has to be carved. EARTHENWARE AS A BUILDING MATERIAL. space may thus be saved—a matter of some import-
The production and duplication of much decorative ance where land is very valuable. Bricks absorb more
work by mechanical means is recommended by eco- THERE has been a decided tendency of late to take moisture than stone, but they retain it for less time,
nomy, in some instances by greater uniformity; but in advantage of the large adaptability offered by terra and there are effective methods of protecting brick
the higher spheres of decoration, the absolute uni- cotta and other forms of earthenware in architectural walls from dampness, which would be less applicable
formity thus obtained falls far short in value of the applications. It will be remembered that many to stone. Experience in the larger cities has shown
direct work of the hand. This is evident in orna- ancient cities, such as the great Babylon, for instance, that brick possesses a much higher resistance to the
menting in color, walls, and ceilings, if the execution were built almost entirely of brick and tiles, though destructive influence of fire than any varieties of build-
be skillful, as compared with stenciling. The slight the resourees of the ancient potter were much ing stone. At Boston it will be remembered that the
variations in the ornament—for the work of the hand more meager than at present. A larger use of these ma- solid granite buildings cracked and crumbled in the
never absolutely repeats itself—is itself a charm, as intense heat before the flames reached them, while
showing greater freedom of execution, and in some in- those of brick remained comparatively firm.
stances greater delicacy of touch. Nevertheless, deco- Another form of earthenware which is very effective
ration is greatly behooven to the mechanical arts for artistically, and shares the other advantages of its class,
its diffusion, whether in furniture, structural surfaces, is found in tiles. Hanging against a cheap founda-
or the ornaments by which interiors are adorned. tion of ordinary brick, they form a most picturesque
One of the greatest novelties promised in mechanical | covering for extefnal walls. If glazed, they will not
devices, as concerns painting, is amachine consisting of absorb moisture. Roofing tiles afford excellent pro-
a hand piece, a compressed air chamber,and an air puinp, tection against changes of temperature. When chosen
with communicating cup filled with liquid pigment, of acolor to harmonize with the walls of the building,
which enables the artist to throw out a spray which, in and arranged at a steep pitch on roof and gable, they
the first instance, forms a fine line, and in the second, are very effective. In combination with brick, terra
widens the line to the desired breadth. The skill re- cotta is also becoming deservedly popular as a most
quired in the operation, the proportions to be given to durable and artistic building material. Asa coping
the line, renders the line, which may even be thus to parapets it possesses many advantages over stone
shaded at will, something more than mechanical in being free from decay and less affected by the
work. action of storms. In many of our most beautiful
Many devices for facilitating decorative work may modern dwellings, the entire ornamentation is in terra
be characterized as assistive. They are brought in cotta. This is particularly the case in Philadelphia,
co-operatively, and are little more than the brush to where the best quality of clay is found within the city
the painter. The improvement in tools merits notice limits. Bricks of rich tone, shaped and pressed, when
here. Take, for instance, the wedge-shaped brush so laid in black cement and relieved by copings, dentils,
useful for many purposes, previously to the manufac- and panels of terra cotta, form some of the most pleasing
ture of which decorative artisans had to wait the buildings of the city. Butthere are bricks and bricks.
wearing down on one side of their flat brushes. For- A bad material poorly baked will give wretched results,
tunes have been made by smaller devices than these, but, when properly made, there are few more agreeable
suggested primarily by individual requirements, and or durable building materials. English bricks of the
really foreshadowed by the efforts of artificers in their last century show a particular indestructibility. Many
practices or methods to old Philadelphia residences
devise means for escaping and not afew Quaker meet-
inconveniences attached to ing houses in the surround-
their tools. The tools used ing country, which were
for wood carving, and built before the days of the
adapted to special pur- Continental Congress, are
poses and to different still standing and in an
scales, have been greatly excellent state of preserva-
increased in number of late tion. Beyond alittle wear-
years. There are mechan- ing away of the mortar,
ical devices which may be they show no signs of de-
regarded as completing terioration,
while they have .
the operations of the hand, already witnessed the rise
as when, previously to ap- and fall of several genera-
plying veneer, the orna- tions of less substantial
ment adjusted to the pat- structures.
tern and already rubbed
down with the veneering MASONRY AND BRICK-
hammer, and affixed by
glue to paper, is placed
WORK IN FIRES. ~
between hot boards and In the whole range of
pressed with hand screws, building materials there is
which, when the glue is perhaps none so unsuited
dry, allows the work to for resisting fire as that
come out quite clear from most commonly in use—
the boards and appear as stone. It is true that, if
one piece of veneer, which embedded in cement or in
is then ready for applica- thoroughly good mortar of
tion. lime and sand, it will resist
The cowl with its screw for a considerable time
clamps comes to the aid of heat gradually applied ;
the veneerer to secure a but even in such a case it
graduated pressure, com- will become ealcined, and
mencing from the center of. will crumble to so great an
the pieces, being an exact extent as to be unable to
counterpart of curved earry a load afterward. In
work, and, when flat, em- the case of any sudden
ployed, like the veneering 5 — eT change of temperature,
a, a

eee sod em — =
hammer,for plane surfaces. Way ey aet tal rat either from cold to heat or
The heat of the cowl quick- LSS
Sig
alt Peaeient tie
at a or ASUS oo tt
from heat to cold, it cracks
er
“eae ———
ly penetrates the thin ve- instantly without notice,
neer, making the glue ex- Forty House ot er ideone not only leaving a passage
ceedingly fluid, and the for smoke and flame, but
pressure applied by the
clamps soon expels the
AN ENGLISH FARM HOUSE. in many instances causing
the wall to fall. Stone
greater portion of it, and may, however, be used
causes the veneer to bed very closely to the work. terials is now being advocated in England. At with a certain amount of safety for external walls, but
Wood carvers, in copying models, are now supplied Brighton and Tunbridge Wells, bricks have been used even for this purpose it is very much inferior to bricks.
with a marking or cutting gauge of ingenious construc- for paving the street footways, and have proved quite Bad mortar is frequently a cause of heavy loss; it has
tion, by which, when once set to the required dimen- satisfactory. Itis considered an advantage that they no adhesive power, and, consequently, fails to bind
sions, they can not only giveall their markings the rela- afford a bit of color in the otherwise monotonous the other materials in such a way as to prevent buck-
tive width, but secure depth of the ground line of the highways. While they are unsuitable for localities ling. A great quantity of the mortar used in this
carving and height of relief portion, or rather the ex- where they would be subjected to crushing or jarring country during the last fifty years is but little better
cess on their own panel, so as to enable them to cut under heavy carts and wagons, they are less worn than road mud, which, though in itself well suited to
away freely, instead of timorously dealing their away by the action of water than flagstones, and, resist fire, is wanting in the most essential qualities for
strokes. being more porous, dry off sooner after a storm. They combining with other materials. Really good mortar
The services of the lathe are particularly prominent are cheap, and may be renewed rapidly without in- becomes in course of time as hard as the bricks or
in decorative woodwork, particularly in. hand-turning,. terfering with travel. Blue paving bricks are also stones, and good cement becomes much harder. In
In hand-turning the tool is held by the hand, the being advocated for roadways. They are cleanly, and fact, when a hole has to be cut in a wall of bricks laid
changes of form made in the wood being dependent on give asecure footing for horses. The cost is consid- in sound cement, it is generally necessary to cut through
the relative position or angle of the cutting edge. It is erably below granite, and they would probably wear the bricks, as the tools in ordinary use for such pur-
the work of an instant only to vary the relative height much better, poses cannot cut through the cement.—H. WM. Shaw,
and angle of a hand tool to the work, converting it As a material for sewers and culverts, brickwork is in The Architect.
from a roughing to a finishing tool, or even to a excellent, and earthenware is admitted to be the best
scraper, which operations are often impracticable with for drains. Itis possible that gas and water mains
a tool held in a side rest. With the latter the guidance will some time be made of the same material. The A COMPANY for the manufacture of fireproof lumber
is solely by the eye; with the lathe the delicate sense of glazed surface of earthenware pipes renders them non- is in process of organization at Chicago. The capital is
feeling is appealed to, so that any variations may be absorbent, and, being non-corrosive, they offer no im- to be $100,000. The desirableness of the object is evi-
made with absolute accuracy. pediment to the passage of water or sewage. Cast dent ata glance. This scheme is a significant indica-
In the development of electricity as a motor under iron pipes, it is well known, are liable to be gradually tion of the extent to which the importance and neces-
the system of storage, much of the preparatory work eaten away by the action of gases and acids. Earth- sity of the prevention of fires is occupying thinking and
of the moulder, whether in wood or metals, will doubt- enware, on this account, is much preferred for carry- inventive minds.
less be greatly aided in the future. ing off the wastes from laboratory sinks, since it is Lumber that can be rendered to a good degree fire-
Scaffold brackets are among ingenious contributions free from rust or corrosion. Could it be substituted proof, at a reasonable cost, would certainly be in great
to the satisfactory execution of exterior house deco- in water pipes, the supply would be delivered in a demand. We wish the Chicago enterprise much sue»
rative work on walls. This work is necessarily done purer state and without danger of metallic contami- cess,
 MARCH, 1886.] Scientific American. 149

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The object of this inveation is to provide a Wheel suitable for Hand and Platform Trucks,

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Ps

My
 150 Scientific American. [Marcu, 1886.
Knight of Kensington,and the otherisforadining-room. first instructions from his father, who was a thorough
STONE PILES IN WASHINGTON TERRITORY. musician, and was appointed director of the orchestra
This latter is furnished with two glazed-fronted lockers
To the Editor of the Scientific American: or cupboards, while a broad cornice top provides a at a theater in Vienna. At that time young Hummel
I see in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN of October 31, good shelf for the display of delft and china ware. The was seven years of age, and created quite a sensation,
a notice of the ‘‘ Stone Piles ” of Washington Territory, grate isa basket one, with a tile-lined fireplace and attracting the attention of even Mozart, who was so
wherein the writer expresses his belief that the mounds hearth. For the drawing-room, a hooded arrange- delighted with the child that he took him to his own
were the nests of some kind of aquatic creatures, and ment forms the basis of the design, with a hung look- house to educate him. How often and with what
refers to an article on the ‘‘ St. Lawrence Chub Nests” ing-glass fixed in the center of the front face. On regularity he received lessons from Mozart cannot be
in support of his theory.
Iam not acquainted with the locality, ‘‘Stone Pile
Meadows,” to which he refers ; but I know something
of Mound Prairie, Mima Prairie, and Rock Prairie, allin
Thurston County, W. T., and presume that the mounds
on those prairie meadows are of the same formation
and origin as the ones he names.
I had heard the fish-nest theory advanced by Mr.
Thomas Condon, formerly State Geologist, Oregon,
and, until I visited Washington Territory, supposed
his theory to be correct. But a very slight examina-
tion of the mounds upset that belief.
After listening to theories of all kinds, some of which
might be ealled possible, but none of which appeared
at all probable, I settled on the ice theory for myself.
In the first place, it must be understood that these
hi: are the dry beds of what were once shallow
akes, made dry partly. by filling up with wash from
the surrounding hills and partly by the wearing away
of some obstruction that dammed the water back.
That these lakes were shallow is fully proved by the
entire bottom being covered with well-washed gravel.
Now let us go back to the earlier ages of the world,
to the time when the climate of the northwest coast
was much colder than now; when the ice formed to
the depth of several inches every winter.
Next we must imagine the end of summer, when,
through a very porous soil below and a hot sun above,
the bed of the lake was left completely dry. Ofcourse,
while the bed of alake may be, generally speaking,
level, yet there will be many little depressions and as
many little hillocks, all barely visible above or below
the general surface.
After summer come the fall rains; gradually the
thirsty soil becomes saturated, and then little by little i oe “ x = R . : S | il
the water accumulates in the small depressions of the ‘

lake bed. Inch by inch the water rises until the

whole surface is covered. Then the rains cease, and the
frost sets in. One or two months of frost is sufficient ;
the water is frozen solid to the bottom, and probably SS
several inches below. But spring approaches, the SS 3 LY. vgn eign
frost ceases, and the rain again comes down in torrents. ro
The flood soon lifts the ice, still gripping its load of
gravel, and it goes floating about in broken fragments,
that from the deepest places being the thickest,
carrying the biggest rocks and the most of them. But
the floes cannot go far, because some little rise will
catch one and hold it, and another little rise will catch
another and hold it, and so on. Now, where each floe
is caught and held, it will deposit its load of gravel
and sand... So there we have two results—the hole, or
depression, where the flow came from is deepened, and
the hilloek where it lodged is raised, or a new mound
started where it was level before. The next year the
process is repeated ; the deepening places always giv-
ing up the most material, and the growing mounds
always forcing its delivery as a new contribution to
their growth.

on
How many years the process may have been going
would be hard to guess, perhaps
until the barriers that confined the water were finally
for thousands, c
TUTTI
e
worn away, and channels formed, growing deeper and
deeper, until now the beds of the Chehalas and Black TIN HII af
rivers are many feet below the present level of the
former lake beds.
et
Tall
‘ea :
One strong proof of the ice theory is in the fact
that some of the largest rocks, from five to ten pounds
in weight, and perhaps larger, are often found at the
top of the mounds.
These mounds are of all sizes, from mere swells,
barely perceptible, to cones eight or ten feet high. In MONUMENT TO THE COMPOSER, HUMMEL.
some places they stand so close together that their
bases almost touch, while in other localities they are
more sparsely scattered. either side of this are two vase brackets with the motto | ascertained; but as Hummel had to play all the music
The material of which they are formed is the same ‘* Loyal en tout” carved on the fascia, below which is for Mozart, there is no doubt that he was benefited
as that over which they were raised—sand and gravel— hung a deep volume in richly embroidered stuff; a greatly by beingin the company of the great master.
ranging in size from the merest speck to ten and heraldic shield surmounts the glass frame, and the He remained with Mozart until November, 1788, and
probably more pounds in weight. Da La: front of the wood is highly decorated in colors. then went on an artistic tour lasting six years. Upon
Lafayette, Oregon, November 11, 1885. his return he was highly recommended by Joseph
THE HUMMEL MONUMENT AT PRESSBURG. Haydn, and accepted a position with Prince Ester-
TWO CHIMNEY-PIECES IN WOOD. hazy. In 1811, he returned to Vienna, and occupied
ON the 14th of November, one hundred and seven himself in giving piano lessons until 1816, and in this
THESE fireplaces were designed by Mr. R. A. Briggs, years ago, the celebrated composer Johannus Nepomuk year he accepted a position in Stuttgart, which he
A.R.1I.B.A. The drawing-room mantel is for Mr. J. B. Hummel was born in Pressburg. He received his exchanged for one in Weimar, where he died suddenly,
October 17, 1837.
He had acquired for himself a great and celebrated
name, not only as a musician, but also as a composer ;
and at the present day Hummel’s works are considered
among the finest. As a performing artist he continued
in the manner of Mozart, and combined a noble deliy-
ery with a brilliant technique, and is the founder of
the modern school of virtuosi. He had great talent
for improvising, and was no doubt one of the best com-
posers of instrumental music in the nineteenth cen-
tury.
In 1878, it was decided to raise sufficient money by
means of concerts to erect a monument to Hummel
at Pressburg. Franz Liszt, Hans von Bilow, Auton
Rubinstein, Count Zichy, Joachim, the Meininger
Orchestra, Saint Saens, D’Albert, Hummel’s great
scholar Ferdinand Hiller, and many others contributed
to make these concerts a success.
The designs for the monument were prepared by
Prof. Victor Tilgner of Pressburg, and the committee
(NS : made arrangements with him for the execution of his
cd tai rae work. A short time ago he delivered his first model,
which is represented in the annexed cut, taken from
the Illustrirte Zeitung. The monument will probably
be completed next summer.
This design consists of a Hermes column, the upper
part of which is formed by a bust of Hummel, from
which wreaths are suspended. On the base acherub
reposes, reading notes from the sheet of musiein his
hand. Another cherub, at the side ef the column, is re-
bene as calling the attention of the first to the
ust of the composer. <A lyre ornamented with laurel
rests against the other side of the coluinn. The bust
will be ecastin bronze, double life size and the wreaths
will be made of copper, fire-gilt. The column, cherubs,
A ae base, ete., will be of the finest Carrara marble. The
cherubs form a charming group, which is highly credit-
TWO CHIMNEY PIECES IN WOOD. able to Prof, Tilgner, :
 Marcu, 1886.] Scientific American, 151

CUE. JENNINGS & CO.,

MANUFACTURERS OF MECHANICS’ TOOLS,&
WAREROOM, 96 CHAMBERS STREET, NEW YORK. NY.
CLARK TOOL COMPANY’S c: |
Tool Chests lor a Planters, and Housekeepers. The Giant Hollow Handle,
NEG see oS
WITH TEN USEFUL TOOLS FOR MECHANICS’ AND
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Serrrrreissrsr
eas Se:
Sas ies
reSOE SOA ESSE SORT ASRS SARESESE SELLE:
Boise
{i —5 i

This is a half-size illustration.

The Tools are made of the best Cast Steel, tempered in oil, and are superior to
anything of the kind ever put on the market.

This Tool Case, No. A 17, contains nineteen useful Tools, all of good quality, and packed ina neat | L Sorew7 Driver, ai (Sasi telat L Scratch Awl,
Wooden Box, as follows: 1 Gimlet, 1 Gouge, = Brad Aw ls,
ONE PANEL SAW, 20 inch. ONE WRENCH, TWO STEEL DOUBLE-CUT BITS.
ONE TWO-FOOT BOXWOOD RULE, ONESTEEL SCREW DRIVER, ONE “ COUNTERSINK, 1 Tack Putter.
ONE STEEL SPIKE GIMLET, ONE CAST STEEL CHISEL, ONE “ SCRATCH-AWL, The Tools are 244 inches long and 8-16 inch shank. The Handle is rosewood,
ONE “ NAIL GIMLET, ONE STEEL NAIL SET, ONE “ BRAD-AWL, inches long, with patent swing top and cam fastening.
ONE BIT BRACE, TWO Ad AUGER BITS, ONE CAST STEEL FILE,
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PRICE FoR COMPLETE sET, $2.50. i DISCOUNT TO.THE TRADE.
cay" MAKE APPLICATION TO ANY NEW YORK SHIPPING OR COMMISSION HOUSE FOR OUR COMPLETE CATALOGUE, <0
a LT TT OT PT SIE TTS CSE IE A ER EE TOS EE SS

Tin, Slate, Gravel, Slag, or Felt Roofing for Factories, Churches, GAS MOTORS. — DESCRIPTION, AC.
Dwellings, &e., in town or country. Best make of Ready Roofing and companied by eight figures, showing details of working
Sheathing ‘Papers, such as two and three ply, ron Sed.Pee Ee of a system of small gas motors as made by Buss,
&c. Correspondence solicited. E, S. BORT Rombart & Co. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
2217-Chestnut Street, Vitisdelebion Po. Veni No. 265. Price 10 cents. To be had at
fice and from all newsdealers.
Same nen nr ee ed Ris cto entromaliniowedeniera.

‘ fe £|CLEVE LAND STEAM GAUGE CO.,

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J.H. FRENCH, Vice-President.
ro iea
ODGE, Secretary and Treasurer,
As

Cee ite ae reg AND WHITNEY oe ar ee al

HARTFORD, CONN.,
MANUFACTURERS OF

Lathes for Hand and Power Turning, Screw-cutting, Cutting-off, Chocking, and Grinding,
ExXorizontal Boring Mills,
Planers, Shaping Machines, Single and Multispindle Upright and Horizontal DRILLING MACHINES,
REVOLVING HEAD SCREW MACHINES,
j Screw-Slotting Machines, Upright and Horizontal Tapping Machines, Plain and Index Milling Machines, Cam-Cutting,
Profiling, Rifling, Die-Sinking, und Cartridge-Shell Varnishing Machines, Punching, Trimming, and Broaching Presses.
Power ‘Seeari: Tilt and Deoy Hammers, Retractile Jib Cranes, Combination Lathe Chucks, Renshaw Ratchet Drills, Cut-
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Factories equipped with complete plants of Machines, Fixtures, Small Tools, and Gauges forthe manufacture of Guns, Sewing Machines,
and Similar articles requiring ‘nterchangeable parts, Illustrated Catalogues and Price Lists furnished on applications
 152 Srientific American.
Jomer’s Corrace.
2 ASKRAM HA,
Sin Anprew FAIRBAIRN, MP
-Moss9 Charley § Conon.
Cire lect. 15Park Flow. LIBBY

COTTAGES, ASKHAM, YORK. The buildings are of red brick, tiie roofed, and tne Department, provides an exterior that will appear as
woodwork finished in harmonious colors.—Building a monument of his skill, the internal conveniences will
THESE houses have been built by Sir Andrew Fair- and Engineering Times. doubtless prove to be all that judgment and good taste
bairn, M.P., whose country seat is at Askham. could suggest.
The aim ~f the architects, Messrs. Chorley and Con- THE NEW FEDERAL BUILDING, BROOKLYN, Over sixteen years ago it was generally conceded that
non, Leeds, has been to design cottages that would pic- such a building was an absolute necessity, and the
turesquely blend with the woodland scenery amid NEW YORK. inatter was vigorously agitated, but it was not until
which they are placed ; and in this they have been ma- THis structure, as our readers can judge from the the Congress of 1883 that the united efforts of the Hon.
terially assisted by Sir Andrew Fairbairn, who has look- illustration, will be ‘‘a thing of beauty,” something J. Hyatt Smith, Hon. A. M. Bliss, and the Hon. Wm.
ed rather to the comfort of his tenants than to considera- indeed worthy of Brooklyn. EK. Robinson secured the first appropriation of $300,000,
tions of economy. While Mr. M. E. Bell, the architect of the Treasury an amount quite inadequate, of course, but something
substantial at least to start with. This amount was
subsequently increased to $500,000.
After many delays and Sod epee tag with regard
to a suitable site, Secretary Folger, on February 16,
1884, gave Mr. Leonard Moody permission to purchase
on Washington, Adams, and Johnson Streetsja plot
175x235, for $408,500. The task was not an easy one,
for the reason that selfish interests clashed with those
of the government, and much valuable time and some
money was wasted in foolish contestation,
The site finally selected is probably as eligible a one
as could be found, and with the possible widening of
Washington Street, the structure will ;have a promi-
nence worthy of its architectural grace. It is purely
renaissant in the style of its architecture. The tower
will be at the corner of Washington and Johnson
Streets, and it will have a frontage of 135 feet, a high
basement, and Mansard roof.
The main cornice will be 75 feet from the pavement,
and the tower will be 183 feet high.
It is believed that the Johnson Street front will be
235 feet. The post-office will occupy the basement and
first story.—Brooklyn Advanee.

USEFUL DIRECTIONS FOR TAKING POR-

TRAITS INDOORS WITHOUT A SKYLIGHT.
By L. P. FERRIS,
To those amateurs not possessed of a skylight, the
question of how to obtain a good indoor portrait is
very puzzling, and has led to the spoiling of a great
many plates and to the production of some hideous-
looking faces, struck by igh de on one side and by
midnight on the other. propose in this article to
give such directions as will enable any one whois skill-
ful in outdoor photography to make a better portrait
in an ordinary room than can be made in the open air.
In fact, there is no reason why as perfect a portrait
cannot be made in an ordinary room as in a ** gallery,”
except the lack of skill on the part of the operator.
TO MAKE A BUST, CABINET OR HALF LENGTH.—LIGHT.
The first attempt is generally made in the room hay-
ing the largest number of windows, all of which are
opened to their fullest capacity, which only results in
complete failure. The room preferable is one on the
second floor or higher, and on the light side of the
house. Close the blinds or lower the shades in such
a way as to exclude the light from all windows but one.
This window should be selected in such part of the
room as will allow working space on both sides of it.
A corner window with the side wall close to it is objec-
tionable, for the reason that a background would be
so near to the sitter that a shadow of the figure would
be made upon it. Now, having the window open and
the shade rolled all the way up, if there is sunlight or
even a strong light upon it, darken the lower half by
unhanging the shade (if convenient) and placing the
roller upon the top of the lower sash. Allow theshade
to fall to the sill, or hang anything over the lower sash
that will exclude the light. If the subject is of very
dark complexion, a piece of muslin would answer bet-
ter than something opaque, as it would diffuse light
over the face in addition to that obtained from above.
If the clothing or drapery is very dark, it is well to ob-
struct the light from the lower sash just opposite the
face and let it pass through below, so as to light up
from the neck down; this will insure detail in the
me fsever allow sunlight to fall upon any part
. [of e sitter,
 Marcu, 1886.] Srientifirc American, 153
AModvertisements. JENKINS BROS.’ VALVES. > $350 60 PER MONTH
~d Commission to
SALARY
competent
and
business manager in every city for ex-

THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, Gate, Globe, Angle, Check, and Safety. > clusive agency of our National
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Address MUNN & CO., PusiisueErs,

THE AMERICAN
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Directions and Dimensions for construction, with one

ASBESTOS:
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NOTABLE and SIGNIFICANT ITEMS illustration of cold house for preserving fruit from
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FORTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT Roofing, Building Felt,
tained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT No, 116.
Price 10 cents. To be had at this office and of all news- 95 MILK ST,, BOSTON, MASS,
Steam Packings, Boiler Coverings, dealers.

New York Life ‘Tusurance Company. Fire Proof Paints, Cements, Etc.
Samples and Descriptive Price Lists Free. This Company owns the Letters Patent
= A total income of over sixteen million one hundred H. W. JOHNS M’F’G CO., 87 MAIDEN LANE, N. Y. granted to Alexander Graham Bell, Mareh
thousand dollars, and payments to policy-holders of 175 Randolph St, Chicago; 170 N. 4th St., Philadelphia,
nearly eight million dollars. 7th, 1876, No. 174,465, and January 30th,
Interest income, over three million dollars, being about
53% per cent. on average net assets, and nearly four hun- 1877, No. 186,787.
dred thousand dollars in excess of losses by death.
Market value of securities, over three million three
A
S full
AWS Mimbermen tosend usther SA W &
address for a copy of Emerson’s [87 Book A
The transmission of Speech by all known
hundred thousand dollars in excess of their cost.
Liabilities, both actual and contingent, provided for. of SAWS. Weare first to introduce NATUR- forms of Electric Speaking Telephones in-
AL GAS for heating and tempering Saws
anda Divisible Surplus by the Company’s standard 0
over seven million dollars; Surplus by the State stand- Wai wonderful effect upon improving their fringes the right secured to this Company
quality and toughness, enabling us to reduce
ard, over thirteen million dollars.
prices. Address by the above patents, and renders each
An increase of nearly two million dollars in income,
over three millions in surplus, over seven millions in as-
sets, and of over thirty millions of insurance in force, Ss EMERSON, SMITH &
Beaver
CO. (Ltd.),
Falls, Pa. Ss individual user of telephones not furnish-
during 1885. ed by it orits licensees responsible for such
SUMMARY of REPORT. BUSINESS of 1885. unlawful use, and all the consequences
Received in Premiums........ ......+ $12,722,103.03
Received in Interest, Rents, ete..... 5,399, 069.71 thereof, and liable to suit therefor.
Total Income.. $16 121,172.74
Paid Death-claims. $2,999,109.64
“« Endowments .... 741,764.47

DRAWING _ {2
“ Annuities, Dividends, and for
Policies purchased ......... 3,940,999.64 Lilustrated catalogue
Address JOHN A. ROEBLING’S SONS, Manufactur- sent on application to
Total Paid Policy-holders... 8$7,681,873.75

INSTRUMENTS.
2 re ers, Trenton, N. J., or 117 Liberty Street, New York. M. I’. COMSTOCK,
New Policies Issued...... Tare te 18,566 Wheels and Rope for conveying power long distances. 6 Astor Place,
New Insurance Written. $68,521,452.00 Send for circular, New York.
CONDITIO AN. 1, 1886.
Cash Assets.............0000-+++66,864,321.32
PHOTOCRAPHER can im-
prove
*Divisible Surplus, Co.’s Standard... $7,064,473.13 winter evenings making
prints from negatives by lamp-
+Tontine : i L 3,123,742,77 light on Eastman’s Permanent Bromide Paper.
MACHINERY, $15. OF THE’

Total Surplus, “ be
Surplus by State Standard, $13,225,053.94
Policies in Force........ Se dececeSsh cess
urance in force..... pulise as soe sans
Scientific American
Results produced rival India ink drawings in effect. No
$10,188,215.90 toning required. Simple, Certain, Quick. Circu- Contractors and Builders, CabinetMakers and
Jobbers in Wood or Metal, who
lars and ws prints free on receipt of two cent stamp. have no stéam power, can, by us-
EASTMAN DRY PLATH AND FILM CoO.,, ing outfits of these machines, bid
s 86,418 1347 State Street, Rochester, N. Y. lower and save more money than
$259,674,500.00 by any other means for doing their

EPPS’S
PROGEESS IN 1885. work. Sold on trial. Illustrated
Catalogue FREE. The Most Dara clitiae Picar in the World,
Excess of Interest over Death-losses, $399,960.07
Increase in Income... ... ........++. ‘ 1,880,697.35 W. F. & JOHN BARNES CO., Only $3.20 a Yenr, including Postage. Weekly
Increase in Surplus, State Standard, 3,313, 707.48 Addres)1999Ruby St., Rockford, Lil. 52 Numbers a Year,
Increase in Assets.....-....... Sestesee 7,580,567.75
Increase in Insurance Written....... '7,036,902.00 This widely circulated and splendidly illustrated
Increase in Insurance in Force ...... 30,291,914.00
* Exclusive of the amount specially reserved as a contingent liability
CRATEFUL—COMFORTING. Telegraph and Electrical paper is publisted weekly. Every number contains six-
teen pages of useful information and a large number of

COCOA
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Medical _Batteries, Inventors’ Models, Experi-
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THE SEVEN ADVANTACES Catalogue C. E. JONES & BRO. Cincianati, O. New Inventions, Novelties in Mechanics, Manufictures,
4 OF THE Itis important to us that you mention this paper.
Chemistry, Electricity Telegraphy, Photography, Archi-
New York Life Insurance Company’s tecture, Agriculture, Horticulture, Natural History, etc.
NON-FORFEITING-TONTINE LIMITED
ENDOWMENT POLICY.
NEW YORK BELTING AND PACKING CO. All Classes of Readers find in the SCIENTIFIC
AMERICAN a popular resumeof the best scientific in-
Oldest ond Largest Manufacturers in the United States of formation of the day; and it is the aim of the publishers
FIRST ADVANTAGE.—Insurance for a_ definite

Vulcanized Rubber Fabrics

amount, or for an amount increasing with each pre- to present it in an attractive form, avoiding as much as
mium paid, as desired. possible abstruse terms. To every intelligent mind,
SECOND ADVANTAGHE.—A Definite Cash Endow-
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periods correspond, and may be either Ten, Fifteen, ADAPTED TO MECHANICAL PURPOSES. every community where it circulutes.
or Twenty Years.
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q ARCHIBALD H. WELCH, 2d Vice-Pres’t, DEVLINAVE.& 60,0 FFinishinc. JAPAN
RUFUS W. WEEKS, Actuary. i) ; |
J TH
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hy !
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D. O’ DELL, Supt. of Agencies. BOILERS wim. A. HARREIS,
THE

FO R SALE
A. HUNTINGTON, M.D., Medical Director.

