Chapter 2

Motion in one and two dimension

Motion: A body is in motion if it keeps changing its position with
respect to time. Otherwise, it is in rest. Rest and motion have no
meaning without observer.
Types of Motion
Linear motion: 1 Dim. Circular motion Rotatory motion Vibratory motion
 Any motion involves three concepts
(a) Displacement (b) Velocity (c) Acceleration
The motion of the object is completely known if its position is known
at all times.
Position
• Position is the location of an object at a given moment in time.

Non uniform motion

 Position
• A car is moving back and forth along x-axis.

Non uniform motion

Velocity is not constant
 Displacement
• The shortest distance between two points. ✓
• It is defined as change in its position ∆𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 ∆𝑡
✓ • ∆𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 = Final position – Initial position

Distance: Length of the path followed by the particle

It is always positive and a scalar quantity. Position time graph
✓
 Average Speed and Average Velocity
• The average speed of a particle is defined as the total distance
traveled divided by the total time interval required to travel that
distance. It is a scalar quantity.

✓
• The average velocity 𝜐ҧ x of a particle is defined as the particle’s
displacement Δx divided by the time interval Δt during which that
displacement occurs. It is a vector quantity.
𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖
= ✓
𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖
(m/s)
 Page # 28

• Solution: 𝑥𝐴 = 30 𝑚, 𝑡𝐴 = 0, 𝑥𝐹 = −53 𝑚, 𝑡𝐹 = 50 𝑠
∆𝑥 = 𝑥𝐹 − 𝑥𝐴 = −53 − 30 𝑚 = −83 𝑚
∆𝑥 − 83 𝑚
𝑣𝑥 = = = −1.7 𝑚/𝑠
∆𝑡 50 − 0 𝑠
 Instantaneous velocity and speed
To find the velocity at a particular time t rather than average velocity.

• The instantaneous velocity, 𝒗𝒙 equals the limiting value of the ratio

Δx /Δt as Δt approaches zero.
• The instantaneous speed of a particle is defined as the magnitude of
its instantaneous velocity.

𝑑𝑥
𝑣𝑥 = ✓
𝑑𝑡
Page # 30 No need to plot
the graph
• Solution: For 𝑡𝑖 = 0 to 𝑡𝑓 = 1
∆𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖
2 2
= − 4𝑡𝑓 + 2 𝑡𝑓 − − 4𝑡𝑖 + 2 𝑡𝑖

For 𝑡𝑖 = 1 to 𝑡𝑓 = 3
∆𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖
2 2
= − 4𝑡𝑓 + 2 𝑡𝑓 − − 4𝑡𝑖 + 2 𝑡𝑖
(B) Calculate the average velocity during these two-time intervals?
• Solution For 𝑡𝑖 = 0 to 𝑡𝑓 = 1,

∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 −2𝑚
𝑣𝑥 = = =
∆𝑡 𝑡𝑓 −𝑡𝑖 1− 0 𝑠
For 𝑡𝑖 = 1 to 𝑡𝑓 = 3,
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 8𝑚
𝑣𝑥 = = =
∆𝑡 𝑡𝑓 −𝑡𝑖 3−1 𝑠

(C) Calculate the velocity at time t = 2 s ?

The instantaneous velocity can be calculated as 𝑑𝑥 𝑑
𝑣𝑥 = = −4𝑡 + 2𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑣𝑥 = −4 + 2 × 2𝑡 = −4 + 4𝑡

At t = 2 s, 𝑣𝑥 = −4 + 4 × 2 = −4 + 8 = 4 𝑚/𝑠
 Acceleration
When the velocity of an object changes with time, then object
is accelerating. The SI unit of acceleration is 𝒎𝒔−𝟐 .
 𝑎=0
𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑙 2

𝑎 = 2 𝑚𝑠 −2
Acceleration

Non uniform motion

 • When a particle is moving along a straight line
Constant and its acceleration at every instant is the
Acceleration same, then we say that it has
a constant acceleration.

✓
✓
 Instantaneous Acceleration
The instantaneous acceleration, 𝒂𝒙 is the acceleration of a system as
∆𝑡 approaches zero.

✓
 Page # 33

No need to plot
the graph

𝑚
𝑣𝑥𝑖 = 40 − 5 𝑡𝑖2 = 40 − 5 0 2 𝑚/𝑠 = 40 𝑚/𝑠
𝑠
𝑚
𝑣𝑥𝑓 = 40 − 5 𝑡𝑓2 = 40 − 5 2 2 𝑚/𝑠 = 20 𝑚/𝑠
𝑠
Page # 33
Page # 33
 Page # 33

Optional Method using Calculus (Use this method to solve this problem)
𝑑𝑣𝑥 𝑑
The instantaneous acceleration can be calculated as 𝑎𝑥 = = 40 − 5𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑎𝑥 = 0 − 5 × 2𝑡 = −10𝑡
At t = 2 s, 𝑎𝑥 = −10 × 2 = − 20 𝑚𝑠 −2
One-Dimensional Motion with Constant
Acceleration
Remember all the formulas ✓
 One-Dimensional Motion with Constant
At any instant
Acceleration
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑥
• therefore

