E- Lecture

Computer Architecture

By
H R Choudhary (Asstt. Professor)
Department of CSE
Engineering College Ajmer

H R Choudhary Asstt Professor Dept. Of CSE, Engineering College Ajmer

 Topics to be covered
Introduction to Computer Organization
What do you mean Computer System Architecture ?
RISC and CISC

H R Choudhary Asstt Professor Dept. Of CSE, Engineering College Ajmer

 What do you mean Computer System Architecture

A computer system is basically a machine that simplifies

complicated tasks. It should maximize performance and
reduce costs as well as power consumption.The different
components in the Computer System Architecture are Input
Unit, Output Unit, Storage Unit, Arithmetic Logic Unit,
Control Unit etc.

H R Choudhary Asstt Professor Dept. Of CSE, Engineering College Ajmer

H R Choudhary Asstt Professor Dept. Of CSE, Engineering College Ajmer
The input data travels from input unit to ALU. Similarly, the computed data travels
from ALU to output unit. The data constantly moves from storage unit to ALU and
back again. This is because stored data is computed on before being stored again.
The control unit controls all the other units as well as their data.

Details about all the computer units are −

Input Unit
The input unit provides data to the computer system from the outside. So, basically it
links the external environment with the computer. It takes data from the input
devices, converts it into machine language and then loads it into the computer
system. Keyboard, mouse etc. are the most commonly used input devices.

Output Unit
The output unit provides the results of computer process to the users i.e it links the
computer with the external environment. Most of the output data is the form of
audio or video. The different output devices are monitors, printers, speakers,
headphones etc.
H R Choudhary Asstt Professor Dept. Of CSE, Engineering College Ajmer
Storage Unit
Storage unit contains many computer components that are used to store
data. It is traditionally divided into primary storage and secondary
storage.Primary storage is also known as the main memory and is the
memory directly accessible by the CPU. Secondary or external
storage is not directly accessible by the CPU. The data from
secondary storage needs to be brought into the primary storage
before the CPU can use it. Secondary storage contains a large amount
of data permanently.

Arithmetic Logic Unit

All the calculations related to the computer system are performed by
the arithmetic logic unit. It can perform operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division etc. The control unit transfers
data from storage unit to arithmetic logic unit when calculations need
to be performed. The arithmetic logic unit and the control unit
together form the central processing unit.
H R Choudhary Asstt Professor Dept. Of CSE, Engineering College Ajmer
Control Unit
This unit controls all the other units of the computer system
and so is known as its central nervous system. It transfers
data throughout the computer as required including from
storage unit to central processing unit and vice versa. The
control unit also dictates how the memory, input output
devices, arithmetic logic unit etc. should behave.

H R Choudhary Asstt Professor Dept. Of CSE, Engineering College Ajmer

 RISC(Reduced Instruction Set Computer)

RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer Processor, a

microprocessor architecture with a simple collection and highly
customized set of instructions. It is built to minimize the instruction
execution time by optimizing and limiting the number of instructions. It
means each instruction cycle requires only one clock cycle, and each
cycle contains three parameters: fetch, decode and execute. The RISC
processor is also used to perform various complex instructions by
combining them into simpler ones. RISC chips require several
transistors, making it cheaper to design and reduce the execution time
for instruction.

Examples of RISC processors are SUN's SPARC, PowerPC, Microchip

PIC processors, RISC-V.
H R Choudhary Asstt Professor Dept. Of CSE, Engineering College
Advantages of RISC Processor
●
The RISC processor's performance is better due to the simple and limited
number of the instruction set.
●
It requires several transistors that make it cheaper to design.
●
RISC allows the instruction to use free space on a microprocessor because
of its simplicity.
●
RISC processor is simpler than a CISC processor because of its simple and
quick design, and it can complete its work in one clock cycle.

Disadvantages of RISC Processor

●
The RISC processor's performance may vary according to the code
executed because subsequent instructions may depend on the previous
instruction for their execution in a cycle.
●
Programmers and compilers often use complex instructions.
●
RISC processors require very fast memory to save various
instructions that require a large collection of cache memory to respond
to the instruction in a short time.