Six Inch Equatorial Telescope on tri-

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By J.W.HIIIl,M.E.
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iH
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AND
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PATENTS.
and described in the SUPPLEMENT.
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Price for the SUPPLEMENT for the United States and
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WIRE ROPE
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STEAD. TRALK.
In this line of business they have had forty one years’ For returning steam condensed un-
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der pressure automatically into the
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rosecution of Applications for Patents in the United
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Send for Illustrated Catalogue.
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BRANCH OFFICES.—No. 622 and 624 F Street, Pa- ENEU JOHNSON & CO.’S INK. Tenth and Lom
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 154 Scientific American, |Marcu, 1886.
WORKING DRAWINGS OF INEXPENSIVE!) tions such as these, which we includein our number of being conceived somewhat in that manner or style of
FURNITURE. plates to-day, certainly will be welcomed by inany of} wood treatment.
our readers, especially those who know Mr. Godwin’s The hat and umbrella stand is, of course, a very use-
By E. W. Gopwin, F.S.A. designs, and have seen them beautifully carried out by ful piece of furniture in most houses, and yet, general-
TuIs sheet of details furnishes the working drawings |Mr. Watt. The ‘cheap chair”
i details show how the ly speaking, it is one of the most ugly and inconven-
to scale of three useful and inexpensive pieces of furni-!same design may be made in three different ways, and ient articles conceivable, vulgar in taste, and quite ont

WorKING DRAWINGS OF INEXPENSIVE FURNITURE.

BY TENG Go DWIN F°S‘A:
—> === Architect Hancrno.
==—}})
MADE aby. CABINET
A} es oS yy
WE WATT pogn0n -eccnse lll Gii-d.
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FrameFE. Table top FF
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MAURICE & ADAMS DEY PLAN AT wo : 4 SC
‘ iy 4.
Sacued
ture, designed by Mr. Edward W. Godwin, F.S.A.,
also with arms if necessary. The seat can be stuffed |of character with the objects for which it is supposed
architect, and executed by the representatives of the or not, aud the back is designed to be finished in the |to exist. Mr. Godwin’s design has nothing pretentious
late Mr. Wm. Watt, of Grafton street, W.C. Economic same inaterial as the seat, or with upright laths, as about it; on the contrary, it is as simple as can well be
furniture, which also has the merit of being artistic, may be wished to suit circumstances. The hanging thought of, and yet how well it answers its purpose
suitable, and useful, thereby being really adapted to} cabinet is well adapted to the suitable display of works without being too big, and it has the merit of being
the everyday requirements of ordinary people, must of art and ceramic ware, and is made in ebonized wood simply what it was intended to be.—Buwilding
necessarily be always in demand, and therefore illustra- with panels fitted with Japanese designs, the whole
| Vews.
 Marcu, 1886.] Stientific American, B
155

ECONOMY WROUCHT IRON FURNACE

AND STEAM HERATEHR compryrenp.
The Latest and Greatest Improvement in Apparatus for Warming and Ventilating Buildings,
This engraving illustrates our Combination Furnace and Steam Heater
with a
portion of outer casing, boiler shell, and fire-pot broken
away te show internal
construction and working of the respective parts,
K, K K

L f \ This engraving illustrates our COMBINATION HEATER as it

‘ | appears set up in a Cellar ready for work,

so ———— ain _ |

: f Eka
| md il, av

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“THE most effective, clean, durable, and economical Heater on the market for warming and ventilating dwellings, schooi buildings, stores, banks, hospitals, &c. Admirably adapted to warming houses with
conservatories and rooms distant from the Heater, It is simple in construction and easily managed. It is capable of giving more combined heat, with less consumption of coal, than any other heating
apparatus introduced to the public. All parts above the Fire-Pot are constructed of Wrought Iron, and in the best workmanlike manner. Furnished with the ‘‘Economy” Anti-Clinker or the Smyth’s
“Happy THOUGHT” Duplex Grate, as desired. -Also with or without the Hot-Water Coil in Fire-Pot.

4 SEND FOR DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE AND CIRCULAR. i

THE MOST PRACTICAL AND SUCCESSFUL LINE OF HEATERS AND FURNACES MADE.
YEARS IN ADVANCE OF ANYTHING ON THE MARKET.

J. F. PEASE SYRACUSE,FURNACE
N. Y., and TORONTO, ONTARIO,
COMPANY,
Manufacturers of the “ECONOMY” WARM AIR AND WARM AIR AND STEAM COMBINATION FURNACES.
Eastern Agents, Western Agents,
a4 x Se am oo eo ey Nipress York, | ADKINS & HOFFMAN, 177 E. Randolph Street, Chicago, Il.
, General New England Agent, 112 Portland Street, a GOSS STEAM HEATING AND PLUMBING CO., 703 Main Street, Kansas City, Mo.
GEO. NIXON, JR., 41 South 18th Street, Philadelphia, Pa. ‘ies? 4 a ARTHUR A. POND, 35 Washington Avenue, South, Minneapolis, Minn.

BRADLEY
—TEL EE
ANDY WAGON “Cowen”
An
Steam
entirely
Hose.
Steam
new
Will stand
Pressure of 1,500 pounds. Especi-
ally adapted for Rock Drills and
Hose,
departure
a Water
in

Dredging Machines. See illustrat-

@ ed notice in Scr. AM., Feb. 15, 1886.
Manufactured and sold only by
BOSTON WOVEN HOSE CO.,
234 Devonshire St., Boston, Mass,

of #90 a month
and Expenses paid
——ns A ENTS everywhere
to travel and sell staple goods to dealers, or
%40 amonth & expenses to distribute circu-
larsin your vicinity, All expenses advanced,
salary promptly paid. Sample package of
our goods and full particulars FREE. Send 8 cents
for postage, packing, etc. We mean what we say.
NATIONAL SUPPLY COMPANY,
Palace Building, Cincinnati, Ohio.

The Coming Wagon.

—— ayEWs
Light.strong, conveuient, and low priced.
ay SS
Handy to get intoand out of.
PHILADELPHIA BRICK MACHINE WORKS.
GEO. CARN HLL,
Handy for single horse or pair. Handy for one person or more. Handy to load or unload. Send
for free circular ‘‘ How to purchase direct from Manufsacturer.’’ Remington Standard Type-Writer Manufacturer of all kinds of Machinery used in
ea = A D L EY & Cc O {Wyoming Street, Purchasers per-
the manufacture of Fire and Red Brick.
1819 N. 5th ST., PHILADELPHIA, PA,
Fy Syracuse, N. Y. mitted to return by
Express C. O. D. for
full purchase price FOOT (POWER
at any time within 7 A Scroll Saws, &c.
The Bradley Two Wheeler. .
thirty days, thus
giving an opportun- . a!
a:
ar
Latest and most improv
ed for the Workshop
The only Two Wheeled Vehicle ever ity for comparison
“a Sold on Trisl, if desired.
with other ma- New Catalogue free.
made that is absolutely free from horse
Seneca Fallx Mfg. Co.,
motion. 216 Water Street,
Bradley & Co., Wyoming St., Syracuse, N. Y. Seneca Fats, N. Y-
 156 Scientific American, [Marcu, 1886.
NEW DESIGNS FOR LINCRUSTA WALTON. The Latest Product of Wood Distillation,
We present on this page illustrations of some of the | It is reported in the Hecho Forestier that a new indus-
most recent designsof lincrusta walton which have| try, known as ‘*‘ wood oil distillation,” has been estab-
not heretofore been published. lished with much suecess in Sweden. The chief pro-
This material is now too well known to need any duct made at the factories in question (which number
special description, but we may remind our readers | upward of thirty in Sweden alone) is, in fact, the so-
that, starting with a plain hard finished wall and a} called ‘‘fir tree oil.” somewhat largely used of late in

COIS (O Bard AEDT Fo

—Ye Bang Jel

SOLD | 2B. Cale

few plain pine mouldings, a most beautiful decoration
can be achieved at a very moderate cost; borders
are to be had from 14 inch upward, and as the designs
are all in relief, all the effects of carved wood mould-
ing and wainscoting are secured. All forms of wood-
work, such as doors, shutters, mop board, ete., can be
treated in the same way. Elegant effects can be secur-
ed also in thus decorating woodwork in the fittings of
stores. Architects, builders, and others who desire to
use this material should secure the full book of de-
signs published by F. Beck & Co., New York.
No greater proof can be offered that lincrusta fulfills
every merit claimed for it as a perfect wall decoration
and covering than the unqualified approval of those
who have used it. It now adorns the walls in thou-
the United Kingdom for its reputed antiseptic proper-
ties. The raw material drawn upon by the factories
consists of the roots of the pine and Jarch trees which
are left in the ground after the forests have been cleared
for cutting up into deals, ete. This material is distilled
iy APIOI
in closed retorts, according to the ordinary way of car-
Ppl T° Li fOLO
bonization; the products of the operation, besides the
fir tree oil, being a notable quantity of terebene, creo-
sote, tar, acetic acid, and charcoal. that in burning it lasts, weight for weight, 35 times
It is somewhat remarkable that, although the de- longer than mineral oil. It is said the factories already
structive distillation of wood has been an established established in Sweden produce about 10,000 gallons of
industry for a great number of years, this compara- fir tree oil per day.
tively new product should now be elevated into the —_—————+-0>
chief place among its fruits. Fir tree oil is capable of
use for illuminating purposes, but not in the lamps or- The Sugar Crop.

sands of homes in every State in the Union, with per- dinarily used for the lighter oils. It contains much The Magnolia sugar plantation in the parish of Pla-
carbon; and, there quemines made this season the best average yield on
fore, burns with a record in Louisiana. The crop is cultivated by steam,
smoky flame, unless and an improved cane shredder is used. Fertilizers are
the combustion is liberally employed, and the cultivation directed toward
regulated under spe- the production of a sweet cane, rather than a heavy
cial conditions. tonnage. With an acreage of 492, the yield was 20 tons
It may easily be to the acre; 16334 pounds of sugar were extracted from

oe

Sa
if wy
we
i

rhs

Al i \ AS

Mee
EGE

STINE
ik ) a
WEEN Thee
5S VG.

RED te/tae
fect satisfaction in every instance ; and it is placed on mixed with common lamp oils, in proportions which each ton of cane, an average of 78°07 per cent extrac-
official record that at the State Capitol, at Albany, it will not prevent the burning of the mixture in ordinary tior. These figures are remarkable and unprecedented,
proved a splendid success, when paper, leather, and lamps. In its natural state this wood oil is a*very in spite of the damage done by the severe storm in
every other form of mural decoration had failed. cheap illuminant, selling at 11 cents per quart. At September. This prevented the cane from reaching
In respect to the sanitary properties of lincrusta this price it appears to compare unfavorably with its usual maturity and sweetness. Had it not been for
walton, there can be no question, as it received, after| mineral oils. But it is claimed for the wood product this storm, it is thought that the yield at the Magnolia
the most crucial tests, the gold medal from the _ ter- that it is absolutely inexplosible, which enables it to plantation would have reached 178 to 180 pounds per
national Health Exhibition, London, 1884, take the place of colza oil for dangerous places; also ton of cane,
 Marcu, 1886.] Srientific America. 157
NOVELTY ELECTRIC CO.
MAKINS’'S METALLURGY. THE NEW “GRESHAM” PATENT
Factory and Store, 5th and Locust Sts., Philadelphia,

Antomatic Re-Starting Injector, Everything Electrical.

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A Manual of Metallurgy. Illustrated by 100 Engravings.

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VIOLIN OUTFITS
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XVI. Arsenic. XVII. Iron and Steel. XVII. Man-
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Beautiful Ilastrated 96 5 > ( Jatalogue

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HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO., REPAIR OF BOILER TUBES.—BY MUNN & CO., 361 Broadway, N. Y
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FOREIGN PATENTS.
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CURE": THE DEAF

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BRANCH OFFICES: No. 622 and 624 F Street, Pacific
ng MepicaL Co., Buffalo, N. ¥.—Toledo Evening Bee,
Building, near 7th Street, Washington, D. C,
 158 Stientific American. (Marcu, 1886.
WELL IN THE COURTYARD OF In isolating the coloring matter by this method there | 1. The red coloring matters that are precipitated
THE HOTEL
DE CLUNY, PARIS. is added to tne juice or colored liquid its own volume under the influence of hydrochloric acid, and are
of strong hydrochloric acid; the mixture is then heated soluble in alkalies, which color them green. This is
Tuts isa characteristic piece of fifteenth century work- to boiling, and kept at that temperature for about ten the most numerous class.
manship. The upper part, supporting the pulley, is minutes. The precipitate that forms is thrown on a 2. The red coloring matters that are precipitated b
entirely of wrought iron, the carved supports or filter, washed with distilled water until the washings hydrochloric acid, and are soluble in alkalies, whic
brackets being brought over to a central pendant, and are no longer acid, and then left to dry. When the eolor them violet. In this class are to be found the reds
each of these is carried on a projecting little piece of precipitate is dry, itis treated with 90° aleohol, which of dye-woods and archil, as well as of cochineal.
metal, giving a sort of shoulder on the uprights above, dissolves the coloring principle. The aleoholic solution 3. The red coloring matters that are precipitated by
which are two bolts firmly holding the parts together. is evaporated to dryness at a gentle heat in the presence hydrochloric acid and are soluble in alkalies, whie
The lower part of the structure is of stone, simply of a small quantity of barium carbonate, intended to eolor them blue. Litmus is, hitherto, the only sub-
treated, with a curiously shaped projecting piece on the saturate any trace of hydrochloric acid that may be re- stance that presents this character; there are, however,
left-hand side of the capping ring of masonry ; round tained by the substance. The dry residue is afterward certain red or rose colored flowers, the colored juice of
this notched bracket the rope is fastened when not in treated with hot water, which dissolves any barium which becomes blue under the influence of ammonia.
use. chloride that may be formed; it is then again dried, 4, The red coloring matters that hydrochloric acid
For the above and the illustration of the oak mantel and the coloring matter is redissolved in alcohol. This alters without precipitating them, such as the red of
piece we are indebted to The Building News. second alcoholic solution, when evaporated to dryness, Phytolacca and that of the beet.
leaves the coloring matter ina state of purity under In order to recognize quickly the nature of the red
the form of a red-brown varnish, which detaches readi- coloring matter contained in any vegetable substance,
OAK FIREPLACE AND MANTEL. ly froin the capsule in small shining scales. The author the author crushes the substance between leaves of un-
TuHIs example of an oak mantelpiece has been has never seen it present any indications of crystalliza- sized paper, so as to cause the colored juice to stain the
designed for the Earl of Shrewsbury by Mr. J. Birch, tion. paper, and then exposes it to ammonia vapor, under
John Street, Adelphi. The whole is of oak, and above Hydrochlorie¢ acid does not precipitate the whole of the influence of which the color is changed to green,
the mantel, which is divided into three panels, are the coloring matter, it being slightly soluble in acids. violet, or blue. Operating in this way he has ascertain-
caryatides. The panels between these are most elabo- The coloring matter thus obtained is entirely in- ed the changes in color that the juices of the following
rately carved with conventional foliage. The whole is soluble in water; but it dissolves very freely in alcohol, plants undergo when exposed to ammoniacal vapor :
surmounted by a characteristic cresting, in the center to which it imparts a yellowish red-brown color. Acids ROGG) wn5 ik arate teeeaete changes to bright green.
of which is the coat of arms and coronet, and below, change this to an intense red color; but alkalies turn it Gherrydaurels? 2... vo. Ms bright yellow
on the frieze, the motto of. the Earl of Shrewsbury green, and it then passes rapidly to yellow-brown green.
(Prest d’accomplir), which, by the way, is badly divided, through absorption of oxygen from the air. Alkaline Dark violet Marguerite Ae dark green.
as only a portion of it comes ineach panel. The solutions, even when dilute, dissolve the coloring mat- . Fuchsia, violet petals.. green.
oe
SC DASE ws aes azure blue.
Geranium... eee te eee blue with green-
ish tinge.
Pomegranate flower.... violet-blue.

Se
tM BTAcat
iy
Rr por ry

iy
iS

ei “2
Fe ‘\

i
LE ECL ZENE

\\\\
LN
es
OAK MANTEL, INGESTRE HALL. WELL IN THE COURTYARD OF THE HOTEL
DE CLUNY, PARIS.
mantel is supported on small brackets. Below this ter immediately, the solutions, which are at first green-
again, on each side, are two columns with Corinthian ish, passing rapidly to brown. Ether doesnot dissolve In examining the coloring matter of wine, the author
capitals. In the frieze which breaks round these is a trace of the coloring matter. heats about 5c. ¢. so as to drive off the alcohol, then
introduced the initial Jetter ‘‘S,” in ornamental work, The red coloring matters contained in various wines, adds an equal volume of hydrochloric acid, and boils
and the frieze has strap work, also ornamented with in the skins of black grapes and black or violet plums, the mixture. After two or three minutes’ boiling the
foliage. The whole is well and sharply carved, the in elderberries, gooseberries, raspberries and mul- liquid is thrown upon a small filter, and the red-brown
modeling in the ornamental work being very good. berries, in the petals of poppies, mallows, hollyhocks, precipitate produced is washed with distilled water;
It has been executed by the School of Art Woodearving, and roses de Provins, ete., all present the same the filter is then crushed between unsized paper, and
who, we may mention, have some double doors and character after having been precipitated by hydro- afterward opened out and exposed, still moist, above a
cresting for numerous bookeases for the library, in chlorie acid; they dissolve in alkalies, the solutions flask containing ammonia. If the matter on the filter
which this mantel is to be placed. being of a green color and turning brown rapidly by turns green, it is assumed that the coloring matter has
absorbing oxygen from the air. been derived from the grape, or from a vegetable sub-
The red coloring matters of the fruit of Phytolacca stance containing the same coloring principle as the
THE COLORING MATTER OF WINE AND decandra and beet are not precipitated under the in- grape; but at present it is impossible to say with cer-
VEGETABLE COLORING MATTERS.* fluence of hydrochloric acid. Under the action of tainty what substance has yielded the color.
By M. TERREIL. boiling hydrochloric acid these red matters at first be- Submitted to elementary analysis, the coloring mat-
come brighter, then violet, and finally pass to yellow- ters of wine and of Campeachy wood precipitated by
THE coloring matter of wine and the red coloring brown without yielding any precipitate. hydrochloric acid, and the ulmie matter precipitated at
latters of plants are precipitated from their solutions The red of Campeachy wood, red woods, and archil is the sane time as the coloring principles, haye present-
under the influence of an excess of hydrochlorie acid. precipitated by hydrochloric acid. The precipitate is ed nearly the same centesimal composition, as will be |
The precipitation takes place even in the eold, but rather soluble in boiling water. It presents the distine- seen from the following figures :
slowly, twenty-four to forty-eight hours being required tive character of dissolving in dilute alkalies witha Coloring Coloring of Ulmie
for its completion, while at the temperature of boiling violet color, the solutions turning brown in contact of wine. Campeachy. matter.
it takes place in a few minutes. with air. ht oe osaer 55-65 56°27 56°70
The coloring matter is always precipitated mixed Litmus gives with hydrochloric acid a not very FE, sen
ota ie -+-- 5°50 4°68 4°73
with an insoluble ulmie matter, resulting from the abundant precipitate, an aleoholi¢ solution of which is OTe. ees At 38°37 39°05 38°57
action of the hydrochlorie acid upon saccharine sub- reddish. he precipitate dissolved in alkalies gives a
stances that occur in the juice of the plant. But the fine blue solution which remains unaltered when ex- .
two substances can be easily separated by means of posed to air. THE THREE SOURCES OF PROSPERITY.—‘‘ There are
alcohol, which dissolves the coloring matter and leaves It would appear from the foregoing facts that there three things which make a nation great and prosper-
the ulnic matter undissolved. exist in plants several red coloring principles, which ous—a fertile soil, busy WOCERGDS, and easy convey-
? L’Union Pharmaceutique for August, from the Bulletin de la Societe may be distinguished from one another by the follow- nee of men and things from place to place.”—Lord
Chimique.— Pharmaceutical Journal, ing characters ; acon,
—
 Marcu, 1886.] Stieutitic Ainericam, 159
J. Cc. TODD, THE BRIDGEPORT WOOD FINISHING CO i
| WATCHMAN’S IMPROVED
Flax,
Manufacturer,
Hemp, Jute, Rope,Oakum,
and Bagging Machinery, Steam En- | G.M. BREINIG. AGENT, Princieau riceAtwaxuracrory NEW MILFORD, Gin <
TIME DETECTOR,
ines, Boilers, etc. Sole Agent for WITH SAFETY LOCK ATTACHMENT,
Mayher’s New Acme Steam Engine |
Force Pump combined. Also pAEW YORK-BUSINESS OFFICE, 96- 98 MAIDEN LANE. MANUFACTURERS OF Patented IS75, 1876,
1877, 1880, 1881, 1882.
owner and exclusive manufacturer of |
THE NEW BAXTER PATENT WHEELERS PAT T Wood FILLER. = =e
This instrument
is supplied with 12

BREINIGS LITHOGEN SILICATE PAINT:

keys. Invaluable
for all concerns
PORTABLE STEAM ENGINE, employing watch-
These Engines are admirably adapt- men. lt contains
ed to all kinds of light power for driv- LITHOGEN PRIMER.,W-OOD STAINS all modern
provements,
im-
and
ing printing presses, pumping sl ooh |
sawing wood, grinding coffee, gin- | ceSILEX FLINTAND FELDSPAR. is far superior at
the old style. 1882
ng cotton, and all kinds of agricul-
tural and mechanical yurposes, and -At the National
are furnished at the ollowing low Exposition for
prices: - Railway Applian-

OTTO CAS ENGINE.

ces at Chicago. The only Medal for the most complete
1 HORSE POWER....$150|3 HORSE POWER... 4290 and Perfect Instrument. Send for circular to P. O.
14% HORSE POWER.... 190) 4 HORSE POWER.... 350 Box 2875.
2” HORSE POWER.... 245|5 HORSE POWER.... 420
Send for descriptive circular. Address K. IMHAUSER, 212 Broadway, New York.
J.C. TODD, Paterson, N. J.
Or 36 Dey St., New York, GUARANTEED TO CONSUME ae to 75 A NY OTHER GAS ENGINE
PER CENT. LESS GAS THA Per BRAKE-HORSEPOW ER
SCHLEICHER, a ciexxinane & CO., PHILADELPHIA and CHICACO,
PROSPECTING MINERAL LANDS A SPECIALTY.
CYLINDRICAL SECTIONS OR CORES OBTAINED THE:WHOLE
z c
DISTANCE BORED ARTESIAN WELLS
BORED ROUND AND STRAIGHT
ADMITTING A LARGER PUMP &
ROCK BREAKERS AND ORE
We manufacture and spoppe at short notice and lowest rates, Stone and Ore Crushers con-
taining the invention descri ed in Letters Patent. issued to Eli Ww. Blake June 15th. 1858, togeth-
CRUSHERS.
i
"aries BP HARTFORD. CONN.
ox
CASING.IN: PROPORTION. TO er with New AND VALUABLE + pet lee uNTS, for which Letters Patent were granted May ilth |
and July 20th, 1880. to Mr. 8. L. arsden All Crushers supplied by us are constructed under
SIZE OF HOLE THAN: BY ANY the superintendence of Mr. Marsden, who, for the past fifteen years, has been connected with
OTHER PROCESS:-ESTIMATES the manufacture of Blake Crushers in this country and England.
FARREL FOUNDRY AND MACHINE CO., Manufrs,, Ansonia, Conn,
GIVEN AND-CONTRACTS MADE BY AND
COPELAND & BACON, Agents, New York,

PENNSYLVANIA pe Ee AND EXOIS TING

i ae of 1ODINE
qq JAMOND DRILL C0. Machinery; also,
= made and contracts taken
fre FINCH
Stationary
for
&
Engines, Boilers,
constructing all kinds of Mining Machinery.
CO., BOX 335, SCRANTON,
and Ventilating Fans. Estimates

PA.
INHALANT.
A certain cure for Catarrh, Bronchitis, Asthma, and
MANF TRS, OF DIAMOND DRILLS. all diseases of the Throat and Lungs—even Consump-

SHAFTING,
tion, if taken inseason. It will break up a Cold at
FOR ALLKINDS OF once. Itis the King of Cough Medicines. A few
— ROCK BORING. — inhalations will correct the most Offensive Breath,
It may be carried as handily as a penknife, and is always

PULLEYS,
ready
This is the only Inhaler approved by physicians of
every school, and indorsed by the Standard Medical
Journals of the world. Over he? eee te Uae Sold

HANGERS.
by all Drngsiste for $1. By mail.
.H. SMI’ & é6. Buffalo, N. Y.

Pat.Steel Shatftings.
Friction Clutch.
>~—PATENT FRICTION CLUTCH,
For ROOFS
experience.
OF ALL
Send for oa
DESCRIPTIONS,
can be applied by ordinary workmen having no previous
steep orflat,
and Illustrated Pamph-
Internal Clamp Couplings.
Send for Illustrated Circular and discount sheet.
let. Address
STEWART,
74 Cortianit Street, New York. Friction Clutch. A. & F. BROWN, 43 PARK PLACE, NEW YORK.
TRON-FIBRE PAINT, for Roofs and Factory and PATENT
Farm Buildings-

A very strong, durable Lacing;

made by a new process, and per-
PATENT RIVETED MONARCH RUBBER BELTING. /
JACKET
Plain or Porcelain Lined.
"] pressure. Send for Lists.
KETTLES,
Tested to 100 Ib.
fected, after
ment.
years of experi-
It has been tried by many
Best in the World. HAND, BARR & (
614 and 616 Mé¢ arket St., Phile idelphia, Pa.
who use large amounts of lacing
demonstrating, to their satisfac, Specially adapted for PAPER MILLS, SAW MILLS, and
tion, its superiority over othe-
kinds. Made only by Page Belt-
THRESHING MACHINES.
ing Co., Manufacturers of Supe-
<4, ss Leather Belting, Concord, N. THE GUTTA PERCHA and RUBBER MFG. CO,,
Urrcgui8>&
also. Boston, New Y ork,
Gilcaso: St. Louis, and Cinein- New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Toronto. COME e Homocé NEOUSNE
nati. Send for circulars. ASBESTOS. =
pan Fi TEWEVERSCHEMISTS })MINERALOGISTS.
» HARRISON CONVEYOR! PRIGE s0¢/
GUODS OF ALL KINDS.

eae ee Frat ting Grain, Coal, Sand, Clay,

TanBark, Cinders, Ores, Seeds, &¢. WILL®NOTSFLAKReUP
UNDER*HBAT,
THE CHALMERS—= SPENCECO,
<Tas FOOT cr EAST 82 ST. N.Y —

Gsentes. |BORDEN, SELLECK & CO.,fat r, Chicago, Il

For Planing Mills, Furniture

NICKEL PLATING
and Chair Factories. Car and
RAILWAY AND STEAM FITTERS’ SUPPLIES Agricultural Works, Carriage
and Buggy Shops, and General
Rue’s Little Giant Injector. Wood Workers. Manufact’d by
The Egan Company;
SCREW JACKS, STURTEVANT BLOWERS, &c. Cincinnati, O.. U. S.A.
JOHN 8S. URQUHART, 46 Cortlandt St., N. Y. & POLISHING MATERIALS. Full assortment of Perin Saw Blades, Su

DOUBLE
PLUNGER
-
GEARED
(PUMP
- FEEDING
FOR
BOILERS
PUMPING
OR
BUFFALO
NY;
CLINTON
&42
40
S ZUCKER
& LEVETT Best and most reliable Belt
ever introduced.
Cc. A. SCHIEREN
Made by
& CO.
CHEMICAL C9 NEW YORKUSA. sa
147 Kerry
“3416 Arch
phia; 86
Street,
Street,
Federal
Philadel-
Street,
New York;

Boston.

Full treatise on improved Save your postage by using

methods, yields, profits. ricee — the Weaver Metal Mailing
and general statistics, F = Boxes and Envelopes, Book
= Corner Protectors, metal,
AMERICAN MAN’F’G C0. paper covered. For sending
merchandise of every de-
P.O. BOX R. WAYNESBORO, PA. CKEL ANODES scription through the U. 8.
SSPE: and Foreign mails. Officially
MAKE MONEY.
The Latest Improvement
approved by the P. O. Dept.
Cheapest, lightest, strongest
—. Make beautiful presents, decorate No lids. Nostrings. 50,000
your walls with brackets, or sell the VOLNEY W. MASON & CO.. sizes. Send for sumples, cir-
FRICTION PULLEYS CLUTCHES ald ELEVATORS.
work and make money.

TRACTION ENGINES
culars nd prices to ow
The House PatentScroll Saw PROVIDENCE, R. I.
Weayer Mailing Envelope & Box Co., 525 & 527 North St,
Philadelphia. A. De O. ROSSITER, ‘Sole Lessee.
Runs easy and cuts fast. A lady can
useit. Send 6c. for 36-page illustrated
catalogue, giving full descriptions of GOLD MEDAL, PARIS, 1878, A ®ew Drill Chuck.
Scroll Saws, new designs, tools. &c.
Address A. H. POMEROY, The only Engines where the power is practically and
St., successfully applied to the four truck wheels. Exceeds
BAKER’S THE
No. 1 holds 0 to
HARTFORD.
in. Price, $7.00.

