History work sheet

HISTORY WORKSHEET (short notes & questions) FOR GRADE 9

(UNIT SIX-UNIT EIGHT)

AMHARA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE EDUCATION BUREAU

August 2012 E.C

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 History work sheet

UNIT SIX
CATHOLICISM AND THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOM
 In 1541 the Portuguese military assistance helped the Christian kingdom to defeat the
force of Adal .
 In 1557 following the Portuguese military force, the Catholic missionaries were known as
Jeuties (the society of Jesus)
 The major objectives of these group of missionaries to attempt to convert the Christian
king Susenyos(1607-1632)
 In 1612 king Susenyos officially embraced Cat holism
 In 1622 Susenyos declared Catholicism as official religion of Ethiopia.
 In 1632 king Susenyos abdicate the throne by his son and successor, Fasiledes (1632-
1667)
 The Gonderian period refer to the years, during the rulers of the Christian kingdom ruled
from a new capital called gonder.
 Gonder was founded by Fasiledes around 1636
 The Christian king fasiledes (1632-1637),Yohanes I(1667-1682) and iyasu the
I(1682-1706) Gonder attained a great prosperty and technological development.
 Gonder become an important commercial center with a daily market attracting
merchants crafts and rular people for the exchange of their respective products.
 Traders were mostly Ethiopian Muslim called Jeberti.
 The last stage of Gonderian period was dominated the growing power and
importans A Qura born women called Itege Mintwoab, she was the wife of
emperor Bakafa(1721-1730).
 After the death of Bakafa she began to rule over the kingdom as a regent for her
yong son and successor of Bakafa ,IyasuII(1730-1755).
 She was supported by her strong brother Ras Bitwoded Wolde luel until his death
in 1768.
 In 1769 Mintwoab lost power to the Tigrean war lord Ras Micheal sehul .
 Ras Micheal sehul came to Gonder and killed reigning king Iyoas (1755-1769)
this led to the period of Zemene Mesafint (the era of war lord)

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ZEMENE MESAFINT (1769-1855)

 From 1767-1769 there was a power struggle in Gonder between groups of wollo
and Quara political fuctions.
 Wollo was represented by Wabi, the wife of Iyasu II and mother of the yong
monarch,Iyoas(1755-1769).
 Qura was represented by her mother in –law, Itege Mintwoab,controlled state power
in the name of her grand sun,Iyoas.
 Mintwoab had given a power base to the Wollo Oromo by arranging political
marriage between her son Iyasu II and wabi, from the Wollo Oromo family.
 The conflict between the faction of Quara and Wollo Oromo created political
disorder around the capital. This endangered Mintwoab power.
 In1768 the most powerful candidate was Ras micheal Sehul of Tigrai.
 Ras Micheal sehul was invited to Gonder by Mintwoab and restored peace and
order in Gonder.But the reigning king of Iyoas ordered him to go back to Tigrai,
Micheal sehul refused the king and assassinated king Iyoas in1769.This event
marked the beginning of the new era commonly known in the Ethiopian history as
the period of Zemene Mesafint(1769-1855).
 Between 1769 and 1771 Micheal sehul become king maker.However, he was soon
opposed by the regional war lord of gojam,wollo and lasta,who organized a common
alliance against him and they defeated him at the battle of Sabrakusa in 1771.
 After the defeated of Ras Micheal sehul,chaos and disorder continued until the
coming to power of Ali Gwangul (Ali the first ) from the Yejju oromo family.
 Ali the first was founded a new ruling dynasty known as Yejju dynasty or
Warrasheh in 1786. This dynasty dominated the politics of northern Ethiopian in the
name of poppet king of Gonder until the middle of 19th century.
 The Yejju dynasty strengthened its power during the strongest ruler of Ras Gugsa
(1803-1825).
 The two successive Tigrian rulers Ras Walda sellase of Inderta(1790-1816) and
Dejiazmach Sabagadis (1822-1831) resisted Gugsa power in the north.
 Following the death of Gugsa in1825,the Yejju dynasty met strong challenges from
semen and Tigrai .

