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EE8402 2M QB - by WWW - Easyengineering.net 5
EE8402 2M QB - by WWW - Easyengineering.net 5
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UNIT V
PART – A (2 Marks)
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2. Why are the transmission systems mostly overhead systems?
Because of the cost consideration,the transmission systems are mostly overhead systems.
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3. Why do all overhead lines use ACSR conductors?
ACSR conductors comprise of hard drawn aluminium wire stranded around a core of single or multiple strand
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galvanized steel wire. They provide the necessary conductivity while the steel provides the necessary
mechanical strength. It has less corona loss. The breaking load is high and has less weight.
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4. Why are transmission lines 3 phase 3 wire circuits while distributionlines are 3 phase 4 wire circuits?
A balanced 3 phase circuit does not require the neutral conductor, as the instantaneous sum of the 3
line currents are zero. Therefore the transmission lines and feeders are 3 phase 3 wire circuits. The distributors
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are 3 phase 4 wire circuits because a neutral wire is necessary to supply the 1 phase loads of domestic and
commercial consumers.
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5. Why is overhead line conductors invariably stranded?
They are stranded to make themflexible during erectionand while inservice. .ne
6. Write the advantages of interconnected systems.
Any area fed from one generating station during overload hours can be fed from another power station. Thus
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reserved capacity required is reduced, reliability of supply increased and efficiency increased.
10. What are the advantages of a 3 wire DC distribution system over a 2 wire DC distribution system?
If a 3 wire system is used to transmit the same amount of power over the same distance with same efficiency
with same consumer voltage we require 0.3125 times of copper as required in a 2 wire system.
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12. State any two limitations of Kelvin’s law.
It is difficult to estimate accurately the annual charge on the capital outlay. It does not give the exact economical
size of the conductor.
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13. Define – Resistance of the transmission line
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Resistance of the transmission line is defined as the loop resistance per unit length of the line in a single phase
system. In a 3 phase system it is defined as the resistance per phase.
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14. What are the advantages of high voltage AC transmission?
i.
ii.
The power can be generated athigh voltages.
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The maintenance of ac substation is easy and cheaper.
(N-11)
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15. What are the disadvantages of high voltage AC transmission?
i. An AC line requires more copper than a DC line. ing
ii.
iii. .ne
The construction of an AC line is more complicate than the construction of a DC transmission line.
Due to skin effect in the AC system the effective resistance of the line is increased.
1. Explain the structure of a modern electric power system with various voltage levels. (N-10)
2. Explain the effect of increasing the system voltage on volume of a copper and efficiency of a transmission line.
3. Why is the transmission of electric power carried out at high voltage? (N-08)
4. Compare the HVDC transmission with EHVAC transmission in the following aspects:(A-09)
i. Economics of transmission
ii. Reliability
iii. Technical Performance
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5. Explain in detail, the necessity, advantages and disadvantages of EHVAC transmission system.
6. Explain the advantages of HVDC transmission over HVAC transmission system. (N-08)
7.
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(i) Compare EHVAC and HVDC transmission.
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8. Explain in detail, the simple model of UPFC with a neat diagram. (N-07, N-10)
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9. Explain in detail, the importance of FACTS with a neat diagram. (N-06)
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UNIT – I
PART – A (2 Marks)
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4. Why is skin effect absent in DC system?
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The steady current when flowing through a conductor distributes itself uniformly over the whole cross section of
the conductor .That is why skin effect is absent in DC system.
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5. What is the effect of skin effect onthe resistance ofthe line?
Due to skin effect the effective area of cross-section of the conductor through which current flow is reduced.
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Hence the resistance of the line is increased when AC current is flowing.
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15. What are the advantages of using bundled conductors? (A-12)
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The advantages of using bundled conductors are as follows:
i. Reduced reactance
ii.
iii. Reduced corona loss
iv. Reduced Interference asy
Reduced voltage gradient
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16. What is meant by transposition of line conductors?
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Transposition is meant by changing in the positions of the three phases on the line supports twice over the total
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length of the line. The line conductors in practice are so transposed that each of the three possible
arrangements of conductors exist for one-third of the total length of the line.
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2. Find the capacitance per km per phase of a 3Φ line arrangement in a horizontal plane spaced 8 m apart. The
height of all conductors above the earth is 13 m. The diameter of each conductor is 2.6 cm. the line is
3. Find the capacitance between the conductors of a single-phase 10 km long line. The diameter of each
conductor is 1.213 cm. The spacing between conductors is 1.25 m. Also find the capacitance of each conductor
neutral.
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4. A 50 km long transmission line supplies a load of 5 MVA at 0.8 pf lagging at 33 kV. The transmission efficiency
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is 90%. Calculate the volume of aluminium conductor required for the transmission line, for the following cases:
(N-08)
a) Single phase, 2 wire
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b) 3 phase, 3 wire system
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The specific resistance of aluminum is 2.85 x 10-8 Ωm.
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5. Derive an expression for the capacitance of a double circuit line with hexagonal spacing.
8. Derive an expression for inductance of a 3 phase transmission line with unsymmetrical spacing.
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9. Explain in detail, the skin effect with respect to overhead lines.
11. Write short notes on the inductive interference power and communication lines.
UNIT – II
PART – A (2 Marks)
1. What is meant by corona?
The phenomenon of violet glow, hissing noise and production of ozone gas in an over headline is called corona.
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It is defined as the minimum phase voltage at which corona occurs.
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4. Define – Visual Critical Voltage
It is defined as the minimum phase voltage at which corona appears all along the line conductors.