Breakfast Cocoa.
Section 8, 216-220 Asylum all other Traction Engines in pulling and steering through
‘Hartford, Conn. mud holes, sand, or any soft or uneven ground, or on any
No.2 holds 0 to 4, in, Price, $8.00.
road. Is the result accumulated from a third of a (= It cannot be excelled. Address

SHIELDS & BROWN

century of study and practical experience in the manu- THE CUSHMAN CHUCK CQ@O.,
| facture of Ss Warranted absolutely pure
Manufacture’s and Sole Proprietorsof
Hartford, Conn.
BR Portable, Agricultural, & Stationary Steam Engines, Cocoa, from which the excess of
Oil has been removed. It has ¢hree
Or any dealer in machinists’ Tools.
With determined policy to build only the BEST MACHIN-
ERY from the BEST MATERIALS, and in the BEST times the strength of Cocoa mixed
MANNER OF CONSTRUCTION, and With continued im- with Starch, Arrowroot or Sugar,
| provements, have attained the HIGHEST STANDARD in
excellence of workmanship, simplicity of design, and and is therefore far more economi-
capacity of power. \i\ cal, costing less than one cent a
In addition to our STANDARD ENGINES we now offer \\N\ cup. It is delicious, nourishing,
the first ROAD ENGINE which has the Traction Power
For BOILERS and STEAM PIPES practically and efficiently applied to the four truck ) strengthening, easily digested, and
Reduces Condensation of Steum. wheels, and while so applied to each wheel independ- } i admirably adapted for invalids as
FOR GAS AND WATER PIPES. ently, the forward axle is under full control of the steer-
4¢ well as for persons in health.
Leffel Water Wheels. @
Prevents Sweating and Freezing. ing apparatus.
Descriptive catalogue will be sent on application. " Sold by Grocers
irocers everyw hero.
The Best Non-Conductor of Heat and Coldin the World
Send for illustrated descriptive Circular, and name this paper. WOOD, TABER & MORSE,
{32 Cedar Street, New York.
78 and 80 Lake Street, Chicago.
Eaton, Madison Co., N.Y. V. BAKER & CO., Dorchester, Mass, With Important

11,000 IN SUCCESSFUL OPERATION.

Improvements, %a

2g
SUPPLIES FROM FINE NEW PAMPHLET FOR 1885
~ HYDRANT PRESSURE
| the cheapest power known,
} Invaluable for blowing
WESTON DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINE Sent free to those interested. (ij

4|Church Organs, running rhe undersigned, sole agents for the above machine JAMES LEFFEL & C0.,
Printing Presses, Sewiny Springfield, Ohio.
i Machines in _Households,
i! Turning Lathes, Scroll
Saws, Grindstones, Coffee
BLECTROPLATING AND ELECTROTYPING, 110 Liberty St., N. Y. City.
Mills, Sausage Machines, refer to all the principal Stove Manufacturers, Nickel
Feed Cutters, Electric and Silver Platers in the country. Over1,500 now in use.
Lights, Elevators, ete. It 2THE ONLY PRACTICAL. -me
needs little room, no firing Are also manufacturers of Pure Nickel Anodes, ELECTRIC MOTORS
NSURANCE(GHARTFORD Bi
up, fuel, ashes, repairs, en- Nickel Salts, Polishing Compositions of all kinds, } FOR FAMILY SEWING MACHINES. 9
| gineer. explosion, or delay, W THE ELECTRO-DYNANUC Go PHITA. #
CASH, CAPITA 4,000,000
and every variety of supplies for Nickel, Silver, and
no extra insurance, no coal eS 224. CARTER. S& PHIEADA, PA.
bills. Is noiseless, neat, Gold Plating; also, Bronze and Brass Solutions. Com-
LOSSES PAID IN 67 YEARS. a 750000 f compact, steady; will work plete outfits for plating. Estimates and catalogues fur-
at any Pare of water
The 13 est and Strongest Company.
J. GOODNOW, Sect’y, above 15 1b.; at 40 lb. pres- nished upon application.
The Henry Dibblee Co.,
J,HENDE yPRES'T, Wot. B.CLARK, Asst.Sect’ | sure has 4-horse power. and

wer.
capacity up to 10-horse
Prices from $15 to $300. send for circular toy
HANSON VANWINKLE &Co. Mantels, Grates, and Tiles.
CLARK’S DRYING, VENTI- POTHE BACKUS WATER MOTOk CO., Newark, SOLE AGENTS NEWARK, N. J. General Agency
LATING and EXHAUST New York Office, 9% and 94 TAberty St.
FANS. = Andrews’ Office
& Bank Desks LOWS ARY TILES, MaW’S ENGLISH TILES,
Cheapest. Most Effective.
Price List Free.
== F| The finest work in the U.8,; kiln
wf dried lumber, All work guaranteed. FRICTION CLUTCH Jackson’s Heating and Ventilating Grate, ‘ Peer-
jess’? Shakine and Dumping Grate, Stable
GEO. P. CLARK,
OPERA CHAIRS, School Desks, Globes,
A.H.Andrews & Co, 185 Wahssh-ay.Chl.
‘gy. 195 | Pulleys and Cut-off Couplings.
Wabash-ay. Chi.
Fittings und Weather Vanes.
Windsor Locks, Conn. (Box L.) JAS. HUNTER & SON, North Adams, Mass. 266 and 268 Wabash Ave , CHICAGO,
 ‘oe? . q
e~

A <a{

Scientific American,
°

[Marcn, 1886.

NATURAL CAS
Is perfectly free from all impurities, and steel
heated by its use does not scale. It contains no

Band Saws.
sulphur or other base substances. We are the first
Band Saws. to adopt its use in heating saws for tempering,
which explains the cause of our saws being tougher
DAMASCUS TEMPERED BY NATURAL GAS : than any others now made.
HEAT, SUPERIOR TOUGHNESS.

After m
facture of
than ten years’ experience in the manu-
and Saws, we have discovered a new process
OUR CIRCULAR SAW
of Tempering and Straightening all at one opera- Of all sizes from 6 inchesin diameter to 6 feet, both
tion. This process insures absolute perfection,
We «Neem 5recuest all users of Band. Saws to send us Solid and Inserted Teeth, also our
—
their address in full, and also a description of the sizes of
saws used, and we will, by return mail, quote them s cial
prices, and also send*them our mphlet on the Band Saw,
which contains much valuable information for all users of
Double Toothed Gross Cuts
Band Saws, (two saws in one), for all uses HAVE NO
EQUAL,

The Superior Quality of our Band Saws, All Tempered, Straight- Our SAWYER’S HANDBOOK will be sent FREE to any part
ened, and Tried at one operation, which we have patented, makes of the world on receipt of full name and address,
them so perfect that our SALES HAVE MORE THAN TREBLED IN THE
PAST YEAR. Our largest and best customers prefer them to the
best imported saws.
Address FMERSON, SMITH & CO. cumiten),
WRITE FOR OUR CIRCULAR AND REDUCED PRICE LISTS, xa Beaver Falls, P2.

Classified Inde of Advertisements Published inthePresent Mumber of the Qolentile Amerioag, Architects and Builders: Edition
A mek oe Agents. Page Electrical Supplies, Page Lubricators, Page Page
. Rowe EL © COKE. <0 v owen esCap taeweis «ogee 157 HSCtro DYMAMUIC U0. cn c:cccios are ceesos sinpijsine 159 Holland & Thompson......... ae ceecee- COVEF iii Indiana Paint & Roofing Co . ..........cover iv
an u ab chem eS Mit ahie Ou: &. 5 5 pawns s 00 gies aie he wel ds a0 oe 145 H. W. Johns Mfg. Co. one 153
Western EIGGTIC OOb... «0 s'sals. ois sian 0a cover iii UR ODES MALO cs: vicceaceemees secon teen 153 Lumber. N. Y. Coal Tar Chemical Co... cover ii
Novelty Electric Co............ oh Re Aske k Sind 157 EDONROOIICO . cas ncecics oses'es ec'o00Saas - cover iv W.-H Stewart... 5886000544. -- 150
Architectural Sheet Metal Works. f Western Electric Co.........ccs..c85 « -cover iii Ja KsibontS Oe... ei. oe. see. 0. .. cover ii Warren-Ehret Co..... tae 49
Fi ADIT MEs ch wenkasmaians
Meer ese meee ecover iii The N. Y. Lumber & Woodworking Co.coyer ii
Elevators, Safes.
Asphalt Paint and Cement, : DENrepeOG OO. oosc0.esceenre rhea Sgt: cover iii Mailing Boxes and Envelopes. Cincinnati Safe & Lock Co..... wevieace es cover iy
IM. Bh rote ers O0 oy oes tose. Fie Ss vee pee cover iv pe Moy Logg 8 OREO Be Oe oe are Ae 149 Weaver Mailing Envelope and Box Co.. ..159 Sanitary Goods, etc,
Asbestos, MGowaerd. [tog WOrkKsss. 25.26.03 dee <ooectee 145 Mahogany. PCR. Pe Oe Cle oat ceca ccen ame eoeece ae erent
B7.. W. JORMA UMS eoOO. «5 niece onc canis e's ene ae 153 V AWie MBBORN HOO. 15086 ST Seatonshccen: pee 159 as UY HOR sare tacaciett cece corel crises Rete Mods es 145
Chal Mmersaene OO. ceocsicescec. vosece: skans 157 Morse, Williams & Co......... wa Pageattcover iii Sash Cord,
Mallea\;le Iron, Oe Ste ONAN. UGSO. Gerctadectsesscoes wogidcover ii
a Pg Ete, : Emery Wheels, ) (se 4 Malleable Tron Works ...........- 157
EW almnsley (51 Of ROA
SOIR eT TA cover iv Wi Beparry? Sob 2 Pes ns ddedenke cadtaduch oboe 149 Sash Lock and Window Holder,
nos. Devlin WE spat. WBikipesiedgees,«-153 BEL CURB OY ot spcemannonsenie
oa Pe ee, ee 145
wiihel Machinery, N. Y. Belting & Packing Co. ............. . 153
Mastols, Grates, Etc. Saws.
me & TREMOR: os ccd owe eeu den ches cade aes 153 Engines, Indian? a Paint and Roofing Co.......... cover iv
Oi GLVCOUI Wie. © OG.) aceccscecnee cnavinve dunes 159 With a. ERATE, 6 0 cs toes ae. Siok
tpaenoon a: WirEs USREEY ott lee clack ndemes enveddece aeees 149
The Henzry: Dibblee Co Nz. tg2.5 <5ae... has |b3 139 Emerson, "Smith MOO. to! .c << 160
Bench Lathes, ‘3 DASRITOIOLS OD EMS. ..2 00” ines Sok voids Dean sabe 153
The Waterhouse Electric and Mfg, Co..cover iii TONY ae OVENS GRISOL) oon’ ea intiee noses acupoints 153 Masons’ and Builders’ Supplies. Screws.
Bicycles, lO OMI Faia ceioisisiSee alae ene obie Se mae meee 159 Sedisdtronchy® Gog. 220). io... eee conn cover iii Central City Screw Works..........0.... .---149
ERIDO WUINODE so = Soc nicb 0s vic'y.<wviaGilesinbbeecover iv ‘Wied iabor & Morse: ..) .cwcsecl aceon cclieceiec 159 Mathematical Instruments, Screw Tang Files,
Black Varnish, MORE Be SCO Py eo a ae ass vee ao, ie uilekads TESSer yg... +s siapimete
sewn ove» cece COVEF Il Phe taba Smith: Occ. .c oveseesvevsewee
ees wveel4d
INE. FOP ch CO. 5 Siotcc wen cues onee cover iv Electric Leather Belting. Metallic Shingles.
Boiler Coverings. Scroll Saws and Tools.
Gad. Sbhieven. SCO, cedinccs dewdeouis Rawmetees 159 Cinciniati Stamping COs Farsi gts. ....cover ii wT, Pomeroy. -........ we nn
Chalmers-Spence Co
M. Ehret, Jr., & Co Excavators and so ok.Salah Mill Furnishings, H, L. Shepard.......... ee eee 157
PbHield Si Bred... .<6 ass.
c0s John Souther & Co ....... Re SSO eos B147 DEAMSORL BIOS. 2 Dice tecwceccccce saved og Messe 145 Seeds.
Be. OW." Some MEG COn os oo cce anenen tee gooey. ADB! MOT eaes. WO. t. Ceseseseces patebenGas sic 157 CAL W: Siraube&'Co!......... oc ens 'ea Meee 157 P. Henderson & Oo.......... oh erg Se 157
Boiler Insurance, Files, x OTIC Netg= COnac deneiicieonatanioe Roe eemanmciiescts157
Shearing Machinery.
Hartford Steam “oiler Insp. & Ins, Co. as Sore 153 The J. Besmith Covcxc ces «) aoa Mechanics’ Tools. Niagara Stamping & Tool Co...........++++--145
Booksellers and Publishers, Filters. C. E. Jennings’ & Co............ Waidie cde ceeds cas,151 Shingles,
RU). TATIA IO ce. once vqnamesanevice ss scp eee 157 The Newark Filtering Co...... Se cael 6cover iv Pratt & Whitney Co.. eC ee Cincinnati Stamping Co... ............ -cover ii
Beck’s Journal of Decorative Art... ...cover ii Fire Brick, Tiles, Etc, Wiley & Russell Mfg. Coren & Oe 149 Silverware.
, & C. Merrtam G00 oi. sive cncics se 0ssnueraeeee 145 H. 8. MeLeoa.....:.. Aupeie Sapeepenceee cover iii Mining and Hoisting Machinery. Standard Silverware Co ........... ... 53 oat
iy MOCK. Mie f2c5.05 csees scles ose 153 NewtOn, & C0. 5... Uc acsctwcscesctens 2cGOVER il ae A.SEBUNG HCG)cea ates Sha ite ee 159 Skylights.
MALT OSG: Aedes sod: on bey 060", we we vas oee ses enimsie 153 Fire Hydrants. G.. Havesicc.s eS ee cover iii
Brass Goods. Ludlow Valve Mfg. Co.....-. aM £a%. aoe ote 149 Models, Ete. J. 8. Thorns.:.7.- ai Saleivn ehiSisinc Sei cover iii
1, A. Regiv uae f00 .20.cceaebens<seeswsesas tbe ee153 Fire Proofing Material. Cs EB. Jones. & Bros. ....00 <oseses este f+<0 es 153
Goodnow tb Wightman........... A = joe oe ie 159 Sliding Door Hangers.
Bridgeport Brass Co............6- 5 a Sree 147 H. W..Johns Mig. COs. 0500000alesSe ae 153 PING ICR MNT COS. oid. 2s + onieea osieewucias cover iii
Brick Machines, Chalmers-Spence Cd....... see. seserecencecas 157 Motors, Stained Glass ‘Su bstitute.
George Carnell. ...........- Brcpieincas
attades aan oe155 Foot and Hand Power MinoWinoiye Backus Witter Motor Co........ .... eee cee. 159 Seis CRE rc eee cover iy
Builders? Guide, Vilsel ed IMAL UES hes .~ ss + ec ecestacnasek cover iii Hleetro Dyssamig: Counsve cageseaatotet<<icaa...s 159 Steam Boilers,
AR Ria ord Soins cover iii BGrNOL CPDOLCO &. «ces... «calpeicudmemeee «+ cover iii Newspaper Wiles, Bs We Payne. Son... .ba, 0 6 an. s seencicee
«eae 1s
Builders? Hardware. Sebastian, May & Co er iy Munpidn Core <5. 26.25 anaes eae Deh e owsins.«<oe Steam Fitters? Supplies.
irr & TGs s ss naa Dmericeeers
«sages cover iii H. L. Shepard....... 157 Nickel Plating Machines. Jo 82 Urquhart sages. .2e. sai5eccde Rates .-159
Buitding Materials. Pratt & Whitney Co .. 151 Hanson, Van Winkle & Co ........ ah tadieb cals vc 159 Steam Gauges and Valves,
Flynt Building and Construction Co...cover iv Seneca Falls Mfg. Co.. ... -155 Zucker & Levett Chemical Co........ ree ee159 ve abi Steam Gauge and Valve Co......... 147
Building Paper, Felt, Etc. Friction Clutches. Organs, Cleveland Steam Gauge Co.............-- oo GR
i;&. BOPTSEBIGO, oe. .coiewies bolas aka capsciee 151 ASS Me BOWE. icccks «suecesss ements sda ahacasiaigieee Harbach Organ Co...... eos dee aeaeepmes as LOD Steam Hose,
M. Bhret, JF 'OCo.... aisvee ; .cover iv D. Frisbee & Co.... se “ Packing Materials,
Indiana Paint and Roofing Co. .cover iv
Boston Woven Hose Co.......... annie oinao
J. Hunter & Co... Chalmers-Spence Co... -157 Steam Heating.
H. W. Johns Mfg. OD en 5cs «pee es. vee 153 V. W. Mason & Co PODKING BrOKs. visa Se>Sajahols Beasent n eee 153
N. Y. Coal Tar Chemical Co. cover ii
Eureka Steam Heating Co..... acess ccoc: saat
Fruit Evaporators, Miller Packing Works........ Be dows aBs haters PLDT Steam Pumps,
Warrenshnret' Co: «5. chad), couse
eee nen 149 AMETIGRN DIT OOF).. 7 castes aatene teenie es 159 ee
Building and Construction Company. Cameron Steam Pump Works.....-.......0.-157
Furnaces, EE reenGh & CO. A Sgecniccsscicwncer escover iii The Cope and Maxwell Mfg. = ana see ne a
Flynt Building and Construction Co:..cover iv J. R. Pease rurnane’Co.:.. |2 :seeicercessccene 155 eta Paint & Roofing C0222 eover iv
Burglar Alarms,
The Deane Steam AciaahO60. 5<vececuiecemesal
Furniture, Etc, Be Wa sohns Mio cConis G.u.ss esse er. ateaees 153 Stewart Heater’ Co... cccccncs oc sleeeeene
Western Wiecizic Oo... vc.
sew eeessecs cover iii A. H. Andrews& Co .........00 agaca sue nee 159 Patents,
Carbolate of Lime,
Van Duzen & Tift........ eoineneccceces ileaanennn
Munn & @o. = oat. .8 oS pe Se. Sade eeeseh159 Steam Traps,
M, Bbret sree. 5 x5 aie sivine.ocinwieoe ..cover
iv Phonography.
Cabinet Woods and Mahogany.
The Curtis Regulator Co..............- a or 153
Gas Engines, Phonographic Institute..........-..+.- Segecse 157 Steel Wire and Springs.
PERN. Sey. Sane a ee 145 Economic Motor Co ............... a cover ii Photo-Engraving,.
Castings,
ocad BBs sie Boas mode dsewalde
6nak oe.-2.COVEr 1V
Schleicher, Schumm & Co! ......sccceces reves 159 Moes Hegraving 00.0 «<tsiesea
sess bse sheen 157 Telephones,
TT: Dovitn Wee. 6 snveens
cassie on sce tes essen kbd Gas-Saving Governors, Photo-Hngrav ing CO. csicckscieves chine aves.157
Cements,
Am: Bell’'Pelephone Co... .<occccc see eeencae 153
Union National Gas Saving Co.............-153 Photographic Dry Plates. Beach. =o... Seo eanes ay Uncen: camea7=e
Chalmers-Spence Co. 5... .ccccvescussscrenesete 157 Graining Tools, Eastman Dry Plate and Film Co.. supedenicecedue Time Detector,
H, W. ag BIOs ns a wine vp a Sine o.n0 AEROS 153 Jie Ds CRO Wists te. feiewes
kas pee ses esse. COVE iii Pipe Hangers,
M. Ehret RE eee cover iv E. Imhauser .. . «cede «ee
Hammers, Jonkine-Brog ei PH. oa eer Sas tease 153 Tinners’ Machines and Tools.
Chains, locks, Etc. VACA ID on ava + octabed anne voguaeecs cover w Plumbers’ Supplies.
De +legge feeeny 85 GOs «i. otudteenrs tek 145 Niagara Stamping & Tool Co..... ic ciaigenee
Stiles & Parker Press Go 2.20 070722202. cover iv Kred, Adee & Cos. tsd.ns9e.
eeiehes ae tnSree RAED: CS.
Chuck Hand Sawing Machine, Bs Prepared Roofing.
Patten PPMRE SIO sc os! ine dich oagaieenenss otis159 The Henry Dibblee Co...... ....c-ccecce o« 10M
Barnes Tool Co........ ooaeaeCOVOF il a MuRE Oh Aiesa tes CO lee nechawin gs cenwae eee COVER iV
Clamp Couplings, Hardwood Interior Finish. Presses, Dies, Ete. Tools and Foot Power Machinery.
5) Ge Bee, as inc ec'ee eX nah eapaeuanGien 159 HOMEOOK 00 ovpiciin ckcvieak- ocnswin tees .cover iv Stiles & Parker Pres OG acak,.s
apes ceeaes cover iv Ws a> Bu J... RGMOS jcc omic vecdedeuteunee cover iii
Cocoa hat ERE TMRRR cei roan punsyn Sica’ a cre,s plea ose see 145 Wiley & Russell: Mig. Gov sos 25) c:chos
xs teaes 149 Goodnow & Wightman... Ay
DES. SODA es vrs cas sseeues concer tarde 153 The N. Y. Lumber & Woodworking Go.cover ii Portable Forges, Ete. Sebastian, May & Co...............- coe eee Gane
OV, BGKOU es eit sv a ise << ke o'scleaver ereenns 159 Hardwood Lumber, Cleveland Steam Gauge Co.. ........... wen» AOL Stiles & Parker Press Co..... ...cseccees cover iv
Contractors and Builders, ; aly TORRE 4h si. so). wie tes ah veh aad deel Lane 145 Printing Inks. H. L. Shepard. ...... af yeh Cpanel ahs ta ‘aon
Flynt Building and Construction Co,...cover iv Holbracdk & Co... 2.2 c.0. pecs TING ph eos coveriv CO Bisehnson 8-00 5:5 ictip ved, bnyenerel arene 153 Traction Engines,
Cornice Makers’ Tools and Machiues, Hydrants, ueen. City Printing Ink Co.........00.cccses 149 Wood, Taber & wate
Niagara Stamping and ‘lool Co .............+ 145 CO. G. Blatchley.............0. bs (Base hdins weeaed Pulley Cover. at Writers. Hall T
Cordage, Oakum, Etc, ice Machines, IMiime Cotton Op: &s.08...,. satu ses. igansain Sa > Ca Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict.............++
De Grauw, Aymiar & Co........6. scenes eenes 145 Orke Wee Obicrevens ces pecanss NR 157 ghurct Shafting, Ete. Valves, Etc, |
Covering for Steam, Gas, and Water Tahalere &P. Loe eee ee +Parts re a 8 159 Crosby Steam Gauge and Valve Co ....... |
Pipes. Wi Rit a0: eee - 159 D. Frisbee & Co dbAd deh'sin ipsa aise.teowe aogDover ili Jenkins Bros...... e s gasema seayweaeseNe
gee 1
Chalmers-8pence Co. ...........0.-ccewsescees 157 Injectors, J. Hunter & Co.... .... Matte one ene o159 Holland & Thompson....... a
Ar Se ae 153 Nathan Manufacturing Co. J.T: Noye Mig: Co... re5 Rassevvansters aus > aon? Ludlow Valve Mig. 00. .:.ecececestas eum an
DM, Whret, rap CO. ... 200. cccasnccceces COVEr lY Urquhart, J. 8.. F V. W.Mason'& Co. .3@ivevge can eae 159 ibreg Ipsok on ut
Shields & Brown ... ........ (Ce a 159 Insurance Companies, Mp ce ee a a PPP oocncagne eee
Door Hangers. ae Insurance Co..
Pumping Engines and Machinery.
The Cope an Max ae Mfg. Co.... Vises. 44 !
American Mfg. Co Se awitn's Acne cover iii New York Life Ins. Go...... 153 Economic Motor Co.... ...... «.. Stephens Patent Vise Co... ....:sass duane
Doors, Mantels, Etc. Iron Planers and Shapers, Sayer & Co. 2." og: +. Baa Wagons.
The N. Y. Lumbe r & Woodworking Co.cover ii Héndey Binsnine Co 12h se ans Bon een cee 151 The Deane Steam Pump Co. a@aveew |
ee ae otee Sane ane ae eee
Drawing [ustruments, etc, Ironing Tables and Bosom Boards. Water Motors. ».
Wm. ‘TT. Comstock......... ihe an . 13 Ellison & Fei PSL i 3... bet Sy ee Oa. Ses : ikns Water Motor Co......csccceas. senna
UT? 2 ae cover ii Iron Work for Buildings, Refrigerating and Ventilating Appa- Water Wheels, 2
G. 8. Woolman... ... cover iii Samuel J, Creswell .......5....000 ate. “eancover ii ratus, Jasc Lemiel Ons; nck 2 0, Ss Se ceces oe Se
Drilling Tools and Machinery. PS A To ae a cover iii York Mfg. Co..... i ceehaieg vasueen aed Wire Rope. bs
een EE Senco ne avesccinsacueeeava Jacket Kettles, Rock Breakers and Ore Crushers. pe Gren Ayes 2 Atha acini
Pa. Diamond ty Ned Pre | oJ, 10: FARMIO'
GE OM ipapemens ccness st oat ener eee 159 Farrel Foundry and Machine Co..............159 . A. Roebling’s Sons............ a<n0svens
Pratt & Whitney Co Z ‘ ; Journal of Decorative Art. Rock Drills, Trenbon fron pa tt n,aaness annsannn ae
Standard TOO! CO... ....s..-.
000. eee Ape Br, Beck &'Ce! 2.2. 28 Sis + sanese oss@Over ii Pa. Diamond Drill Co,...5.5-ssecce=-erseah on okie Wood Filler,
Wiley & Russell Mfg. Co .........008..00.02.50047 Lathes for Model Works, Roofing. Bridgeport bie Finishing Co... .c.cssneaseeed
Drop Forgings. The Waterhouse Electric and Mfg. Co..cover iii - 8. Bortel & Co....... bh Gee a cls a sheiwds tae 151 Wood Pum
Billings & Spencer Co............... Jones 159 os Belting M.Ehret, Jr... & O0...-... «. NII leover iv C0. G. Blate’ oe iatieea ak ocoeeses oan
Stiles & Parker Press Co.......... cover iv N. Y. Belting&Packten GOs: ecans .ead s..153 Rubber Belting Ete, Weedwarhing Machinery.
Electric Lights, A, GORDA EE RE0s, ane J cchenaeors see 159 N. Y. Belting and Baaking. Co. .<cessaers- 153
Brush Blew tric Co . ..cover iii Page Belting Co....... ....... erty pepe espe AO The Gutta Percha& Rubber Mfg. Co....... 159
Western Blectic Co... ....-.0. v0 «08 cover iii Lithographers, Rubber Stamps, C. B. Rogers
Rogers & C Co..... teat tremens ewerenenel
Electroplating and Electrotyping Mehy. / Schumacher Po TAL Nes. dnccccccessses cover ii Foljambe & Co.......... EcavestbenslOl a Machine G02. «Ad
Hanson, Var Winkle & Co............0---ss.-. 159 oc Rubber Wheels, Etc.
Zucker& Levett Chom, Co,.....-..serseeee0e 159 } Cincinnati Safe& Lock Co..............cover iv P,P, Clar! ceonenscegscoreseccecs segues eesncessaO Witherby, Rugg & Richardson. .27.°..
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New York: Published by MUNN & CO.. 361 Broadway, corner Franklin Street.
 5

{
\_

ECONOMIC # GAS # ENGINES, EROOFIN

Best in principle, workmanship, and materials. An unequaled small Wotor
|
G-
ROOFING for Buildings
adapted to all uses, When the Motor is not at work, the expense of running it of every description. Dur-—
ceases, Simple, Safe, Economical, Durable, No extra Insurance required, able, light, easily applied.@
and inexpensive.
PLUMBERS’ CAS ENCINE.
S.C Ee as

-WATIROROOT BEATEN
Especially adapted for pumping water in Private and Apartment Houses,
Flats, Small Hotels, and many other places,

The best Building Paper.

Clean to handle. Impervious —
= = = = to Water, Moisture and Gases.
(]
i SEND FOR SAMPLES.
TTT OME Reliable Agents Wanted,
New York Coal Tar Chemical Company,
iO WARREN ST., NEW YORK.

WATERPROOF BUILDING PAPER.

A. I. ABBOTT c& CO.,,

ASBESTOS FLOORING Lt
fWW

Patented August 20, 1872,

ASS =
tO

Ganeciiy 250
2 nallcak “50 feet high, per hour.

LARCER SIZES. ) 50DUNAdIeon Street, Chicago.

No. 7. One-Half Horse, 600 Gallons, “aepecs Oe ead aeours Drawing Instruments, Papers, Cloth, &c
No. 8. One Horse, - 1,500 66

IN) SAMUEL HARRIS & CO.

CASOLINE CAS ENCINES.

\\V 41 & 43 8. Canal St. Chicago.
| Mf'rs of Malleable Iron Thumb
|) Screws, Thunb Nuts, Smal] Hex-
No. 15. One Man, - 300 Gallons, ei peek High, Per poor \ agon Nuts, Lathe Dogs, Small En-
gine Castings, Tap Wrenches, etc.
No. 16. One-Half Horse, 600 os For Lining between Floors, under Slates,
No. 18. One Horse, - 1,500 6é 66 6é 66
Shingles, Clapboards, Xe.

Our
Four Sizes, from
Gas Engines
Motor for Sewing
will work
Machine
satisfactorily
or Dental
when
Engine to One
attached to
Horse
Gasolene
Power.
Machines,
B. G. UNDERWOOD, Absolutely eee
purposes.
only by
In
and unexcelled
roils 44 inches wide.
for deadening
Manufactured

SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOCUE. 361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, THE ASBESTOS PACKING CO., |
Se) ON OeV EES SV iG SES a a ee AND {169 Congress St., Boston.
Office and Salesroom, 9 CORTLANDT ST., NEW YORK. emcee: (33 John St.°9 New York,
PARKER HOUSE, BOSTON.