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 Semen was defeated by Gugsa’s son and successor, Ras Yemam (1825-1828).
 Yemam was succeded by Ras Marye in 1828.
 Dejazmach Sabagadis of Tigrai decided to bring the Yejju political domination to an
end. This led to the battle of MayAsiamay, near Debre Abay in western
Tigrai,in1831.
 The Yejju political dominance over northern Ethiopian continued for the next two
decades under Ras Ali Alula or Ali the II(1831-1853)
 The endless war of Zemene mesafint affected the social and economic life of the
peasantary :- -The peasants suffered from frequent war
-The peasants were forced to feed the big armies of the local and
regional lords
-Many shiftas (bandits) also forced the peasants to supply food
-The peasant farmlands become battlefields their villages were burnt
down.
People and states in the Southern, Western, Central and Eastern Ethiopian Region
 In the central, western, eastern and Ethiopian region existed many states communities at
different stages socio-economic and political development. The political organization of
these states was monarchial, while that of several people communities was based on their
own traditional political system. However the Christian kingdom, states and peoples in
the rest of the Ethiopian region maintained strong economic relationship with each other
through this period.
 Kaffa:-was an independent kingdom in southern part Ethiopia.
 Kaffa got its prominence in the 17th century under a clan based on ruling family known as
the Minjo dynasty.
 The royal title of the king of Kaffa was Tato.
 The state of the kingdom of Kaffa was highly organized a council adviser known as
Mikrcho
 Kaffa was one of resource full kingdom contributed to the Ethiopian trade.Among the
main items of trade were ivory, honey, coffee, slaves,gold….etc.
 In1897 the last king of Kaffa Tato Gakiserecho was captured by Menelik’s force.
 Walayta:- the kingdom of Walayta was located in the southern part of Ethiopia.

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 Walayta was an independent kingdom, it successfully resisted Oromo pressure and began
to expand it’s influence among the Omotic and Cushiticpeoples of the southern region.
 The king of Walayta had the title of Kawoand they ruled over the kingdom for a long
period of time.
 In 1894 the last ruler of Walayta Kawo Tona was captured by Menelik.

The Gibe Oromo states

 The socio-political organization of the oromo was based on the gada system.following
thire expansion the transformation of Gada into different political system in the early 19th
century.in such a way in the Gibe and wollega region,the oromo gradually abondaned the
Gada system and began to form different states.
 The Gibe region were five small oromo states were Limmu,Enarya,Gimma,Gumma and
Gomma emerged in the early 19th century.
 The same process was repeted in Wollega later in that country when Leqa, Neqemte and
Leqa,qellem were formed around the Gibe river.
 Limmu Enarya was the earlist of the Gibe states .
 The Capital of Limmu enarya was Saqa,the strongest ruler of Limmu Enarya was Abba
Bagibo or IBSA(1825-1861)
 Gimma emerged stronger than Limmu Enarya and other Gibbe states since in the middle
of 19th century
 Gimma become popular under the role of Sanna or Abba Giffar I(1830-1855)
 Gimma submitted to Menelik II in 1881 under it’s ruller Abba GiffarII(1875-1934) but
Gimma survived as an autonomos states until 1934.
 The states of Gumma emerged in the first decade of the 19th century. The rler was Oncho
Gilcha.
 Gomma was the earliest Gibe states to accept Islam .The ruler was Abba Mao.
 Gera becomes well known around 1835 during its strongest ruler known as Tullu Gunji.
 Western;- Beside the Gibbe states two Oromo states were also formed in wallega region
in the early 19th century.
 These were the state of Leqa Neqemte and Leqa Qellem.
 Liqa Naqemte was founded by well- known Oromo chief Bakare Godona. His
successerMoroda and Kumsa (later Dejazmach G/Egzibber) consolidated Liqa Naqemte.
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 Leqa Qellem was founded by one of the Qellem chief Tullu and consolidated by his son
and successor Jote
 The economics of Liqa Qollem was based on agriculture and trade.
 Eastern states;- Harar existed as a center of Islamic state since the 14th century and also
served as a political center of the Muslim sultanate of Adal up to 16th century.
 The Emirate (state) of Harar was established under the local Harari dynasty in the middle
of 17th century
 The founder of Harari dynasty was Emir Ali Iben Dawd(1647-1662).
 The local Harari Emir Abdullahi , revived the Harari dynasty between 1885 &1886.
 Harar was finally incorporated in to Menliks Empire in 1887.
 Awsa ;- was a Muslim sultanate in eastern part of the Ethiopian region.it was ruled by the
Walasma ruler of Adal.
 Central states;- the central highlands of the present day Shewa had been the political
center of the Christian kingdom.
 Negasi was founded the shewa kingdom.
 During the period of Zemene Mesafint shewa kingdom was isolated themselves from the
war in northern Ethiopia.
UNIT SEVEN
Peoples and states in the pre-colonial Africa and the Trans –atlantic slave trade up
to 1800.
 Mamluk Egypt ;- between 969 and 1171 A.D Egypt was ruled by the Fatimid
dynasty .this dynasty declared Egyptian independence from the rule of Baghdad in
1969 A.D.
 Egypt under the Mumluk rulers started to expand in to Palestine and Syria.
 The Christian king Zara yacob(1434-1468) tried to established good relation with the
Mumluk rulers of Egypt but the Ethio-Egptian relation deteriorated after Zara yacob
defeated Ahmed Badlay,The ruler of Adal in1445.
 The Funj sultanate;- was established 1504 north- eastern part of Africa in the
present day republic of Sudan
 Founder of Funj were cattle keeper and horseman.

