PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

ON
DETERMINATION OF ANGLE OF DEVIATION
BY USING PRISM

FOR AISSCE 2023-24 EXAMINATION

[ AS A PART OF THE PHYSICS COURSE (042)]

STUDENT NAME: HARISH KUMAR P

REG.NO:................
CLASS: XII-S1
2023-24
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project _____________________________________________________________

is an original and genuine investigation work carried out to investigate about the subject matter and the
related data collection and investigation has been completed solely, sincerely and satisfactorily by
___________________________________________ of class XII as per the requirements for the CBSE
Board Examination for the academic year 2023-2024.

SUBJECT:

REGISTER NO:

DATE:

PRINCIPAL SIGNATURE TEACHER SIGNATURE

SCHOOL STAMP EXAMINER SIGNATURE

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my heartfelt gratitude to my teacher. Mr. Naresh, for his unwavering support and
inspiration throughout my academic journey.

The School management has provided an enriching educational environment that goes
beyond the classroom. The school’s commitment to holistic development, extracurricular
opportunities, and a sense of community have been invaluable in shaping my overall
growth.
To investigate the dependence of the angle of
deviation on the angle of incidence using a
hollow prism filled one by one with different
transparent fluids
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to

Mr.Saravanan, my physics teacher. I am grateful for
his guidance, unwavering support and
encouragement, without who the project wouldn’t be
possible. Furthermore, I would like to thank The
Pupil Saveetha Eco School, for giving me this
invaluable opportunity.
INTRODUCTION:
In optics, a prism is a transparent optical element with
flat,polished surfaces that refracts light. The exact angles
between the surfaces depends on the application. The
traditional geometrical shape is that of a triangular prism
with a triangular base and rectangular sides, and in daily use
“prism” usually refers to this type. Some types of
optical prism are not in fact in the shape
of geometric prisms. Prisms can be made from any material
that is transparent to the wavelengths for which they are
designed. Typical materials include glass, plastic and fluorite.
Prism can be used to break light up into its constituent spectral
colours (the colours of the
rainbow).
Prisms can also be used to reflect
light, or to split light into
components with different
polarizations.

Dispersion occurs because each

colour travels through the prism
at different speeds. Violet travels
the slowest through the prism;
hence we can see it refracting
the most. On the other hand, red passes through at a much
faster rate which makes its angle of refraction less,hence red is
too scarce to be seen.
AIM:
To investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation on the
angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled one by one with
different transparent fluids

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Hollow prism (made of glass or any transparent material)
Transparent fluids of different refractive indices (e.g.,
water, oil, glycerin)
Laser or a narrow beam of white light source
Protractor
Paper and pen for recording data
Table or flat surface
Clamp or stand to hold the prism steady
Ruler
Graph
Liquids like-Carbon Disulphide, Water, Benzaldehyde
REFRACTION:
The refractive index of the liquid
Is given by the formula:

Where-
U=refractive index of the liquid.
a = angle of minimum deviation
d=angle of prism
i=angle of incidence
r=angle of refraction

Procedure:
Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with
the help of pins.
Keep the prism on the paper and draw its outline as
∆ABCDrop a normal PQ on the side AB.
Draw the angle of incidence in accordance with the normal
PQ and place 2 pins so that they appear to be in the
straight line.
Place the prism filled with a given sample of liquid on the
marked outline ABC.
Now take the pins and place them on the side AC so that
all the 4 pins appear to be in the same line.
Remove the prism and draw the line joining the points so
obtained.
Mark the diagram as shown in the figure belowRepeat this
with different liquids and different angle of incidence.
Observations:
The following are the observation tables of each of the liquids
used to find out their respective refractive indices-

Benzaldehyde:

U =1.504
 Water:

U = 1.306
 Dilute Sulphuric Acid:

U =1.351
Conclusion:
The refractive indices change when the liquid used in
the prism changes. From the above experiment we can
also conclude that refractive index of a liquid depends
on its optical density.Refractive indices of the used
liquids obtained, when compared with the actual values
are as follows-

1. Benzaldehyde:
Actual = 1.5456

Obtained = 1.504

Deviation/Error = 0.0416

2. Water:
Actual = 1.33

Obtained = 1.306

Deviation/Error = 0.024

3. Dil. Sulphuric Acid

Actual = 1.43

Obtained = 1.351

Deviation/Error=0.079
Precautions:
Angle of incidence should be between 35 and 60 for better
observations and accurate readings.
Pins should be vertically fixed and should not be bent or
damaged as reading can change.
Same hollow prism should be used for all observations to
minimise error due to prism.
Error or deviation in obtained refractive indices must not
be more than 0.1.
The distance between the pins should be more than 10mm

APPLICATIONS:
Refractive index has a large number of applications.
It is mostly applied to identify a particular
substance,confirm its purity, or measure its concentration.
Generally it is used to measure the concentration of a
solute in an aqueous solution.
For a solution of sugar,the refractive index can be used to
determine the sugar content.
It can be used to determine the drug concentration in the
pharmaceutical industry.
It is used to calculate focus power of lenses and dispersing
power of prisms.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:

https://www.studocu.com
https://www.scribd.com

https://studylib.net/doc/25306864/dlsc
rib.com-hollow-
prism-physics-investigatory-project-cl
Wikipedia.org