Schumacher & Etilinger,

eck's Journal of Hecorative rt
AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, WITH WHICH IS
INCORPORATED

THE JOURNAL OF DECORATIVE ART aT See INS SS 32, 34 & 36 Bleecker St.
OF ENCLAND. PATENT METALLIC SHINGLE. —AND—

Made of the best uality I 0 Roofing Tin, 311 Mott St.,

Japanned on both sides, in sizes 7x10 inches,
The subscribers to this Journal have the advantage of receiving two
10x14 inczes, 14x20 inches, INI Wx OEGES
Journals at the one price. The only shingle constructed upon
scientific principles. The bestand cheap-
Part of this Journal is prepared and printed in England, and imported in est in the market, quality considered.
sheets; the remainder is published in New York. Testimonials from some of the best
Thus a full record of the progress of Decorative Art in the two hemis- Architects in the country. For prices FINE COLOR WORK A
pheres is placed before the reader monthly. and further particulars, write to
The value of such a Journal to Architects, Builders, and Decorators is most THE CINCINNATI STAMPING COMPANY, SPECIALTY.
evident, as they will be kept aw cowrant with the best examples of interior
decorations throughout England and also in the United States,
Beck’s Journal of Decorative Art will be found a thoroughly practical
Solid Braided Cotton Sash Cord.
ErT5 N.Y. Lumber
&Wood-Working Co.
Journal; the reading matter and illustrations are all original, and the pub- 134th St. and Alexander Ave.
lishers desire to make it a means of communication between all practically Wholesale Lumber Yards and Docks,
engaged in the work of interior decoration, and the decorative fittings of houses. TONAWANDA, N. ¥.
Architects ial to save their
clients the annoyance of broken win- MMT | i} HAA
dow cords il please send for sam-| |i | i | ii |
e Samson ORDAGE
PUBLISHED MONTHLY. WorKS. J.P. TOUMAN © CO., 164 High St., Boston. |

Terms: Two Dollars and Fifty Cents a Year.

Samuel J. Creswell,
IRON WORK
SEND 25 CENTS FOR SAMPLE COPY. FOR

BOD aes
Address Beck’s Journal of Decorative Art, 23d and Cherry Streets,
PHILADELPHIA,
206 WEST 29th STREET, NEW YORK CITY.
("Free sample copyto Professional Decorators sending address and 4 cts. postage. J. K. POST & CO.,
| N. B.—With March number extra Colored and Gilt Supplement, being designs Lumber Merchants
for panels of doors, by W. Sutherland, of Manchester, England. —AND— Squate Turned Work.
SHIPPING AGENTS, Hard Wood Doors, Mantels and
ELABORATE COLORED SUPPLEMENTS IN PREPARATION. —— ! N.Y. Cabinet Finish of all Kinds, _
OSWECO,
 MORSE ELEVATOR WORKS,
Morse, Williams & Co. ORR & LOCKETT,
Successors to CLEM & MORSE,
184 & 186 Clark Street, Chicago,
Passenger BUILCERS OF ALL KINDS GF

ee Freight ELEVATORS
Send for Circulars.
BUILDERS HARDWARE
OFFICE: 411 CHERRY STREET. OF a= VAG HaSAS” SMS Hho Sue ha Sn Bn ee ES
Works: Frankford Avenue, Wildey and Shackamaxon Streets.
PHILADELPHIA. Sole Chicago Agents for
NEW YORK OFFICE: [08 Liberty Street.
Geer’s Spring Hinge, Norton Door Check and Spring,
ESTABLISHED 1844,

Dudley Shutter-Worker,
SAMUEL H. FRENCH & CO., 7a) 8 hyes as w oan (es\ansssssmesy fase m (eal a a eon ves [

York Avenue, Fourth and Callowhill Sts.,! parce stock. Low Prices. Send for Illustrated Catalogue.
Pet A ORI PHTA, PA:
‘
Ob & LOCKETT.
PAINT MANUFACTURERS.
4

Strictly Pure Lead, Zinc and Colors, Dry, in Oil, Japan,

AMERICAN ADJUSTABLE ANTI-FRICTION SLIDING DOOR HANGER.
a
and Ready Mixed for Use, This Hanger is easily adjusted,
VAS |(AMERICAN IO], perfectly made, and we claim su-

PEERLESS
i
perior to any Hanger on the mar-
ket. Sample sent to Architects

MORTAR COLORS,||( a= i
and Builders at Wholesale Rates.

BLACK, BROWN, BUFF, AND RED. i

I AMERICAN MANUEAGTURING: C0.
Office : 623 Commerce St., Philadelphia.
Masoms’ and Builders’ Supplies.
SEND FOR CATALOGUE AND CIRCULARS. AND GRAINERS Jd. S. THORN,
Get Latest New patent
Perforated GRAINING Tools
a The Builders’? Guide to Estimating.
for executing the fine, difficult hand-work of the
most skilled grainer, in a rapid and excellent Architectural Sheet-Metal Works.
=New Catalogue of Valuable Papers)
containedin SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, sent
saves time ana Money for Carpenters.
|NOW IS THE TIME TO SEND FOR IT,
manner, without previous skill, producing
beantiful imitationsofOak, Walnut, Mahogany, etc. Can
be done on clear pine, simply oiled and shellacked (no
Metal Building
Metallic Roofing
|Trimmings,
Tiles, Building
Ventilating
Specialties,
Skylights,
Builders’
paint), or on painted ground. Send stamp for large illus-
‘ree of charge to any address. 4 Light Iron Work.
ff Tf 9 y MUNN & CO., 361 Broadway, N. Y. Price Reduced to 50 Cents trated catalogue. The only article of the kind in market,
Address I. P. HICKS, Atlantic, Iowa, |Address JOHN J. CALLOW, Cleveland, Ohio. Nos. 1201 to 1209 Callowhill Street,
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
STANDARD GOODS.
a
BRADLEY HANDY WAGON
‘= CONTRACTORS AND BUILDERS @
We ask serious consideration of the value of Stand-
ard Goods as contrasted with those little known or but
recently introduced. There is generally some good
ground for any solid and long established reputation. Without Steam Power, by usin
In the goods made by manufacturers of long experience, outfits of Ci peogee 1°
i er ad se La a qualities may be expected which are due to long experi- Foor AND AND POWER MACHI~qeeee eg
ence, and which neither capital nor ability can conter NERY can bid lower and save more |g _ Pam
upon new goods. It is now about eighteen years since money from their jobs than by any \
Tanite Goods were introduced, and during eighteen other arrangement for doing their
years The Tanite Co. has had opportunity to Jearn the work. Send for Illustrated catalogue
needs of customers and the peculiarities of the industry free.
in all parts of the world. W.F & John Barnes Co.,
Every little while some new concern starts with a big Rockford, Ill.
flurry, or some big concern offers a bigger discount, and Address No. 1994 Main St.
customers leave the old house which for years has given
them good goods at fair prices. Whe following charac-
teristic extract from a letter recently received is a good
commentary on this subject:
“1 have been useing other makes of wheels on acount of
CHAS. E. LITTLE? NN
thier cheapness but often I git hold of a wheel that is eather NEW YORE AGENT FOR
to hard or to soft I have been giting 50c. of list price I used
to use yours altogether and found them verry uniform.
W. F. & John Barnes Machinery.
“yours very truly —” Full line in stock at factory prices. Tools for all
In Europe, and Australia, and in the most distant trades. Send for Price List.
lands, Tanite Emery Wheels are largely used, because
both consumers and dealers recognize a Standard
Article which they can feel safe in buying.
We earnestly ask that American buyers shall not allow
themselves to be so utterly demoralized by the prevailing Western Electric Co.
craze for low prices as to disregard quality entirely, or
count as of no value the practical safeguards which are CHICAGO anp NEW YORK.
connected with a solid reputation. The importunities
of drummers and the crankiness of foremen often worry Electric Bells, Burglar Alarms.
buyers into orders for little known goods. Such orders
are especially unwise in the case of Solid Emery Wheels.
To say nothing as to the actual danger connected with HOUSE AND HOTEL ANNUNCIATORS.
the use of wheels made by inexperienced men, we would
ELECTRIC LICHTS.
The Bradley Two Wheeler.
call the attention of Purchasing Agents to the fact that
it would require a trained expert to pass upon the deli-
cate questions involved in the use of Solid Emery
Wheels. The established reputation and long experi-
ARC AND INCANDESCENTS.
The only Two Wheeled Vehicle ever ence of The Tanite Co. should have more weight than
the hasty judgments of individual workmen.
made that is absolutely free from horse Our Illustrated Catalogue furnishes full information
as to our great variety of standard goods, and we have
motion. also special circulars reluting to different articles. We
solicit the trade of all careful users and er pomeuees
Bradley & Co., Wyoming St., Syracuse, N. Ye buyers. E TANITE CO.,
Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Pa,

BUILDING PAPER.
Tin, Slate, Gravel, Slag, or Felt Roofing for Factories, Churches,
Dwellings, &c., in town or country. Best make of Ready Roofing and
Sheathing Papers, such as two and three ply, Rosin, Sized, Manila,
&c, Correspondence solicited. E, S. BORTEL & CO.
R 0 0 FI N G 2217 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. VENTILATORS: ETC:
ESTB:1868- 71-8-AVE: N-Y-
E. F. BARNES’
Ee
OU Stee ==
S om / SELF-FEEDING

yy Hand-Sawing Machine
HOLBROOK CoO.,
Hard Wood Lumber and
Price of Machine, with extra Table,
2Saws, #75.

Electric Lights.
Without Extra Table, 1 Saw, R65.
GROOVING CUTTER OR PLOW,
EXTRA, #6,
BARNES’ TOOL
958 Grand St., New Haven, Conn,
CO., Timber.
INTERIOR FINISH AND STAIR-
EMPIRE WAREHOUSE Co., BUILDERS’ STOCK, WAREHOUSE
4% —IMPORTERS OF— AND BRIDGE TIMBER
English and German Portland Cements, CUT TO ORDER.
Incandescence Lights for Apartment Houses AKRON AND
—AND DEALERS
LOUISVILLE
IN—
CEMENT GROVE AND EIGHTEENTH STREETS,
and Residences furnished by N. Y. and MICHIGAN
—AND—
PLASTER, CHICAGO, ILL.
198 to 210 Market Street, CHICAGO,

THE BRUSH ELECTRIC COMPANY, No. 3 Universal

7 INCH
Bench
SWINC.
Lathe. _H.S-M¢ LEOD,
- FIREBRICK
SEV HOA ND OFFTO:

NEW YORK OFFICE: No. 210 Elizabeth Street.

CHICAGO OFFICE: No. 111 La Salle Street. grange ; ee
ST. LOUIS OFFICE: No. 404 Market Street. Strictly first class. Has hollow spindle, outside and
inside grinding fixtures for finishing work to perfection,
DETROIT OFFICE: No. 76 Garfield Avenue. index milling fixture, &c. A convenient rapid working
machine. Circular on application. Address Mechanical
Department. The WATERHOUSE ELECTRIC AND
SEND FOR CATALOGUE No. 8. MFG. CO., Hartford, Conn,
/PREPARED | BEST, CHEAPEST, MOST
ML DURABLE.
ROOFING. aa
B=ZE|’
SF 54
ANYBODY CAN PUT IT ON, EASILY HANDLED.
FEEEas

Put up in Rolls of 100 Square Feet,

ROOFING AND PAVING PITCH. ROOFING FELT.

ASPHALT CEMENT (for two and three Ply). SLATERS’ FELT.
ASPHALT PAINT (for Tin and Iron Roofing). TWO AND THREE PLY FELT.
BLACK VARNISH (for Cast or Wrought Iron). PREPARED ROOFING.
PIPE COATING (for Gas and Water Pipe). CARBOLATE OF LIME (Disinfectec’.
PHILADELPHIA, CINCINNATI ST, LOUIS, CHICAGO,
423 Walnut St. 16 Public Landing. 9th & Olive St. 12 N. Clark St.

The Belcher Hosaie Glass’ (0,

PRATT’S MULTIFORM
20 SCREW-DRIVERS
SCREW-DRIVER.
IN ONE.

NEW AND IMPROVED PROCESS.

PATENTED.
STAINED GLASS manufactured by our new process
gives full sway for very delicate work, by introducing fine parti-
AS seen in the Cut, the stock is provided with a chuck which holds firmly the driver points, which
can be putin or out instantly by turning the sleeve or nut. There are ten bits or points, either end of
cles of glass and facilitating the production of designs and effects,
which may be used, making 20 screw-drivers in all. They are of such varying widths and thicknesses
as to fit any screw, ‘from the lar, est to the smallest. As they are flat on both sid es, they will not slip architectural or artistical, impossible to be obtained by any other
out of the slot or break off the serew head. Allthe points except the one in use are stored in the handle,
and in addition we put in a flat Countersink, for wood or iron, which just fits the chuck. The chuck
also holds a variety of small twist drills, but ‘these are not sent with the tool._The stock is held in the method, The metal lmes connecting the pieces of glass forming
handle by a round head thumb-screw, and may be taken out and used in a Bit-Brace. The handle is
eyeh 1 rosewood, seven inches long. The stock is 3g inch round steel, highly polished and heavily
Nickel-plated, the same length as the handle, or 141inches in all. This is probably the most beautiful
the design can be made so fine as to be imperceptible in the pro-
and useful Screw-driver ever put on the mar ket, Sent by mail, prepaid by us, on receipt of $1.00, Most
hardware dealers will furnish it at the same price. duction of shading effects in color, as the metal does not overlap
All orders and inquiries should be addressed to

MiLnLEeR’sSs FALLS COMPANY,

the edges of the glass. The work is much stronger than the old
No. 74 Chambers Street, New York. style of leaded stained glass, and dispenses, to a great extent, with
the heavy and unsightly iron stay bars.
WOODWORKING MACHINERY. SHIELDS & BROWNSn Meee and Sole Proprietors of
It is specially adapted for Church Windows, House Decorations,
Doors, Hall Lamps, Fire Screens, Window Blinds; also for Curved
Surfaces, as Dome Lights, Globes, Cylinders, ete., etc., and all
For BO ILERS and STEAM PIPES classes of interior Mosaic Decoration.
Reduces Condensation of Steam.
FOR GASAND
Prevents Sweating
WATER
and Freezing.
PIPES. It is indorsed by the leading architects and artists of America |
The Best Non-Conductor of Heat and Coldinthe World
Send for illustrated descriptive ack and name this paper, and Europe.
143 Worth Street, New Yo
78 and 80 were “Street, Chicago.

J. E. BOLLES & CO., We make a specialty of executing work from Architects’ and
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OA CHT AND BUILDERS

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Vol. 1, yy Subscription, $1.50 a Year. NEW YORK, APRIL, 1886.
Single Copies, 15 Cents,

THE HOBOKEN INCLINED CABLE RAILWAY. concluded to construct a short but steep inclined sheaves at the top of the hill, serves as a safeguard
The southern end of the Palisades, with its steep and plane, and to elevate both cars and horses by sta- in case either set of hoisting cables should break.
rugged sides, has always presented a formidable ob- tionary steam power. A car and horses arriving at The travel increased to such an extent as to make
stacle in the path of the horse car railroads of Jersey the foot of the hill passed on to a large and substan- necessary the providing of additional facilities for
City and Hoboken. Steam railroads overcame the tial truck and were drawn up the incline, 400 feet long mounting the hill. It was therefore concluded to

ey Hit
NA)P=
iy Li >
CTT T=
BP /e
AANEIAS
=a

Sn Pe

THE HOBOKEN INCLINED CABLE RAILWAY.

and 100 hundred feet

build the elevated railroad shown in our frontis-
high, in one minute. piece. This easily accommodates all the travel, and

oe
Nii
it
difficulty by tunneling and open cuts, their main ob-
ject being to pass the hill; but the horse cars, hav-
ing to mount the hillto accommodate residents upon
the Heights, were of course compelled to resort to
other means. Twenty years ago dummy engines were
tried on the routes leading from Hoboken ferry, but
the grades proved to be too steep, and they were
abandoned. Horses, four to acar, were again employed,
and it took twenty minutes to reach the top of the
hill from the ferry, a distance of only one mile, In
1873, the North Hudson County Railway Company
This was the first horse car
also shortens the time to the top of the hill from ten
elevator either in this country minutes to five.
or Europe. It has been in con- The most difficult task was to secure proper foun-
tinuous operation ever since com- dations for the posts. Soundings made between the
pletion, and has never failed to ferry and hill showed the solid bottom to be from 20
work or caused an accident. to 90 feet below the meadow. At no point could a
The truck, or elevator plat- firm foundation be secured without piling. The higher
form, is triangular in shape; the part of the structure rests on towers 50 feet wide at
hypotenuse is provided with four sets of wheels, the base and 22 feet wide at the top. Each of the
which run up a track extending up the incline. four corner posts is set in heavy castings which rest
When at rest, the horizontal side of the truck is on bluestone and brick piers 10 feet square at the
on a level with the main track, either at the bot- bottom and 4 feet square at the top; these piers are built
tom or top of the hill, and is of sufficient length to upon cross timbers which hold together clusters of
receive a car and horses. There are two of these trucks, 16 or 20 heavy piles. The foundations for the ordi-
one upon each track. Two wire ropes lead from nary posts on the level part of the structure are of
each car around drums operated by engines at the a similar character, but not so heavy. The structure
top of the hill. The cables are so arranged that one is entirely of iron. The tracks are of 67 pound steel
truck passes up while the other is going down. A rails, not laid on wooden cross ties, but on white oak
third cable, attached to each truck and passing around
 162 ~ Stientific American, [Aprit, 1886.
THE HOBOKEN INCLINED CABLE RAILWAY. enough for the single track is taken up within the sta- The loss of memory in the aged is a familiar example,
tion, thus leaving ample platform room at either side; and can only be accounted for by a deterioration of
blocks, which are bolted to iron plates riveted in be- and as the loading and unloading go on simultaneous the brain elements and a diminution of blood supplied
tween two iron channel bars, which, while adding ly, no time is lost. Possibly some such system could tothem. Oneof the worst features of such cases is
strength to the structure, also act as guard rails. This be applied to the termini of the Brooklyn Bridge, the fact that an old person is not, for a long time after
mode of laying the track, dispensing with the wooden where the shifting of cars from track to track is now decay has begun, aware of it. I am now treatinga
ties and substituting iron for wooden guard rails, is slowly performed by engines. case of loss of memory in a person advanced in years,
far preferable to that of the elevated roads of this ee who did not know that his memory had failed most
city, as itis more durable, admits more light and air, How to Strengthen the Memory, remarkably till I told him of it. He is making vigor-
and looks better. Dr. Holbrook, in his February number of the Herald ous effort to bring it back again, and with partial suc-
The structure starts from the ferry at an elevation of Health, says there one feature of the memory which cess.
of about 8 feet, and gradually rises until it reaches has not before been considered, and that is its exalt- The method pursued is to spend two hours daily,
the first street, where it is 15 feet high. It then con- ation in some forms of disease. one in the morning and one in the evening, in exercis-
tinues level for about 8,500 feet, when it begins to rise An exaltation is where a multitude of recollections ing this faculty. The patient is instructed to give the
at the rate of 5 feet in the hundred. There are two spring up involuntarily on every hand. It has its closest attention to all that he learns, so that it shall
curves in the road, one at the ferry and the other at cause in an inerease of the circulation of the blood in be impressed on the mind clearly. He is asked to recall
the foot of the steep grade. the brain. It frequently appears in acute diseases, es-every evening all the facts and experiences of the day,
The cable is of steel, 144 inches in diameter, and the pecially fevers. It is common in maniacal patients, and again the next morning. Every name heard is
total length is about 24g miles. The motive power is and it sometimes appears as a feature of hysteria and written down and impressed on his mind clearly, and
situated on top of the hill. There are four return-flue in the early stages of brain diseases. an effort made to recall it at intervals. Ten names '
steel boilers, each of 125 horse power. There are two This subject of exaltation of memory will be best from among public men are ordered to be committed
Corliss engines, having cylinders 30 to memory every week. A verse
A
PANu
N (UMN UL Hh
inches in diameter and 5 feet stroke. of poetry is to be learned, also a
The main shaft is 15 inches thick.
The engines are so arranged that ent
o
f(a ew a
daaoe Li
verse from the Bible, daily. He is
asked to remember the number of
they can be used either singly or the page in any book where any
together. The flywheels are 2034 Chin eS if interesting fact is recorded. These
g—
feet in diameter, and each weighs and other methods are slowly re-
28 tons. The gearing for driving suscitating a failing memory.
the cable drums—shown in Fig. 2— The aged should all look to this
is similar to that illustrated in our danger in their lives, and resolve to
article describing the Tenth Avenue combat it from the very first. By
Cable Railway, of this city, in the
v
l s la so doing they will make their decline

Si
ScIENTIFIC AMERICAN of January ing years more enjoyable, and give
Le
30, 1886, and was built by Messrs. i much greater pleasure to their
Poole & Hunt, of Baltimore. a friends. Unceasing self-culture, es-
The arrangement and construc- Zl pecially in preserving the memory
tion of the grips and rope lifters, and intellectual faculties, should
Fig. 4, present many advantages constitute a considerable part of
over the old methods. The grips the life of every aged person, even
i BATAAN A
are not fastened to the body of the Wy more than of the young. Only by
ear, but to the wheel trucks, ena- it can this period of life be ren-
bling the car to pass easily around dered pleasant and profitable.
the curves, and causing the grip to 0
remain at the same distance from Fig. 4—HOBOKEN CABLE RAILWAY.—THE GRIP AND ROPE LIFTERS, A DISINFECTING COMMODE,
the cable, whether the car is loaded Many and varied have been the
ornot. There is one grip on each of the two trucks understood by some simple illustrations. There have eaepriote during recent years to devise some means by
of the car. The grips are of iron, 3 feet long, and been many accounts of persons saved from imminent which the sick room, water closet, etc., could be tho-
the cable is in contact with the jaws of the grip death by drowning who all agree that at the moment roughly freed of all impure air. The accompanying
for the entire 3 feet. The grip is opened and closed of asphyxia they seemed to see their entire lives un- engraving shows a commode, the invention of Mr.
by the turning of a hand wheel on the platform. A rolled before them, even to the minutest detail. Some Albert Eisenbach, of 2550 Edgemont St., Philadelphia,
worm gear and set of levers, forming a powerful and goso far as to say that every instance of former life Pa., possessing many good features. It is perfectly
positive movement, transmit the motion of the hand seems to flash across the memory, not as an outline airtight, and on being closed throws out a disinfect-
wheel to the jaws of the grip. In front and in the rear merely, but with every detail filled in with the most ant, or air impregnated therewith, in sufficient quan-
of ‘each grip are two claws which can be opened and remarkable minutia—every act of life, whether right or tity to free the air of the room from all disagreeable
closed, lowered and raised, by means of a lever on the wrong, comes back with great vividness. Ribot cites and impure odors. .
platform to the left of the grip wheel, and which en- the case of a clear-headed man who was in the act of The drawings clearly show the construction of the
ables the grip man to pick up the rope without the aid crossing a railroad track when an express train run- commode. Hinged to the lower portion or body, A, is
of any other person, and at any place on the road, ning at full speed appeared close at hand. The man
level or inclined, at or between stations. had barely time to throw himself down in the center of
The cars have the ordinary brakes to check the the road, between the two lines of rails; and as the train
wheels... These brakes are tightened and loosened by rushed over him, the feeling of impending danger
the same wheel and worm gear which tightens and brought to his recollection most vividly every act and
loosens the grip. A movement of a lever to the right incidentof his former life in such an array as to sug-
of the hand wheel throws the brake into gear, and at gest to him the open-
the same time the grip out of gear, and vice versa, ing of “the great
making it impossible to have the two forces (grip and book at the last great
brake power) operating against one another. In ad- day.”
dition to the ordinary brakes, there are so-called track There is no doubt
brakes, to be used in ease of emergency on the incline much exaggeration Eow S>
= en, 1
and when the railsare slippery. Their shoes are about in these statements; pe Nees a
S

2 feet long, are surfaced with wood, and can be pressed yet they show an
down with much force on the rough iron guard rails on te
prot
== enormous temporary
each side of the track rails. By their action the car ee
err
Nee
increase or exalta-
ean be stopped anywhere on the incline or level, and Y, of >So tion of the natural
in all kinds of weather. The construction of these memory.