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 The Funj accepted Islam and established there sultanate in 1504 with its capital at
Sennar .
 The Funj sultanate fought against the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia due to rivalry
over trade routes .
 The Christian army of king Susenyos destroyed several villages of the Funj sultanate
in about 1620.
 The Almoravids ;-movement was founded by Berber Warriors in the 11th century.
 The leader of the movement was Abdellah Iben Yasin.He preached a Jihad(Muslim
holy war) agains non-Muslims and His followers came to be known as the people of
hermitages, al-Murabitun. This changed to Almoravids.
 In 1054 Abdellah Iben Yasin brought the Burburs under his control and captured the
city Sijilmasa.
 The Almoravids also captured Morocco and parts of Spain in the second half of 11th
century.
 Another branch of Almoravids led by Abu Bakar captured the city of Audajhust in
1054 and kumbi Saleh the capital of Ghana in 1076.
 In the middle 12th century The Almoravids were overethrown by Almohads.
 The Almohads movemen;-was strongly opposed to the The Almoravids.
 The founder of the movement was Iben Tumart.
 Almohads were Muslim.they were believers in one God (in Arabic Al-muwahhidun)
 Ghana ;-ancient Ghana was located north-west of the present day Ghana.It included
in the present day southern Mauritania.
 Ghana was founded in the 4th C. A.D. reached the highest of its power at about
1000A.D.
 Kumbi Saleh was its capital.
 The people of Ghana were called Soninke.
 The trans-Saharan trade was the main factory for the greatness of Ghana.
 The major factors for the decline of Ghana was the result of the Almoravids
invasion in the 12th C.
 Mali;- the founder of Mali were Kangaba, they were one of the clans of the
Mandinka people.

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 Mali emerged after the fall of Ghana. Its first leader was called Sundiata.He rulled
Mali from 1230-1255.
 Mali becomes one of the largest and powerful empire of the world during the reign
of Mansa Musa (1312-1337).during this period Islam was expanded.
 Timbuktu becomes one of the important centers of Islamic learning and culture.
 The major cause for the decline and fall of Mali was the difficulty administrating the
vast territory of the empire.
 In 1550 the empire of Mali finally came to an end.
 Songhai Empire extended from the central area of the present day Nigeria to the
Atlantic cost. Its capital Gao stood on the Nigeria river.
 Two Songhai kings, Sunni Ali and Asika Muhammed strengthen the empire.
 Sunni Ali rulled from 1464-1492.His army conquered the two west African trading
centers of Timbuktu and Jenne. During this period Songhai reached the highest stage
but in1591 the empire was ended.
 Kanem Bornu;-emerged around 9th C. In the region to the north lake Chade. It was
founded by a group of pastoral communities.
 Trade was important for kanem’s greatness. The ruling family was a Muslim
dynasty.
 Mai (sultan) Idris Alooma,who rulled kanem from 1580 -1617.
 Hausa states;- emerged between 1000 and 1200 A.D. In the present day Nigeria.The
peoples were both nomads and farmers.
 Hausa city states were Kano, katsina, Zazzau(Zaria),Gobir,Kebbi Rono and
Zamfara.
 The administrative system of the Hausa city state was providing by kanem Bornu.
 The economy of Hausa was based on agriculture and trade.
 Some of the city states had particular specialization that is
–Zazzau was a major supplier of slave.
_kano was famous in craft technology
 Kongo kingdom;- was located in the lower bank of Zair river.
 It was founded in the late 14th C. by Abantu people called Bakango.There king was called
Mani Kongo.