• Suppose 𝑡𝑖 = 0 and 𝑡𝑓 = 𝑡
𝑣𝑥𝑓 − 𝑣𝑥𝑖
𝑎𝑥 =
𝑡
✓ 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕 𝑣𝑥𝑓 − 𝑣𝑥𝑖
𝑡𝑖 =

𝑎𝑥 =
𝑣 = 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡
A particle is moving
𝑢 = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 with constant acceleration
𝑎𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑣𝑥𝑓 − 𝑣𝑥𝑖 along x-axis

Final velocity at time t 𝒗𝒙𝒇 = 𝒗𝒙𝒊 + 𝒂𝒙 𝒕 (for constant 𝑎𝑥 )

Velocity as a function of time t
 One-Dimensional Motion with Constant
Acceleration
∆𝑥 𝑥𝑓 −𝑥𝑖
• As we know the average velocity is given as 𝑣𝑥ҧ = =
∆𝑡 𝑡𝑓 −𝑡𝑖
𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖
• Suppose 𝑡𝑖 = 0 and 𝑡𝑓 = 𝑡 then 𝑣𝑥ҧ = …………. (1)
𝑡

𝑣𝑥𝑓 + 𝑣𝑥𝑖
As v varies linearly in time, av. velocity is 𝑣𝑥ҧ = …………. (2)
2
Putting Eq. (2) in Eq. (1)
𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑣𝑥𝑓 + 𝑣𝑥𝑖
=
𝑡 2
𝑣𝑥𝑓 + 𝑣𝑥𝑖
Position as a function of velocity and time 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 = 2
× 𝑡 … … … . 𝐸𝑞. (3)

𝟏 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 =
𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑣𝑥𝑖
×𝑡
𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊 = 𝒗𝒙𝒊 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒙 𝒕𝟐 ✓ 2
2𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 because 𝑣𝑥𝑓 = 𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡
𝟐 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 =
2
×𝑡
𝟏 𝟐 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 =
2𝑣𝑥𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2
𝒔 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕 ✓ 2
𝟐 1
𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑣𝑥𝑖 𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2
𝒔 = 𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊 = 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝟏
𝒙𝒇 = 𝒙𝒊 + 𝒗𝒙𝒊 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒙 𝒕𝟐 (for constant 𝑎𝑥 )
𝟐
Position as a function of velocity and time
 One-Dimensional Motion with Constant
Acceleration
1
𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑓 + 𝑣𝑥𝑖 𝑡 … … … (3)
2

Also we know that 𝑣𝑥𝑓 = 𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡

𝑣𝑥𝑓 − 𝑣𝑥𝑖
𝑡= ……… 4
𝑎

1 𝑣𝑥𝑓 − 𝑣𝑥𝑖
Putting Eq. (4) in Eq. (3) ⇒ 𝑥𝑓 - 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑣𝑥𝑓 + 𝑣𝑥𝑖
2 𝑎
1
⇒ 𝑥𝑓 - 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑣𝑥𝑓 2 − 𝑣𝑥𝑖 2
2𝑎
✓ 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒔
⇒ 𝑣𝑥𝑓 2 − 𝑣𝑥𝑖 2 = 2𝑎 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖
𝒔 = 𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊 = 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕

⇒ 𝒗𝒙𝒇 𝟐 = 𝒗𝒙𝒊 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂 𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊 (for constant 𝑎𝑥 )

Velocity as a function of position
 Page # 39 Solve example 2.6
by yourself

𝑡 =2𝑠
𝑣𝑖 = 63 𝑚/𝑠, 𝑣𝑓 = 0
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
0 = 63 + 𝑎 ⨉2
(0 − 63)
𝑎=
2
𝒂 = − 𝟑𝟏. 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
 Page # 39

𝑣𝑥𝑖 = 63 m/s, 𝑣𝑥𝑓 = 0, 𝑡 =2𝑠

Problem 20 (Page 51): A truck covers 40.0 m in 8.50 s while smoothly slowing
down to a final speed of 2.80 m/s. (a) Find its original (initial) speed. (b) Find
its acceleration.
Solution (a)
Given : 𝑥𝑖 = 0 𝑚 (b) 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑥𝑓 = 40 𝑚
𝑣𝑓 = 2.80 𝑚/𝑠 ⇒ 2.80 = 6.61 + 𝑎 ⨉8.50
𝑡 = 8.50 𝑠 (2.80 − 6.61)
𝒗𝒇 +𝒗𝒊 ⇒ 𝑎=
𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊 = ×𝒕 8.50
𝟐
2.80+𝑣𝑖
⇒ 40 − 0 = × 8.50
2 ⇒ 𝒂 = − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟖 𝒎/𝒔𝟐

⇒ 𝒗𝒊 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟏 𝒎/𝒔
 Page # 51

Solution
Given 𝑣𝑖 = 12 𝑐𝑚/𝑠
𝑥𝑖 = 3 𝑐𝑚 𝟏 𝟐
𝑥𝑓 = − 5 𝑐𝑚 𝒔 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕
𝟐
𝑡 =2𝑠