Wie
brakes will be understood from the cross-sectional view, De Quincey, in his
Fig. 3.
7 ‘“Confessions of an
The loading and unloading of passengers at the ferry eae Opium Eat-
is quickly done, and without confusion. Near the r,” gives an experi-
terminus the down-track runs by a switch into the up- Fig, 8.-SECTION THROUGH TRACK.oreo which shows
track, so that only one track enters the station. The how the memory
down-cable continues, of course, in a straight direction, may be exalted by intoxication by the use of opium.
and leaves the down-track; it passes to the end of the He says: ‘‘ Sometimes I seemed to have lived from 70 to
station below the platform and around a large sheave, 100 years in a single night. The minutest incidents
and then returns on the up-track. The single track in of childhood or forgotten scenes of later years were
the station is flanked on each side by a wide platform. often revived. I could not be said to recollect them, the lid, B. The commode is rendered airtight by
When a car arrives, it comes in by momentum, haying for if I had been-told of them on awakening, I should springs, K, placed between the top of the lid and the
let go of the cable some 700 or 800 feet before reaching not have been able to acknowledge them as a part of frame, C, which, when the lid is closed, press a cushion,
the station. The passengers pass out of the ear to the my experience; but placed before me in dream like E, upon the opening. The cushion and the entire lower
right and by the front door, and at the same time pas- intuitions, and clothed in all their evanescent cireum- portion of the lid are covered with cloth, which pre-
sengers enter the car from the left and by the rear stances and accompanying feelings, I recognized them vents the downward passage of the air. On opening
door. Where the car stops to let out the passengers it instantly.” the lid, the frame, with the cushion attached, is lowered
remains until it has taken in passengers again, and is Such augmentations of the memory may be regarded about an inch anda half, thereby creating a partial
ready to start. One minute is sufficient to unload and as abnormal and undesirable, being indications of vacuum in the lid, which is then filled with air through
load one car, or several if coupled together. The up disease; but they teach one lesson to those who would the valves, G, on the top. The entering air passes into
cable is right underneath the car; the grip man lowers strengthen their memories, and that is the value and a glass, F, under the valves, in which there is a sponge
the rope lifter, raises the cable between the open jaws necessity of a perfectly healthy and vigorous circula- containing some disinfectant. The air thus impreg-
of the grip, closes them gradually, and the car moves tion of blood in the brain, The same lesson is taught nated with the disinfectant then passes through the
off. by an opposite condition from that of an exaltation—a opening, F’, and fills the interior of the lid. Now,
The advantages of this system are apparent: The in- diminution of the normal memory by a decay or with- when the lid is closed, the air finds its way through the
coming and outgoing passengers are completely sepa- ering of the brain cells and a diminished supply of valve, H, in the front into the apartment, the air of
rated from each other while in the station; only space blood to the parts. which it immediately disinfects,
a
Aprit, 1886. Scientific American. 163
LUMBER DRIER, Near the edges of the circular plates are holes to re- TRELLIS FOR GARDEN CROPS,
This kiln is designed for drying lumber by the direct ceive the ends of curved bars which pass through the The portable garden trellis here illustrated is for use
application of heat obtained by the combustion of fuel upper ends of the lower parts of the standards. The in growing peas, tomatoes, and other crops requiring
in a suitable furnace. The kiln consists of a framed lower edges of these bars have teeth that support the support; it may be folded: up and put away when not
structure provided with a sliding door, through which lower parts of the standards. With this construction needed. The view, Fig. 1, indicates two continuous
the lumber is introduced and removed upon cars run- the pitch of the lower parts of the standards can be sections, composed of independent side frames, inclined
ning upon properly laid rails. Cold air flues are con- readily adjusted. The ends of the curved center bar toward each other and united at the top. Each frame
nected with the lower part of the kiln, and carried up are inserted in holes in the lower plate. The handles has a picket at each end and intermediate bars or wires
on the outside to a level alittle above the top of the are constructed as shown. arranged parallel with the pickets, but of less length,
roof. The smoke flues in the top of the kiln pass The side beams can be arranged as shown in Fig. 1, so that when the pickets are driven into the ground
or one or both can be swung forward, according to the the bars willonly come to the surface. The pickets and
work to be done. When the plow is to be used as a bars are united by any number of rows of wires. The
cultivator, the side beams, Fig. 2, are used. The shanks upper ends of the pickets are hinged together, as shown
of the cultivator teeth, Fig. 4, pass through the circu- in Fig. 2. When set up, the trellis may be held firmly
lar plates, which, in this case, are held from turning by by ropes attached to the upper ends of the end pickets,
pins which enter holes in the plates, so that the and secured by stakes driven inte the ground. In ap-
teeth can be adjusted as the position of the beams may plying the trellis to supporting peas and beans, the
require. When used as a harrow, side beams are em-
ployed, having holes to receive the harrow teeth
shown in Fig. 4. It will be seen that, no matter in
what position the plow may be adjusted, it will be
firm and strong.
Additional particulars concerning this invention
can be had by addressing Messrs. C. Audirsch and W.
W. Strickland, of Gurdon, Ark.
od
Axial Change of the Earth.
On the last day of the year, the earth was in peri-
helion, or at its nearest point to the sun. At that
time, the distance between the two bodies was about
three million miles less than during our northern
summer, in July. Though the earth now receives six
per cent more light and heat, the northern part of
DUKE’S LUMBER DRIER. its axis being turned away from the sun gives us the WHITE’S TRELLIS: FOR GARDEN CROPS,
cold of winter. There is, however, a greater equality
of temperature—bad as we are apt to call it, when plants will be inside, while tomatoes should be outside
through the roof, and earry off all the waste heat, the daily range may be from forty to fifty degrees— of both the opposite frames.
smoke, and vapor from the lumber. In the lower part on account of this proximity of the earth and sun in The use of this trellis, which has been recently pa-
of the kiln is the furnace, which is fired from the out- winter and their distance in summer. In thesouthern tented by Mr. Wm. A. White, of Staatsburg, N. Y., will
_ sideat both ends. A curved iron plate covers that hemisphere, the extremes of temperature would be enable the grower to produce a larger crop from the
part of the furnace within the kiln; over this plate is almost unbearable under the present regime, were same amount of ground than by the use of pea brush
anair space formed by a flat plate. Connected with the land disposed as at the north; for there the con- or stakes, and will also keep the vines and fruit in a
the furnace is a flue extending upward into the kiln. ditions are reversed, and the sun is nearer in summer cleaner condition.
Just above the furnace, and surrounding the flue, is a than in winter. The effect, however, is largely coun- _— —) — — ae
pan containing water. Over the top of the flue is a terbalanced by the great predominance of water in The Causes of Sudden Death.
hood, reaching nearly to the surface of the water. A that hemisphere. Less marked extremes are possible The recent sudden death of Vice-President Hen-
guard plate is secured round the hood, so as to cover in the presence of such large bodies of water than dricks, followed so soon by that of William H. Van-
the exposed portion of the pan. The hot air and gases would be the case at our own land-engirdled North, derbilt, naturally invites inquiry into the causes
given off from the furnace pass up through the flue and But the present order of things is not permanent. which produce these startling effects.
are deflected downward on to the surface of the water; Nature is never stationary, and after some thousands An editorial inthe Medical News, of Philadelphia,
sparks fall into the water, while the hot air ascends in of years the orbit of the earth will be changed. Other states that disease of the vascular system—the arteries
the direction shown by the arrows into the interior of things being equal, the of heat and cold in and veins—is most
extremes frequently responsible for this
the kiln. The guard plate serves as an additional pro- the northern hemisphere will then be unprecedented. mode of death. The greatest strain in the case of
tection to throw the sparks into the water, and also i those subject to mental anxiety or excitement is
prevents the pan from being filled with any rubbish ADJUSTABLE DOUBLE BEDSTEAD. borne by the circulatory system; and the slow and un-
falling from above when the kiln is being filled with The bedstead is provided with four hollow legs open suspected course of the disease gives no warning in
dumber. : death ensues either from a rup-
at the top, and united by the head and foot pieces and |most instances, and
This kiln is the invention of Mr. O. A. Duke. the side rails; within these legs are sliding
Further particulars can be had from Messrs. Bivings, posts united by end pieces and side rails,
Duke & Co., of Clanton, Ala. which pass through vertical slots in the legs
©
aa when the upper bed is lowered. In the foot
COMBINED PLOW, CULTIVATOR, AND HARROW. piece of the main bedstead a drum is jour
Secured to the upper and Jower sides of the central naled; mounted on the shaft of the drum at
beam are two plates, the side parts of which are made the outside of the foot piece is a ratchet
semicircular and are formed with a series of holes near wheel provided with a handle for turning it.
their edges, and also with holes at the centers of the Secured to the bottom of each sliding post is
circles to receive bolts which hold the side beams; by arope; all four ropes are carried over suit-
able pulleys to the drum, which is formed
with four grooves, one for each rope.
When the bed is not in use, the upper sec-
tion rests upon the lower; if but one person
is to occupy it, nochange is necessary. But
if it is to be occupied by two persons, the
drum is revolved, and, winding up the cords,
the sliding posts are lifted up and out of the
top of the legs. Latches in the hollow legs
engage with racks on the sliding posts, and
hold the upper section at any desired eleva-
tion. A cord passes from each latch toa
slide in the foot board; by pulling this slide
all the latches may be withdrawn to release
the sliding legs and permit the upper section
to be lowered. This double bedstead only
requires the space now taken by a single bed;
it can be quickly adjusted at any desired
height, and the upper section can be easily
lowered. The mechanism is so simple as
not to be liable to disarrangement. =.
COMBINED PLOW, CULTIVATOR, AND HARROW.
This invention has been patented by Mr. SCHLICHTING’S ADJUSTABLE DOUBLE BEDSTEAD.
A. T. Schlichting, of 1986 Third Avenue,
removing the outer bolts the side beams can be swung New York city, who will furnish all further informa- ture of some of the large vessels near the heart, or,
upon the inner bolts, as pivots, into any desired posi- tion. as in Mr. Vanderbilt’s case, one of the more import-
tion, where they ean be secured by replacing the bolts. —————__—_|___—_—o-+0-o—__—_—_— ant blood vessels in the brain proves to be the weak-
The standard of the center plow passes through cen- A Fortune for a Patent. est link in the chain, and death from apoplexy results,
ter holes in the plates, and is held by a nut screwed on The Mechanical Engineer says that Benjamin Lauth, The Daily News of Philadelphia, referring to the
its upper end. The side standards pass through circu- Sr., the inventor of the process of making nail plate article in the Medical News, adds: ‘‘ There is no treat-
lar plates held to the lower sides of the outer ends of out of old steel rails, has sold the right of his patent to ment which will prevent this class of sudden deaths,
the side beams and through tne beams, and are held five Eastern firms. Mr. Lauth claims that by his pro- and physicians are powerless to avert its onset. All
by nuts. The standards, Fig. 3, are made in two parts, cess at least $10 per ton can be saved on the manufac- they can do is to advise a calm, unexciting mode of
hinged to each other near the lower sides of the beams; tured product, as compared with the present methods life, with freedom from worry and anxiety. Such ad-
the lower parts are curved forward to bring them into of production. Mr. Lauth will receive $150 per day vice is very easy to give, but as difficult to follow as
proper position to receive the plows, which are held by for one year and $300 per day for the remaining sixteen would be a suggestion that it is not advisable to die at
bolts passing through slots in the ends of the standards, years of the life of the patert. any given time,”
 Srientific American, [ApRIL, 1886.
)
THE USE OF NATURAL GAS AT PITTSBURG, |ducersare now famousin gas records. The gas drill- | venient or where other operators have already demon-
It has only been within the past few years that| er, therefore, usually confines himself to the regions strated the existence of gas. It will surprise many of
natural gas has been utilized-to any extent, in either known to have produced oil, but the selection of the | our readers to know that the divining rod, that super-
Pennsylvania or New York. Yetits existencehas been particular location for a well within these limits ap- stitious relic of the middle ages, is still frequently called
known since the early part of the century. As far pears to be eminently fanciful, The more scientific upon to relieve the operator of the trouble of a rational
back as 1821, gas was struck in Fredonia, Chautauqua generally select a spot either on the anticlinal or syn- decision.
County, N. Y., and was used to illuminate the village clinal axis of the formation, giving preference to the | The site having been selected, the ordinary oil-drill-
inn when Lafayette passed through the place some former position. Almost all rock formations have ing outfit is employed to sink a hole of about six inches
three years later. Not a single oil well of the many some inclination to the horizon, and the constant |in diameter until the gas isreached. In the neighbor-
that have been sunk in Pennsylvania has been entirely change of this inclination produces a series of waves, hood of Pittsburg, this is usually found at a depth of
devoid of gas, but even this frequent contact with the crests of which are known as anticlines and the 1,300 to 1,500 feet, in what is known asthe Third Oil
what now seems destined to be the fuel of the future troughs as synclines. Many drillers suppose that the Sand, a sandstone of the Devonian period. Where the
bore no fruit of any importance until within the past gas seeks the anticlines and the oil the synclines, but gas comes from originally is an open question. When
two or three years. others, equally long-headed, discard entirely all theory the driller strikes gas, he is not left in any doubt of the
It had been used in comparatively small quantities of this kind, and drill wherever it may be most con- event, forif the well be one of any strength, the gas
previous to the fall of 1884, but it manifests itself by sending the drill
was not until that time that the and its attachments into the air,
fuel gave any indication of the im- often to a height of a hundred feet
portant role it was afterward to fill. or more.
At first ignored, then experimented The most prolific wells are ap-
with, natural gas has been finally propriately called ‘‘roarers.” Dur-
so widely adopted that to-day, in ing the progress of the drilling, the
the single city of Pittsburg, it dis- well is lined with iron piping. Oc-
places daily 10,000 tons of coal. The easionally this is also blown out,
change from the solid to the gase- but as arule the gas satisfies itself
ous fuel has been made so rapidly, with ejecting the drill. When the
and has effected such marked results first rush of gas has thrown every
in both the processes of manufacture thing movable out of its way, the
and the product, that it is no ex- workmen can approach, and chain
aggeration to say that the eyes of ay the giant to his work. The plant
the entire industrial world are at the wellis much simpler than
turned with envious admiration one would suppose. An elbow joint
upon the city and neighborhood connects the projecting end of the
blessed with so unique and valuable well piping with a pipe leading toa
a fuel. strong sheet-iron tank. This col-
Where the gas comes from, and lects the salt water brought up with
how long it is going to last—and the gas. Ordinarily, about half a
where it is going to, we might add, barrel accumulates in twenty-four
now that the scheme of piping it to hours. A safety valve, a pressure
distant cities is under consideration indicator, and a blow-off complete
—are questions which involve so the outfit. When the pressure ex-
many elements for discussion that ceeds a prescribed limit, the valve
we do not propose to take them up opens, and the gas escapes into the
at present. The manner of distri- blow-off. This is usually 30 feet
buting and utilizing the gas, and high or more, and the gas issuing
the industrial revolution its intro- from the top is either ignited or
duction has effected, are more than permitted to escape into the atmo-
sufficient to occupy our space. As sphere. The pipe line leading from
many of these facts are still in- the tank to the city is of course
volved in mystery to a large major- placed underground. Beyond a
ity of our readers, it will, perhaps, little wooden house, the blow-off,
be advisable to start at the well it- and a derrick, the gas farms differ
self, and from there follow the gas TIN little in appearance from those pro-
in its various wanderin,’3 until it is im S = = ducing less valuable crops. ‘The
finally consumed in th} mills and pressure of the gas at the wells
works or in the home.
The regions in which natural gas
is found are for the most part coin-
cident with the formations produc-
ing petroleum. This, however, is
not always the case; and it is
_ worthy of notice that some districts
| which were but indifferent oil pro-

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 APRIL, 1886. ] Scientific American.
varies considerably. It is generally between 100 and persed immediately into the upper regions of the atmo- |tus in mind, when the gas enters the small chamber it
825 pounds. As muchas 750 pounds per square inch sphere. | opens the valves and passes through into the sur-
has been measured, and in many cases the actual pres- There are now few mills or furnaces in Pittsburg or rounding space and into the chamber under the dia-
sure is even greater than this; but, as a rule, it is not the vicinity that are not using gas exclusively. At the phragm. As the house inlet opens from this inclosed
permnitted to much exceed 20 atmospheres in any re- Edgar Thomson Steel Works, at Braddocks, the gas |space, the gas has now free access to the service
pipes.
ceiver or pipe. The maximum pressure in the lines of is used in all departments where coal was formerly em-_ But the gas raises the diaphragm, and through
the
the Philadelphia Company is 340 pounds. The sup- ployed. The furnaces used for reheating the steel lever closes the valves, shutting off the supply.
As
ply of Pittsburg is largely in the hands of this organ- billets, that are afterward rolled into rails, are shown the gas is consumed the diaphragm sinks under
its
ization, and drawn from its wells at Tarentum and in Fig. 2, and will give some idea weights, and more gas is
of the seale upon admitted. By altering the
Murraysville. A number of other companies are also which this immense establishment has been built, and weights, the regulator may be set to deliver gas at an y
in the field. but the chief business of the city is still eon- the importance which such a change of fuel means. If desired pressure less than that of the initial. Should
trolled by the Philadelphia. The question of pipeage one has visited Pittsburg in the days of coal and| the supply of gas be cut off, the regulator automati-
is one of immense importance, and with increased smoke, he has only to go on the streets and notice the cally locks itself,and will deliver no gas until locked
knowledge of the best conditions for securing an even comparatively clear atmosphere and the clean faces to by hand. This prevents the escape of gas, should
flow of gas becomes even more prominent, for the realize what a blessing natural gas has been, aside it be put out by atemporary failure of the supply and
lines are being rapidly extended in length, and itis from its economic value. In the boiler room the then turned on again. As it is so largely composed
asserted by many practical gas men that they will some change is no lessmarked. The bricks are neatly white- of marsh gas, it forms, when mixed with air, an ex-
day reach the seaboard. . washed, the iron work painted, and the engineer sits in plosive compound similar to the deadly fire damp of
The pipe lines of the Philadelphia Company vary one corner of what might bea parlor as far as neat- the coal mines. Consequently, fire must be applied to
in diameter from 4 to 10inches. The Chartiers Com- ness goes, quietly watching a water gauge and indica- the orifice before the gas is turned on, or else there
pany, however, have one line of 16 inches in diameter. tors. The best arrangement for burning the gas under will be an explosion. To avoid such a possibility,
In the city, the distributing mains are from 4 to 24 the boiler is that practiced by the Electric Light Com- a small jet of gas is often allowed to burn all the time,
inches. The general tendency is to an increase of di- pany at their central station in Virgin Alley, shown in in order to light the larger burner as soon as itis
ameter, in order to lessen the friction and enable the Fig. 3. The gas passes into a 4 inch drum extending turned on. The new fuel is becoming extremely
supply to meet any unexpected demand without in- in front of the boilers, and thence by a 1% inch pipe popular for domestic use. In grates, a flat perfor-
terfering with the usual flow. The average diameter into T-burners in the front of the tire-box. These are ated box, as shown in our engraving, Fig. 5, is com-
of the city mains may be stated at 16 inches. The dis- simply perforated pipe, 2 inches in diameter. monly placed in the bottom, and covered with frag-
tributing pipes vary from 4 to 10 inches. The pipe The air for combustion is first heated before mixing ments of fire clay. In cook stoves, Fig. 4, T-burners
lines have to be laid with the greatest care, to with- with the gas. Sheet iron is placed upon the grate bars are used, generally in pairs, though usually only one
stand these high pressures and avoid leakage. They to within about 4 inches of the rear, and 2 inch tiles is lighted unless a large amount of hot water is wanted
cost from $2,000 permile for pipes of 4 to 8 inches up to| are placed between this and the boiler, leaving suffi- in the boilers. In round stoves, it is common to use
$30,000 for 24 inches. The Philadelphia simply the Bunsen burner without the
WiLLoW GROVErDISTRIBUTING STATION DTJE
Company alone has about 375 miles of NATURAL GAS while ~- 6082088 box attachment. The price of gas is
pipes 4 inches in diameter and over. ( =<:
RALRODS RE
a + usually a matter of contract, based upon
Every day, line walkers go over the rrr Weezer
former coal bills or upon the mill pro-
entire line, and submit reports of its con- duct. In Allegheny City, however, it is
dition to the central office. Every leak, sold at 10 cents per thousand feet, and
no matter how small, is included in the at this rate may be a little more expen-
RSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
N
report. In addition to this daily inspec- sive than coal, but is used nevertheless
tion, a man is sent by the company to on account of its great convenience.
every fire, and it is his duty to turn off There have been a number of distressing
the gas from the burning building and accidents attending the use of the gas,
from any that may be in immediate but the total fatality, it is well to remem-
danger. The question of pressure ber, is much less than that of a single
throughout the lines is one of vital im- mine disaster such as that at Nanticoke.
portance, and its regulation demands ————_——
-¢- 6

constant attention. For this purpose, The Rhododendron.

valve houses, or stations, to the number As the Farmers’ Gazette remarks, the
of 22, have been established at various rhododendron has advanced wonderfully
points on the line as well as in the city, and properly in public estimation, and a
and at Tarentum, Murraysville, and Dick few hints as to peculiar points in its
Farm. At each of these stations the cultivation may not be out of place.
pressure is registered every hour. The First, looking out of doors at those which
company has four telephone lines of its grow without protection, a general com-
own, of a total length of about 80 miles, plaint is that some years they have no
and each station is connected with the bloom.
central station on Penn Avenue. In this There are certain matters, an attention
way the supply all over the city is closely to which will insure it every year. As
‘watched. soon as any flower, or rather bunch of
Should it become deficient in any dis- flowers, is past its prime, it should be
trict—which would be indicated by a taken off as close up as possible to the
marked decrease in the pressure—it is under flower, because, as there are embryo
but a moment’s work to call up the cen- branches in every part of the stem, the
tral station, and have more gas turned strength of the plant will be immediately
into the needy district. An early disad- devoted to the production of some of
vantage in using natural gas was its con- THE NATURAL GAS KEGION. them; whereas, if the seed pods are left
stant liability to failure, but this system of to swell, they require the energies of the
telephonically connected stations has done away with cient space in front for the flame to play over them. plant, and take it from new branches. Another point to
this, and created a confidence in the reliability of the The ‘air enters beneath, and passing along the under remember is that from the first instant the bloom buds
supply. The arrangement of the pipeage and gates at side of the tiles, is heated before coming in contact with begin to burst, the plants should be watered copiously,
these stations is shown in our diagram of the Willow the gas. It is very important at such an establishment and this should be continued every four or five days un-
Grove Station. Coming, as most of the gas does, a dis- to be able to burn coal at very short notice, should any tilthe bloom buds have set again for next season. Even
tance of twenty miles or so, its pressure is much re- accident happen to the gas supply. As at present the rain may not reach the roots, as these plants are of
duced during the journey by friction against the sides arranged, the entire change can be made and a coal themselves such a complete cover to the ground.
of the pipes. It is contrary to law to maintain a pres- fire started within eight minutes. The gas is burned Rhododendrons, however, when planted in a hollow,
sure of more than 15 pounds within the city limits. under the boilers at a pressure of from three-fourths to rarely miss bloom or require water. The proper soil
Consequently, blow-offs are established at various one pound. As the pressure in the mains is consider- for the rhododendron is a turfy peat, with a little
points ; and whenever the pressure exceeds 10 pounds, ably in excess of this, it must be reduced by an auto- turfy loam, three parts of the peat and one of loam,
the safety valve opens, and the gas escapes. matic regulator. In dwelling houses the gas is seldom and wherever this kind of soil abounds, they do well.
This leaves a margin of five pounds, but in some of burned under more than 2 to 6 ounces, In growing the plants of the half hardy and ten-
the older and smaller pipes the pressure does some- The regulator, Fig. 6, is a very important piece of der kinds in pots, the same description of soil is used;
times exceed 15 pounds, as a heavier force is needed to apparatus, as it must be used in every mill or house the watering is increased at the same seasons of
overcome the increased friction. where natural gas is burned, as well as in regulating growth, and the shifts from one pot to another take
During the day, when the mills are running at full the pressure where the mains enter the city limits. It place at the periods when the pot is full of roots;
force, the pressure in the city mains is from 2to5 is not understood, even by the majority of the people but the shift should be just before the buds swell
pounds; but at night, and more particularly on Sun- who use it; but if the reader will follow closely our for bursting the bloom. Seed should be sown in pans,
days, the pressure becomes greater, and large volumes description, he will at least be able to get a general idea and the plants pricked out as soon as they can be
of gas escape at the top of the blow-offs. The one on of its action. The city inlet terminates in a small cast well handled—three or four in a three inch pot;
the Allegheny River at the foot of 10th St., shown in iron chamber, having two valves on opposite sides. when they have attained sufficient size, they may be
our illustration, Fig. 1, as it appears on Sunday These valves are on the same piston rod, and conse- potted singly, if tender or doubtful, and have] the
evening, is 40 feet high, and perforated at its upper quently, when this is moved, one opens toward the in- protection of a frame all the winter. They may be
end for a distance of 3 feet. The immense flame, 40 to terior and the other toward the exterior of the cham- crafted or in-arched, and, if desirable, budded; but
60 feet long, as it is blown about by the wind, has the ber. as one eye and an inch of wood is enough for a graft,
appearance of a giant torch. Toa stranger there are A second chamber is divided into two parts by a that is the best mode of propagation. The hand-
few sights more striking than that presented when he rubber diaphragm, the upper portion being in com- somest grafted plants are made from the ends of
looks down from one of the surrounding hills, and sees munication with the atmosphere, and the lower with shoots. If seedlings are hardy, they may be bedded
the city at night illuminated by these lurid flames. a space surrounding the small chamber first men- out six inches apart one season, twelve inches the
The custom of keeping these torches lighted is not tioned. The diaphragm is weighted above, and below next, and there they may remain to bloom. Layering
maintained, however, entirely for scenic effect, but in acts upon an elbow lever connected with the valve is also a favorite mode of propagation, though it
many Gases is intended to avoid the noise of the escap- rod. It will be understood that the lever is in the takes a year to root properly.
ing gas. At such a height, the gas would do no dam- chamber under the diaphragm, and that the valve rod ene
age, if permitted simply to eseape into theair. Having operates in the inclosed space communicating with AN 8-foot vein of fire-clay has been struck at Salts-
a specific gravity of only about half that of air, it is dis- this chamber. Bearing this disposition of the appara- burg, Pa.
 166 Scientific American. [APRIL, 1886.
FARQUHAR’S BURGLAR PROOF SASH LOCK. — >
RNAMENTAL PRESSED WOOD BLOCKS | been fossilized while in a charred state, and from it
SN
= FOR BUILDERS, fossil charcoal was obtained. Many of the specimens
This is an entirely new device for securely locking
windows, and is a lock that cannot possibly be opened The Taft Company, of Hartford, of wood are incrusted with layers of crystallized
from the outside by the use of instruments, and is said Conn., manufacture a large line of chalcedony of an opalescent tint, so beautiful that see-
to be the most secure burglar proof sash lock that has corner blocks, panel pieces, borders, tions have been mounted and worn as jewelry. In
ever been presented to the public. round and square rosettes, etc., made Wyoming there have been found sections of trees 20
It is manufactured from the best material, and is in in black walnut, cherry, oak, ash, ‘inches in diameter and several feet in length, like
all respects neat in appearance, simple in construction, maple, mahogany, whitewood, ete., which are espe- hollow tubes, with the interior surface entirely studded
and easily worked. Being placed in the pulley-style, at cially adapted for inside house finish, stair posts, |with pure quartz crystals, presenting a most beautiful
the side of the window, it is out of the way, and the newels, ete., which give fully as good effect as hand |appearance.
large and bungling sash lock usually placed in the cen- work, and at a much less cost. eee
ter of the sash is done away with. A very small THE WEAR OF WINDOW CORDS,
fastener may be used in connection with it to draw the OT Almost every householder has had more or less
annoyance from broken window cords, and has men-

i
tally or outwardly avowed his detestation of the archi-
tect and contractor who supplied his building with
inferior lines, at-a saving in first cost of three or four
cents per window, and thereby entailed upon him the
future annoyance of being unable to operate the sash,
and final expense of replacing the cords at 50 cts. per
window for labor.
As the inconvenience of replacing cords is so great
that it is seldom done without calling in a carpenter,
.|it becomes a matter of greater importance than is
usually allowed it to secure the best lines for use in
building ; for any small saving possible in first cost
will be paid out over and over in repairs.

Some interesting experiments have recently been

made, in the wear of window lines, to determine the
relative value of different materials and methods of
manufacture, under the conditions usually imposed in
practice. Many architects, knowing the great tensile
strength of Italian hemp and linen cords, always in-
sist upon their use in first-class jobs. The recent tests,
however, have confirmed many previously made, as
well as the experience of old builders, that these fibers
are not sufficiently pliable to stand the constant bend-
ing over a window pulley ; and show that the softer
and more pliable yarns of cotton will, when bound to-
gether by a suitable braiding process, bear the con-
FARQUHAR’S SASH LOCK. stant bending through a much greater length of time.
The tests have also shown, further, that the kind of
braid makes a great difference, and that all cotton
sashes together, so as to prevent the wind and dust cords have not the same value.
froin getting in. In these experiments, an ordinary steel-axle window
It isautomatic inits working, and when the sashes are pulley, with turned face, was used, the same as is
closed they are always securely locked. If it is desired generally employed in the better class of buildings.
to leave the upper sash open for ventilation, it may be .| The cord was arranged to raise a 25 lb. window weight,
just as securely locked there as when closed—the lower lifting it 18 inches, 22 times per minute.
sash being kept in its place closed, and the upper one The following figures, showing the length of time the
locked securely to it.
different cords lasted under this test, in connection
Every owner or occupant of a house has realized the with the cost of the cords, shows how great a saving
importance of some better and safer means of locking
their windows than the market has heretofore afforded,
and this lock exactly fillsthat need. The simple fact
of the windows being closed is an assurance that they
are securely and safely locked.
Chandler & Farquhar, 171 Washington Street, Bos-
ton, are the manufacturer’s agents, and would be SAMSON BELL CORD COUPLING,
pleased to furnish any additional information desired.
can sometimes be made by using sufficient care in pur-
chasing.
MOSELEY REVERSED PRESSURE DOOR AND GATE SPRING, In every case the time as given is the average ob-
tained from several tests.
This spring will close any kind of door or. gate, Best LINEN SHOE THREAD.—Hawser laid, 7% in.
whether large or small, and the tension can be regu- diam., weighing 42 lb. per doz., and costing the con-
lated at pleasure. Can be placed on either side of the tractor 60 cts. per lb., or $25.20 per 1,200 ft.; average
P door and detached when wear, 60 HOURS.
required, and never leaves CABLE LAID ITALIAN HEMP.—I1st quality, » in.
the door ajar. For gates, diam., weighing 35 lb. per doz., and costing the con-
ear, office, and water closet tractor 32 cts. per lb., or $11.20 per 1,200 ft.; average
doors no other fastening is wear, 62 HOURS.
necessary. SILVER LAKE braided cotton, 1st quality, 44 in.
These springs are having diam., weighing 26 lb. per doz., and costing the con-
é a large sale, and will stand tractor 40 ets. perlb., or $10.40 per 1200 ft.; average wear,
the wear and constant usage to which they are sub-
ORNAMENTAL PRESSED WOOD BLOCKS FOR BUILDERS. 96 HOURS.
jected. Chandler & Farquhar, 171 Washington Street,
‘““SaMSON” braided cotton, 44 in. diam., weighing
Boston, are the sole agents, and would be pleased to
We give illustrations of several new designs just pro- 26 lb. per doz., and costing the contractor40 cts. per
furnish additional information and illustrated circulars.
duced by this company, and would advise all of our lb., or $10.40 per 1,200 ft.; average wear, 261 HOURS.
readers in need of pressed wood ornaments to send to This great difference in favor of the Samson cord is
the Taft Company for their illustrated catalogue and owing largely to the method of manufacture, the braid
PAINTING upon exteriors is not properly understood price list. being an improvement on that employed by other
by the owners of property in houses; they mistake rt manufacturers. In the Samson braid each strand en-
cheap prices for economy. The Fossil Wood of the West. twines four others at every stitch, they are pulled very
Painters fall into the error by the belief that the sooner An interesting paper has been communicated to one firmly into place, and the cord is carefully finished
the paint perishes, the better it is for their business. of the California scientific societies on the fossil wood with sizing.
But true economy and success for both and all con- which is found in different localities throughout the The Samson Cordage Works, Messrs J. P. Tolman &
cerned is derived from an honest deal. State. Co., proprietors, No. 166 High St., Boston, make these
If painters study the science of painting, in order to This silicified wood is stated to be a variety of quartz; cords in a great variety of sizes and for various uses.
obtain the greatest durability in paints for their em- the wood fiber is gradually replaced by quartz, leaving Large quantities of the cord are used for bell line in
ployers, and pass that which does them no credit, this the form of the wood intact, so much so that sections railroad cars; and a very neat and secure coupling is
is the way to suecess: Use Asahel Wheeler’s Marine cut and placed under a microscope show the character- made by the firm for joining the ends of the cord
Varnish for the exterior paint and his Constant White istic grain of the wood, by which the genera may often between the cars.
Paint for interiors. be determined, and sometimes the species. In what is They also apply, at small extra cost, a waterproofing
Nothing has yet been discovered whieh equals either known as the petrified forest in Colorado, where are mixture to their cords, which much increases the life,
for extreme durability. Circulars sent by request. stumps of trees several feet in height and some twelve whether the cords are exposed to the weather or used
ASAHEL WHEELER, Boston, Mass, or fifteen feet in diameter, one stump seemed to have for window lines.
 .