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 The people were hunter and warriories.

 They were also cleaver smith .
 The economy of the kingdom was agiculture and trade.
 In1482 the Portuguese explorer reached Kongo.
 In1491 they sent missionary to the kingdom. Finally Kongo entered in to war with the
Portuguese colonizer, who finally defated the kingdom.
 By 1710 the kingdom of Kongo collapsed and split into several small providence.
 Zimbabwe ;- the founder of great Zimbabwe were the Bantu people called Shona.
 Great Zimbabwe was known for its Gold mines.
 Since 1450 great Zimbabwe had been abandoned. It was finally succeeded by a state that
came to be known as Mwene Mutapa.
 Mwene Mutapa was founded at the end of 15th C by Mutota.
 Mwene Mutapa was a title given to the Rozwi kings means master pillager .
 Mutota’s son and successor, Mutope, expanded the territory in northern direction.
 In the late 16TH C the Portuguese Conqured Mwene Mutapa.
 Khoi-khoi were hunters but since 1000 A.D. they changed huntering way of life to that of
sheep and cattele breeding
 Beginning from 1300A.D the khoi-khoi expanded from the present day Botswana.
The Europeans called Hottentots.
 San;-before they were driven out of their land by Europian Settlers,the San lived
in the part of the present day Angola and Nambia. Europeans called Bushman.
 The San lived by hunting and gathering.
 The San people were pushed by the Dutsch farmer to Kalahari Desert.

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The Trans –Atlantic slave trade

 The discovery of America oin1492, aid the background for the beginning of
Atlantic slave trade.
 European established plantation and minefields in the New World (America).
 These Europeans established the native America-Indians. Whom they called Red
Indians.
 The Portuguese and Spain began transporting the white slaves from Europe. But
most of white slaves were unable to resist the hard ship. Thus the Europeans began
transporting the black from west Africa as slaves.

Essential features of save trade

 The Atlantic slave trade passed through three different phases . These were:
-1st phase was known as the Piratic save trade it began in the 15th c and continued up
to1580’s. In this phase the traders were individual merchants.

- 2nd phase known as the Monopolistic slave trade it began in 1580’s. In this phase trade
was conducted by monopolistic slave trading companies.

The 2nd phase was known as the Triangular slave trade

-3rd phase was known as a free trade. It began in the 1690’s. In this phase several
individual traders were joined the slave trade.

Unit 8

CONSOLIDATED OF CAPITALISM IN MODERN EUROPE

 The consolidation of capitalism in modern Europe was the result of a change in the
manufacturing methods
 It was the replacement of manual works by machine.
 Machines driven by steam engine or water power were invited to replace human labor
in making different commodities.
 One of the early machines was invented by Hargreaves in 1765. This was the
spinning Jenny, named after his wife.

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 In 1771 Richard Arkwright invented another spinning machine, run by horse power,
later replaced by water power.
 By the of 18th cwater power was replaced by a new source of power called steam
engine.
 Steam engine was invented by James Watt in1769.
The English revolution
 Cause of English revolution can be traced to social, economic constitutional and
religious development over along period of time.
 The immediate cause was the Emperor attempt to impose the Anglican liturgy in
Scotland.
 Queen Elizabeth I the last ruler of English Tudor dynasty, died in 1603, she was
succeeded by James I (1603-1625) of Scotland from the Stuart dynasty.
 There was both pubic support and opposition against James I and his son and
successor Charles I (1625-1649).
 Chares I came in to conflict with the parliament for two reasons. These were:- He
reject to sign the petition of right which included a list of parliamentary demand.
-The king continued to rule without parliament from 1628-1640. This action
led to a strong opposition by the English people and the Scottish Presbyterians, who
decided to fight against him. Charles I was finally forced to call the parliament in the year
1640.
 In 1642 Charles I tried to arrest the puritan leader, the puritans in the
parliament firmly against the monarch. This led to the outbreak of civil war
that continued until 1649. This even was commonly known as the English
bourgeois revolution.
 The revolution resulted in the victory of parliament and death of Chares I in
1649. Then England was declared a republic.
 Oliver Cromwell became the leader of victories English army.
 Oliver Cromwell became the lord protector of England from 1653-1658.
Consequently England fell under the two successive rulers, Charles II (1660-
1685) and James II(1685-1688).These kings tried to restore absolute monarchs
change of the regime came to known as the Glorious revolution.