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2. A 3 phase short transmission line has a series line impedance of (20+j50) Ω per phase. The line delivers a load
of 50 MW at 0.7 pf lag. Determine the regulation of the line and the A,B,C and D parameters of the line. If the
same load is delivered at 0.7 pf lead, determine the regulation of the line. Given the system voltage of 220 kV.
(N-07)
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4. Using nominal–π method, find the sending end voltage and voltage regulation of a 250 km, 3 phase, 50 Hz,
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transmission line delivering 25 MVA at 0.8 lagging pf to a balanced load at 132 kV. The line conductors are
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0.11 Ω/km and its effective diameter is 1.6 cm. Neglect leakage reactance. (N-06)
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5. A 15 km long 3 phase overhead transmission line delivers 5 MW at 11 kV at 0.8 lagging pf, line loss is 12% of
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power delivered. Line inductance is 1.1 mH per km per phase. Find the sending end voltage and regulation.
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6. Derive an expression for sending end voltage in the nominal T method and the end condenser method.
7. Draw the equivalent circuit of nominal–π method of long transmission line? Derive the expression for parameters
of this circuit in terms of line parameters. .ne
8. Explain in detail, the end condenser method for a medium transmission line.
9. A three phase 5 km long transmission line, having resistance of 0.5 Ω / km and inductance of 1.76 mH/km is
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delivering power at 0.8 pf lagging. The receiving end voltage is 32 kV. If the supply voltage is 33 kV, 50 Hz, find
line current, regulation and efficiency of the transmission line.
10. Write short notes on regulation of a transmission line. Also derive the approximate expression for the regulation
of a short transmission line.
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UNIT – IV
PART – A (2 Marks)
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A conductor provides the conducting path for the current.
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4. What is the purpose of insulation in a cable?
The insulation or dielectric withstands the service voltage and isolates the conductor with other objects.
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5. What is the function of sheath in a cable?
The sheath does not allow the moisture to enter and protects the cable from all external influences like
chemical or electrochemical attack fire, etc.
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6. Write the different types of conductor materials incables.
The conducting materials in cables are,
i. Copper eer
ii. Aluminium
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7. What is the purpose of stranding of conductors?
The purpose of stranding of conductors are: .ne
i.
ii.
Stranding increases the resistance of the cable
It has flexibility t
8. Define – Segmental Conductors
The stranded wires which are compacted by the rollers to minimize the air spaces between the individual wires
are called segmented conductors. Here the conductor size is reduced for a given conductance.
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13. Write the advantages of polythene insulators.
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The advantages of polythene insulators are,
i.
ii.
They are non-hygroscopic
Light in weight
iii.
iv.
v.
Low loss factor asy
Low dielectric constant
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14. What are the materials used in cable sheaths?
i.
ii.
Lead sheaths
Aluminium sheaths
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15. In what ways are Al sheaths superior to lead sheaths?
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Al sheaths are smaller in weight, have high mechanical strength, greater conductivity, cheap, easy to
manufacture and install and withstand the required gas pressure without reinforcement.
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16. Where is CSA sheath used in cables?
Corrugated seamless aluminium sheath is used in high voltage oil filled cables and telephone lines.
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1. Derive an expression for insulator resistance, insulator capacitance and electric stress in a single core cable.
3. A 3 phase overhead transmission line is being supported by three disc insulators. The potential across top unit
(i.e. near the tower) and the middle unit are 8kV and 11kV respectively. Calculate the following:
i. The ratio of capacitance between pin and earth to the self-capacitance of each unit
ii. Line Voltage
iii. String Efficiency
4.
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(i) What is the need for grading an insulator string?
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(ii) Explain in detail, the different methods of grading of an insulator.
i. Capacitance grading
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ii. Inter-sheath grading
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6. Explain the construction of a 3 core belted cable type with a neat diagram.
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7. Explain any two methods to increase the value of string efficiency, with suitable diagrams. (N-07)
8. Explain string efficiency. Also calculate its value for a string of three insulator units, if the capacitance of each
unit to earth and line is 20% and 5% of the self-capacitance of the unit. ing (A-09)
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UNIT – III
PART – A (2 Marks)
2. What are the factors that affect sag in the transmission line?
The factors that affect sag in the transmission line are
i. Weight of the conductor
ii. Length of the span
iii. Working tensile strength
iv. Temperature
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3. What is the reason for the sag in the transmission line?
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While erecting the line, if the conductors are stretched too much between supports then there prevails an
excessive tension on the line which may break the conductor. In order to have safe tension in the conductor, a
sag in the line is allowed.
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4. How is the capacitance effect taken into account in a longline?
They have sufficient length and operate at voltage higher than 100 kV. The effects of capacitance cannot be
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neglected. Therefore, in order to obtain reasonable accuracy in long lines, the capacitance effects are taken.
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5. Write the limitations of nominal T and pi methods inthe transmission line.
Generally the capacitance is uniformly distributed over the entire length of the line. But for easy calculations the
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capacitance isconcentrated at one ortwo points .Due tothese effects there are errors in the calculations.
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i. Synchronous motors
ii. Tap changing transformers
iii. Series and shunt capacitors
iv. Booster transformers
v. Compound generators
vi. Induction regulator
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The circle drawn with sending end true and reactive power as the horizontal and vertical co-ordinates are called
sending end power circle diagram.
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12. What is meant by receiving end power circle diagram?
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The circle drawn with receiving end values are called receiving end power circle diagram.
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1. Explain in detail, the pole mounted substation with neat diagram. (N-08)
b) Grounding grids
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a) Receiving end power angle diagram
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b) Methods of voltage control
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6. Explain in detail, the need for neutral earthing in a power system. (N-06)
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7. Explain in detail, the different methods of earthing. (N-06)
b) Resistance grounding
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10. Write short notes on radial distribution system. Also explain the role of interconnectors in radial distribution system?
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