APRIL, 1886.] — Scientific American. 16

CHAPMAN VALVES AND HYDRANTS, in order to prevent the plug from being inserted im-| has been devised for cases where it is necessary to drain
The valves and hydrants made by the Chapman Valve |properly in case of its removal for repairs or otherwise. |the water from a pipe after the supply has been cut off
Manufacturing Co., Mason Building, Boston, Mass.,|The gate has double faces, and is equally tight |by closing the main valve. This obviates the need of
have earned a very desirable reputation. They have}on both sides. It rises and falls on the spindle in| an extra drain valve, which is apt to be troublesome,
been before the public ten years. Judging from the rapid in addition to its expense.
growth of the company’s business and the testimony The iron body valve, with outside screw and yoke,
of all who have used their goods, they have sueceeded has been devised to meet the demand for a valve in
which, from its frequent use, it is desirable to have the
screw where it can be readily cleaned and oiled. Par-
ticular attention has been given to the details of the
fire hydrant illustrated. In opening, the gate rises
upon the spindle into a recess below the hydrant pipe,
large enough to admit the full passage of water from
the main, and closes vertically, gradually eutting off
the flow of water and preventing any water hammer or

COMPOSITION STEAM AND WATER VALYE. COMPOSITION HOSE VALVE.

in- accomplishing the purpose with which they origin-
ally started out, the production of a superior valve and
hydrant. They have sought to combine in their goods
a simple and graceful construction, good material and
workmanship, interchangeability of parts, and ease of
manipulation. To this end the factory at Indian Or-
chard, Mass., has been constantly enlarged, and new
and improved machinery added to the plant, until it is
the preferred form, but, when desired, the plug is made
to move with the spindle. The composition of the
spindles, all of which are made of extra diameter in
order to avoid twisting, depends upon the fluid with
which they are to come in contact.
For steam or water, gun metal composition is gene-
rally used, while for ammonia or gas, steel or iron is
preferred. Where the valveis to be subjected to strong IRON BODY WATER GATE,

now the most complete establishment of the kind in
pressure, the parts are made unusually heavy, as shown
strain upon the pipe. A drip outlet is also. provided
on a level with the water in the main, and is opened
and closed automatically by the action of the gate.
As the drip outlet is always open when the gate is
closed, there is no liability of freezing. Great care has
been taken to make the operation of the hydrant per-
fectly sure and reliable. The company issues a fully
illustrated catalogue, which they will send on applica-
tion to those interested.

fy ote
(QOOOOOOOOOCDONS SCLC
UT UTOVUTUOTO
ue TOUCH HOOT TAHu

il

"AUTOMATIC DRIP VALVE. SECTIONAL VIEW. IRON BODY VALVE,

the country. The Chapman gate valve has a clear pas- in the ammonia valve. The seats are composed of an
sage, the full diameter of the connecting pipe, and this alloy similar to Babbitt metal, but vary with the na-
may be called its characteristic feature... In details, the ture of the fluids acting upon them. Their composition
valve varies considerably, according to the service to is decided by the material which experience has de-
which it is to be put and the pressure which is to be monstrated to be the most resistant to corrosion. The
brought upon the gate. Of the numerous special forms seats are held to the body by means of dovetailed
manufactured by the company, we select a number grooves, and are formed upon the pluy itself, producing
which are more particularly adapted to the use of build- an exact counterpart of the faces of the plug on both

il i
WI
Hi |
i = o
TTT TATATA
TTT

: “€Me~80sTON
AMMONIA VALVE FOR HEAVY PRESSURE. SECTIONAL VIEW. IRON BODY BOLTED TOP STEAM AND WATER VALVES.
NT BOSTOM,

ers. The valve gate or plug is cast in one piece, and is sides, thus making a perfectly tight joint, which, by CHAPMAN FIRE HYDRANTS.

made hollow and tapering. It is prevented from com- the construction of the valve, wears tighter in use, and
ing into contact with the seats until closed by splines always preserves its bearings. The officers of the company are: 8. P. Payson, Presi-
east on the body, which engage grooves in the side of Both the. plug and. seat. being non-corrosive, the |dent; Percival L. Everett, Treasurer; and Jason Giles,
the gate, and thus retain it always in the center of the valve works” with ‘ease, even after “having been| General Manager. Their office is at 72 Kilby Street,
opening, The splines are made pf unequal thickness, closed for years, An automatic drip yalye, as shown, Boston, Mass. ,—
 168 Scientific American. [APRIL, 1886.
FOLDING AND ADJUSTABLE HANDLE DRAW-KNIFE. to form part of the structures that will be erected on| festation of engineering art of our epoch, it will pe
Woodworkers will find this draw-knife convenient, the occasion of the Universal Exhibition of 1889. susceptible of many different and important uses.—Les
for the following reasons : It was necessary to find a mode of construction Annales des Travaux Publics.
ist. An eight inch knife, with handles folded, occupies which should limit the number of uprights, and never-
space only 14 in. X 2 in. theless permit of doing away with the diagonal stays. COMBINATION AND PIPE WRENCHES,
2d. Every carpenter knows how difficult it is to keep This has been achieved by the present project, pre- The Bemis & Call Hardware & Tool Co., of Spring-
a draw-knife sharp when packed in chest with other sented by Mr. G. Hiffel, the builder of the Garabit Via- field, Mass., are introducing combination and pipe
duct. The framework of the tower consists essentially wrenches that are meeting with a large sale and pos-
of four uprights that form the corners of a pyramid sess valuable features.
whose faces form a curved surface. The combination wrench combines the qualities of a
Each of these uprights has a square section that di- pipe wrench and also all the requisite combinations of
DRAW-KNIFE CLOSED TO BE SENT BY MAIL. minishes from the base to the summit, and forms a a regular nut wrench.
tools, and will see at once the great advantage of the curved latticework 49 feet square at the base and 16 at The pipe wrench (Fig. 2) has serrated jaws, which are
folding handle, which perfectly protects the blade the top. The bases of these uprights are spaced 328 interchangeable, the same serrated plate being used
from all injury. feet apart. They unite at the apex, and form a plat- for either the stationary or sliding jaw, so that if one
8d. Having a protected blade, time otherwise thrown form 83 feet square. These uprights are anchored to plate is broken another can be furnished, adapted to
a solid masonry
os foundation, and are
==. connected at differ-
ent heights by hori-
zontal platforms
that serve as a sup-
port for vast halls,
which will be utiliz-
ed for the different
DRAW-ENIFE ADJUSTED TO WORK IN CORNERS. { services that will be
installed in the
tower. The one on
the first story, the
flooring of which
will be 230 feet from
the ground, presents
a superficies of about.
5,400 square feet.
At the lower part,
and in each of the PIPE WRENCH,
faces, is a large arch
of 230 feet opening, forming the either jaw without express designation. The slides,
principal element of the decora- nuts, and various parts are also interchangeable, thus
tion. It gives the tower that easily repairing the wrench at small cost.
DRAW-ENIFE IN POSITION FOR GRINDING.
monumental aspect which is in- This company have issued a new illustrated cata-
dispensable for the purposes for logue, which they would be pleased to mail to
any one
which it is intended. At the apex interested in their line of tools.
away in grinding and putting knives in order ts saved. there is a glass cupola from whence a vast panorama
And the owner need have no fear of being cut when may be seen by the spectator. —_———9 +0>
This part will be
looking for other tools packed with the knife. reached by elevators in the interior of the uprights, SPRING HAMMER SAW SET,
4th. The handles can be adjusted in an instant, and so arranged as to give absolute security. Aside In this saw set simplicity and utility are combined.
are held in position by a hardened steel slide. from the attraction and monumental aspect that It is ready in operation and practical in use, and has
5th. The knife blade is forged from best tool steel will be presented by this tower, the boldest mani- the advantage of a construction that admits of inter-
bars, carefully tempered and ground, thus enabling changeable parts, so that, in case of breakage, the origi-
us to guarantee the cutting quality, which we warrant nal set may be preserved by a duplication of the broken
in every case. part.
To illustrate one of the many useful points of the The shank of the bed piece is threaded on two
adjustable handle, suppose a carpenter wishes to opposite sides, so that it may be screwed into a block
shave down work close to his bench. With the old or bench, while the intermediate sides are plain, and
style fixed handle knife this could not be done; where- intended to be used ina vise or any clamp where the
as we simply turn out one of the adjustable handles set can be firmly held. The body is provided with arms
(see cut), and the chip can be taken off as close as and adjusting screws, whereby the desired angle of the
desired. The handles can also be changed for all close
work in corners, and on wide, flat surfaces.
Again, an old style draw-knife is troublesome to
grind, as the handles come in contact with the grind-
stone, and leave a portion of the blade unground, and
it is also difficult to hold when grinding. With the
Adjustable Handle Draw-Knife it isa very simple mat-
ter to turn the handles round back of the blade (see
cut) ; a firm grip on the knife is thus obtained, and the
blade can be ground on every part. In short, we have
at last a perfect draw-knife, a want that has long
been felt, and a tool that will often take the place of
saw and hatchet to advantage—one that will pack
snugly and is light and durable.
A. J. Wilkinson & Co., 182 Washington St., Boston,
are the sole manufacturers, and would be pleased to
furnish price list and illustrated circular and testimo- SPRING HAMMER SAW SET.
nials on application, The draw-knife can be sent by
mail to any address. saw blade may be obtained, which, in connection with
Sto the gauging ears, gives the desired set and angle to the
IA, saw tooth. The steel hammer is placed at a sufficient
A ONE THOUSAND FOOT TOWER.
distance from the steel bedded beveled part beneath
In January, 1874, the ScrenTrric AMERICAN
gave its point to allow the easy admission of the saw tooth.
the drawings and details of a one thousand foot
tower A stroke on the hammer bends the tooth over the
which was proposed to be constructed by Clarke,
Reeves beveled part of the body or bed piece, and sets it in
& Co. in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pa., near the compliance with the gauge of the adjusting screws and
Centennial Exhibition grounds. This idea was
not ears. The hammer recovers its natural position from the
carried out, but it has been taken upin France
. impact automatically, and has an advantage over
The example of the largest buildings that have
been others operated mechanically, of always being in
constructed up to the present shows that it is difficul
t, order. :
with materials in which stone plays the chief
role, to The sale of these sets, manufactured by the Bemis &
exceed a height of from 490 to 525 feet, which may
be Call Hardware & Tool Co., of Springfield, Mass., has
considered as a limit rarely reached. In fact, the
prin- already demonstrated its practical value, and its worth
cipal heights of known buildings are as follows :
is conceded by all mechanies who have given it a trial.
Feet. i ———————____ap-+4-6-> meonctiganh
Washington Monument... .,.....c. weofeetarevere cetetiene oe.555
plogns Dathodre) ov, x82. sie .isn leah s ieeee asses
RONGIARDNCAR 10s, ee tee istso cus Ns eee ee
ae 520 To remove varnish from gelatine negatives, accord-
490 ing to the Mittheilungen, the plate is immersed in a
direat Pyramid of Meypt. 2: uwesds ss Mescvkns ree. 478
mathedral of Gtrasshorg, 02 eas eva con c,h 465
solution of 1 part of caustic potassa, 10 parts of water,
pathedral of Vienna, ..<,-fcvetns vaas.. oevas fonts and 90 parts of alcohol. After a few minutes the
ee. 452
een Pauw st-olib, ee eereesker se cee eee 433 varnish film is much softened, and can be washed
Srevitol, Wighington .. css oy cesec thee eee
288 entirely off by rinsing the plate with alcohol. The
mpire of the Invalides) /.8 eC ee Sea « Brel
plate can then be intensified or reduced like one
The tower is designed, in the mind of its projectors,
A ONE THOUSAND FOOT TOWER. _| that has never been varnished,
*. -— ,-
 AprRIL, 1886. | Scientific Ameviewm | ea
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TH E CATHEDRAL OF GRANADA—THE PERDON DOORWAY.—FROM A DRAWING BY ANTONIO HEBERT.
THE CATHEDRAL OF GRANADA. the completion of his great work. Over a hundred | at whose corners appear little faces from between this-
A good idea of the architectural beauties presented years elapsed before it was finished. tle leaves ; the magnificent frieze and the shaaed eb
by some of the old Spanish churches may be gathered We have in this design the variety and profusion of | nice of its entablature; the grand shield of arms varved
from an examination of the picture of the Perdon en- adornments which are so characteristic of the Renais on the two salient pillars; the delicate niowortions of
trance or doorway of the Cathedral of Granada, here- sance. The elegant arches adorned with the richest |the second division, which give character to the Sources
with presented, and for which we are indebted to La mouldings; the figures of Justice and Faith, which sus- | of Moses, of David, and the Eternal Father=all that
Tlustracion Espanola. The first stone of this great tain a Latin inscription, written by the confessor of |Syloe left complete—contribute to render this work one
edifice was laid March 15, 1529, with solemn ceremonies. Queen Isabella; the airy columns that rise at the sides, |of the most faultless creations of ornamental architeo-
The architect was Diego de Syloe ; he died long before | girdled with floral wreaths and crowned with capitals, |ture,
 “170
COMMON SENSE WATER FRONT TUBULAR BOILER,
H. B. Beach & Son, of Hartford, Conn., are the sole
manufacturers of this boiler, which was patented
G. H. Rheutan, and possesses many new features.
The water front, being a part of the boiler, extends
downward at the front about four inches below the
grate bars, forming a support independent of the brick
walls; and also forms the front end of the furnace,
doing away with the castings and brickwork commonly
used, and reducing the thickness from sixteen inches
(and in many instances twenty-four) to six inches,
securing this part fully against all possible chance of
burning out, and making it easier to feed and clean
fires.
It adds heating surface to the boiler, collects the
sediment and loose scale, which, in plain boilers, is de-
COMMON SENSE WATER FRONT TUBULAR BOILER.
posited upon the plates over the fire, causing them fre-
qently to burn and erack.
The currents of circulation within carry the deposit
forward, where it falls through, the opening into the
water front, from which it is easily and quickly re-
moved by opening the blow valves for a few seconds
- daily, practically making this boiler nearly, if not quite,
self-cleaning.
The removal of deposit not only protects the boiler
from injury, but effects a saving in fuel by enabling it
to maintain its evaporative efficiency the same as when
new; itis also of the greatest importance as to safety
and economy, over 33 per cent of the defects found in
steam boilers being caused by sediment deposited upon
the plates, which could not be removed between
periods allowed for cleaning.
An important feature, not seen in other boilers, is the
location of the hand hole at the front end, outside and
below the smoke box, thereby avoiding the dampness
and consequent corrosion at the bottom of the smoke
box, giving a better view of the interior, and all the
access necessary beneath the tubes for thorough in-
spection and cleaning.
The cast iron front is secured to the boiler, which,
resting on three stands independent of all walls, en-
tirely obviates any displacement of the same from the
expansion of the boiler.
Altogether, there are many excellent features about
this boiler and setting which render its general careand
control very convenient! and economical; em-
bodying, as it does, most of the good features of
others, together with those peculiarly its own,
it can be relied upon to give satisfaction.
A large number of these boilers are in use
by many of the prominent manufacturing
establishments, particularly in New England,
and the firm of H. B. Beach & Son, as succes-
sors of the Woodruff & Beach Iron Works,
are noted for the good quality of their work.
—_—__— +8 oe
THE USES OF CORRUGATED TUBING.
We present to our readers an illustration of
corrugated tubing, which is manufactured, by
an improved process, by the Wainwright Man-
ufacturing Company, Nos. 65 and 67 Oliver
Street, Boston, Mass.
By this process, which has been perfected
after a long series of experiments, it is claimed
that corrugated tubes, both spiral and annu-
lar, of even thickness throughout, are pro-
duced, while perfect freedom of expansion and
éontraction is provided without causing any
strain upon the joints and connections, which
suffer so severely where plain tubes or cylinders
are used. In steam boilers, for instance, and
in similar mechanical constructions, subject to
severe alternations of temperature in their
various parts, the unequal strain to which these
parts are continually exposed is one of the prime
causes of their rapid deterioration; so much so, that
mechanics have learned by costly experience that
one of the most difficult problems to contend with is
the fitting of steam and water pipes so that they shall
successfully withstand the alternations of expansion and
contraction. The remedy for this evil has been over-
come by giving to tubes, cylinders, ete., employed in
the class of structures above designated, the corrugated
Srientific American. [APRIL, 1886.
form, whish gives an enormous increment of strength, so STANLEY’S PATENT FLOOR PLANE,
thatits ability to resist collapse from external pressure The universal testimony of carpenters is that no
by or bursting from internal pressure is increased as much more laborious or painful work comes to them in
as five times when compared with a plain tube or eylin- the whole range of their business than that of plan-
der of the same thickness and average diameter. The ing floors. No advantage can be taken of this sort
reason for this will be readily seen when it is considered of work; the workman must get right down to it,
that the corrugated form presents a succession of and work ina strained and unnatural position.
arches, which theory and practice agree in demonstrat- A tool has been recently offered in market which
ing to be the best disposition of material to secure its will materially lessen the discomfort of the mechanic
greatest resisting powers. while planing floors; and it is claimed that by its
These facts have a very important bearing when ap- use more and better work can be done than formerly,
plied to steam boiler construc-
tion. The great increase of
strength derived from the
adoption of the corrugated
form, when applied to the
construction of the furnaces
and tubes of steam generators,
permits of the use of a thinner
tube or cylinder, which in
turn permits of the more
rapid transmission of heat
from the fire to the water,
which means economy of fuel
and an improved evaporative
duty.
It is apparent that where
the same principle of con-
struction is applied to struc-
tures designed for cooling or
condensing purposes, an equi-
valent increase in efficiency
will be obtained over that STANLEY'S PATENT FLOOR PLANE,
realized by the use of plain
surfaces for tubes or cylinders, due to the increased with less outlay of strength. The weight of the plane
surface given by the corrugation. is about ten pounds, thus requiring no pressure
Where the corrugated form for tubes and furnaces is downward while it.is being worked. The entire
applied to steam boilers, there are other advantages be- length of the handle is forty-five inches, and the grip
sides those enumerated above. These consist in the can be adjusted to any desired position, the same as
fact that the life duration and safety of such structures on a scythe-snath.
are notably increased. These results are reached, first, The Stanley Rule and Level Company, of New
from the fact that the corrugated form of construction Britain, Conn., manufacture the floor plan2, but it
provides such a degree of flexibility to the internal can be had of hardware dealers generally.
parts as to afford effectual provision against the strain- SS, ee
ing of the various members of the structure by their Fire from Steam Pipes.
unequal expansion and contraction. Thus, all strains It was asserted with confidence by the fire chiefs, a
from the heads of boilers are removed, the leakage of their fall convention at Long Branch, that steam pipes
joints and fracture of connections are substantially had been known to be the direct cause of a number of
done away with. Also, the transverse expansion and disastrous fires. The evil, in their estimation, was
contraction of the corrugated members is affirmed to sufficiently grave to deserve attention from all muni-
prevent the deposition of adherent scale and sediment. cipal authorities. Experience in different parts of the
It appears, therefore, reasonably certain, from the country seemed to confirm their statement, with the
above considerations, that the adoption of the corru- one exception of Baltimore. In that city one of the
gated form for the tubes and furnaces of steam boilers commercial sheets has denied such an effect of steam
must assure such structures greater strength, greater heating, and questions whether a single authentic case
evaporative efficiency, a longer life duration, and of a fire caused by steam pipes can be brought forward.
greater safety. This has naturally raised a controversy, in which one
The introduction of corrugated tubes and surfaces side asserts the existence of overwhelming proof, and
for the purposes above named, and for others that will the other ridicules their belief in such fables. It is
occur to thoughtful minds, marks a distinetive advance usually hard to satisfy one’s self of the real cause of a
in the arts, and the improved process for its produc- fire, since there are so many possible ones; but such
tion which the Wainwright Manufacturing Company evidence as we have seems to clearly indicate that
is operating appears to possess substantial merits, and steam pipes not only can, but have produced very
to be worthy of the attention of engineers and others serious conflagrations. When timber is brought in con-
tact with hot pipes, and particularly in inclosed
spaces, it becomes extremely dry, and finally
charred. If air be suddenly admitted, such
timber is very apt to burst into flames, its
thorough dryness rendering it dangerously in-
flammable. Experiments conducted by Mr.
Damrell, in which these conditions were pre-
sent, gave just such a result. A state of affairs
producible at will is possible by accident, and
the same result must follow. In‘this case, the
requisite conditions are very apt to be unin-
tentionally fulfilled, for a steam pipe is ordi-
narily put out of sight whenever possible, and,
to economize space, is permitted to come in
contact with anything that may cross its path.
As far back as the early part of 1880, Mr.
Edward Atkinson gave us a number of in-
stances in which heated pipes were the direct
cause of fire. Two or three of these cases
may be recalled, as they are so much to the
point. A steam pipe which ran across a yard,
in a wooden box, was surrounded with fine
charcoal, as being a good non-conductor of
heat. Within twelve hours, the charcoal was
in a state of vigorous combustion. At another
time, a pipe carried through asill in contact
CORRUGATED TUBING. with the wood was sufficient to cause combus-
tion within less than twelve months. Coming
interested in this department. The company above from so high an authority, this evidence has the weight
named are producing, by their patented process, corru- of conviction, and can searcely gain anything by being
gated boiler tubes, cylinders, furnaces, surface or ma- multiplied.
rine condenser tubes, economizer tubes, stationary or a
locomotive heater tubes, radiators, expansion joints, Fires resulting from burning oil are inextinguish-
ete. In addition, they are applying their product to able with water, but may readily be smothered by
several patented specialties in which the use of corru- throwing flour upon the burning oil. If clothing is
gated tubing is animportant element. These tubes are set on fire by spilling oil or by the bursting of a
sold at a price which enables them to compete success- lamp, a handful of flour thrown immediately may be
fully with plain tubing for all uses. the means of quenching the flames and saving life.
a

APRIL, 1886.] Scientific American, 171

VULCANIZED INDIA-RUBBER FOR MECHANICAL AND
In addition to belting, endless aprons, and blankets ployed is made of the best quality of long fiber cotton,
MANUFACTURING PURPOSES, for printing and lithographic purposes, deckle straps, and is specially manufactured for the purpose. More
The introduction of rubber as a material for the hose, gaskets, rubber covered rollers, valves, and than ordinary care is required in the manufacture of
manufacture of belting, hose, packing, and other tubing, a large number of specialties are manufac- hose for fire purposes, and a special effort has been
mechanical purposes has proved a great advantage to tured, such as air brake apparatus, tennis soling, made to produce one which will satisfy all the require-
the manufacturing interests of this country. Like all carriage springs, washers, diaphragms, dental rubber, ments. The Excelsior brand has now been in use
new things, it had, at first, to make its way against and, infact, so many others that one can hardly ven- both in this country and abroad for many years. In
considerable opposition, and was accepted with cau- addition to hose made of rubber, with duck insertion,
tion by manufacturers. When once tried, however, it the company manufactures cotton and linen hose, rub-
was soon appreciated, and its use extended from year
to year. When the industry first started, its subse-
quent development was not foreseen by even the most

SQUARE PISTON PACKING. ROUND PISTON PACKING.

ture to continue a list which, to be complete, would

include some part of the apparatus of nearly every in-
dustry known.
The works of the company are now the largest in
the world devoted to the production of rubber goods
for mechanical and manufacturing purposes. Their
product has gained an enviable reputation for its
RUBBER BELTING. ELEVATOR BELTS.

enthusiastic advocates of the new material. One of ber lined, now extensively used for fire and other
the earliest firms to embark in the business was the purposes,
Roxbury Rubber Company, which, nearly sixty years ENDLESS BLANKETS AND APRONS, The rubber covered rollers, made under Mr.
ago, began the manufacture of rubber goods in a com- Forsyth’s patents, have been largely applied.in a great
paratively small way, in what was then the town of Rox- strength, finish, and durability. For machine belting many industrial operations. From their non-corrosive
bury, but which is nowa part of the city of Boston. Even the vuleanized rubber gives a uniforinity of width character, they have been used to great advantage in
at this early date the product of the company included and thickness not possible with leather. It has also pressing water, dyes, acids, and other reagents from
the advantage of being uninfluenced by a high heat
or intense cold, by dryness or moisture. In addition,
its cost is considerably below that of leather. The
elevator belts, of rubber and cotton duck, are made
WIRE-WOUND HOSE,

yarns and fabrics. This quality has also made them

SEAMLESS DECKLE STRAPS FOR PAPER MILLS. available in paper and other mills, where it is essential
that the materials should pass through the rolls with-
in all sizes from one inch to six feet in width and any out the least contamination or discoloration.
desired thickness. They are one of the specialties by Under many circumstances it is highly desirable to
which the company is best known. They are have a flexible tubing which will be available for suc-
stretched by Mr. James B. Forsyth’s patent process, tion purposes. Formerly it was necessary to use rigid
and finished with a smooth metallic rubber surface.
They are now largely in use in grain and other ele-

RUBBER CONDUCTING HOSE.

a large variety of goods, though particular attention ||MANUF

BY THE
has always been given to the manufacture of rubber
belting for agricultural, railway, and other purposes.
The increased demand for goods of this character com- :|
pelled the company from time to time to enlarge its 1
|
SUCTION HOSE ON SPIRAL, FLAT, OR ROUND TINNED STEEL WIRE.

|||i
plant; and though remaining always in its first chosen
localitv of Roxbury, it has changed its official title to vators and in mills of all kinds. Endless belts, va-
rying in length from 400 to 425 feet, are also made by
< the same company. Imperial and extra stitched
SEAMLESS STITCHED BELTING.
BOSTON belting is another specialty, which has been manu-
factured for the past twenty years. In the manufac- tubing, as rubber, unless impracticably thick and hard,
ture of this belting, the plies of coated duck are tho- would collapse, and be of no use. For this purpose the
Boston Belting Company manufacture several tubes
which are perfectly flexible, and at the same time capa-
ble of withstanding a strong external pressure without
altering their cross section. The walls are stiffened
and strengthened by a spirally wound flat or round

STEAM PACKING,
PATENT ‘‘SMOOTH BORE” RUBBER SUCTION HOSE.

the Goodyear Manufacturing Company, and again, roughly united and stretched. Before putting on the
whena charter of incorporation was obtained, to its outside or cover, fhe plies are stitched together
present name, the Boston Belting Company. The with strong cotton cord, the stitches being about an
great variety of uses to which vulcanized rubber may inch apart, and so put in that they cannot wear off.
be put is well shown in the accompanying illustrations The outside rubber or cover is then put on seamless,
representing some of the goods manufactured by this so that it cannot open, and the beltis again stretched
one company.
COTTON FIRE HOSE LINED WITH RUBBER,

tinned steel wire, which is entirely embedded in the

SUCTION HOSE FOR STEAM FIRE
The development of an industry from such small be- and
ginnings toone of such magnitude is always a history
of interest. In the present case, it has been accom-
plished by constant experimentation. Much of the
machinery has been invented and perfected by the
company itself. A large corps of skillful workmen has
been necessary to accomplish this development, and
rubber, thus giving a perfectly smooth bore, and at
the same time preventing any action on the wire by
water or other fluids. This also prevents all clogging
ENGINES.
or displacement by internal pressure when used in con-
SUCTION HOSE ON SPIRAL SPRING BRASS WIRE.
nection with hydrants, as is likely to occur to any suc-
vuleanized, making a solid and compact body. tion hose not made with smooth bore.
The endless belts are manufactured in the same way.
The manufacture of vuleanized rubber hose for fire,
steam, air, suction, and other uses has been greatly
improved. As now produced it affords strength, firm-
ness, and flexibility, while it is not affected by or-

Sh
=
i} sa
j BOSTON BE G COMPANY
ee

RUBBER COVERED ROLLER. LINEN FIRE HOSE LINED WITH RUBBER.

enable it to produce goods of such varied character. The works of the Boston Belting Co. are stilllocated
GASKETS AND RINGS.
Each year has added a number of articles to the already in the Roxbury District. The office and store are at
long list of those which are advantageously made of dinary extremes of temperature. It never requires 222 to 226 Devonshire Street, Boston, with a branch at
rubber. This has been particularly the case during oiling, like leather, and is much less in price. 70 Reade St., N. Y. The officers of the company are:
the past few years, when so many unique industries are The rubber used in the Excelsior Fire Hose is the Mr. Jas. B. Forsyth, manufacturing agent and general
springing up on all sides, and demand accessories of best quality of fine Para, and is carefully washed and manager; Mr. I. P. T. Edmands, Treasurer; and the
such great variety. thoroughly seasoned before it is used, The duck em- Hon, E, 8, Converse, President,
 172 Scientific American, [AprRIL, 1886.
Discovery of a New Nebula by Photography. [as a notable example of the complete carelessness pos- were taken to avoid them. Now, however, they have
MM. Paul and Prosper Henry have recently an-) sible in this direction, that the handsome residence of been so well illustrated, together with the large possi-
nounced the discovery by means of photography of a a neighbor got on fire three times within one month, bilities of defectiveness in flues and chimneys, by a
pew nebula in the Pleiades. It was first photo- and that on each oceasion the narrowly escaped de- very complete list of catastrophes, that an intelligent
graphed on November 16 last, and, though it was struction was directly traceable to defective construc- builder—by which we mean not only the man who
again photographed on December 8 and 9, MM. Henry tion. In the first instance, fire was due to wood placed builds a house, but the man who has it built as well
have as yet been unable to detect it by direct tel- in connection with a steam boiler, and in the other —must keep this experience in mind, and see that
escopic observation. The nebula is about 3’ in extent two cases was caused by joists or beams brought in none of these fatal conditions is repeated in his own
and ‘‘tres-intense.” It presents a well marked spiral contact with chimneys when the house was built. In structure.
form, and seems justto escape Maia. Its position is these cases sufficient heat reached the timbers to cause With twenty-seven recognized causes of fire, and
as follows: R. A. 3h. 88m. 578., Decl. 24° 1'N. The ignition. any number besides, not classified, there are not a few
question is sometimes asked, Which is the most sensi- There are many buildings in all parts of the coun- otherwise careful persons who despair of the value of
tive to light—the human eye or the photographic try to-day wherea little hotter fire than usual in furnace precautions, and trust the whole matter to fate
plate? This discovery seems to indicate the superior or grate will do just the same thing. Every house- and a heavy insurance. The wisdom of providing
sensibility of the chemical plate. holder should assure himself that no such danger men- funds necessary for rebuilding is certainly commend-
0 oe aces his own home or warebouse. Continued contact able; but aside from any economic reasons why valu-
DESIGN FOR A SUMMER GARDEN HOUSE. of wood with hot brickwork or heated currents of air ables should not be permitted to be thus quietly con-
Our engraving, for which we are indebted to Archi- will eventually cause combustion, There is but one sumed, those who have gone through the ordeal of a
tektonische Rundschau, illustrates a much admired remedy, and that is to remove the conditions. If a fire, at either home or place of business, know that

t SDeinhausecra,
ox Bayr Landes Uusstellang *
xu Miirnberg 1282.