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 The Glorious revolution marked the victory parliament and the final defeat of
English autocracy.In1689 the parliament issued the Bill of Right.
 Enlightenment was the intellectual movement of in Europe in the 18th c.
 The center of Enlightenment was France.
The American war of independence
 At the end of the 18th c two third of north America was under the British rule.
 Both British and France had international political and economic
competitions.
 Both even fought war between 1744 and 1748. This further complicated
Anglo-French relation throughout the1750’s.
 From 1756 the war in America grew in to a larger scale and came to known
as the seven years war (1756-1763).the British won against the French victory
at Quebec in September 1759.
 The French empire in North America came to an end by the treaty of Paris in
1763.
 When the seven years war ended in1763, Britain had secured her interest in
the New World.

The effect of the war brought about:-

 The liberation of American people from British rule

 Nation created united states of America (U.S.A)
 The war was highly influenced many nation like the French and Latin Americans
 It was one of the immediate cause for the outbreak of the French revolution in1789
 The American war of independence did not abolish slavery

French revolution

 Before the 18th c France was a feudal nation, whose society was highly oppressed.
 The French revolution outbreak in1789. There were three main reasons for the outbreak
of the revolution .These were:-
 The French monarchy was bankrupt and the autocratic
kings grew more inefficient.

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 The influence of French philosopher.

 The French people were highly influenced than any
other societies in Europe by the English bourgeois
revolution and American war of independence.
 Before the revolution, the French society was divided in to three estate namely 1st
estate consisted royal family and clergy, the 2nd estate consisted French nobility , the
3rd estate consisted the largest section, like peasants and bourgeois .
 The immediate action that led to the French revolution came from the poor of
Paris, who found it difficult to overcome the high price of bread and other
daily needs.
 Effect of the French revolution were:
 Destroyed the old feudal order in French
 It led to the development of capitalist system
 Further led to the growth of industrial capitalism

I.GIVE SHORT ANSWER FOR THE FOLLOWING QUESTION IN UNIT RIVEW

1. Why did Susenyos declared Catholicism as the state religion? what were its consequence
? (4 mark)
2. Why did the Ethiopian peasants reject Catholicism?
3. Who were Jesuits’, who were Mentewab, who were the founder of Gander?(3 mark)
4. What were the basic features of Zemene mesafint ?(3 mark)
5. What were the main factors for the isolation of the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia from
Europe until 19th ?
6. Why the Shewan kingdom isolation from the war of Zemene Mesafint , explain about its
advantage
7. Why Nur Mujahid order the construction of the JegolGimb?
8. What were imitated the Europeans came to Africa in the 19th c?
9. In the first half of the 19th c some Ethiopian regional rulers signed different treaties with
Europeans why?
10. Identify the following:-(3 mark)
A. Gonderian period

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B. Ras Bitwoded
C. Mikercho
11. When Gondar founded as a permanent capital of the Christian kingdom?
12. Explain the type of relationship that existed between Harar and Awsa?
13. What were the effects of Atlantic slave trade?
14. Who ruled Egypt between 969 & 1171?
15. What was the main factor for the greatness of Ghana?
16. What was the factor for the declined of Ghana?
17. What was the caused for the decline and fall of Mali Empire?
18. Explain about the three phase of Atlantic slave trade?(5mark)
19. What were the main factors for the replacement of the Gada system by the monarchial
institution in the Gibe region?
20. What helped the Ottoman Turks to defeat Mamluk forces and occupy Egypt in 5717?
21. What were the two privileged classes in France before the revolution?
22. What were the fundamental factors for the outbreak of French revolution in 1789?, what
were the effect of the revolution?(3 mark)
23. What were the consequences of the American war of independence?
24. What were the effects of the French revolution in 1789?
25. What were the causes for the outbreak of English revolution? what was the immediate
cause of the revolution ? write the consequence of the revolution?(3 mark)

II. FILL THE BLANCK SPACE

26. The official title of the king ofKaffa was------------------------------

27. The emirate of Harar was established by-------------------------------

28. The last king of Walayta was--------------------------------------

29. The ruler of Leqa Nekemte was--------------------------------

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30. The Hausa city state emerged in the territory of present day-----------------------------