𝟏
𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊 = 𝒗𝒊 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐
𝟐

12 𝑐𝑚 1 2
⇒ −5 −3 = ×2𝑠 + [ 2 ]
𝑠 2
−32
⇒ − 8 = 24 + 2𝑎 ⇒𝑎= = − 16 𝒄𝒎/𝒔𝟐
2
Problem
Page# 50

• Given 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒕𝟐

For 𝑡𝑖 = 2 s ⇒ 𝑥𝑖 = 10 𝑡𝑖2 = 10(2)2 = 40 𝑚

For 𝑡𝑓 = 3 s ⇒ 𝑥𝑓 = 10 𝑡𝑓2 = 10(3)2 = 90 𝑚

∆𝑥 90 − 40 𝑚 50 𝑚
𝑣= = = = 𝟓𝟎 𝒎/𝒔
∆𝑡 3−2 𝑠 1𝑠

For 𝑡𝑖 = 2 s ⇒ 𝑥𝑖 = 10 𝑡𝑖2 = 10(2)2 = 40 𝑚

For 𝑡𝑓 = 2.10 s ⇒ 𝑥𝑓 = 10 𝑡𝑓2 = 10(2.10)2 = 44.1 𝑚

∆𝑥 44.1 − 40 𝑚 4.1 𝑚
𝑣= = = = 𝟒𝟏 𝒎/𝒔
∆𝑡 2.1 − 2 𝑠 0.1 𝑠
Page# 51

Solution: 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒗
𝒗= = 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒕 𝒂= = −𝟐 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒙 = 𝟐 + 𝟑𝒕 − 𝒕𝟐

(a) At t = 3 s (b) At t = 3 s (c) At t = 3 s

𝟐
𝒙=𝟐+𝟑 𝟑 −𝟏 𝟑 𝒗=𝟑−𝟐 𝟑 𝒂 = − 𝟐 𝒎/𝒔𝟐

𝒙=𝟐+𝟗−𝟗 𝒗=𝟑−𝟔

𝒙=𝟐𝒎 𝒗 = −𝟑 𝒎/𝒔
 Free-Fall Acceleration
• A freely falling object is any object moving freely under the influence of
gravity (neglect air resistance). The object thrown upwards, downwards or
released from the rest are all free falling objects.
• Acceleration is always downward. ✓
• Hence 𝑎𝑦 = - g = - 9.8 m/𝑠 2 ✓
• In equations of motion replace x by y

• 𝑣𝑦𝑓 = 𝑣𝑦𝑖 − 𝑔𝑡
1
• 𝑦𝑓 = 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑣𝑦𝑖 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2
2
• 𝑣𝑦𝑓 2 = 𝑣𝑦𝑖 2 − 2𝑔 𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑖
 Page# 41

✓
Problem: A brick is falling from the top of a high building. (a)
What is the velocity of the brick after 4.0 s? (b) How far does the brick fall during this 4s?

Solution: 𝑣𝑦𝑓 = 𝑣𝑦𝑖 − 𝑔𝑡

𝑉𝑖 = 0, 𝑡 = 4 𝑠, 𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑉𝑓 = 0 − 9.8 𝑋 4 = −39.2 𝑚/𝑠
Velocity of the brick after 4.0 s is 𝟑𝟗. 𝟐 𝒎/𝒔 downward
1 2
𝑦𝑓 = 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑣𝑦𝑖 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡
2
1
𝑦𝑓 = 0 + (0 × 4) − ( × 9.8 × 42 )
2
𝑦𝑓 = − 78.4 m

78.4 meter downward

 Projectile Motion
You might have observed football’s projectile motion. Football moves in a curved path and
return to ground. It has two assumptions. (a) Free fall acceleration (constant) directed
downward (-y-axis) (b) Air resistance is negligible. Trajectory of the football is parabola.

• Velocity 𝑣Ԧ changes with time in

magnitude and direction.
• x and y component of velocity
𝑣𝑥𝑖 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑖
𝑣𝑦𝑖 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑖

• Solving projection motion

problems, we use two analysis
model.
(1) Particle under constant velocity along x-axis (horizontal direction).
(2) Particle under constant acceleration along y-axis (vertical direction).
(x changed to y and 𝑎𝑦 = −𝑔)
Horizontal Range and Maximum Height of a Projectile
(a) Time taken from origin to A

✓
(b) To find maximum height, h

✓
(c) To find range, R

✓
 Particle in Uniform Circular Motion:
Uniform circular motion is a motion along a circular path in which there is no change in
speed (constant speed v), but only a change in direction. Hence, velocity keeps changing
at each and every point of the circle. So, acceleration is changing.
• Constant speed (v) is tangent to path.
• The acceleration which produces changes in velocity is
called centripetal (centre seeking) acceleration and is
always towards center.

✓
According to Newton’s II Law

✓
In uniform circular motion, the object in one revolution moves 2𝜋𝑟 in T seconds.