-> —

DESIGN FOR SUMMER HOUSE.—BY PROF. C. SCHICK, KARLSRUHE.

design for a summer refreshment house or casino, building is already erected, and these fire traps care- there are many things for the loss of which insurance
by Professor C. Schick, of Karlsruhe. fully concealed, it is a difficult matter to get at the is but a poor compensation.
+ 2
source of danger and see that it is removed; but the ——_____+0+e—________
difficulty is much less than that of starting anew when Combustion of Copper and Nitrogen.
The Origin of Fires,
fire has carried off the household goods or destroyed A curious phenomenon has been observed by M.
In speaking of the origin of fires, Dr. Nichols states the ‘‘ plant ” of a well established industry. Blondlot, and communicated to the French Academy
that present investigations show that the number of But while spontaneous combustion, being impersonal of Sciences. <A disk of platinum and a disk of copper,
fires attributable to incendiarism is much less than is and therefore without the ability for defense, has had 0°03 meter in diameter, were fixed vertically in front of
generally supposed. Spontaneous combustion is a great many sins laid to its door by builders whose each other by help of two platinum stands. The disks
another cause which has heretofore been brought for- volubility exceeded their carefulness, this peculiar pro- were 3 or 4 millimeters apart, and both were placed in-
ward on a great inany occasions, when the real trouble cess of slow oxidation has still a heavy account against side a bell jar of porcelain, open below. The apparatus
has been in defective or careless construction. While it in the list of fire losses. In one instance, recalled by was then heated red hot for three hours, by means of a
dwelling houses in the United States are burning at the same writer, a dwelling house caught fire by the gas furnace, and although there was no eleetrie current
about the rate of oneevery hour, and mills, hotels, stores, spontaneous ignition of sawdust placed between it was found that the face of the platinum disk was
and barns are vanishing in proportion, it is worth the kitchen floors as a sound deadener. The sawdust blackened with,a deposit containing copper and plati-
consideration of every householder to know whether alone was safe enough, but when it became saturated num. In short, the copper had crossed from the cop-
his own premises are inviting destruction from fire, or with oil from the polishing of the floor above, new con- per plate to the platinum one. M. Blondlot, by re-
‘ whether they are reasonably secure from the ruin ditions prevailed. The sawdust heated rapidly from peating the experiment in different gas, found that the
brought by that element. In the fire tables of 1884, in- the absorption of oxygen by the oil. The temperature nitrogen of the air was the agent in this transport of
cendiarism is placed at the top of a list of some twenty- speedily rose to such a point that ignition occurred, matter. The nitrogen combines with the copper, and
seven causes. Next in this fatal list comes defective and flame burst through into the room. For many lodges on the platinum, either incorporating itself
flues, but it is questionable whether they have been years the conditions favorable to spontaneous combus- with the latter or decomposing in contact with it under
given the rank they deserve. Dr. Nichols mentions tion were so imperfectly known that no precautions the influence of its high temperature.
 AprIL, 1886.| Scientific American, ae}
173
DESIGX FOR A MONUMENT, BY KLOTZ. Switching by Horse Power, with engines, what is lost in speed being gained in sav-
One of the most talented and promising of all the The Berlin Direction of the Prussian State Railroads ing of travel and of delays caused in communicating be-
sculptors in the Vienna school is E. Klotz. He is dis-
|has found it advantageous to use horses for switching tween the brakemen and the enginemen.
tinguished in the study of antiquity, the influence of
|toa very considerable extent instead of engines. At At this particular station three to five horses are used
which is most agreeably shown in his creations. This
the Mochbein station, near Breslau, there is a system in local freight switching, which was formerly also done
monument, of which we present a picture, is one of of 19 parallel switching tracks, ranging in length of by the switch engines, so that six horses take the place
his best works. A task that has often been put be-standing room from 600 to 2,200 ft. These were cross- of one engine. The six horses cost $9.45 per day, in-
fore one is satisfactorily solved by simple means, artist-
connected by switch crossings, and 14 of them ran out cluding drivers and harness, while an engine, inelading
ically used. at the east end into a pull-out-track, and at the west
First of all the appearance of the monu- repairs and train hands, costs $10.
ment itself is uncommonly pleasing; from ,whichever end all connected with a gravity switching track rising This apparently does not take into account the in-
side one views it, the effect is always good. from the yard 1 in 100. The switches run over froin the
The sor- terest on the cost of the engines, while the cost of the
rowful woman’s figure shows the greatest animation. gravity track were all operated from one point by levers horse traffic is the actual hire of the animals and of the
One notices a concealed sorrow in the beautiful fea- and at the foot of the gravity track was a signal mast, men employed with them, Further elements favorable
tures of her face, which is turned upward toward with arms by which the switch tender could be shown to horses which cannot be stated in figures are the less
heaven. The drapery surrounding her limbs is pleas-! which track was wanted. l wear and tear of rolling stock, and the saving to rails
ing in its style. The pure- and switches, by avoiding
ly ornamental element of engines; and also the much
the monument, namely, safety greater to all em-
the urn covered over with ployes concerned.
palm branches that sur- Even if in our large
round it, harmonizes beau- yards, owing to the high
tifully with the whole. cost of labor, horses’
The work is the fruit of switching should not ap-
thorough ability, of an pear profitable, there can
earnest endeavor to reach be little doubt, says The
the highest aim of art by Railroad Gazette, that it
the purest means, and this would be much more profit-
endeavor will certainly able to employ horses at
meet with success. many way stations where
vewh Ciieereye a whole train is now held
Roofs that are Made to for the local switching ne-
Last. cessary, to say nothing of
The idea of making a the inconvenience of hav-
roof as solid as the ground ing business await the ar-

beneath one’s feet—a veri- rival of a train, where &

table smoothly paved horse or two would enable

stone floor—is now exem- loading and unloading to
plified in many of the best proceed without break or
examples of recent build- hindrance,
ing in our large cities,
where, on account of the Oldest Habitations in
high cost of land, business America,

structures are carried to a Major Powell, Chief of

height until recently un- the Geological Survey, who
known. has been about a month
In this style of con- in the field, has discovered
struction the T. New in New Mexico, near Cali-
patent system of brick and fornia Mountain, what he
tile roofs has long held a pronounces to be the oldest
leading place, as is abun- human habitation upon
dantly attested by the the American continent.
long list of notable struc- The mountains in this vi-
tures now covered by such cinity are covered with
roofing. For putting on huge beds of lava, in which
this roof over iron beams the prehistoric man and his
and brick arches, or other comrades excavated square
fireproof construction, the rooms, which were lined
masonry is first coated with with a species of plaster
asphaltic roofing cement, made from the lava, and
on which are solidly ce- in these rooms were found
mented four layers of best various evidences of quite
roofing felt, and then the an advanced civilization,
walls, chimneys, and all among them a species of
openings in the roof are cloth made of woven hair
flashed with copper, turn- and a large number of
ing out not less than four pieces of pottery. In the
inches on the felting, and sides of the rooms cup-
up against the wall ten boards and shelves were
inches, or else the copper excavated. In one roon,
is let into the joints of the sticking out of the bare
wall. face of the wall, was a
There are other pro- small branch of a _ tree.
visions for gutters and When this was pulled out,
other details, and then the it was found that there was
brick or tile is laid in best a hollow space behind the
hydraulic cement, there be- wall. Colonel J. H. Ste-
ing here also proper flash- phenson, Major Powell’s
ings atallsideand partition assistant, broke this with
joints. These details are a pick and found a little
somewhat modified when concealed niche, in which
such roofs are to be used was a sinall carved figure
upon a wooden foundation, resembling a man done up
but there is an equal de- in a closely woven fabric,’
gree of thoroughness in so DESIGN FOR A MONUMENT. BY KLOTZ. which with the touch of
making the bed for the the hand turned to dust.
laying of the brick or tile, It was blackened and erisp,
and protecting all joints, that the roof will have the For serving this yard up to 1881 four switching engines like the mummy cloths of Egypt. Im all, some sixty
same essential elements of solidity and indestructi- were used, two by day and two at night, which were groups of these lava’ villages were found, there being
bility. able to work at breaking up trains from both ends, the twenty houses in each group. The evidences of civili-
The Equitable Life Insurance Building, on Broad- western one being helped out by the gravity track, 25 zation were similar, but removed by their crudity and
way, where the U. 8. Government has its signal office cars being pulled up at once until they cieared the end want of skill a good deal from the articles found in the
for New York city, has for many years had this style switch 600 feet, which sufficed to give the necessary cliff houses.—Santa Fe New Mea.
of roof, and the company has arranged for putting it speed for setting them in upon the desired track. te
on the large extension they are now building. This This arrangement worked well, but in 1881 an attempt
style of roofing is also used on the New York Stock made to handle the business with horses convinced the THE editorof the Electric World thinks it would
and Produce Exchange buildings, the Mills Building, authorities that they were the cheaper motor, and the bring disgrace upon the science which his paper es-
the Metropolitan Opera House, the new Potter build- work has been done since then with 10 horses by day pouses by substituting electricity in place of the gallows
ing (on the site where the SclENTIFIC AMERICAN for- and 10 by night. Five horses work together in break- for executions, which view some papers are beginning
merly had its offices), and in like manner on the most ing up a train, and single ones do the distribution. No again to advocate. By all means, says the electrical
substantial structures in other cities, further particu- care is taken to run the cars together on the tracks where editor, let us maintain electricity popular in every re-
lars in regard to which will be furnished on applica- they belong, this being left to the line engine which is spect, and let its death-dealing qualities be the subject
tion to Mr, T. New, No. 32 John Street, New York to take them out. rather of cautionary measures than of practical appli-
city, It takes about the same time to switch with horses as cation,
 174 Scientific American. [ApriL, 1886:

Scientific American,
A COUNTRY RESIDENCE. To New Subscribers,
BRUCE PRICE, ARCHITECT. All new subscribers can, if they desire, be supplied
The handsome residence of which we give a colored with the back numbers of this paper, which extend to
ESTABLISHED 1845.
lithographic illustration with this issue is now in November, 1885, when the first number was issued.
course of erection on a choice spot at Englewood, a The subscription price is $1.50 a year.
MUNN &.CO., Editors and Proprietors,
favorite locality, in New Jersey, for houses of this kind. The November number includes two plates in colors
No. 361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. The designs are from the pencil of the well known and «sheet of details, illustrating a cottage, by O. P.
oO. D. MUNN. A. E. BEACH. and successful architect, Mr. Bruce Price, of No. Hatfield, architect.
West 23d Street, New York city, under whose superin- The December number includes two plates in colors
NEW YORK, APRIL, 1886. tendence the whole of the work is being carried out. and a sheet of details, illustrating a cottage, by John
The materials used are local stone, with bricks and tiles E. Baker, architect.
THE of a clear red color. The January number includes a large double plate
As an effective design in the favorite English domes- in colors and sheet of details, illustrating a block of
Scientific American, tie style, the drawings we publish will prove useful and New York city houses, by Lamb & Rich, architects.
suggestive to our readers, while the details of the in- The February number includes two plates in colors
ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS EDITION. terior work cannot fail to be of interest. The ele- and a sheet of details, illustrating country stores and
vation of the house has many suggestive points. Take, dwellings, by Frederick B. White, architect.
This is a Special Trade Edition of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, issued for instance, the block on the right hand of the illus- The March number includes two plates in colors and
Monthly—on the first Saturday of the month
tration, consisting of the group formed of the library, a sheet of details, illustrating two different cottages,
It goes directly into the hands of those who have the ordering of the great
bulk of Building Materials and Appliances, namely, the Architects, Builders, drawing and sitting rooms, and we have an elevation by John E. Baker, architect.
Constructing Engineers, and Contractors. almost complete in itself, which would form an excel- The April number includes a large plate in colors
It has the largest circulation of any Architectural or Building paper in
the world.
lent basis for the design of the elevation of a smaller and a sheet of details, illustrating a large country
An Increase of Trade will necessarily accrue to all Manufacturers house, the treatment of the gable and the general house, by Bruce Price, architect.
and Dealers whose establishments are conspicuously represented in this arrangement of the bracketed window being particu- _ These illuminated plates are executed in the finest
important edition of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
larly effective. The handsome window in the center style, and their value is far in excess of the subseription
TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION:
of the house, lighting the main hall and staircase, with price of the paper. °
For Architects and Builders Edition of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, $1.50
ayear. In Clubs, four copies for $5.00. Single Copies, 15 cents each.
its substantial transoms and mullions, and treatment + a
By mail to foreign countries, $2 a year. of terra-cotta panels on the floor line, forms another
Sold by all Newsdealers. interesting and attractive feature. Architect’s Level.
MUNN & CO., Publishers,
361 Broapway, New York. Coming to the interior of the house, it will be seen The Architect’s and Builder’s Level manufactured
that the arrangement of the rooms and general plan- by Messrs. Keuffel & Esser, and described in our March
CONTENTS
ning have been wellconsidered. The large hall makes issue, is not, we find, a new departure.
an imposing appearance, and the rooms are all of a The Messrs. Gurley, of Troy, N. Y., have been manu-
Of the April number of the ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS EDITION
of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. conveniently large size. In our illustrations a slight facturing a very similar instrument, and have had it
difference exists between the plans and the elevation on the market for the past ten or eleven years. The
(Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.)
in the position of the bow window in the library. Since levels of both makers enjoy such an enviable reputa-
Accidents in coal mines, prize House at Sevenoaks*
for best method of preventing 190 India rubber, vuleanized*. the execution of the drawing from which our colored tion that, with the price identical, it would hardly be
Bodstead, adjustable double*.... 163 | Island, new,in the South Se. 188
Biocks, ornamental pressed wood*l66 | Level, architects’..........- so je illustration was taken, it was found more convenient possible for us to claim superiority for either instru-
Biood, coagulation of.............. 190 |Lincrusta-Walton*... .......s.0s5 190
Boiler, common sense water Machine, new power pipe cul- to build the bow upon. the BEporite corner, as shown ment, without unjustly ignoring the merits of the
fropt, trbular® cc. ..spessenscrens ting and threading*........... 184
Burgtheater in Vienna, new*..... Monument, design for a*......... 173 upon the plan. other.
Business and personal... Mulein plant, the...............+- 190
The finish of the joinéry and trimmings throughout SS
Cathedral of Granada*... Nebula, new, discovery of, by
Commode, disinfecting, photography’... facsscsss. seewn 172
Concerning ourselves.... New books and publications..... 185 is ona scale to accord with the quiet elegance of the Oil Fuels,
Cc ppd and nitrogen, combustion
jeea cll oy oa ee anemeewenennen an 172
Notes and queries..............0+5
| Paint and varnish, Wheeler’s...
185
166 exterior, being all executed in polished oak, richly
Ccfieash window, wear of*.......... 166 | Patent, a fortune for adccssweeeee 163 moulded’and carved. The mantels and other details The current year is likely to witness the rapid devel-
Death, sudden, causes of. .. 163 | Pipes,com posite clinker concrete 184
Dentistry, prehistoric... Plane, floor, Stanley’s patent*... 170 of which we give illustrations are of attractive design, opment of the use of liquid hydrocarbons as fuel—ex-
Drainage, house* Plow, cultivator and harrow,
Drains, smoke testing of. combined* and will form an example of the general finish of the perimental trials having given most encouraging re-
Draw-knife, folding and adjust | Railway, Hoboken inclined ee
able handle* .[52...323550.. Weer s 68 | Residence, country, a ......+..+. 74 interior. sults. I have already referred to liquid fuel in the
Drier, Jumper" <. <5 asset eesase as 163 | Rhododendron, the..........-...++
165
Earth, axial change of the........ 163 |Roofs that are made to last.. 173 It is calculated that the cost of the whole of the work, form of tar, which has been applied in various ways
when completed, will amount to about seventy-five since the introduction of gas lighting; but the liquid
Earth in the stable .. 177 | Sash lock, Farquhar’s burglar
Enamel, cardboard.............-4+ 184 proof* . 166
Engines. gas, pumping, improve-
MONG UES iis. cena cease 184
Saw set, spring hammer*......
|Screw driver, Pratt’s multifor! thousand dollars. fuel of the future will be oil, of which there appears to
Exhibition, Brussels national*.... 178
Factories, cheap method of heat=
| Silk, American, manufacture. .
Spring, Moseley reversed pres-
8 be an inexhaustible supply. Large as are the oil wells
ing.
Fire from steam pipes
190
. 170
sure door and gate*.
| Switching by horse power..
CONCERNING OURSELVES. of America, they sink into comparative insignificance
BUres, OTIQM UAE, we ceases g-eiieesh => 172
Flooring felt and roofing, asbes-
| To new subscribers........+++
‘Tower, a one thousand foot*
174
168
Perhaps our readers will be interested to learn how compared to'the immense reservoirs existing and be-
tos'
Gas, natural, at Pittsburg*..
. 188
164
|Trellis for garden crops*...
| Tubing, corrugated, uses ‘Of*
163
170
we are progressing and what is the promise for the ing opened out in Russia, where springs have been
Glass, stained, manufacture, im- Valves and hydrants, Chapnya: 167 future. tapped which yield 2,000 to 4,800 tons per diem, and
prov Gmient (*..c.caesveecases 17 7 Violet, steamer. .....c002.cc0ese0~>
Habitations, oldest, in America.. 17 3 | Wood, finishing and filling........
Wood, fossil, of the West........ 166
The present issue completes the first half year of this artesian wells spout oil toa height of 200 to 300 feet.
iouse, summer garden, design
for* WwWrenches, combination and ylven special edition of our paper. Its success has surpassed Considered as a fuel, it is, bulk for bulk, superior to
Writing machines, caligraph
expectations; the new and interesting features pre- the best steam coal, with the advantage of perfect con-
sented have been quickly discerned and highly appre- trollability in combustion. Its application to steam-
OTHER PUBLICATIONS. ciated by the public ; as a practical result, we have al- ship boilers has been an undoubted success; and the
ready attained to a very large circulation—far larger system is attracting much attention, and will come to
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN than that of any other publication of the same class ; the front. The apparatus for consuming the oil con-
Weekly, $3.20 a Year; $1.60 Six Months, a valuable advertising patronage is secured; and the sists of a superheating iron or copper coil placed in the
Sixteen large pages elegantly illustrated.
way opened for much prospective usefulness. Our bottom of the furnace, which is covered, after the fire
aim has been to improve upon each successive num- is in full operation, to protect it from too great a heat.
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT ber. The beautiful illuminated plate of a country The combustion chamber is lined with fire brick, simi-
house, by Bruce Price, Esq., which forms one of the lar to a Siemens regenerative furnace. Instarting, the
Is a distinct paper from the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. THE SUPPLE-
MENT is issued weekly. Every number contains 16 octayo pages, uniform supplements to this issue, is an example of the advance coil being uncovered, a small fire is placed on it, and a
in size with the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. $5.00 a Year. we are making. It is considered by judges of the slight spray of water is forced into it froin a tank.
Combined Rates.—The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SUPPLEMENT,
one year, $7.00.
printer’s art to be one of the finest and most artistie This at once generates steam, and starts the oil fire.
The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN (weekly) and ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS productions of the press. No pains or expense will be The steam from the superheater is made to pass
EDITION (monthly), $4 a year.
spared by us to increase the value of successive through an annular space between two tubes (similar
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN (weekly), SUPPLEMENT (weekly), and ARCHI-
TECTS AND BUILDERS EDITION (monthly), $5 a year. numbers, and thus to merit a continuance of the pub- to a gas blowpipe). The inner one contains the oil,
The safest way to remit is by draft, postal order, or registered letter. lic favor. We havé in preparation a large number of which is thus heated on its passage through the tube
Address
elegant plates. Among them, soon to appear, is a pefore it is caught by the steam and blown into the
MUNN & CO., 361 Broadway, corner of Franklin Street, New York.
large plate in colors representing twelve different de- furnace or combustion chamber. After the steam is
signs for country dwellings, each costing about three raised, the coil can be fed from the boiler.
Back Numbers,
thousand dollars. These designs are from photographs From experiments conducted at Oliver’s engineering
At present we are able to supply to new subscribers works, at Chesterfield, the evaporative effects obtained
of buildings actually erected at the above cost. The
the back numbers of this journal from its beginning in show the efficiency of Scotch shale oil (blue oil) work-
variety in the styles of the houses and their pleasing
November last. Each number is accompanied by a ing against Derbyshire coal to be as 2°6 to1. Messrs.
sheet of colored plates and a sheet of details.
appearance as built indicate fidelity and taste on the
part of architects and builders, and prove that Wigham and Richardson have obtained an evaporation
economy of construction and symmetry of proportion of 151g lb. of water in a marine boiler; and the engi-

PATENTS.
may be successfully conjoined. neers of the French Diamond Mining Company report
It will be to us a gratification and encouragement if the average result of their experiments made with a
our readers will take advantage of appropriate occa- ‘* Robey ” boiler at Oliver’s works as 16°3 lb. of water
Messrs. Munn & Co.,, in connection with the publication of the sions to call the attention of their several friends to our evaporated to 1 Jb..of blue oil—a very high duty in-
Scientific American, continue to examine improvements, and to
act as Solicitors of Patents for Inventors.
work, and inyite them to become regular subscribers. deed.—C. E. Jones.
In this line of business they have had forty years’ experience, and have We are at present enabled to supply all the back num- ———— — ——— —
now unequaled facilities for the preparation of Patent Drawings, Specifi- bers complete, and thus to date back subscriptions
cations, and the prosecution of Applications for Patents in the United and supply new subscribers with the whole series, SPEAKING of the rotting of timber, the Builder says:
States, Canada, and Foreign Countries. Messrs. Munn & Co,
colored supplements and plates, at $1.50 a year and
“The Merulius lacrymans is the common wood fungus
~
also attend to the preparation of Caveats, Copyrights for Books, Labels, that destroys nine-tenths of the wood with which we
Reissues, Assignments, and Reports on Infringement of Patents. All 15 cents for single copies. This is by far the most ele-
are acquainted. The reason of it being common to
business intrusted to them is done with special care and promptness, on gant and cheapest publication of the kind ever pre-
very reasonable terms. sented.
new buildings and not to old is that moisture, one of
A pamphlet sent free of charge, on application, containing full inform- EE ee the constituents of its existence, is more present in new,
ation about Patents and how to procure them; directions concerning Dr. PERSIFOR FRAZER, of Philadelphia, has tried green buildings thanin old, dry, seasoned ones. The
Labels, Copyrights, Designs, Patents, Appeals, Reissues, Infringements,
Assignments, Rejected Cases, Hints on the Sale of Patents, etc.
composite photography to the testing of signatures. two prime conditions of its existence are moisture and
We also send, free of charge, a synopsis of Foreign Patent Laws, show- His experiments do not yet insure absolute certainty in heat; if moisture is present without heat, it will not
ing the cost and method of securing patents in all the principal countries discriminating true from forged writing, but it re- grow, and hence its depredations in the winter time
of the world. moves the possible bias of an expert’s testimony, and are unknown. If heatis present without moisture, it
MUNN & CO., Solicitors of Patents,
361 Broadway, New York. allows the photograph to be weighed by the jury and will not grow, and hence ventilation for the passage of
BRANCH OFFICE.—622 F Street, Washington, D. C. court like any other evidence, a current or dry air will prove fatal to its existence,
"Apert, 1886.)
CALIGEAPH WRITING
As late as our Centennial year,
were little used, practically unknown
jority of writers, and were held by
something of them to be mechanical
the great time and labor savers they have since proved
to be.
In fact, the principal development which
4
Scientific American. ws
MACHINES. top of the frame or disk. This hanger also has an ad-| To give a better understanding of the arrangement
writing machines | justing serew to take up the wear, as shown in Fig. 1. |of these faces, and how they appear in the machine, we
to the great ma-| To insure a perfect imprint, the type must strike on| show the top of the caligraph with its carriage tilted
many who knew back—Fig. 5—bringing to view the surface presented to
toys, rather than the type.
The works of this company are fitted up to construct
the machine out of the raw material, and many other
has made interesting processes might have been illustrated. The
American plan of interchangeable parts has been fully

SoU
‘
i

Ea

Byes

,'\ Nn
NW m Ay 4
ue

: ie 4 ‘ An
Pinas
uippye eee Ss
oy eo

TESTING TYPE BARS,

a CARRIAGE TILTED BACK,

TYPE BARS. a flat surface, and to accomplish this a platen (or print-
ing cylinder) has been invented, having a polygonal :
these instruments almost a necessity to writers of the| shape, which presents flat surfaces for the full length |carried out, milling, grinding, automatic, and special
entire world has been made since 1881, when the]of the lines. The platen of rubber is driven across the] machinery being extensively used.
American Writing Machine Among other advantages of
Company, of Hartford, Conn., the caligraph, it writes a longer
introduced the caligraph. line and receives wider paper
Up to that time double ease than any other writing ma-
writing machines were so con- chine, and is made in several
structed as to compel the opera- sizes, some particularly adapt-
tor to shift the carriage by a ed to the work of insurance
gratuitous stroke for capital companies and architects. A
letters and figures; the caligraph variety of types is offered, and
prints each character in both machines are shown for writing
capitals and small letters at a Spanish, Russian, German, and
single finger stroke. other modern languages.
The type bar is one of the most More than ten thousand are in
particular parts, as the ease and daily use all over the world; the
accuracy with which the ma- largest demand for them, how-
chine can be operated depend ever, is in the trade centers of
largely upon the care exercised this country, where they are
in its construction. Perfection the most used and best known.
in this direction seems not to At the World’s Fair of 1885,
have been reached until the new at New Orleans, the caligraph
patented hollow type bar (hav- manufactured by the American
ing an adjustable cone shaped Writing Machine Co. received
bearing to take up wear) was the only medal awarded to
brought out by this company. type bar machines. We here-
This bar is constructed of cold with give a facsimile of the
rolled steel, and is stamped and medal, In 1884 the ealigraph
folded, as shown in Fig. 1. In was also awarded the first pre-
each end is inserted a piece of mium at the following fairs
steel, which is brazed in—see and expositions, namely: Cin-
Fig. 2. The cone shaped bearing cinnati, Philadelphia, San Fran-
is a pivot of Stubs’ steel wire cisco, Toronto, Montreal, Otta-
made perfectly to gauge, by wa, Wheeling, Portland, Bos-
special machinery, caseharden- —(3 ton.
ed and polished. After being © Our limited space prevents us
‘ !
adjusted in the hanger bearing )
om
TN Halttworun” from noticing here the many
\\)—_d us
ein”
they are secured in a working 5 splendid testimonials now in
machine, and run for three- ; possession of the company, re-
quarters of an hour, or until the bearings are perfect. |top of the machine, on casehardened and ground steel] lating to the practical excellence of this remarkable
The operation and construction of this machine is| rods, driven by a spiral spring beneath, applied in such |machine.
shown in Fig. 3. a way that it unwinds but one-seventh of a turn in
driving the platen across the disk, thus making the

RZ
tension on the carriage practically the same at all
points.

|
ih,|
!
i
2 NEW ORLEANS, 1884-85.

7
MONii ai

ilNaame
BRAZING TYPE BARS. GRINDING PRINTING CYLINDERS.

The hanger or bearing for the type bar is made to| We illustrate—see Fig. 4—the operation of the ma-| Further information, with descriptive circulars, may
fit the casehardened pivot, and the top and bottom|chine that automatically grinds these faces on the| be had by addressing the American Writing Machine
milled to,insure being rigidly held in position on the] round hard-rubber cylinder. Co., Hartford, Conn,
 Srientific American.
.

176 [ApriL, 1886.

VALUABLE BOOKS FOR ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, ETc.

Promptly sent, on receipt of the price, by MUNN & CO., 361 Broadway, New York City. a,
A LARGER CATALOGUE OF BOOKS SENT FREE.