H R Choudhary Asstt Professor Dept. Of CSE, Engineering College Ajmer

 RISC Architecture

H R Choudhary Asstt Professor Dept. Of CSE, Engineering College Ajmer

 Features of RISC Processor
One cycle execution time: For executing each instruction in a computer, the
RISC processors require one CPI (Clock per cycle). And each CPI includes
the fetch, decode and execute method applied in computer instruction.
Pipelining technique: The pipelining technique is used in the RISC
●

processors to execute multiple parts or stages of instructions to perform

more efficiently.
A large number of registers: RISC processors are optimized with multiple
●

registers that can be used to store instruction and quickly respond to the
computer and minimize interaction with computer memory.
It supports a simple addressing mode and fixed length of instruction for
●

executing the pipeline.

It uses LOAD and STORE instruction to access the memory location.
●

Simple and limited instruction reduces the execution time of a process in a

●

RISC.
H R Choudhary Asstt Professor Dept. Of CSE, Engineering College Ajmer
 CISC Processor
The CISC Stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer,
developed by the Intel. It has a large collection of complex
instructions that range from simple to very complex and
specialized in the assembly language level, which takes a
long time to execute the instructions. So, CISC approaches
reducing the number of instruction on each program and
ignoring the number of cycles per instruction. It emphasizes
to build complex instructions directly in the hardware
because the hardware is always faster than software.
However, CISC chips are relatively slower as compared to
RISC chips but use little instruction than RISC. Examples of
CISC processors are VAX, AMD, Intel x86 and the
System/360.

H R Choudhary Asstt Professor Dept. Of CSE, Engineering College

Ajmer
 Characteristics of CISC Processor
The length of the code is shorts, so it requires very little RAM.
●
CISC or complex instructions may take longer than a single clock cycle to
execute the code.
●
Less instruction is needed to write an application.
●
It provides easier programming in assembly language.
●
Support for complex data structure and easy compilation of high-level
languages.
●
It is composed of fewer registers and more addressing nodes, typically 5 to 20.
●
Instructions can be larger than a single word.
●
It emphasizes the building of instruction on hardware because it is faster to
create than the software.
H R Choudhary Asstt Professor Dept. Of CSE, Engineering College Ajmer
 CISC Processors Architecture

The CISC architecture helps reduce program code by

embedding multiple operations on each program instruction,
which makes the CISC processor more complex. The CISC
architecture-based computer is designed to decrease memory
costs because large programs or instruction required large
memory space to store the data, thus increasing the memory
requirement, and a large collection of memory increases the
memory cost, which makes them more expensive.

H R Choudhary Asstt Professor Dept. Of CSE, Engineering College Ajmer

H R Choudhary Asstt Professor Dept. Of CSE, Engineering College Ajmer
 Advantages of CISC Processors

The compiler requires little effort to translate high-level programs or

statement languages into assembly or machine language in CISC
processors.
The code length is quite short, which minimizes the memory
●

requirement.
To store the instruction on each CISC, it requires very less RAM.
●

Execution of a single instruction requires several low-level tasks.

●

CISC creates a process to manage power usage that adjusts clock speed
●

and voltage.
It uses fewer instructions set to perform the same instruction as the RISC.
●

H R Choudhary Asstt Professor Dept. Of CSE, Engineering College Ajmer

 Disadvantages of CISC Processors
CISC chips are slower than RSIC chips to execute per
●

instruction cycle on each program.

The performance of the machine decreases due to the
●

slowness of the clock speed.

Executing the pipeline in the CISC processor makes it
●

complicated to use.
The CISC chips require more transistors as compared to RISC
●

design.
In CISC it uses only 20% of existing instructions in a
●

programming event.

H R Choudhary Asstt Professor Dept. Of CSE, Engineering College Ajmer

 Thank You

H R Choudhary Asstt Professor Dept. Of CSE, Engineering College Ajmer