31. As Kumbi Saleh was the ancient of Ghana, ------------------as to Songhai.

32. Ancient Ghana was destroyed by---------------------------------
33. The founder of the Almoravid movement was------------------------------
34. Egypt under the Mamluk rulers started to expanded in to --------------------&-----------------
--
35. Songhai empire was reached the highest stage during the reign of-----------------------------

III. MATCHING Column ‘’A’’ with Column “B”

A B

36. Jeberti A. Founder of Congo kingdom

37. Moti B. King of Songhai empire
38. Ali Ibn Dawd C. European explorers
39. Tona D. First phase the Atlantic slave trade
40. Jesutis E. Master pillager
41. Mansa Musa F. Catholic missionaries
42. Piratic G. Ethiopian Muslim merchants
43. Khosian H. The founder of Harari dynasty
44. Kano I. The last king of Walayta
45. Timbuktu J. Title of Oromo kings
46. Bakongo K. Language spoken by the khoi-khoi & San people
47. Askia the greate L. West African trading center
48. Mwene Mutapa M. Hausa city state
N. King of Mali kingdom
O. The ruler of Kaffa

IV. Choose the best answer

1. Which of the following places was not conquered by the Almoravids?

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A. Morocco C. Part of Spain

B. Egypt D. Ancient Ghana

2. Which of the following did not take place during the second phase of the slave trade

A. Competition between individual traders and companies

. B. Increase in the volume of trade C. Increase in profit

D. Expansion of slave-hunting ground

3. Initially, the slaves who worked in the European plantation of the North America were:-

A. White slaves from Europe C. Black Africans

B. American Indians D. All worked at the same time

4. Which one of the following was invented first?

A. Steam engine C. Steam boat

B. spinning machine D. Steam locomotive

5. The deceleration of independence was drafted by:-

A. Thomas Jefferson C. Abraham Lincoln

B. Gorge Washington D. Jefferson Davis

6. The countries which fought in the seven year war were:-

A. Spain and Portugal C. Britain and France

B. Italy and Germany D. Belgium and Holland

7. Which series gives the correct sequence of titles held by Napoleon Bonaparte in his power?

A. General, Emperor, First consul

B. Emperor, First consul, General

C. First consul, General, Emperor

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D. General, First consul, Emperor

8. The spinning machine invented by Richard Ark Wright in 1771was run by:-

A. Horse power B. Water power C. Petroleum D. Electric power

9. The first commercial railway was worked between;-

A. London and Liverpool C. Stockton and Darington

B. Manchester and London D. Liverpool and Manchester

10. Which people founded Mali?

A. Soninke B. Soso C. Mandinka D. Berber

11. Who was the ruler of Mali from 1230 to 1255?

A. Sudiata B. Kangaba C. Mansa Musa D. Akia Muhammed

12. One of the following was not the Hausa city-state :

A. Katasina B. Kebbi C. Niani D. Zamfara

13. Which Hausa city-state was the major supplier of slaves?

A. Kno B. Katsina C. Zazzan D. Gobir

14. The Bakongo people were not :-

A. Trader B. Craftsmen C. Hunters D. Farmers

15. Which European country reached first the Congo?

A. Portugal B. Spain C. Belegium D. Germany

16. Since 1000AD, the Khoi-khoi mainly practiced

A. Hunting and gathering C. Farming

B. Cattle breading D. Fishing

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17. The name “Hottentots” was given by the Europeans to the people called

A. Khoi-khoi B. Bushmen C. San D. Bantu

18. The San people were pushed to the Kalahari desert by the people called

A. Khoi-Khoi B. Dutch farmers C. British colonizers D. Portuguese settlers

19.. The American published a slogan entitled “Taxation without representation is a Tyranny”
immediately after the introduction of

A. The Sugar Act of 1764 C. The stamp Act of March 22,1765

B. The Duty on Tea D. All

20. Which Stuart king rejected to sign the parliament document called the petition of Rights?

A. Charles I B. James I C. Charles II D. James II

21. Which of the following ideas was shared by Voltaire and Montesquieu?

A. Freedoms and Equality C. Abolition of child labor

B. “Land to the tiller” D. Equality of women to men

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