Architecture. Burnham,—HISTORY AND USE OF LIME- Hulme.—EXAMPLES FOR FRET CUTTING Tracy.—SANITARY INFORMATION FOR
STONE AND MARBLE. 48 Chromo-lithographs. AND WOOD CARVING. By Edward Hulme, HOUSEHOLDERS. By Dr. Roger 8. Tracy. A
American Cottages.—Consisting of 44 large 392 pages. One 8vo volume, cloth.......... $6.00 F.L.S., F.S.A. Part I. Fret Cutting. Part IT. Hand-book of Facts and Suggestions about Ven- -—
quarto plates, Containing Original Designs of Carving in Relief. Part III. Design. One large tilation, Drainage, Contagious Diseases, Disin-
Medium and Low-cost Cottages, Seaside and Creswell,.—HANDRAILING AND STATRCAS-
ING. A Complete Set of Lines for Handrails by folio volume. 24 Plates, 67 Designs, and full de- fection, etc ........ VWI casts a | -50
Country Houses. Also, a Club House, School
“Squarecut System,” and Full Practical Instruc- scriptive letterpress. Boards,............. $3.00 Tracy.—HAND-BOOK OF SANITARY INFOR-
House, Pavilion, and a small Seaside Chapel, to-
gether with a Form of Specification for Cottages. tions for Making and Fixing Geometrical Stair- Stokes.—CABINET MAKER AND UPHOL- MATION FOR HOUSEHOLDERS. Containing
All in the latest prevailing styles. One large cases. By Frank O, Creswell, of the Liverpool STERER’S COMPANION. By J. Stokes. Ve- facts and suggestions about Ventilation, Drain-
quarto yolame Si i.5 sosse~ ach cies ces cess 5.00 School of Science, Medalist for Geometry. With neering, Inlaying, Lacquering, French Polish, age, Care of Contagious Diseases, Disinfection, w
Mh bau of One Hundred Working Drawings CUO uIaMO.2 ic. ctsecsare Re es $1.25 Foodand Water,with Appendices on Disinfecton;
Architectural Studies,—PART I. 12 designs Clot and Plumbers’ Materials. _By_Roger8. icy,
for Low-cost Houses, This set includes prize de- M.D., Sanitary Inspector, New York City Health
signs for $2,500 houses. Show Elevations, Plans Davidson.—THE AMATEUR HOUSE CAR- Mechanics.
and Details, together with Specifications, Billsof PENTER. A Guidein Building, Making, and Re- Department. One 16mo volume, cloth..... 50
pairing. By E. A. Davidson. 8vo, cloth. $4.00 Grimshaw,.—SAWS. By Robert Grimshaw. Waring.—SANITARY ENGINEERING. By G.
Materials, and Estimates of Cost. In addition to E. Waring. The Drainage of Houses and Towns
the above there are givena number of other de- Davidson.—THE BOY JOINER AND MODEL Action and Comparison of Saws of all kinds.
signs ranging in cost from $500 to $4,000...$1.00 MAKER. By E. A. Davidson. 8vo, cloth. 200 Setting, Swaging, Gumming, Filing, etc...$4.00
PART II. Store Fronts and Interior Details. illustrations... .4 oo. se eee eae aia .$2.50 SUPPLEMENT to aboye, relating to forms of Saw Waring.—DRAINING FOR PROFIT AND
Containing 12 plates of Designs and Details for De Graff.—THE GEOMETRICAL STAIR teeth for special material, etc.............. $2.00 DRAINING FOR HEALTH. By Geo. E. War-
the following classes of stores: Drug Store, Res- BUILDER'S GUIDE. A Plain, Practical System Holly.—SAW FILING. The Art of Saw Filing. ing, Jr. A complete and practical treatise. 12mo,
taurant, Village Shop, Retail 25-ft. Store, Bank of Hand-Railing, hare es 8all its necessary De- With explicit directions for putting in order all cloth. Illustrated $1.5
and Office Finish, Cigar Store, Corner Dry-Goods tails, and Geometrically Illustrated by 22 Steel kinds of Saws, from a Jeweler’s Saw to a Steam
Store, Store Front, basement and first story and Engravings; together with the use of the most Saw Mill. Illustrated by 44 engravings. Third Books of Reference: Dictionaries,
others. Paper portfolio... ..... torteesc. 1.00 approved principles of Practical Geometry. By edition. 18mo, cloth........ ee MEE oF ce 75 Cyclopzedias, and Hand-Books,
PART III. Stables. Containing 12 plates of Simon De Graff. 4to..... ae 6 ated dice beings OR Mechanic’s (Amateur) Workshop.—Giy- Axon.—THE MECHANIC’S FRIEND. A Collec-
Stables suitable for Village lots, ranging in cost De Graff.—EV ERY MAN HISOWN MECHANIC, ing Directions for Working Wood and Metals; tion of Receipts and Practical Suggestions relat-
from $300 upward. Paper portfolio ania oa $1.00 A complete and comprehensive ata toevery de- Casting, Forging, Brazing, Soldering, and Car- ing to Aquaria; Bronzing; Cements; Drawing;
Bicknell’s COTTAGE and VILLA ARCHITEC- scription of Constructive and Decorative Work. ORLY; SYiret et ene cc cr eus ce cueb sce dha $3.00 Dyes; ‘ectricity; Gilding; Glass-working;
TURE.—Containing66 plates (Plates 1-66 W. & B. In three parts. Part_I.—Household Carpentry Rose.—PATTERN MAKING. By Joshua Rose. Glues; Horology; Lacquers; Locomotives; Mag-
Bidgs.), showing Plans, Elevations, Views, Sec- and Joinery. Part IT.—Ornamental and Con- Embracing Lathe, Branch, Core, and Sweep netism; Metal-working; Modeling; Photography ;
tions, and Details of low-priced, medium, and structive Carpentry. Part III1.—Household Build- Work, Gear Construction, and Preparing and Pyrotechny; Railways; Solders ; Steam Engine;
first-class Cottages, Villas, Farm Houses, and ing, Art and Practice. 816 pages, illustrated by Using Tools. 250 Illustrations.... ......... $2.50 Telegraphy; Taxidermy; Varnishes; Water-
Country Seats. Also Specifications for Frame 750 Engravings on Wood. 18vo vol., cloth.$3.50 proofing ; and Miscellaneous Tools, Instruments,
Turning.—SPECIFICATIONS? OF FANCY
and Brick Dwellings, ete. Drawings to Fairbairn —THE APPLICATION OF CAST TURNING EXECUTED ON THE HAND OR Machines, and Processes connected with the
IGRI fio. oe ncsemcnedcvaes
dimestone eee none .36.00 AND WROUGHT IRON TO BUILDING PUR- FOOT LATHE. With Geometric, Oval, and Ec- Chemical and Mechanie Arts. With numerous
Bicknell’s PUBLIC BUILDINGS.—Containing POSES. By Wm. Fairbairn. Fourth Edition, centric Chucks, and Elliptical Cutting Frame. diagrams and woodcuts. Fancy cloth..... $1.50
21 plates (Plates 90-108 and 133-135 Wooden and 8vo, cloth,” Ulnstrated ise. ..c an secesscscs $6.50 By an Amateur. Illustrated by 30 exquisite Buchanan,.—A DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC
Brick Buildings), showing Libraries, Town Hall, Gould,—THE AMERICAN STAIR-BUILDER'S Photographs. Quarto..........0..0.-..0+-- $3.00 TERMS, explaining the Terms used in the Arts,
Masonic Hall, Hotels, Opera House, Court House GUIDE. Illustrated by 32 Original Plates, with Turner’s (The) Companion.—Containing Sciences, Literature, Professions and Trades,
and Railway Stations. including a variety of de- supplement of 5 additional Plates showing a Instructions in Concentric, Elliptic, and Eccen- By W. M. Buchanan. 16mo,cloth. London, 1884.
tails of same. Descriptive Letterpress, ete. Variety of Newels, Balusters, and_ Rails, fully tric Turning; also various plates of Chucks, , $2.40
Drawingsto 8cale.: 25.00. sca. cos se ae eet ue described and drawn to scale. By L. D. Gould. Tools, and Instruments; and Directions for using Clark. -A MANUAL OF RULES, TABLES AND
Bicknell’s SCHOOL HOUSE AND CHURCH One SVO' VOlEMG: LSU. E oa eed 28. $2.50 the Eccentric Cutter, Drill, Vertical Cutter, and DATA FOR MECHANICAL | ENGINEERS,
ARCHITECTURE,.—Containing 23 plates (109-132 Gould.—CARPENTER’S AND RUILDER’S Circular Rest, with Patterns and Instructions for Based on the Most Recent Investigations. Illus-
W. & B. Bidgs.), showing 26 Plans and Elevations ASSISTANT AND WOOD-WORKER’S GUIDE. working them. A new edition in one volume, trated with numerous diagrams. 1,012 pages.
of District, Village, and City School Houses; 25 The Work is intended to combine the Knowledge PETINO Sesmcee seis soatnae trees ace meeaeae deh ces $1.25 8vo. Second edition, Cloth, $5.00; Half Mor-
Plans, Elevations, Views and Sections of medium the Workman requires to construct any design Vaile.—GALVANIZED IRON CORNICE- POCCO Res cease uses ORE SOE EEEOOF Rees $7.50
and low-priced Churches, including a variety of in Carpentry by an easy system of Lines, reduc- WORKER’S MANUAL. Containing Instruc- Cooley’s CYCLOPAIDIA OF PRACTICAL RE-
Miscellaneous Church Details, ete. Designs to ing the Science of Construction to an Agreeable tions in laying out the different miters and mak- CEIPTS. -Designed as a Comprehensive Supple-
oro: $2.50 and Pleasant Occupation, rather than an Un- ing patterns for all kinds of Plain and Circular ment to the Pharmacopoeia, and General Refer-
Bicknell’s STABLES, OUTBUILDINGS, FEN- pleneags Task. By_L. D. Gould, Architect and Work. Also, Tables of Weights, Areas, and Cir- ence Book for the Manufacturer, Tradesman,
CES, and MISCELLANEOUS DETAILS.—Con- ractical Builder. Revised and enlarged edition. cumferences of Circles, and other matter calcu- Amateur, and Heads of Families. 2 volumes, §vo,
taining 24 Plates (136-160 W. & B. Bldgs.), showing Cloth; S¥Oze bau x. « acts sae sinned Fore eee ena $2.50 lated to benefit the trade. By Charles A. Vaile, 1,796 pages...... e eaemeGd ae os ere cua $9.00
16 Plans, Elevations, and Views of Stables, several Hamilton.—A RCHITECT’S and_STAIR- Superintendent ‘Richmond Cornice Works,” Haswell’s ENGINEER’S POCKET-BOOK. By
Outbuildings and Fences, and over 100 Miscella- BUILDER’S TABLES OF TREADS AND Richmond, Indiana. Illustrated by 21 plates. In Charles H. Haswell, Civil, Marine, and Mechani-
neous Details. Also Summer Houses, Seaside RISERS. |This book will be found a convenient ReMeEVOROIIO: GQUATLOsc as crecaciqclehees.
sca 5. cal Engineer. Giving Tables, Rules, and Formu-
Cottages, Boat Houses, Street View of 12 Dwell- and practical reference book. By John A. Hamil- Watson.—TURNING. By E. P. Watson. A las pertaining to Mechanics, Mathematics, and
ings, etc. Elevations and Plans toScale..$2.50 ton. One oblong 16mo, imp., cloth.......... 250 manual of Hand Lathe, for working Woods, Me- Physics, Architecture, Masonry, Steam Vessels,
Bicknell’s STREET, STORE, AND BANK Hatfield.—THE AMERICAN HOUSE CARPEN- tals, Ivory, Bone, Dyeing, Coloring, and French Mills, Limes, Mortars, Cements, etc. 900 pages,
FRONTS.—Containing 22 Plates (Plates 67-89 W. TER. A Practical Treatise on the Art of Build- WOMB ObC. Seiha cass oes Cae iecncetec sees $1.50 leather, pocket-book form...........--+-..- $4.00
& B. Bidgs.), showing 34 designs of Street Fronts ing, comprising Styles of Architecture, Strength Haydn’s DICTIONARY OF DATES. ith Edi-
for Dwellings, Stores, and Banks, including sey- of Materials, Floors, Girders, Trusses, Iron
eral Plates of Details. Drawings to Scale..$2.50 Beams, Tubular Girders, etc., Stairs, Doors, Building Materials. tion. Edited by Benjamin Vincent. Containing
in brief the History of the World, with the Pro-
Brown’s BUILDING TABLE AND ESTIMATE Mouldings, Cornices, etc., with valuable tables. gress of Science and its Applications. A book
BOOK.—By a Practical Mechanic. For Carpen- Eighth edition. Illustrated with engravings and Davis.—BRICKS, TILES, AND TERRA COTTA. crammed full of short solid articles and facts,
photos. By R. G. Hatfield.
1 vol. 8vo, cloth. By Charles T. Davis. A Treatise on the Manu-
ters, Builders,and Lumber Men, One 8vo vol-
facture, and Materials, Tools, Machines, and making one of the completest reference booksin
ume, cloth, Ihe PAGES) a... ccascetes
esse eee $1.50 - $5.00 the language. 8vo, cloth. 800 pages...... $5.00
Hodgson.—PLASTER AND _ PLASTERING, Kilns used. 800 pages, 228 engravings and 6
Brunner,.—COTTAGES; or, Hints on Economi- MORTARS AND CEMENTS. How to make and DINCGM EE Ere eRe AON. Goss cca deat wenecic sate $5.00 Kidder.—THE ARCHITECT AND BUILDER’S
cal Building. Containing 24 Plates of Medium how to use. Being a complete guide for the Gillmore.—REPORT OF THE COMPRESSIVE HAND-BOOK. Containing Original Tables, and
and Low-cost Houses, contributed by different plasterer in the preparation and application of STRENGTH, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, AND RA- Valuable Information for Architects, Builders,
New York architects, together with descriptive all kinds of Plaster, Stucco, Portland Cement, Engineers, and Contractors, fully illustrated
letterpress, giving Practical Suggestions for
TIO OF ABSORPTION OF THE BUILDING
pyernaue Cements, Lime of Tiel, Rosendale and STONES IN THE UNITED STATES, By Ma- with plates. By E.F. Kidder. Putup in pocket-
Cottage Building, Compiled and edited by A. W. other Cements, with useful and practical infor- book form. Morocco flaps. .............- $3.50
Brunner, Architect. And a Chapter on the jor-Gen. Q. A. Gillmore. 8vo,cloth......., $1.00
mation on the Chemistry, Qualities, and Uses of Molesworth-Hurst.—ENGINEER’S POCK-
Water Supply, Drainage, Sewerage, Heating and the various kinds of Limes and Cements. Forty
Gillmore.—ROADS, STREETS, AND PAVE-
MENTS. By Major-Gen. Q. A. Gillmore..$2.00 ET-BOOK. With agreat quantity of useful For-
Ventilation, and other Sanitary bag sad relat- tigures of Ceilings, Centerpieces, Gornices, Pan- mule for Civil and Mechanical Engineers. India
ing to Country Houses. By Wm. Paul Ger- els, and Soffits. By Fred. T. Hodgson....$1.00 Gillmore.—A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON paper, 32mo, Russia Gilt.................-- $5.00
hard. One 8vo volume, cloth ....... -..-- $1.00 COIGNET BETON AND OTHER ARTIFICIAL
Hodgson.—A TREATISE ON THE CARPEN- Moore’s UNIVERSAL ASSISTANT AND COM-
Bryan’s ARCHITECTURAL PROPORTION.— TER’S STEEL SQUARE AND ITS USES. A STONES. By Major-Gen. Q. A. Gillmore. 8vo,
cloth. With numerous plates.............. $2.50 PLETE MECHANIC. Containing 1,016 pages,
By A. J. BRYAN, Architect. A new system of description of the Carpenter’s Framing Square, and worth its price to any Mechanic or Business
Proportion, showing the relation between an giving simple and easy methods of obtaining the Gillmore.—CEMENTS. By Major-Gen. Q. A. Man. Incloth, $2.50. In leather. .....$3.50
order of Architecture and a Building of any Lengths and Bevels of all kinds of Rafters, Hips, Gillmore. <A Practical Treatise on Limes, Hy-
kind, \Dilustrated ccc. amor ars) oases $1 draulic Cements, and Mortars.............. $4.00 Parker’s CONCISE GLOSSARY OF ARCHI-
Groins, Braces, Brackets, Purlins, Collar Beams, TECTURE. The best yl a a Dictionary of
Buck*’s ALBUM OF MANTELS and Jack Rafters. Also, its cepa? in ob- Reid.—PORTLAND CEMENT. The Science and
quarto volume bound in cloth .. Terms. 335 pages, fully illustrated. One 8yvo
taining the bevels and cuts for Hoppers, Spring Art of the Manufacture of Portland Cement, volume, cloth, gilt back..............3. ..-.$3.00
Unboundin portfolio. -.... . ..... .» ....4e0 Mouldings, Octagons, Stairs, and Diminished with observations on some of its constructive
This book contains60 plates and 103 designs of Stiles. By Fred. T. Hodgson. Illustrated by applications. By Henry Reid, C.E., author of Rankine.—USEFUL RULES AND TABLES
mantels and shelfs. 4 over fifty large and clear woodcuts. 12mo, “A Practical Treatise on Concrete,” etc. 8vo, for Architects, Builders, Carpenters, Coach-
Cameron’s PLASTERER’S MANUATL.—Second ClOth ic. “See reg eee eee ... $1.00 MBLEREEE acca 5:0-ssnaiaeg6-aiee
siaWeae's omOat eee ROE $7.25 builders, Engineers, Founders, Mechanics, Ship-
revised edition. By K. Cameron. Containing Holly.—CARPENTER’S AND JOINER’S HAND- builders, Surveyors, ‘Typefounders, Wheel-
Reid.—CONCRETE. A Practical Treatise on wrights, etc. By W.J.M. nkine. Sixth edi-
accurate descriptions and illustrations of tools BOOK. Containing a Complete Treatise on Natural and Artificial Concrete, its Varieties and
and materials usedin Plastering. Description of Framing Hip and Valley Roofs, together with tion, revised. - Crown 8yo, cloth.... . ....$4.00
Constructive Adaptations, By Henry Reid, C.E.,
the appearance and action of every variety of much valuable instruction for all Mechanics and author of “The Science and Art of the Manu- Spons? WORKSHOP. RECEIPTS. For the Use
Lime and Cement; instructions for making all Amateurs. Useful. 18mo, cloth.... .. ..... 75 facture of Portland Cement.” Third edition. of Manufacturers, Mechanics, and Scientifie
kinds of Mortar; instructions for doing all kinds Lukin.—THE YOUNG MECHANIC. Practical Sr osGlotin....: keen. . Wes ee ean eee $6.00 Amateurs. The best late collection published of
of Plain and Ornamental Plastering; Cistern Carpentry. Containing directions for the use of all such a wide variety of information.
Building; Form of Contract; Useful Tables; kinds of Tools, and for the construction of Steam Frrst Srertes.—Bookbinding ; Candles; Draw-
many important Recipes, ete. Cloth,12mo. .75 Engines and Mechanical Models, including the
Sanitary Engineering, Heating, and ing; Electro-Metallurgy; Engraving; Gilding;
Camp’s DRAUGHTSMAN’S MANUAL; or, How Art of Turning Wood and Metal. By John Lu- Ventilation. Japans; aba ge) Pottery; Varnishing;
Can I Learn Architecture? By F. T. Camp. kin. Mustrated.” 12move.c o.ces-s ences $1.75 ete. 450 pages, with illustrations.... ..... $2.
Containing Hints to Inquirers and Directions in Monckton.—NATIONAL CARPENTER AND Bayles.—HOUSE DRAINAGE AND WATER SrconpD. SERTES.—Industrial: Chemistry; Ce-
Draughtsmanship. Contents: Introduction; Pre- JOINER. A complete work on. Constructive SERVICE. By James C. Bayles. With numer- ments and Lutes: Confectionery; Essences,
liminary Words; Draughtsman’s Outfit; Technics Carpentry, Showing the Simplest Methods of find- ous illustrations. 8vo, cloth......... $3.00 and Extracts; Dyeing, Seb and Coloring;
of Planning; General Remarks on Planning; ing all Joints and Geometrical Forms, including Billings.—THE_ PRINCIPLES OF VENTILA- Gelatine, Glue, and Size; Inks: t pe and Paper
General Remarks on Exteriors; Drawing the Splayed Work, Groined Ceilings, Framing, Root- TION AND HEATING, AND THEIR: PRAC- Making; Pigments, Paint, and Paintin 2 OO
Plan; Using the Instruments; Designing the El- ing, Domes, Niches, Raking, and Leyel Mould- TICAL APPLICATION. By John S. Billings,
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Maloney’s CARPENTER’S AND JOINER’S Lacquering, Lead, Lubricants, Mercury, Nickel,
Cummings’ ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS.— POCKET COMPANION. The most useful Rules Baldwin, Wm, J.—STEAM HEATING FOR Silver, Tin, Vanadium, Zine, etc. 480 pages, 183
By M. F. Cummings, M.A., Architect, Associate and Memoranda, collected from some of the BUILDINGS; or, Hints to Steam Fitters, Being illustrations.......... eee eee
ee eee seen seee . 00
Author of ** Architecture, by Cummings & Mil- best Architectural Works of the day, and prac- a description of Steam Heating Apparatus for
ler.’ Containing 387 Designs and 967 Illustrations How to Learn to Draw.—Mechanical
tically tested by many years’ experience in the Warming and Ventilating Private Houses and Drawing, by Prof. C. W. MacCord, of the Ste-
of the Various Parts needed in the construction Shop, Factory, and Building; also a treatise on Large Buildings. Third Edition. With many il-
of Buildings, Public and Private, both for the vens Institute of Technology. <A series of new,
the Framing Square. Compiled by Thomas lustrative plates. 12mo, cloth........... +.-$2.50 original, and practical lessons in mechanical draw-
City and Country; also Plans and Elevations of Maloney, Carpenter and Joiner. 12mo, cloth.50
Houses, Stores, Cottages,and other Buildings. Butler, F. W.—VENTILATION OF BUILD- ing, accompanied by carefully prepared examples
One large quarto volume, 56 Plates. Reduced Plummer.—THE CARPENTER’S AND BUILD- INGS wate teeee eee eee eee eee eee er eT 2250 for practice, with directions, all of simple and plain
from $10.00 CO. jcccsc tstencs>stsorsnerenetaiee $6.00 ER’S GUIDE. Being a Hand-book for Work- Denton.—SANITARY ENGINEERING. A character, intended to enable any person, you
men; alsoa Manual of Reference for Contract- Handbook on House Sanitation, for the use of or old, skilled or unskilled, to acquire the art 0
ors, Builders, etc. By P. W. Plummer. Third - drawing. No expensive instruments are involved.
Carpentry and Building. all persons seeking a healthy home,
OGIGION . 2...)10... s shi 2c 0lah eee encmos eee eeenenS 75
By E. F.
The series embodies the most abundant illustra-
Bailey Denton, B.A. Oxon..... 4 $3.50
Bales.—THE BUILDER’S CLERK. A Guide to Powells FOUNDATIONS AND FOUNDATION tions for all descriptions of drawing, and forms the
the Management of a Builder’s Business. By Gerhard.—DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE OF most valuable treatise upon the subject ever pub-~
WALLS. This book has been entirely rewritten, DWELLINGS.
THOMAS BALES. Feap. 8vo,cloth............. -60 and is very much enlarged, and gives the latest lished, AS WELL AS THE CHEAPEST. ‘The series is
Beck ett, BUILDERS’ PRICE-BOOK. The Pro- and best practice. 64 illustrations. One 8vo vol., illustrated by upward of 450 special engravings,
vincial Builders’ Price-Book and Surveyors’ Kot NB att PLUMBER AND SANTTARY and forms a large quarto book of over one hun-
Guide; giving the leading Data on which the HOUSES. A Practical Treatise on the Principles dred pages, uniform in size with the Screnrrric
Its of Internal Plumbing Work, or the Best Means AMERICAN. Price, stitchedin paper, $2.50. Bound
Prices are computed, and Modes of Measure-
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of the Manchester Society of Architects and the Houses. By 3. Stevens Hellyer. Third edition. unn & Co,
Master Builders of Yorkshire. Compiled PE Cabinet Work, Carving, and Fret 8vo, cloth. Illustrated. London, 188t.....$4.00 New York. Office of
RICHARD BECKET?. 8yo, cloth............ $1.5 Cutting. Philbrick.—AMERICAN SANITARY ENGI-
Bell.—CARPENTRY MADE EASY. By Wu NEERING. By Edward§, Philbrick, C.E. Fully
Bemrose.—WOOD CARVING. By William illustrated. A Summary for Ready Reference to purchase the entire series at once, we would
LIAM E. Be_u. With 44 plates and nearly 200 Bemrose. With illustrations for learners. 4to, state that these valuable Lessons in Mechanical
Hgured,« SVO. sc. ocdaine soko voenrs<cs
ae $5.00 for the Engineer, Architect, Health Officer,
OTM once... + seme eneenl ecvcesee wecvesecece $3.00 Builder, Plumber, and Householder. It treats Drawing may also be had in the separate numbers
Brown’s BUILDING TABLE AND ESTIMATE Bemrose.—MANUAL OF BUHL-WORK AND of the cofappilg, AL ters cathe the of SUPPLEMENT, at 10 cents each, ordering
BOOK.— For Carpenters, Builders, and Lumber MARQUETRY. With practical instructions for Ventilation of ildings; Drainage of Towns; one or more numbers at a time, the learner in
Men. By a Practical Mechanic. One large 8vo learners, and ninety colored designs, By W. Details of Sewerage ; the Ventilation of Sewers; h fresh instrue-
volume, cloth, 152 pageS...........+.-0. 261250 Bemrose, Jr. 1 vol., 4to..... Pee ae eaanare $3.00 the Ventilation and leaning of Sewers; House
Bullock.—COTTAGE BUILDER, THE AMER- Bemrose,—FRET-CUTTING AND PERFORAT- Drainage ; Apparatus used for House Drainage;
CAN.—By JOHN BULLOCK. With numerous De- ED CARVING. With fifty-three practical illus- Public Privies and Urinals...... eh we snesune$2.00
signs, Plans, and Specifications. 8vo. 75 Engrav- trations. By W. Bemrose, Jr. 1 vol., 4to..$3.00
Se ee Mahonedmiakc «tun» tei $3.50 Teale.—DANGERS TO HEALTH. A Pictorial
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8. Burns, C.E., of Manchester. Timber’ and signs for the Newest and Most Elegant Styles of firmary at Leeds. Fourth edition. This book is
iron Work. Two volumes, with Fut. (In El- Furniture. Illustrated by forty-eight large and very fully and clearly illustrated, and will be 106,
ementary Series.)
series ......, ~4
ié6mo, $1.50;
hg sages
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ANT VTLS tthe. $3.50
beautifully Engraved Plates. In one volume, found a valuable guide in sanitary matters. One #176,
oblong..... bob
ibee Glace Peet eee eeeee sovvers Hood S8VO Volume, ClOED......60.ecceree $3.00
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;; Finishing and Filling Wood, has been sustained in a decision by his Honor Judge As works of art, the product of the Belcher Mosate
7 Many inquiries concerning the best method of fin- Shipman, on final hearing in the Cireuit Court of the Glass Co. commends itself to the lover of the perfect
: ishing hard wood in its natural state have led us United States. The decision in substance was as fol- and beautiful. Take for instance the design for a musie
to publish the following on same. The process used lows: The liabilities of an infringer are incurred by room here shown, which is a combination of stained
by many in finely finishing hard woods has been using ground silex, quartz, flint, or feldspar in filling and painted glass, and it will be observed there is an
slow and expensive. Through a discovery made wood, air of refinement and delicacy of finish throughout.
some years ago, the patent for which is owned by the Many manufacturers of poorly ground silex are can- The coarse, heavy lines of metal which usually obscure
Bridgeport Wood Finishing Company, of New Milford, vassing the country, and inducing parties to buy dry light and break up the unity of the design are wholly
Conn., both time and expense in finishing hard wood silex from them and make their own filler. We would, absent. It is, as it were, a lovely mosaic built up
in its natural beauty have been saved. however, caution consumers and manufacturers not to of pieces of glass of infinite minuteness, which re-
The advantage of this new process is that by one ap- use it for filling wood, as they would lay themselves flect their colored lights with tue brillianey of jewels,
plication of the article in the manner directed, a smooth open to a suit for infringement. yet the shading and mellow tones are perfect. The
and perfectly transparent surface is at once obtained, The company publishes a pamphlet on finishing hard beauty of this invention lies in the fact that the artist has
upon which one or two coats of varnish will accomplish wood, which would be useful to any one needing infor- full control over his work throughout, which reflects
more than was attained by the old process with five mation on this subject. This pamphlet can be ob- his artistic feeling and skill as perfectly asif he had
eoats of varnish, and more in some cases. tained free by addressing them. Out of a list of more performed the work witha brush. This of course could
4 than three hundred nameS never be said of any form of stained or painted glass
of prominent manufacturers hitherto produced.
which they submit to us, we There is also a commercial side to this question,
have selected the following, which is important. The process of the Belcher
who have used the Wheeler Mosaic Glass Company is very simple and labor-saving,
filler to their entire satisfac- and permits a great economy in the cost of pro-
tion fora number of years: duction.
Pottier & Stymus Manufac- The company give the public the benefit of this
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Q ENN turing Company, manufac- economy, and most beautiful memorial windows can be
turers of fine furniture, New obtained from them at a price considerably less than
es York; George Steck & Co., hitherto charged for work of equal artistic beauty. This

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The correct principle of finishing all kinds of wood is piano manufacturers, New York; Pullman Palace Car feature has largely contributed to the work of this
. to produce a perfectly smooth and elastic surface with Company; Wheeler and Wilson Manufacturing Com- company being introduced into private dwellings.
as little labor and expense as possible. To accomplish pany, Bridgeport, Conn.; Singer Manufacturing Com- For such purposes, charming panels can be obtain-
this, the pores of the wood must be filled with an un- pany, South Bend, Ind.; Estey Organ Company, Brat- ed as lowas seventy-five cents to adollar a square
changeable substance. When this is done, one or two tleboro, Vt.; Mason & Hamlin Organ Company; Chick- foot.
eoats of varnish will give the most desirable and dur- ering & Sons; and the Herring Safe Company. We recently saw a series of charming memorial
able finish attainable—of course, the better the var- —_—_—__——oq@©8+
+>. __—__—_
windows prepared for a Roman Catholic church, and
nish, the more durable the finish. This new prepara- IMPROVEMENT IN STAINED GLASS MANUFACTURE, we understand that the work of the Belcher Co. is pre-
tion for preparing the surface of wood for varnishing Among the many combinations of the decorator’s ferred to all other stained glass for ecclesiastical build-
and finishing is known and sold upon the market as art to enhance the beauty of modern interiors, the re- ings.
vival of the use of painted and stained glass has been Those who desire more detailed particulars and esti-
the Wheeler patent wood filler.
This filler, in a few years, has attained almost a the dominant feature wherever success has been most mates for stained glass work should address the Bel-
world-wide reputation, which has led parties to imitate achieved. cher Mosaic Glass Company, 123 Fifth Avenue, New
the article in appearance, and, in some instances, they We now direct the special attention of architects, York.
—_—
oO
have copied the labels of the Bridgeport Wood Finish- builders, and others who are erecting buildings to an
ing Company almost verbatim. As the article is pa- entirely new process for making stained glass windows, Earth as a Purifier,
tented, it is impossible for any one to make or sell same which has carried this beautiful art so far in advance Nothing will purify and keep a stable so free from
without being liable to damages forinfringement. Un- of all previous methods of manufacture that it may be odors as the free use of dry earth, and every one keep-
scrupulous manufacturers have overcome the difficulty said that perfection has at length been reached. ing horses or cattle will find it pays to keep a heap of
by grinding into a mass such materials as starch, whit- We refer to the work of the Belcher Mosaic Glass it at hand, to be used daily. A few shovelfuls of earth
ing, plaster Paris, barytes, ete., all of which, more than Company, of Newark, N. J., whose show rooms are situ- scattered over the floor after cleaning will render the
twenty years ago, were tried for the same purpose, and ated at 123 Fifth Avenue, New York. Here specimens air of the apartments pure and wholesome. The value
after repeated tests condemned; in many cases doing can beinspected, and we trust that those interested will of the season’s manure pile may be largely increased by
thousands of dollars damage to manufacturers who avail themselves of the opportunity, as it is barely the free use of such “absorbents. The strength of the
used them. The legality of the patent owned by the possible to do justice to these beautiful works of art in gases and liquids absorbed is retained, and is the very
Bridgeport Wood Finishing Company, we would state, any written description we may offer, essence of good manure,
 Scientific American.
from the house. The buildings are of red brick, with when filled? The best way in theory, doubtless, is to use it
weather tiling, and the gables are filled in with plaster mo-, for fertilizing the soil. This eed be done by pumping and
Trere were great festivities, in 1880, in Belgium to deling by Mr. Walter Smith, of Lambeth; the brickwork is carting where there is not enough land near the house suit-
commemorate the jubilee of Belgian independence, it being built in cement, and the external walls are hollow, with able for its absorption. It can be distributed on the land —
just fifty years since the good citizens of Brussels raised the Jennings’ borders, as no solid wall would keep out the sea- by gravity where there happens to be land low enough,
standard of revolt against Holland, and driving Prince damp. The house is being erected by Messrs. Peto Broth- though small house lots seldom give this opportunity. In
Frederic, the king’s son, who commanded the troops, from ers, at a cost of about three thousand pounds, accomplishing this where there is land adapted to the pur-
the city, declared their country independent, and elected a pose, an intermittent flgw is desirable, both for the sake of
Woodhouse, for Sir George Baker, Bart., is now building
provisional government. The festivities were inaugurated at Uplyme, Devon, near Lyme Regis. It is beautifully flushing the pipes and avoiding deposits within them, and
on the 15th of June, by the opening by the king and queen placed on rising ground, in one of the loveliest coombes of to allow the air an opportunity to follow the sewage as it
of a grand National Exhibition, a handsome structure which this part of Devonshire, with a fine view over the Lyme soaks down into the pores of the soil. The air, thus admit-
has been built on the Champs des Manceuvres, and which Bay, and is situated near Rousdon, a large work just com- ted alternately with the fluids in the finely-divided pores,
contains chiefly exhibits of what Belgium and the Belgians pleted for Sir Henry Peek bythe same architects. The serves to oxidize a large portion of the organic matter—to
have produced, eitherin the way of manufactures or of in- ground story of the building is of random-coursed Uplyme burn it up, as it were, and form such new compounds as to
ventions or of art, since 1830. The fagade of the building, stone, built hollow, with brick lining. The upper portion favor its more ready appropriation by vegetable life. This
as may be seen in our sketch, chiefly consists of two pavil- of the building is of timber, boarded and felted over and intermittent flow has been attained with some degree of suc-
ions, united by a semicircular colonnade, in the center of covered with weather tiling. The gables are of oak timber cess by Field’s flush tank. So far as its flushing power goes
which stands a tri